51
|
Devezas MÂM. Shedding light on neuroscience: Two decades of functional near-infrared spectroscopy applications and advances from a bibliometric perspective. J Neuroimaging 2021; 31:641-655. [PMID: 34002425 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a noninvasive optical brain-imaging technique that detects changes in hemoglobin concentration in the cerebral cortex. fNIRS devices are safe, silent, portable, robust against motion artifacts, and have good temporal resolution. fNIRS is reliable and trustworthy, as well as an alternative and a complement to other brain-imaging modalities, such as electroencephalography or functional magnetic resonance imaging. Given these advantages, fNIRS has become a well-established tool for neuroscience research, used not only for healthy cortical activity but also as a biomarker during clinical assessment in individuals with schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disease, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and cancer screening. Owing to its wide applicability, studies on fNIRS have increased exponentially over the last two decades. In this study, scientific publications indexed in the Web of Science databases were collected and a bibliometric-type methodology was developed. For this purpose, a comprehensive science mapping analysis, including top-ranked authors, journals, institutions, countries, and co-occurring keywords network, was conducted. From a total of 2310 eligible documents, 6028 authors and 531 journals published fNIRS-related papers, Fallgatter published the highest number of articles and was the most cited author. University of Tübingen in Germany has produced the most trending papers since 2000. USA was the most prolific country with the most active institutions, followed by China, Japan, Germany, and South Korea. The results also revealed global trends in emerging areas of research, such as neurodevelopment, aging, and cognitive and emotional assessment.
Collapse
|
52
|
Max SM, Schroeder PA, Blechert J, Giel KE, Ehlis AC, Plewnia C. Mind the food: behavioural characteristics and imaging signatures of the specific handling of food objects. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:1169-1183. [PMID: 33590302 PMCID: PMC8036193 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In our world with nearly omnipresent availability of attractive and palatable high-calorie food, the struggle against overweight and obesity is a major individual and public health challenge. Preference for unhealthy food and eating-related habits have a strong influence on health, suggesting that high-calorie food triggers fast and near-automatic reaching and grasping movements. Therefore, it is important to better understand the specific neural mechanisms that control the handling of food involving a coordinated interplay between sensoric, motoric, and cognitive subsystems. To this end, 30 healthy participants (Ø BMI: 22.86 kg/m2; BMI range: 19-30 kg/m2; 23 females) were instructed to collect one of two concurrently presented objects (food vs. office tools) by manual movement in virtual reality (VR) and on a touchscreen. Parallel to the task in VR, regional brain activity was measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). In the VR and on the touchscreen, stimulus recognition and selection were faster for food than for office tools. Yet, food was collected more slowly than office tools when measured in VR. On the background of increased brain activity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during food trials, this suggests more behavioural control activity during handling foods. In sum, this study emphasizes the role of the right dlPFC in faster recognition and selection of food as part of a food-valuation network, more controlled handling of food in the VR which highlights the relevance of medium for modelling food-specific embodied cognitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M Max
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Neurophysiology and Interventional Neuropsychiatry, University of Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp A Schroeder
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Schleichstraße 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Londron-University of Salzburg, Heilbrunnerstraße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Katrin E Giel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstraße 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Christine Ehlis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychophysiology and Optical Imaging, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Plewnia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Neurophysiology and Interventional Neuropsychiatry, University of Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Hofmann A, Rosenbaum D, Int-Veen I, Ehlis AC, Brockmann K, Dehnen K, von Thaler AK, Berg D, Fallgatter AJ, Metzger FG. Abnormally reduced frontal cortex activity during Trail-Making-Test in prodromal parkinson's disease-a fNIRS study. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 105:148-158. [PMID: 34087607 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder leading to typical motor as well as a range of non-motor symptoms, including cognitive decline mainly characterized by executive deficits. The latter are known to appear years before the typical motor signs, thus representing the prodromal phase of PD. However, appropriate methods for measuring executive dysfunction in this context are not well established yet. Traditionally, executive performance is associated with frontal structures. Here, we investigated prodromal, early PD patients and healthy controls regarding their executive functioning on the behavioral and neural level, measured by the Trail-Making-Test (TMT) combined with functional near-infrared spectroscopy. We observed significantly reduced neural activity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex within PD patients compared to controls completing the TMT-A and -B in contrast to the TMT-C, but no differences on a behavioral level. These promising results need to be confirmed and checked for reliability in future studies to extend the spectrum of markers applied in prodromal PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hofmann
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - David Rosenbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Isabell Int-Veen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Christine Ehlis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Dehnen
- Institute for General Medicine, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina von Thaler
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian G Metzger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Geriatric Center, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Vitos Hospital for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Haina, Haina, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Zhao Y, Xiao X, Jiang Y, Sun P, Zhang Z, Gong Y, Li Z, Zhu C. Transcranial brain atlas-based optimization for functional near-infrared spectroscopy optode arrangement: Theory, algorithm, and application. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:1657-1669. [PMID: 33332685 PMCID: PMC7978141 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of optode arrangement is crucial for group imaging studies when using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Previous studies have demonstrated the promising effectiveness of using transcranial brain atlases (TBAs), in a manual and intuition-based way, to guide optode arrangement when individual structural MRI data are unavailable. However, the theoretical basis of using TBA to optimize optode arrangement remains unclear, which leads to manual and subjective application. In this study, we first describe the theoretical basis of TBA-based optimization of optode arrangement using a mathematical framework. Second, based on the theoretical basis, an algorithm is proposed for automatically arranging optodes on a virtual scalp. The resultant montage is placed onto the head of each participant guided by a low-cost and portable navigation system. We compared our method with the widely used 10/20-system-assisted optode arrangement procedure, using finger-tapping and working memory tasks as examples of both low- and high-level cognitive systems. Performance, including optode montage designs, locations on each participant's scalp, brain activation, as well as ground truth indices derived from individual MRI data were evaluated. The results give convergent support for our method's ability to provide more accurate, consistent and efficient optode arrangements for fNIRS group imaging than the 10/20 method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug AbuseNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Yi‐Han Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Pei‐Pei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yi‐Long Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zheng Li
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal University at ZhuhaiZhuhaiChina
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning SciencesBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chao‐Zhe Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning SciencesBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Su WC, Srinivasan S, Cleffi C, Bhat A. Short report on research trends during the COVID-19 pandemic and use of telehealth interventions and remote brain research in children with autism spectrum disorder. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2021; 25:1816-1822. [PMID: 33836625 DOI: 10.1177/13623613211004795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has caused disruption in F2F healthcare delivery and neuroimaging research, especially when involving vulnerable populations such as children with autism spectrum disorder. Given the easy access to multiple video conferencing platforms, many healthcare services have moved to an online delivery format (i.e. telehealth). It is important to monitor the behavioral and neural effects of telehealth interventions and resume neuroimaging research while adopting public health safety protocols to control the risk of COVID-19 transmission. We summarize existing safety protocols and our own experience from in-person functional near-infrared spectroscopy neuroimaging data collection (on-site, at home, and in outdoor settings), as well as potential opportunities of using online data sharing and low-cost, remote neuroimaging/electrophysiological techniques to continue brain research during the pandemic.
Collapse
|
56
|
Effects of passive and active training modes of upper-limb rehabilitation robot on cortical activation: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Neuroreport 2021; 32:479-488. [PMID: 33788815 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to investigate the cortical activation during passive and active training modes under different speeds of upper extremity rehabilitation robots. METHODS Twelve healthy subjects completed the active and passive training modes at various speeds (0.12, 0.18, and 0.24 m/s) for the right upper limb. The functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to measure the neural activities of the sensorimotor cortex (SMC), premotor cortex (PMC), supplementary motor area (SMA), and prefrontal cortex (PFC). RESULTS Both the active and passive training modes can activate SMC, PMC, SMA, and PFC. The activation level of active training is higher than that of passive training. At the speed of 0.12 m/s, there is no significant difference in the intensity of the two modes. However, at the speed of 0.24 m/s, there are significant differences between the two modes in activation levels of each region of interest (ROI) (P < 0.05) (SMC: F = 8.90, P = 0.003; PMC: F = 8.26, P = 0.005; SMA: F = 5.53, P = 0.023; PFC: F = 9.160, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION This study mainly studied on the neural mechanisms of active and passive training modes at different speeds based on the end-effector upper-limb rehabilitation robot. Slow, active training better facilitated the cortical activation associated with cognition and motor control.See Video Abstract, http://links.lww.com/WNR/A621.
Collapse
|
57
|
Benitez-Andonegui A, Lührs M, Nagels-Coune L, Ivanov D, Goebel R, Sorger B. Guiding functional near-infrared spectroscopy optode-layout design using individual (f)MRI data: effects on signal strength. NEUROPHOTONICS 2021; 8:025012. [PMID: 34155480 PMCID: PMC8211086 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.8.2.025012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Designing optode layouts is an essential step for functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) experiments as the quality of the measured signal and the sensitivity to cortical regions-of-interest depend on how optodes are arranged on the scalp. This becomes particularly relevant for fNIRS-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), where developing robust systems with few optodes is crucial for clinical applications. Aim: Available resources often dictate the approach researchers use for optode-layout design. We investigated whether guiding optode layout design using different amounts of subject-specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data affects the fNIRS signal quality and sensitivity to brain activation when healthy participants perform mental-imagery tasks typically used in fNIRS-BCI experiments. Approach: We compared four approaches that incrementally incorporated subject-specific MRI information while participants performed mental-calculation, mental-rotation, and inner-speech tasks. The literature-based approach (LIT) used a literature review to guide the optode layout design. The probabilistic approach (PROB) employed individual anatomical data and probabilistic maps of functional MRI (fMRI)-activation from an independent dataset. The individual fMRI (iFMRI) approach used individual anatomical and fMRI data, and the fourth approach used individual anatomical, functional, and vascular information of the same subject (fVASC). Results: The four approaches resulted in different optode layouts and the more informed approaches outperformed the minimally informed approach (LIT) in terms of signal quality and sensitivity. Further, PROB, iFMRI, and fVASC approaches resulted in a similar outcome. Conclusions: We conclude that additional individual MRI data lead to a better outcome, but that not all the modalities tested here are required to achieve a robust setup. Finally, we give preliminary advice to efficiently using resources for developing robust optode layouts for BCI and neurofeedback applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Benitez-Andonegui
- Maastricht University, Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Maastricht University, Laboratory for Cognitive Robotics and Complex Self-Organizing Systems, Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Address all correspondence to Amaia Benitez-Andonegui,
| | - Michael Lührs
- Maastricht University, Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Brain Innovation B.V., Research Department, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurien Nagels-Coune
- Maastricht University, Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dimo Ivanov
- Maastricht University, Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Goebel
- Maastricht University, Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Brain Innovation B.V., Research Department, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bettina Sorger
- Maastricht University, Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Blum L, Rosenbaum D, Röben B, Dehnen K, Maetzler W, Suenkel U, Fallgatter AJ, Ehlis AC, Metzger FG. Age-related deterioration of performance and increase of cortex activity comparing time- versus item-controlled fNIRS measurement. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6766. [PMID: 33762595 PMCID: PMC7991654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85762-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In our aging society, research into neurodegenerative processes is of great interest. Thereby, cortical activation under different neurocognitive conditions is considered to be a promising predictor. Against this background, the executive functions of a total of 250 healthy older adults (53–84 years) have been investigated using the Trail Making Test (TMT) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy in a block design. We investigated effects of age on the performance and cortical blood oxygenation during the TMT. Since it is assumed that older people may compensate for cognitive deficits by slowing their processing speed, we additionally analyzed the cortical blood oxygenation per solved item. Our results showed a significant decrease in processing speed in older participants compared to middle-aged individuals, however, also lower error rates during TMT part A. On a neurophysiological level, we observed increased cortical blood oxygenation in the older participants when completing the TMT. Finally, with respect to the combined measurement (O2Hb/item), no significantly higher hemodynamic cortical response per item was found within the older participants. The results confirm a deterioration of cognitive performance and an increase of cortical activity with increasing age. The findings are discussed in the light of current research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonore Blum
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - David Rosenbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Röben
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Katja Dehnen
- Institute for General Medicine, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, ,Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrike Suenkel
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Christine Ehlis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Florian G Metzger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Geriatric Center, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Vitos Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Haina, Haina, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Bloomfield PM, Green H, Gant N. Cerebral haemodynamics during simulated driving: Changes in workload are detectable with functional near infrared spectroscopy. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248533. [PMID: 33711078 PMCID: PMC7954296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor vehicle operation is a complicated task and substantial cognitive resources are required for safe driving. Experimental paradigms examining cognitive workload using driving simulators often introduce secondary tasks, such as mathematical exercises, or utilise simulated in-vehicle information systems. The effects of manipulating the demands of the primary driving task have not been examined in detail using advanced neuroimaging techniques. This study used a manipulation of the simulated driving environment to test the impact of increased driving complexity on brain activity. Fifteen participants drove in two scenarios reflecting common driving environments differing in the amount of vehicular traffic, frequency of intersections, number of buildings, and speed limit restrictions. Functional near infrared spectroscopy was used to quantify changes in cortical activity; fifty-five optodes were placed over the prefrontal and occipital cortices, commonly assessed areas during driving. Compared to baseline, both scenarios increased oxyhaemoglobin in the bilateral prefrontal cortex and cerebral blood volume in the right prefrontal cortex (all p ≤ 0.05). Deoxyhaemoglobin decreased at the bilateral aspects of the prefrontal cortex but overall tended to increase in the medial aspect during both scenarios (both p ≤ 0.05). Cerebral oxygen exchange significantly declined at the lateral aspects of the prefrontal cortex, with a small but significant increase seen in the medial aspect (both p < 0.05). There were no significant differences for oxyhaemoglobin, deoxyhaemoglobin, or cerebral blood volume (all p > 0.05). This study demonstrates that functional near infrared spectroscopy is capable of detecting changes in cortical activity elicited by simulated driving tasks but may be less sensitive to variations in driving workload aggregated over a longer duration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Bloomfield
- Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hayden Green
- Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas Gant
- Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Shinozuka K, Niioka K, Tokuda T, Kyutoku Y, Okuno K, Takahashi T, Dan I. Language Familiarity and Proficiency Leads to Differential Cortical Processing During Translation Between Distantly Related Languages. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:593108. [PMID: 33716689 PMCID: PMC7952452 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.593108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the midst of globalization, English is regarded as an international language, or Lingua Franca, but learning it as a second language (L2) remains still difficult to speakers of other languages. This is true especially for the speakers of languages distantly related to English such as Japanese. In this sense, exploring neural basis for translation between the first language (L1) and L2 is of great interest. There have been relatively many previous researches revealing brain activation patterns during translations between L1 and English as L2. These studies, which focused on language translation with close or moderate linguistic distance (LD), have suggested that the Broca area (BA 44/45) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; BA 46) may play an important role on translation. However, the neural mechanism of language translation between Japanese and English, having large LD, has not been clarified. Thus, we used functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to investigate the brain activation patterns during word translation between Japanese and English. We also assessed the effects of translation directions and word familiarity. All participants’ first language was Japanese and they were learning English. Their English proficiency was advanced or elementary. We selected English and Japanese words as stimuli based on the familiarity for Japanese people. Our results showed that the brain activation patterns during word translation largely differed depending on their English proficiency. The advanced group elicited greater activation on the left prefrontal cortex around the Broca’s area while translating words with low familiarity, but no activation was observed while translating words with high familiarity. On the other hand, the elementary group evoked greater activation on the left temporal area including the superior temporal gyrus (STG) irrespective of the word familiarity. These results suggested that different cognitive process could be involved in word translation corresponding to English proficiency in Japanese learners of English. These difference on the brain activation patterns between the advanced and elementary group may reflect the difference on the cognitive loads depending on the levels of automatization in one’s language processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsumasa Shinozuka
- Research and Development Initiatives, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyomitsu Niioka
- Research and Development Initiatives, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tokuda
- Research and Development Initiatives, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kyutoku
- Research and Development Initiatives, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koki Okuno
- Research and Development Initiatives, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Takahashi
- Research and Development Initiatives, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ippeita Dan
- Research and Development Initiatives, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Cai L, Nitta T, Yokota S, Obata T, Okada E, Kawaguchi H. Targeting brain regions of interest in functional near-infrared spectroscopy-Scalp-cortex correlation using subject-specific light propagation models. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:1969-1986. [PMID: 33621388 PMCID: PMC8046049 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting specific brain regions of interest by the accurate positioning of optodes (emission and detection probes) on the scalp remains a challenge for functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Since fNIRS data does not provide any anatomical information on the brain cortex, establishing the scalp‐cortex correlation (SCC) between emission‐detection probe pairs on the scalp and the underlying brain regions in fNIRS measurements is extremely important. A conventional SCC is obtained by a geometrical point‐to‐point manner and ignores the effect of light scattering in the head tissue that occurs in actual fNIRS measurements. Here, we developed a sensitivity‐based matching (SBM) method that incorporated the broad spatial sensitivity of the probe pair due to light scattering into the SCC for fNIRS. The SCC was analyzed between head surface fiducial points determined by the international 10–10 system and automated anatomical labeling brain regions for 45 subject‐specific head models. The performance of the SBM method was compared with that of three conventional geometrical matching (GM) methods. We reveal that the light scattering and individual anatomical differences in the head affect the SCC, which indicates that the SBM method is compulsory to obtain the precise SCC. The SBM method enables us to evaluate the activity of cortical regions that are overlooked in the SCC obtained by conventional GM methods. Together, the SBM method could be a promising approach to guide fNIRS users in designing their probe arrangements and in explaining their measurement data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cai
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nitta
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sho Yokota
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Obata
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eiji Okada
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaguchi
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.,Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Narita N, Kamiya K, Iwaki S, Ishii T, Endo H, Shimosaka M, Uchida T, Kantake I, Shibutani K. Activation of Prefrontal Cortex in Process of Oral and Finger Shape Discrimination: fNIRS Study. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:588593. [PMID: 33633532 PMCID: PMC7901927 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.588593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The differences in the brain activities of the insular and the visual association cortices have been reported between oral and manual stereognosis. However, these results were not conclusive because of the inherent differences in the task performance-related motor sequence conditions. We hypothesized that the involvement of the prefrontal cortex may be different between finger and oral shape discrimination. This study was conducted to clarify temporal changes in prefrontal activities occurring in the processes of oral and finger tactual shape discrimination using prefrontal functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Methods Six healthy right-handed males [aged 30.8 ± 8.2 years (mean ± SD)] were enrolled. Measurements of prefrontal activities were performed using a 22-channel fNIRS device (ETG-100, Hitachi Medical Co., Chiba, Japan) during experimental blocks that included resting state (REST), nonsense shape discrimination (SHAM), and shape discrimination (SHAPE). Results No significant difference was presented with regard to the number of correct answers during trials between oral and finger SHAPE discrimination. Additionally, a statistical difference for the prefrontal fNIRS activity between oral and finger shape discrimination was noted in CH 1. Finger SHAPE, as compared with SHAM, presented a temporally shifting onset and burst in the prefrontal activities from the frontopolar area (FPA) to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). In contrast, oral SHAPE as compared with SHAM was shown to be temporally overlapped in the onset and burst of the prefrontal activities in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)/FPA/OFC. Conclusion The prefrontal activities temporally shifting from the FPA to the OFC during SHAPE as compared with SHAM may suggest the segregated serial prefrontal processing from the manipulation of a target image to the decision making during the process of finger shape discrimination. In contrast, the temporally overlapped prefrontal activities of the DLPFC/FPA/OFC in the oral SHAPE block may suggest the parallel procession of the repetitive involvement of generation, manipulation, and decision making in order to form a reliable representation of target objects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Narita
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Kamiya
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Sunao Iwaki
- Mental and Physical Functions Modeling Group, Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishii
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Endo
- Physical Fitness Technology Group, Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Michiharu Shimosaka
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
| | | | | | - Koh Shibutani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Schommartz I, Dix A, Passow S, Li SC. Functional Effects of Bilateral Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Modulation During Sequential Decision-Making: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study With Offline Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:605190. [PMID: 33613203 PMCID: PMC7886709 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.605190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to learn sequential contingencies of actions for predicting future outcomes is indispensable for flexible behavior in many daily decision-making contexts. It remains open whether such ability may be enhanced by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). The present study combined tDCS with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to investigate potential tDCS-induced effects on sequential decision-making and the neural mechanisms underlying such modulations. Offline tDCS and sham stimulation were applied over the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) in young male adults (N = 29, mean age = 23.4 years, SD = 3.2) in a double-blind between-subject design using a three-state Markov decision task. The results showed (i) an enhanced dlPFC hemodynamic response during the acquisition of sequential state transitions that is consistent with the findings from a previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study; (ii) a tDCS-induced increase of the hemodynamic response in the dlPFC, but without accompanying performance-enhancing effects at the behavioral level; and (iii) a greater tDCS-induced upregulation of hemodynamic responses in the delayed reward condition that seems to be associated with faster decision speed. Taken together, these findings provide empirical evidence for fNIRS as a suitable method for investigating hemodynamic correlates of sequential decision-making as well as functional brain correlates underlying tDCS-induced modulation. Future research with larger sample sizes for carrying out subgroup analysis is necessary in order to decipher interindividual differences in tDCS-induced effects on sequential decision-making process at the behavioral and brain levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Schommartz
- Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Annika Dix
- Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Centre for Tactile Internet With Human-in-the-Loop, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Passow
- Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Shu-Chen Li
- Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Centre for Tactile Internet With Human-in-the-Loop, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
San Juan JD, Zhai T, Ash-Rafzadeh A, Hu XS, Kim J, Filipak C, Guo K, Islam MN, Kovelman I, Basura GJ. Tinnitus and auditory cortex: using adapted functional near-infrared spectroscopy to measure resting-state functional connectivity. Neuroreport 2021; 32:66-75. [PMID: 33252478 PMCID: PMC7717476 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tinnitus, phantom sound perception, arises from aberrant brain activity within auditory cortex. In tinnitus animal models, auditory cortex neurons show increased spontaneous firing and neural synchrony. In humans, similar hyperactivation in auditory cortex has been displayed with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) or increased connectivity between brain regions has also been shown in tinnitus using fNIRS. However, current fNIRS technology utilizes infrared (IR)-sources and IR-detectors placed on the scalp that restricts (~3 cm depth IR penetration) signal capture to outer cerebral cortex due to skin and skull bone. To overcome this limitation, in this proof of concept study, we adapted fNIRS probes to fit in the external auditory canal (EAC) to physically place IR-probes deeper within the skull thereby extracting neural signals from deeper auditory cortex. METHODS Twenty adults with tinnitus and 20 nontinnitus controls listened to periods of silence and broadband noise before and after 5 min of silence to calculate RSFC. Concurrent scalp probes over auditory cortex and an adapted probe placed in the right EAC were utilized. RESULTS For standard probes, left and right auditory cortex in tinnitus showed increased RSFC to each other and to other nonauditory cortices. Interestingly, adapted fNIRS probes showed trends toward increased RSFC. CONCLUSION While many areas for the adapted probes did not reach significance, these data using a highly innovative and newly created probe adapting fNIRS technology to the EAC substantiates our previously published data in human tinnitus and concurrently validates this technology as a useful and expanded brain imaging modality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan D. San Juan
- Center for Human Growth and Development
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute
| | | | | | - Xiao-Su Hu
- Center for Human Growth and Development
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gregory J. Basura
- Center for Human Growth and Development
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Çolak B, Eken A, Kuşman A, Sayar Akaslan D, Kızılpınar SÇ, Çakmak IB, Bal NB, Münir K, Öner Ö, Baskak B. The relationship of cortical activity induced by pain stimulation with clinical and cognitive features of somatic symptom disorder: A controlled functional near infrared spectroscopy study. J Psychosom Res 2021; 140:110300. [PMID: 33248397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The neurobiological correlates of Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD) introduced in the DSM-5 has been the focus of a limited investigation. We aimed to examine the cortical response to painful stimuli and its relationship to symptom severity as well as cognitive and psychological characteristics in proposed models of somatoform disorders. METHODS We measured hemodynamic responses by 52-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopy. We compared the cortical response to painful stimuli in index patients with SSD (N = 21) versus age, and gender matched healthy control subjects (N = 21). We used brush stimulation as the control condition. We analyzed the relationship of cortical activity with SSD symptom severity as well as somatosensory amplification (SSA), alexithymia, dysfunctional illness behaviour, worry, and neuroticism. RESULTS Patients with SSD had higher somatic symptom severity, SSA, alexithymia, neuroticism, illness-related worry, and behaviour. Somatic symptom severity was predicted by a model including SSA and subjective feeling of pain in the index patients. Activity in the left-angular and right-middle temporal gyri was higher in the SSD subjects than the controls during pain stimulation. Positive correlations were detected between mean pain threshold levels and left middle occipital gyrus activity, as well as between SSA-scores and right-angular gyrus activity during pain condition in the index patients with SSD. CONCLUSION We present the first evidence that representation of pain in terms of cortical activity is different in subjects with SSD than healthy controls. SSA has functional neuroanatomic correlates and predicts symptom severity in SSD and therefore is involved as a valid intermediate phenotype in SSD pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burçin Çolak
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aykut Eken
- Pompeu Fabra University, Center for Brain and Cognition, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adnan Kuşman
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Damla Sayar Akaslan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Işık Batuhan Çakmak
- University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Neşe Burcu Bal
- University of Health Sciences, Ankara Oncology Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kerim Münir
- Harvard Medical School, Developmental Medicine Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Özgür Öner
- Bahçeşehir University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bora Baskak
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey; Ankara University Brain Research Center (AUBAUM), Ankara, Turkey; Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Center of Excellence (NÖROM), Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Yücel MA, Lühmann AV, Scholkmann F, Gervain J, Dan I, Ayaz H, Boas D, Cooper RJ, Culver J, Elwell CE, Eggebrecht A, Franceschini MA, Grova C, Homae F, Lesage F, Obrig H, Tachtsidis I, Tak S, Tong Y, Torricelli A, Wabnitz H, Wolf M. Best practices for fNIRS publications. NEUROPHOTONICS 2021; 8:012101. [PMID: 33442557 PMCID: PMC7793571 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.8.1.012101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in the neurosciences has been expanding over the last 40 years. Today, it is addressing a wide range of applications within different populations and utilizes a great variety of experimental paradigms. With the rapid growth and the diversification of research methods, some inconsistencies are appearing in the way in which methods are presented, which can make the interpretation and replication of studies unnecessarily challenging. The Society for Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy has thus been motivated to organize a representative (but not exhaustive) group of leaders in the field to build a consensus on the best practices for describing the methods utilized in fNIRS studies. Our paper has been designed to provide guidelines to help enhance the reliability, repeatability, and traceability of reported fNIRS studies and encourage best practices throughout the community. A checklist is provided to guide authors in the preparation of their manuscripts and to assist reviewers when evaluating fNIRS papers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meryem A. Yücel
- Boston University, Neurophotonics Center, Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
- Address all correspondence to Meryem A. Yücel,
| | - Alexander v. Lühmann
- Boston University, Neurophotonics Center, Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Felix Scholkmann
- University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Department of Neonatology, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Neonatology Research, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Bern, Institute for Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Judit Gervain
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, Paris, France
- Università di Padova, Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Padua, Italy
| | - Ippeita Dan
- Chuo University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hasan Ayaz
- Drexel University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Drexel University, College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Drexel University, Drexel Solutions Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - David Boas
- Boston University, Neurophotonics Center, Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Robert J. Cooper
- University College London, DOT-HUB, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Culver
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Clare E. Elwell
- University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Eggebrecht
- Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Maria A. Franceschini
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Christophe Grova
- Concordia University, Department of Physics and PERFORM Centre, Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- McGill University, Biomedical Engineering Department, Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fumitaka Homae
- Tokyo Metropolitan University, Department of Language Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Frédéric Lesage
- Polytechnique Montréal, Department Electrical Engineering, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hellmuth Obrig
- University Hospital Leipzig, Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences and Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sungho Tak
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Ochang, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjie Tong
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - Alessandro Torricelli
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milan, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Martin Wolf
- University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Department of Neonatology, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Neonatology Research, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
HU XINHUA, XIAO GANG, ZHU KEXIN, HU SHUYI, CHEN JIU, YU YUN. APPLICATION OF FUNCTIONAL NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY IN NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES: EPILEPSY, STROKE AND PARKINSON. J MECH MED BIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519420400230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) technology is an optical imaging technology that applies near-infrared light to measure the oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration alteration in cortical brain structures. It has the ability to directly measure changes in the blood oxygen level of the high temporal resolution associated with neural activation. Thus, it has been utilized in different neurological diseases, such as epilepsy, stroke, and Parkinson. The work of this paper will focus on the application of the fNIRS in the three neurological diseases and the principle of fNIRS. Moreover, the difficulties and challenges that the technology is currently experiencing have been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- XINHUA HU
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Institute of Brain Functional Imaging, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, P. R. China
| | - GANG XIAO
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Endocrinology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - KEXIN ZHU
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, P. R. China
| | - SHUYI HU
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, P. R. China
| | - JIU CHEN
- Institute of Brain Functional Imaging, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, P. R. China
| | - YUN YU
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Institute of Brain Functional Imaging, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Vitorio R, Stuart S, Mancini M. Executive Control of Walking in People With Parkinson's Disease With Freezing of Gait. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2020; 34:1138-1149. [PMID: 33155506 DOI: 10.1177/1545968320969940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Walking abnormalities in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) are characterized by a shift in locomotor control from healthy automaticity to compensatory prefrontal executive control. Indirect measures of automaticity of walking (eg, step-to-step variability and dual-task cost) suggest that freezing of gait (FoG) may be associated with reduced automaticity of walking. However, the influence of FoG status on actual prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity during walking remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of FoG status on automaticity of walking in people with PD. METHODS Forty-seven people with PD were distributed into 2 groups based on FoG status, which was assessed by the New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire: PD-FoG (n = 23; UPDRS-III = 35) and PD+FoG (n = 24; UPDRS-III = 43.1). Participants walked over a 9-m straight path (with a 180° turn at each end) for 80 seconds. Two conditions were tested off medication: single- and dual-task walking (ie, with a concomitant cognitive task). A portable functional near-infrared spectroscopy system recorded PFC activity while walking (including turns). Wearable inertial sensors were used to calculate spatiotemporal gait parameters. RESULTS PD+FoG had greater PFC activation during both single and dual-task walking than PD-FoG (P = .031). There were no differences in gait between PD-FoG and PD+FoG. Both groups decreased gait speed (P = .029) and stride length (P < .001) during dual-task walking compared with single-task walking. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that PD+FoG have reduced automaticity of walking, even in absence of FoG episodes. PFC activity while walking seems to be more sensitive than gait measures in identifying reduction in automaticity of walking in PD+FoG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Stuart
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Sakai K, Goto K, Watanabe R, Tanabe J, Amimoto K, Kumai K, Shibata K, Morikawa K, Ikeda Y. Immediate effects of visual-motor illusion on resting-state functional connectivity. Brain Cogn 2020; 146:105632. [PMID: 33129054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Visual-motor illusion (VMI) is to evoke a kinesthetic sensation by viewing images of oneself performing physical exercise while the body is at rest. Previous studies demonstrated that VMI activates the motor association brain areas; however, it is unclear whether VMI immediately alters the resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC). This study is aimed to verify whether the VMI induction changed the RSFC using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The right hands of 13 healthy adults underwent illusion and observation conditions for 20 min each. Before and after each condition, RSFC was measured using fNIRS. After each condition, degree of kinesthetic illusion and a sense of body ownership measured using the Likert scale. Our results indicated that, compared with the observation condition, the degree of kinesthetic illusion and the sense of body ownership were significantly higher after the illusion condition. Compared with the observation condition, RSFC after the illusion condition significantly increased brain areas associated with kinesthetic illusion, a sense of body ownership, and motor execution. In conclusion, RSFC has become a biomarker that shows changes in brain function occurring due to VMI. VMI may be applied to the treatment of patients with stroke or orthopedic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Sakai
- Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan; Faculty of Healthcare Sciences, Chiba Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Goto
- Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan.
| | - Rui Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan; Department of Frontier Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan.
| | - Junpei Tanabe
- Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan.
| | - Kazu Amimoto
- Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan.
| | - Ken Kumai
- Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan.
| | - Keiichiro Shibata
- Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan.
| | - Kenji Morikawa
- Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan.
| | - Yumi Ikeda
- Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Collins-Jones LH, Arichi T, Poppe T, Billing A, Xiao J, Fabrizi L, Brigadoi S, Hebden JC, Elwell CE, Cooper RJ. Construction and validation of a database of head models for functional imaging of the neonatal brain. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 42:567-586. [PMID: 33068482 PMCID: PMC7814762 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal brain undergoes dramatic structural and functional changes over the last trimester of gestation. The accuracy of source localisation of brain activity recorded from the scalp therefore relies on accurate age-specific head models. Although an age-appropriate population-level atlas could be used, detail is lost in the construction of such atlases, in particular with regard to the smoothing of the cortical surface, and so such a model is not representative of anatomy at an individual level. In this work, we describe the construction of a database of individual structural priors of the neonatal head using 215 individual-level datasets at ages 29-44 weeks postmenstrual age from the Developing Human Connectome Project. We have validated a method to segment the extra-cerebral tissue against manual segmentation. We have also conducted a leave-one-out analysis to quantify the expected spatial error incurred with regard to localising functional activation when using a best-matching individual from the database in place of a subject-specific model; the median error was calculated to be 8.3 mm (median absolute deviation 3.8 mm). The database can be applied for any functional neuroimaging modality which requires structural data whereby the physical parameters associated with that modality vary with tissue type and is freely available at www.ucl.ac.uk/dot-hub.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam H Collins-Jones
- DOT-HUB, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.,Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tomoki Arichi
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tanya Poppe
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Addison Billing
- DOT-HUB, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.,Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jiaxin Xiao
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Fabrizi
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sabrina Brigadoi
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Jeremy C Hebden
- DOT-HUB, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.,Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Clare E Elwell
- DOT-HUB, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robert J Cooper
- DOT-HUB, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.,Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Menant JC, Maidan I, Alcock L, Al-Yahya E, Cerasa A, Clark DJ, de Bruin ED, Fraser S, Gramigna V, Hamacher D, Herold F, Holtzer R, Izzetoglu M, Lim S, Pantall A, Pelicioni P, Peters S, Rosso AL, St George R, Stuart S, Vasta R, Vitorio R, Mirelman A. A consensus guide to using functional near-infrared spectroscopy in posture and gait research. Gait Posture 2020; 82:254-265. [PMID: 32987345 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is increasingly used in the field of posture and gait to investigate patterns of cortical brain activation while people move freely. fNIRS methods, analysis and reporting of data vary greatly across studies which in turn can limit the replication of research, interpretation of findings and comparison across works. RESEARCH QUESTION AND METHODS Considering these issues, we propose a set of practical recommendations for the conduct and reporting of fNIRS studies in posture and gait, acknowledging specific challenges related to clinical groups with posture and gait disorders. RESULTS Our paper is organized around three main sections: 1) hardware set up and study protocols, 2) artefact removal and data processing and, 3) outcome measures, validity and reliability; it is supplemented with a detailed checklist. SIGNIFICANCE This paper was written by a core group of members of the International Society for Posture and Gait Research and posture and gait researchers, all experienced in fNIRS research, with the intent of assisting the research community to lead innovative and impactful fNIRS studies in the field of posture and gait, whilst ensuring standardization of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine C Menant
- Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Inbal Maidan
- Laboratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration (LEMON), Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and Mobility (CMCM), Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurology, Sackler School of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lisa Alcock
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Emad Al-Yahya
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Movement Science Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Antonio Cerasa
- IRIB, National Research Council, Mangone, CS, Italy; S. Anna Institute and Research in Advanced Neurorehabilitation (RAN), Crotone, Italy
| | - David J Clark
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Eling D de Bruin
- Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Sarah Fraser
- École interdisciplinaire des sciences de la santé (Interdisciplinary School of Health sciences), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vera Gramigna
- Neuroscience Research Center, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Dennis Hamacher
- German University for Health and Sports, (DHGS), Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Herold
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Roee Holtzer
- Yeshiva University, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Meltem Izzetoglu
- Villanova University, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Villanova, PA, USA
| | - Shannon Lim
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Annette Pantall
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Paulo Pelicioni
- Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sue Peters
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Rehabilitation Research Program, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrea L Rosso
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Rebecca St George
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience and Ageing Research Group, School of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Samuel Stuart
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Roberta Vasta
- Neuroscience Research Center, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rodrigo Vitorio
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Anat Mirelman
- Laboratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration (LEMON), Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and Mobility (CMCM), Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurology, Sackler School of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Phillips Z, Kim JB, Paik SH, Kang SY, Jeon NJ, Kim BM, Kim BJ. Regional analysis of cerebral hemodynamic changes during the head-up tilt test in Parkinson's disease patients with orthostatic intolerance. NEUROPHOTONICS 2020; 7:045006. [PMID: 33163544 PMCID: PMC7595744 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.7.4.045006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Cerebral oxygenation changes in the superior, middle, and medial gyri were used to elucidate spatial impairments of autonomic hemodynamic recovery during the head-up tilt table test (HUTT) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with orthostatic intolerance (OI) symptoms. Aim: To analyze dynamic oxygenation changes during the HUTT and classify PD patients with OI symptoms using clinical and oxygenation features. Approach: Thirty-nine PD patients with OI symptoms [10: orthostatic hypotension (PD-OH); 29: normal HUTT results (PD-NOR)] and seven healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Prefrontal oxyhemoglobin (HbO) changes during the HUTT were reconstructed with diffuse optical tomography and segmented using the automated anatomical labeling system. Decision trees were used for classification. Results: HCs and PD-NOR patients with positive rates of HbO change (PD-POS) showed the greatest HbO recovery in the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) during tilt. PD-OH and PD-NOR patients with negative rates of HbO change (PD-NEG) showed asymmetric reoxygenation. The classification accuracy was 89.4% for PD-POS versus PD-NEG, 71% for PD-NOR versus PD-OH, and 55.8% for PD-POS versus PD-NEG versus PD-OH. The oxygenation features were more discriminative than the clinical features. Conclusions: PD-OH showed decreased right SFG function, which may be associated with impaired compensatory autonomic responses to orthostatic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zephaniah Phillips
- Korea University, Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Bin Kim
- Korea University Anam Hospital, Department of Neurology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Paik
- Korea University, Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- KLIEN Inc., Seoul Biohub, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Young Kang
- Korea University, Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Joon Jeon
- Korea University Anam Hospital, Neurophysiology Laboratory, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beop-Min Kim
- Korea University, Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Jo Kim
- Korea University Anam Hospital, Department of Neurology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Korea University Anam Hospital, Brain Convergence Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Korea University, BK21 FOUR Program in Learning Health Systems, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Hu XS, Wagley N, Rioboo AT, DaSilva AF, Kovelman I. Photogrammetry-based stereoscopic optode registration method for functional near-infrared spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:JBO-200049R. [PMID: 32880124 PMCID: PMC7463164 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.9.095001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging brain imaging technique due to its small size, low cost, minimum scanning sonic noise, and portability. Unfortunately, because this technique does not provide neuroanatomical information to accompany the functional data, its data interpretation remains a persistent challenge in fNIRS brain imaging applications. The two most popular approaches for fNIRS anatomical registration are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and three-dimensional (3-D) digitization. MRI scanning yields high-precision registration but reduces the cost-effectiveness and accessibility of fNIRS imaging. Alternatively, the low cost and portable 3-D digitizers are affected by magnetic properties of ambient metal objects, including participant clothing, testing equipment, medical implants, and so forth. AIM To overcome these obstacles and provide accessible and reliable neuroanatomical registration for fNIRS imaging, we developed and explored a photogrammetry optode registration (POR) method. APPROACH The POR method uses a consumer-grade camera to reconstruct a 3-D image of the fNIRS optode-set, including light emitters and detectors, on a participant's head. This reconstruction process uses a linear-time incremental structure from motion (LTI-SfM) algorithm, based on 100 to 150 digital photos. The POR method then aligns the reconstructed image with an anatomical template of the brain. RESULTS To validate this method, we tested 22 adult and 19 child participants using the POR method and MRI imaging. The results comparisons suggest on average 55% and 46% overlap across all data channel measurements registered by the two methods in adult and children, respectively. Importantly, this overlap reached 65% and 60% in only the frontal channels. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that the mismatch in registration was partially due to higher variation in backward optode placement rather than the registration efficacy. Therefore, the photo-based registration method can offer an accessible and reliable approach to neuroanatomical registration of fNIRS as well as other surface-based neuroimaging and neuromodulation methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Su Hu
- University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Prosthodontics, Headache & Orofacial Pain Effort (H.O.P.E.) Lab, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- University of Michigan, Center for Human Growth and Development, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Neelima Wagley
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Akemi Tsutsumi Rioboo
- University of Michigan, Center for Human Growth and Development, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Alexandre F. DaSilva
- University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Prosthodontics, Headache & Orofacial Pain Effort (H.O.P.E.) Lab, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- University of Michigan, Center for Human Growth and Development, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Ioulia Kovelman
- University of Michigan, Center for Human Growth and Development, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Passive, yet not inactive: robotic exoskeleton walking increases cortical activation dependent on task. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2020; 17:107. [PMID: 32778109 PMCID: PMC7418323 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-020-00739-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental designs using surrogate gait-like movements, such as in functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cannot fully capture the cortical activation associated with overground gait. Overground gait in a robotic exoskeleton may be an ideal tool to generate controlled sensorimotor stimulation of gait conditions like ‘active’ (i.e. user moves with the device) and ‘passive’ (i.e. user is moved by the device) gait. To truly understand these neural mechanisms, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) would yield greater ecological validity. Thus, the aim of this experiment was to use fNIRS to delineate brain activation differences between ‘Active’ and ‘Passive’ overground gait in a robotic exoskeleton. Methods Fourteen healthy adults performed 10 walking trials in a robotic exoskeleton for Passive and Active conditions, with fNIRS over bilateral frontal and parietal lobes, and electromyography (EMG) over bilateral thigh muscles. Digitization of optode locations and individual T1 MRI scans were used to demarcate the brain regions fNIRS recorded from. Results Increased oxyhemoglobin in the right frontal cortex was found for Passive compared with Active conditions. For deoxyhemoglobin, increased activation during Passive was found in the left frontal cortex and bilateral parietal cortices compared with Active; one channel in the left parietal cortex decreased during Active when compared with Passive. Normalized EMG mean amplitude was higher in the Active compared with Passive conditions for all four muscles (p ≤ 0.044), confirming participants produced the conditions asked of them. Conclusions The parietal cortex is active during passive robotic exoskeleton gait, a novel finding as research to date has not recorded posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex. Increased activation of the parietal cortex may be related to the planning of limb coordination while maintaining postural control. Future neurorehabilitation research could use fNIRS to examine whether exoskeletal gait training can increase gait-related brain activation with individuals unable to walk independently.
Collapse
|
75
|
Rosenbaum D, Leehr EJ, Kroczek A, Rubel JA, Int-Veen I, Deutsch K, Maier MJ, Hudak J, Fallgatter AJ, Ehlis AC. Neuronal correlates of spider phobia in a combined fNIRS-EEG study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12597. [PMID: 32724128 PMCID: PMC7387441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific phobia is associated with aberrant brain activation in confrontation paradigms with phobic stimuli. In previous EEG research enhanced event-related potentials (ERPs) in the late-positive potential (LPP) window have been observed. Further, studies with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and fMRI suggest that spider phobia is associated with enhanced activation within cortical and subcortical areas. In the current study we investigated the neuronal correlates of spider phobia in a combined fNIRS-EEG study. To this end, 37 spider phobic patients (PP) and 32 healthy controls (HC) underwent a symptom provocation paradigm during which subjects watched video clips of spiders and domestic animals (confrontation phase) after being primed on the content of the video (anticipation phase). Simultaneously, fNIRS, EEG, electromyography (EMG), electrocardiography and behavioral measures were assessed. Results showed increased LPP amplitudes, increased hemodynamic responses in the cognitive control network, and increased EMG activity and heart rate during spider conditions in PP in comparison to HC. Furthermore, in behavioral ratings PP showed higher emotional distress and avoidance. Behavioral ratings, fNIRS and EEG data showed positive correlations on a between-subject as well as on a within-subject level. Our results merge the existing data on neurophysiological correlates of phobic stimulus processing in hemodynamic and electrophysiological research and extend those of static visual material (pictures) to dynamic visual material (videos).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Rosenbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | - Agnes Kroczek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julian A Rubel
- Department of Psychotherapy Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Isabell Int-Veen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kira Deutsch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moritz J Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Justin Hudak
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Christine Ehlis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Kohl SH, Mehler DMA, Lührs M, Thibault RT, Konrad K, Sorger B. The Potential of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy-Based Neurofeedback-A Systematic Review and Recommendations for Best Practice. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:594. [PMID: 32848528 PMCID: PMC7396619 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The effects of electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-neurofeedback on brain activation and behaviors have been studied extensively in the past. More recently, researchers have begun to investigate the effects of functional near-infrared spectroscopy-based neurofeedback (fNIRS-neurofeedback). FNIRS is a functional neuroimaging technique based on brain hemodynamics, which is easy to use, portable, inexpensive, and has reduced sensitivity to movement artifacts. Method: We provide the first systematic review and database of fNIRS-neurofeedback studies, synthesizing findings from 22 peer-reviewed studies (including a total of N = 441 participants; 337 healthy, 104 patients). We (1) give a comprehensive overview of how fNIRS-neurofeedback training protocols were implemented, (2) review the online signal-processing methods used, (3) evaluate the quality of studies using pre-set methodological and reporting quality criteria and also present statistical sensitivity/power analyses, (4) investigate the effectiveness of fNIRS-neurofeedback in modulating brain activation, and (5) review its effectiveness in changing behavior in healthy and pathological populations. Results and discussion: (1–2) Published studies are heterogeneous (e.g., neurofeedback targets, investigated populations, applied training protocols, and methods). (3) Large randomized controlled trials are still lacking. In view of the novelty of the field, the quality of the published studies is moderate. We identified room for improvement in reporting important information and statistical power to detect realistic effects. (4) Several studies show that people can regulate hemodynamic signals from cortical brain regions with fNIRS-neurofeedback and (5) these studies indicate the feasibility of modulating motor control and prefrontal brain functioning in healthy participants and ameliorating symptoms in clinical populations (stroke, ADHD, autism, and social anxiety). However, valid conclusions about specificity or potential clinical utility are premature. Conclusion: Due to the advantages of practicability and relatively low cost, fNIRS-neurofeedback might provide a suitable and powerful alternative to EEG and fMRI neurofeedback and has great potential for clinical translation of neurofeedback. Together with more rigorous research and reporting practices, further methodological improvements may lead to a more solid understanding of fNIRS-neurofeedback. Future research will benefit from exploiting the advantages of fNIRS, which offers unique opportunities for neurofeedback research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon H Kohl
- JARA-Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany.,Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - David M A Mehler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Lührs
- Brain Innovation B.V., Research Department, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Robert T Thibault
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Konrad
- JARA-Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany.,Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bettina Sorger
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Jaffe-Dax S, Bermano AH, Erel Y, Emberson LL. Video-based motion-resilient reconstruction of three-dimensional position for functional near-infrared spectroscopy and electroencephalography head mounted probes. NEUROPHOTONICS 2020; 7:035001. [PMID: 32704521 PMCID: PMC7370942 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.7.3.035001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: We propose a video-based, motion-resilient, and fast method for estimating the position of optodes on the scalp. Aim: Measuring the exact placement of probes (e.g., electrodes and optodes) on a participant's head is a notoriously difficult step in acquiring neuroimaging data from methods that rely on scalp recordings (e.g., electroencephalography and functional near-infrared spectroscopy) and is particularly difficult for any clinical or developmental population. Existing methods of head measurements require the participant to remain still for a lengthy period of time, are laborious, and require extensive training. Therefore, a fast and motion-resilient method is required for estimating the scalp location of probes. Approach: We propose an innovative video-based method for estimating the probes' positions relative to the participant's head, which is fast, motion-resilient, and automatic. Our method builds on capitalizing the advantages and understanding the limitations of cutting-edge computer vision and machine learning tools. We validate our method on 10 adult subjects and provide proof of feasibility with infant subjects. Results: We show that our method is both reliable and valid compared to existing state-of-the-art methods by estimating probe positions in a single measurement and by tracking their translation and consistency across sessions. Finally, we show that our automatic method is able to estimate the position of probes on an infant head without lengthy offline procedures, a task that has been considered challenging until now. Conclusions: Our proposed method allows, for the first time, the use of automated spatial co-registration methods on developmental and clinical populations, where lengthy, motion-sensitive measurement methods routinely fail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sagi Jaffe-Dax
- Princeton University, Psychology Department, Princeton, New Jersey, United States
| | - Amit H. Bermano
- Princeton University, Computer Science Department, Princeton, New Jersey, United States
- Tel-Aviv University, School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yotam Erel
- Tel-Aviv University, School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lauren L. Emberson
- Princeton University, Psychology Department, Princeton, New Jersey, United States
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Interpersonal brain synchronization with instructor compensates for learner's sleep deprivation in interactive learning. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 191:114111. [PMID: 32569629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances shifted the focus on single-brain functioning toward two-brain communication during learning interactions, following the demonstration that interpersonal brain synchronization (IBS) can track instructor-learner information exchange. Here, we investigated (i) whether sleep deprivation (SD) that potentially impacts both social interactions and learning abilities modulates IBS, and (ii) conversely whether and to what extent IBS might compensate for SD-related learning deficits. Instructors (always with regular sleep, RS) were asked to teach numerical reasoning strategies to learners (either SD or RS), during which the activity of both brains was simultaneously recorded using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). SD learners initially performed below their baseline level, worse than RS learners, but learning improvement was comparable between RS and SD conditions after learning with the instructor. IBS within the instructor-learner dyads was higher in the SD (vs. RS) condition in the left inferior frontal cortex. In addition, clustered IBS (estimated by nonnegative matrix factorization) was correlated with performance improvement. Finally, Granger Causality analyses revealed biased causality with higher instructor-to-learner than learner-to-instructor directionality in brain signal processing. Together, these results indicate that SD-related learning deficits can to some extent be compensated via interactions with an instructor, as reflected by increased IBS and preserved learning ability. It suggests an essential role of the instructor in driving synchrony between teaching and SD learning brains during interactions.
Collapse
|
79
|
Suwabe K, Hyodo K, Fukuie T, Ochi G, Inagaki K, Sakairi Y, Soya H. Positive Mood while Exercising Influences Beneficial Effects of Exercise with Music on Prefrontal Executive Function: A Functional NIRS Study. Neuroscience 2020; 454:61-71. [PMID: 32554109 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Much attention has been focused on physical exercise benefits to mental health such as mood and cognitive function. Our recent studies have consistently shown that a single bout of exercise elicits increased task-related brain activation mainly in the dorsolateral part of the prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which results in improved executive performance. As the DLPFC is associated with the modulation of mood as well as executive function, it is tempting to hypothesize that exercising while in a positive mood would facilitate the beneficial effects of exercise on executive function via DLPFC activation. Thus, we conceived an experiment that used music to elicit a positive mood during exercise. Thirty-three young adults performed ten minutes of moderate-intensity (50% V.O2peak) pedaling exercise with two experimental conditions: listening to music and listening to beeps at a steady tempo. Mood and executive function were respectively assessed using the Two-Dimensional Mood Scale and a color-word-matching Stroop task before and after the exercise sessions. Prefrontal activation during the Stroop task was monitored using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Exercise with music elicited greater enhancement of a positive mood (vitality) than did exercise with beeps. Contrary to our hypothesis, there were no significant differences between conditions in improvement in Stroop task performance and task-related cortical activation in the left-DLPFC. The correlation analyses, however, revealed significant correlations among increased vitality, shortened Stroop interference time and increased activation in the left-DLPFC. These results support the hypothesis that positive mood while exercising influences the benefit of exercise on prefrontal activation and executive performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Suwabe
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan; Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan; Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Ryutsu Keizai University, Ibaraki 301-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hyodo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan; Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Ryutsu Keizai University, Ibaraki 301-8555, Japan; Physical Fitness Research Institute, Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takemune Fukuie
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan; Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
| | - Genta Ochi
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan; Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
| | - Kazuki Inagaki
- Laboratory of Sports Psychology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan; Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan; School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yosuke Sakairi
- Laboratory of Sports Psychology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan; Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan; Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Kobayashi M, Ikeda T, Tokuda T, Monden Y, Nagashima M, Mizushima SG, Inoue T, Shimamura K, Ujiie Y, Arakawa A, Kuroiwa C, Ishijima M, Kishimoto Y, Kanazawa S, Yamagata T, Yamaguchi MK, Sakuta R, Dan I. Acute administration of methylphenidate differentially affects cortical processing of emotional facial expressions in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder children as studied by functional near-infrared spectroscopy. NEUROPHOTONICS 2020; 7:025003. [PMID: 32377545 PMCID: PMC7201297 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.7.2.025003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Significance: It has been reported that children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have impairment in the recognition of angry but not of happy facial expressions, and they show atypical cortical activation patterns in response to facial expressions. However, little is known about neural mechanisms underlying the impaired recognition of facial expressions in school-aged children with ADHD and the effects of acute medication on their processing of facial expressions. Aim: We aimed to investigate the possibility that acute administration of methylphenidate (MPH) affects processing of facial expressions in ADHD children. Approach: We measured the hemodynamic changes in the bilateral temporo-occipital areas of ADHD children observing the happy and angry facial expressions before and 1.5 h after MPH or placebo administration in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design study. Results: We found that, regardless of medication, happy expressions induced increased oxyhemoglobin (oxy-Hb) responses in the right inferior occipital region but not in the superior temporal region. For angry expressions, oxy-Hb responses increased after MPH administration, but not after placebo administration, in the left inferior occipital area, whereas there was no significant activation before MPH administration. Conclusions: Our results suggest that (1) ADHD children consistently recruit the right inferior occipital regions to process happy expressions and (2) MPH administration to ADHD children enhances cortical activation in the left inferior occipital regions when they process angry expressions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kobayashi
- Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Department of Functioning and Disability, Kagiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ikeda
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Jichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tokuda
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Chuo University, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukifumi Monden
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Jichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
- Chuo University, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International University of Health and Welfare, Department of Pediatrics, Iguchi, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masako Nagashima
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Jichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Sakae G. Mizushima
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Chuo University, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Dokkyo Medical University, Child Development and Psychosomatic Medicine Center, Minamikoshigaya, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keiichi Shimamura
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Dokkyo Medical University, Child Development and Psychosomatic Medicine Center, Minamikoshigaya, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuta Ujiie
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Chuo University, Research and Development Initiative, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akari Arakawa
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Dokkyo Medical University, Child Development and Psychosomatic Medicine Center, Minamikoshigaya, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chie Kuroiwa
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Dokkyo Medical University, Child Development and Psychosomatic Medicine Center, Minamikoshigaya, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mayuko Ishijima
- Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuki Kishimoto
- Chuo University, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - So Kanazawa
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Women’s University, Department of Psychology, Nishi-Ikuta, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takanori Yamagata
- Jichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masami K. Yamaguchi
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Chuo University, Department of Psychology, Higashinakano, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sakuta
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Dokkyo Medical University, Child Development and Psychosomatic Medicine Center, Minamikoshigaya, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ippeita Dan
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Chuo University, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Prefrontal Cortical Activation With Open and Closed-Loop Tactile Cueing When Walking and Turning in Parkinson Disease: A Pilot Study. J Neurol Phys Ther 2020; 44:121-131. [DOI: 10.1097/npt.0000000000000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
82
|
Brain–machine interfaces using functional near-infrared spectroscopy: a review. ARTIFICIAL LIFE AND ROBOTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10015-020-00592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
83
|
Rosenbaum D, Leehr EJ, Rubel J, Maier MJ, Pagliaro V, Deutsch K, Hudak J, Metzger FG, Fallgatter AJ, Ehlis AC. Cortical oxygenation during exposure therapy - in situ fNIRS measurements in arachnophobia. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2020; 26:102219. [PMID: 32135488 PMCID: PMC7052440 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This is the first study that assessed cortical hemodynamic reactions during exposure therapy in situ. During exposure patients showed increased activity in the cognitive control network (CCN) compared to a control condition. CCN activity deceased during the session. Further, CCN activity was associated with fear ratings at the beginning of the session and this relationship decreased from session to session.
Exposure therapy is a well-studied and highly efficacious treatment for phobic disorders. Although the neurobiological model of fear is well underpinned by various studies, the mechanisms of exposure therapy are still under discussion. Partly, this is due to the fact that most neurophysiological methods like fMRI are not able to be used in the natural therapeutic settings. The current study used in situ measurements of cortical blood oxygenation (O2Hb) during exposure therapy by means of functional near-infrared spectroscopy. 37 subjects (N = 30 completers) underwent exposure therapy during 5 adapted sessions in which subjects were exposed to Tegenaria Domestica (domestic house spider – experimental condition) and Dendrobaena Veneta/ Eisenaia hortensis (red earthworm – control condition). Compared to the control condition, patients showed higher O2Hb levels in the anticipation and exposure phase of spider exposure in areas of the cognitive control network (CCN). Further, significant decreases in O2Hb were observed during the session accompanied by reductions in fear related symptoms. However, while symptoms decreased in a linear quadratic manner, with higher reductions in the beginning of the session, CCN activity decreased linearly. Further, higher anxiety at the beginning of session one was associated with increased O2Hb in the CCN. This association decreased within the following sessions. The current study sheds light on the neuronal mechanisms of exposure therapy. The results are discussed in light of a phase model of exposure therapy that posits a role of cognitive control in the beginning and routine learning at the end of the therapy session.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Rosenbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | | | - Julian Rubel
- Psychotherapy Research Lab, Psychology and Sport Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Moritz J Maier
- Fraunhofer IAO
- Center for Responsible Research and Innovation, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valeria Pagliaro
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kira Deutsch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Justin Hudak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Florian G Metzger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Christine Ehlis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Sutoko S, Monden Y, Tokuda T, Ikeda T, Nagashima M, Funane T, Atsumori H, Kiguchi M, Maki A, Yamagata T, Dan I. Atypical Dynamic-Connectivity Recruitment in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Children: An Insight Into Task-Based Dynamic Connectivity Through an fNIRS Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:3. [PMID: 32082132 PMCID: PMC7005005 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Connectivity between brain regions has been redefined beyond a stationary state. Even when a person is in a resting state, brain connectivity dynamically shifts. However, shifted brain connectivity under externally evoked stimulus is still little understood. The current study, therefore, focuses on task-based dynamic functional-connectivity (FC) analysis of brain signals measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). We hypothesize that a stimulus may influence not only brain connectivity but also the occurrence probabilities of task-related and task-irrelevant connectivity states. fNIRS measurement (of the prefrontal-to-inferior parietal lobes) was conducted on 21 typically developing (TD) and 21 age-matched attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children performing an inhibitory control task, namely, the Go/No-Go (GNG) task. It has been reported that ADHD children lack inhibitory control; differences between TD and ADHD children in terms of task-based dynamic FC were also evaluated. Four connectivity states were found to occur during the temporal task course. Two dominant connectivity states (states 1 and 2) are characterized by strong connectivities within the frontoparietal network (occurrence probabilities of 40%-56% and 26%-29%), and presumptively interpreted as task-related states. A connectivity state (state 3) shows strong connectivities in the bilateral medial frontal-to-parietal cortices (occurrence probability of 7-15%). The strong connectivities were found at the overlapped regions related the default mode network (DMN). Another connectivity state (state 4) visualizes strong connectivities in all measured regions (occurrence probability of 10%-16%). A global effect coming from cerebral vascular may highly influence this connectivity state. During the GNG stimulus interval, the ADHD children tended to show decreased occurrence probability of the dominant connectivity state and increased occurrence probability of other connectivity states (states 3 and 4). Bringing a new perspective to explain neuropathophysiology, these findings suggest atypical dynamic network recruitment to accommodate task demands in ADHD children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sutoko
- Hitachi, Ltd., Research & Development Group, Center for Exploratory Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukifumi Monden
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Nasushiobara, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tokuda
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ikeda
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Masako Nagashima
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Funane
- Hitachi, Ltd., Research & Development Group, Center for Exploratory Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Atsumori
- Hitachi, Ltd., Research & Development Group, Center for Exploratory Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Kiguchi
- Hitachi, Ltd., Research & Development Group, Center for Exploratory Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Maki
- Hitachi, Ltd., Research & Development Group, Center for Exploratory Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Yamagata
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Ippeita Dan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Jiang Y, Li Z, Zhao Y, Xiao X, Zhang W, Sun P, Yang Y, Zhu C. Targeting brain functions from the scalp: Transcranial brain atlas based on large-scale fMRI data synthesis. Neuroimage 2020; 210:116550. [PMID: 31981781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial brain mapping techniques, such as functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), have been playing an increasingly important role in studies of human brain functions. Given a brain function of interest, fNIRS probes and TMS coils should be properly placed on the scalp to ensure that the function is effectively measured or modulated. However, since brain activity is inside the skull and invisible to the researcher during placement, this blind targeting may cause the device to partially or completely miss the functional target, resulting in inconsistent experimental results and divergent clinical outcomes, especially when participants' structural MRI data are not available. To address this issue, we propose here a framework for targeting a designated function directly from the scalp. First, a functional brain atlas for the targeted brain function is constructed via a meta-analysis of large-scale functional magnetic resonance imaging datasets. Second, the functional brain atlas is presented on the scalp surface by using a transcranial mapping previously established from an structural MRI dataset (n = 114), resulting in a novel functional transcranial brain atlas (fTBA). Finally, a low-cost, portable scalp-navigation system is used to localize the transcranial device on the individual's scalp with the guidance of the fTBA. To demonstrate the feasibility of the targeting framework, both fNIRS and TMS mapping experiments were conducted. The results show that fTBA-guided fNIRS positioning can detect functional activity with high sensitivity and specificity for working memory and motor systems; Moreover, compared with traditional TMS targeting approaches (e.g. the International 10-20 System and the conventional 5-cm rule), the fTBA suggested motor stimulation site is closesr to both the motor hotspot and the center of gravity of motor evoked potentials (MEP-COG). In summary, the proposed method unblinds the transcranial function targeting process using prior information, providing an effective and straightforward approach to transcranial brain mapping studies, especially those without participants' structural MRI data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chaozhe Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Sakaniwa H, Sutoko S, Obata A, Atsumori H, Fukuda N, Kiguchi M, Kandori A. Effects of Shape Characteristics on Tactile Sensing Recognition and Brain Activation. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLIGENT INFORMATICS 2019. [DOI: 10.20965/jaciii.2019.p1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Training tactile sensing for shape recognition is considered to be an effective rehabilitation technique. Previous studies in tactile sensing showed a tendency of recognition ambiguity, thus necessitating tactile sensing rehabilitation. Eleven subjects observed invisible objects using their fingers and were asked to identify the shape of the objects. The relationship between the degree of recognition and shape complexity was investigated. The results showed high self-confidence in recognizing high complexity shapes. The recognition process was confirmed in a second experiment measuring brain activation using near-infrared spectroscopy. Measurement of eight subjects showed the activation of verbal and visual processing regions, indicating that the act of handling the shape was translated to verbal expression and visual imaging. These results potentially quantify tactile sensing and contribute to the realization of personalized rehabilitation.
Collapse
|
87
|
Sutoko S, Monden Y, Tokuda T, Ikeda T, Nagashima M, Funane T, Sato H, Kiguchi M, Maki A, Yamagata T, Dan I. Exploring attentive task-based connectivity for screening attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder children: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. NEUROPHOTONICS 2019; 6:045013. [PMID: 31853459 PMCID: PMC6917048 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.6.4.045013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Connectivity impairment has frequently been associated with the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although the connectivity of the resting state has mainly been studied, we expect the transition between baseline and task may also be impaired in ADHD children. Twenty-three typically developing (i.e., control) and 36 disordered (ADHD and autism-comorbid ADHD) children were subjected to connectivity analysis. Specifically, they performed an attention task, visual oddball, while their brains were measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy. The results of the measurements revealed three key findings. First, the control group maintained attentive connectivity, even in the baseline interval. Meanwhile, the disordered group showed enhanced bilateral intra- and interhemispheric connectivities while performing the task. However, right intrahemispheric connectivity was found to be weaker than those for the control group. Second, connectivity and activation characteristics might not be positively correlated with each other. In our previous results, disordered children lacked activation in the right middle frontal gyrus. However, within region connectivity of the right middle frontal gyrus was relatively strong in the baseline interval and significantly increased in the task interval. Third, the connectivity-based biomarker performed better than the activation-based biomarker in terms of screening. Activation and connectivity features were independently optimized and cross validated to obtain the best performing threshold-based classifier. The effectiveness of connectivity features, which brought significantly higher training accuracy than the optimum activation features, was confirmed (88% versus 76%). The optimum screening features were characterized by two trends: (1) strong connectivities of right frontal, left frontal, and left parietal lobes and (2) weak connectivities of left frontal, left parietal, and right parietal lobes in the control group. We conclude that the attentive task-based connectivity effectively shows the difference between control and disordered children and may represent pathological characteristics to be feasibly implemented as a supporting tool for clinical screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sutoko
- Hitachi, Ltd., Center for Exploratory Research, Research and Development Group, Hatoyama, Saitama, Japan
- Chuo University, Research and Development Initiatives, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukifumi Monden
- Jichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
- International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tokuda
- Chuo University, Research and Development Initiatives, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ikeda
- Jichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masako Nagashima
- Jichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Funane
- Hitachi, Ltd., Center for Exploratory Research, Research and Development Group, Hatoyama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Hitachi, Ltd., Center for Exploratory Research, Research and Development Group, Hatoyama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masashi Kiguchi
- Hitachi, Ltd., Center for Exploratory Research, Research and Development Group, Hatoyama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Maki
- Hitachi, Ltd., Center for Exploratory Research, Research and Development Group, Hatoyama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takanori Yamagata
- Jichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ippeita Dan
- Chuo University, Research and Development Initiatives, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
A Mini-Review on Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS): Where Do We Stand, and Where Should We Go? PHOTONICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics6030087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This mini-review is aimed at briefly summarizing the present status of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and predicting where the technique should go in the next decade. This mini-review quotes 33 articles on the different fNIRS basics and technical developments and 44 reviews on the fNIRS applications published in the last eight years. The huge number of review articles about a wide spectrum of topics in the field of cognitive and social sciences, functional neuroimaging research, and medicine testifies to the maturity achieved by this non-invasive optical vascular-based functional neuroimaging technique. Today, fNIRS has started to be utilized on healthy subjects while moving freely in different naturalistic settings. Further instrumental developments are expected to be done in the near future to fully satisfy this latter important aspect. In addition, fNIRS procedures, including correction methods for the strong extracranial interferences, need to be standardized before using fNIRS as a clinical tool in individual patients. New research avenues such as interactive neurosciences, cortical activation modulated by different type of sport performance, and cortical activation during neurofeedback training are highlighted.
Collapse
|
89
|
Stuart S, Belluscio V, Quinn JF, Mancini M. Pre-frontal Cortical Activity During Walking and Turning Is Reliable and Differentiates Across Young, Older Adults and People With Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2019; 10:536. [PMID: 31191434 PMCID: PMC6540937 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Mobility declines with age and further with neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Walking and turning ability, in particular, are vital aspects of mobility that deteriorate with age and are further impaired in PD. Such deficits have been linked with reduction in automatic control of movement and the need for compensatory cognitive cortical control via the pre-frontal cortex (PFC), however the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. Establishing and using a robust methodology to examine PFC activity during continuous walking and turning via mobile functional near infra-red spectroscopy (fNIRS) may aid in the understanding of mobility deficits and help with development of appropriate therapeutics. This study aimed to: (1) examine test re-test reliability of PFC activity during continuous turning and walking via fNIRS measurement; and (2) compare PFC activity during continuous turning and walking in young, old and Parkinson's subjects. Methods: Twenty-five young (32.3 ± 7.5 years), nineteen older (65.4 ± 7.0 years), and twenty-four PD (69.3 ± 4.1 years) participants performed continuous walking and 360° turning-in-place tasks, each lasting 2 min. Young participants repeated the tasks a second time to allow fNIRS measurement reliability assessment. The primary outcome was PFC activity, assessed via measuring changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) concentrations. Results: PFC activity during continuous walking and turning was moderately reproducible (Intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.67). The PD group had higher PFC activation than young and older adults during walking and turning, with significant group differences for bilateral PFC activation (p = 0.025), left PFC activation (p = 0.012), and the early period (first 40 s) of walking (p = 0.007), with greater activation required in PD. Interestingly, older adults had similar PFC activation to young adults across conditions, however older adults required greater activation than young adults during continuous turning, specifically the early period of the turning task (Cohens d = 0.86). Conclusions: PFC activity can be measured during continuous walking and turning tasks with acceptable reliability, and can differentiate young, older and PD groups. PFC activation was significantly greater in PD compared to young and older adults during walking, particularly when beginning to walk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Stuart
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Valeria Belluscio
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
| | - Joseph F Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Martina Mancini
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Zhang F, Roeyers H. Exploring brain functions in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review on functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 137:41-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
91
|
Sutoko S, Monden Y, Tokuda T, Ikeda T, Nagashima M, Kiguchi M, Maki A, Yamagata T, Dan I. Distinct Methylphenidate-Evoked Response Measured Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy During Go/No-Go Task as a Supporting Differential Diagnostic Tool Between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder Comorbid Children. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:7. [PMID: 30800062 PMCID: PMC6375904 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been frequently reported as co-occurring with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, ASD-comorbid ADHD is difficult to diagnose since clinically significant symptoms are similar in both disorders. Therefore, we propose a classification method of differentially recognizing the ASD-comorbid condition in ADHD children. The classification method was investigated based on functional brain imaging measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during a go/no-go task. Optimization and cross-validation of the classification method was carried out in medicated-naïve and methylphenidate (MPH) administered ADHD and ASD-comorbid ADHD children (randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and crossover design) to select robust parameters and cut-off thresholds. The parameters could be defined as either single or averaged multi-channel task-evoked activations under an administration condition (i.e., pre-medication, post-MPH, and post-placebo). The ADHD children were distinguished by significantly high MPH-evoked activation in the right hemisphere near the midline vertex. The ASD-comorbid ADHD children tended to have low activation responses in all regions. High specificity (86 ± 4.1%; mean ± SD), sensitivity (93 ± 7.3%), and accuracy (82 ± 1.6%) were obtained using the activation of oxygenated-hemoglobin concentration change in right middle frontal, angular, and precentral gyri under MPH medication. Therefore, the significantly differing MPH-evoked responses are potentially effective features and as supporting differential diagnostic tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sutoko
- Center for Exploratory Research, Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Yukifumi Monden
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Nasushiobara, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tokuda
- Research and Development Initiatives, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ikeda
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Masako Nagashima
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Masashi Kiguchi
- Center for Exploratory Research, Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Maki
- Center for Exploratory Research, Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Takanori Yamagata
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Ippeita Dan
- Research and Development Initiatives, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Stuart S, Alcock L, Rochester L, Vitorio R, Pantall A. Monitoring multiple cortical regions during walking in young and older adults: Dual-task response and comparison challenges. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 135:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
93
|
Basura GJ, Hu X, Juan JS, Tessier A, Kovelman I. Human central auditory plasticity: A review of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure cochlear implant performance and tinnitus perception. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2018; 3:463-472. [PMID: 30599031 PMCID: PMC6302720 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging noninvasive technology used to study cerebral cortex activity. Being virtually silent and compatible with cochlear implants has helped establish fNIRS as an important tool when investigating auditory cortex as well as cortices involved with hearing and language processing in adults and during child development. With respect to this review article, more recently, fNIRS has also been used to investigate central auditory plasticity following hearing loss and tinnitus or phantom sound perception. METHODS Here, we review the currently available literature reporting the use of fNIRS in human studies with cochlear implants and tinnitus to measure human central auditory cortical circuits. We also provide the reader with detailed reviews of the technology and traditional recording paradigms/methods used in these auditory-based studies. RESULTS The purpose of this review article is to summarize theoretical advancements in our understanding of the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying auditory processes and their plasticity through fNIRS research of human auditory performance with cochlear implantation and plasticity that may contribute to the central percepts of tinnitus. CONCLUSION fNIRS is an emerging noninvasive brain imaging technology that has wide reaching application that can be applied to human studies involving cochlear implants and tinnitus. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J. Basura
- Center for Human Growth and DevelopmentUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganU.S.A
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganU.S.A
| | - Xiao‐Su Hu
- Center for Human Growth and DevelopmentUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganU.S.A
| | - Juan San Juan
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganU.S.A
| | | | - Ioulia Kovelman
- Center for Human Growth and DevelopmentUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganU.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Feasibility of NIRS-based neurofeedback training in social anxiety disorder: behavioral and neural correlates. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 126:1175-1185. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1954-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
95
|
Herold F, Wiegel P, Scholkmann F, Müller NG. Applications of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Neuroimaging in Exercise⁻Cognition Science: A Systematic, Methodology-Focused Review. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E466. [PMID: 30469482 PMCID: PMC6306799 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For cognitive processes to function well, it is essential that the brain is optimally supplied with oxygen and blood. In recent years, evidence has emerged suggesting that cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics can be modified with physical activity. To better understand the relationship between cerebral oxygenation/hemodynamics, physical activity, and cognition, the application of state-of-the art neuroimaging tools is essential. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is such a neuroimaging tool especially suitable to investigate the effects of physical activity/exercises on cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics due to its capability to quantify changes in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyHb) non-invasively in the human brain. However, currently there is no clear standardized procedure regarding the application, data processing, and data analysis of fNIRS, and there is a large heterogeneity regarding how fNIRS is applied in the field of exercise⁻cognition science. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the current methodological knowledge about fNIRS application in studies measuring the cortical hemodynamic responses during cognitive testing (i) prior and after different physical activities interventions, and (ii) in cross-sectional studies accounting for the physical fitness level of their participants. Based on the review of the methodology of 35 as relevant considered publications, we outline recommendations for future fNIRS studies in the field of exercise⁻cognition science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany.
| | - Patrick Wiegel
- Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79117, Germany.
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | - Felix Scholkmann
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zürich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland.
| | - Notger G Müller
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany.
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg 39118, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Vitorio R, Stuart S, Gobbi LTB, Rochester L, Alcock L, Pantall A. Reduced Gait Variability and Enhanced Brain Activity in Older Adults With Auditory Cues: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2018; 32:976-987. [DOI: 10.1177/1545968318805159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Vitorio
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Institute of Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Campus Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Samuel Stuart
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Institute of Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lilian T. B. Gobbi
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Campus Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Lynn Rochester
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Institute of Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- The Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lisa Alcock
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Institute of Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Annette Pantall
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Institute of Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Liu Y, Ayaz H. Speech Recognition via fNIRS Based Brain Signals. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:695. [PMID: 30356771 PMCID: PMC6189799 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present the first evidence that perceived speech can be identified from the listeners' brain signals measured via functional-near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)—a non-invasive, portable, and wearable neuroimaging technique suitable for ecologically valid settings. In this study, participants listened audio clips containing English stories while prefrontal and parietal cortices were monitored with fNIRS. Machine learning was applied to train predictive models using fNIRS data from a subject pool to predict which part of a story was listened by a new subject not in the pool based on the brain's hemodynamic response as measured by fNIRS. fNIRS signals can vary considerably from subject to subject due to the different head size, head shape, and spatial locations of brain functional regions. To overcome this difficulty, a generalized canonical correlation analysis (GCCA) was adopted to extract latent variables that are shared among the listeners before applying principal component analysis (PCA) for dimension reduction and applying logistic regression for classification. A 74.7% average accuracy has been achieved for differentiating between two 50 s. long story segments and a 43.6% average accuracy has been achieved for differentiating four 25 s. long story segments. These results suggest the potential of an fNIRS based-approach for building a speech decoding brain-computer-interface for developing a new type of neural prosthetic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yichuan Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Science and Health Systems, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Cognitive Neuroengineering and Quantitative Experimental Research (CONQUER) Collaborative, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hasan Ayaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Science and Health Systems, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Cognitive Neuroengineering and Quantitative Experimental Research (CONQUER) Collaborative, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Family and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,The Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Rosenbaum D, Blum L, Schweizer P, Fallgatter AJ, Herrmann MJ, Ehlis AC, Metzger FG. Comparison of speed versus complexity effects on the hemodynamic response of the trail making test in block designs. NEUROPHOTONICS 2018; 5:045007. [PMID: 30539043 PMCID: PMC6286664 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.4.045007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in block designs provides measures of cortical activity in ecologically valid environments. However, in some cases, the use of block designs may be problematic when data are not corrected for performance in a time-restricted block. We sought to investigate the effects of task complexity and processing speed on hemodynamic responses in an fNIRS block design. To differentiate the effects of task complexity and processing speed, 20 subjects completed the trail making test (TMT) in two versions (TMT-A versus TMT-B) and three different speed levels (slow versus moderate versus fast). During TMT-A, subjects are asked to connect encircled numbers in numerically ascending order (1-2-3…). In the more complex TMT-B, subjects are instructed to connect encircled numbers and letters in alternating ascending order (1-A-2-B…). To illustrate the obscuring effects of processing speed on task complexity, we perform two different analyses. First, we analyze the classical measures of oxygenated blood, and second, we analyze the measures corrected for the number of processed items. Our results show large effects for processing speed within the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and superior parietal lobule (SPL). The TMT contrast did not show significant effects with classical measures, although trends are observed for higher activation during TMT-B. When corrected for processed items, higher activity for TMT-B in comparison to TMT-A is found within the SPL. The results are discussed in light of recent research designs, and simple to use correction methods are suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Rosenbaum
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Leonore Blum
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Paul Schweizer
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas J. Fallgatter
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tuebingen, Germany
- University of Tuebingen, Center of Integrative Neuroscience, Cluster of Excellence, Tuebingen, Germany
- University of Tuebingen, LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin J. Herrmann
- University Hospital Wuerzburg, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Christine Ehlis
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tuebingen, Germany
- University of Tuebingen, LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Florian G. Metzger
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tuebingen, Germany
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Geriatric Center, Tuebingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Pinti P, Aichelburg C, Gilbert S, Hamilton A, Hirsch J, Burgess P, Tachtsidis I. A Review on the Use of Wearable Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Naturalistic Environments . JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 60:347-373. [PMID: 30643322 PMCID: PMC6329605 DOI: 10.1111/jpr.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel miniaturized wireless and wearable functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) devices have paved the way to new functional brain imaging that can revolutionize the cognitive research fields. Over the past few decades, several studies have been conducted with conventional fNIRS systems that have demonstrated the suitability of this technology for a wide variety of populations and applications, to investigate both the healthy brain and the diseased brain. However, what makes wearable fNIRS even more appealing is its capability to allow measurements in everyday life scenarios that are not possible with other gold-standard neuroimaging modalities, such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. This can have a huge impact on the way we explore the neural bases and mechanisms underpinning human brain functioning. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of studies conducted with wearable fNIRS in naturalistic settings in the field of cognitive neuroscience. In addition, we present the challenges associated with the use of wearable fNIRS in unrestrained contexts, discussing solutions that will allow accurate inference of functional brain activity. Finally, we provide an overview of the future perspectives in cognitive neuroscience that we believe would benefit the most by using wearable fNIRS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pinti
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | | | - Sam Gilbert
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Antonia Hamilton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Joy Hirsch
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Paul Burgess
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Xiao X, Yu X, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Jiang Y, Li Z, Yang Y, Zhu C. Transcranial brain atlas. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar6904. [PMID: 30191174 PMCID: PMC6124906 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar6904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We introduce here the concept of a transcranial brain atlas (TBA), a new kind of brain atlas specialized for transcranial techniques. A TBA is a probabilistic mapping from scalp space to atlas label space, relating scalp locations to anatomical, functional, network, genetic, or other labels. TBAs offer a new way to integrate and present structural and functional organization of the brain and allow previously subsurface and invisible atlas labels visible on the scalp surface to accurately guide the placement of transcranial devices directly on the scalp surface in a straightforward, visual manner. We present here a framework for building TBAs that includes (i) a new, continuous proportional coordinate system devised for the scalp surface to allow standardized specification of scalp positions; (ii) a high-resolution, large sample-based (114-participant) mapping from scalp space to brain space to accurately and reliably describe human cranio-cortical correspondence; and (iii) a two-step Markov chain to combine the probabilistic scalp-brain mapping with a traditional brain atlas, bringing atlas labels to the scalp surface. We assessed the reproducibility (consistency of TBAs generated from different groups) and predictiveness (prediction accuracy of labels for individuals without brain images) of the TBAs built via our framework. Moreover, we present an application of TBAs to a functional near-infrared spectroscopy finger-tapping experiment, illustrating the utility and benefits of TBAs in transcranial studies. Our results demonstrate that TBAs can support ongoing efforts to map the human brain using transcranial techniques, just as traditional brain atlases have supported magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yihan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Chaozhe Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|