51
|
Beffara B, Hadj-Bouziane F, Hamed SB, Boehler CN, Chelazzi L, Santandrea E, Macaluso E. Dynamic causal interactions between occipital and parietal cortex explain how endogenous spatial attention and stimulus-driven salience jointly shape the distribution of processing priorities in 2D visual space. Neuroimage 2022; 255:119206. [PMID: 35427770 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Visuo-spatial attention prioritizes the processing of relevant inputs via different types of signals, including current goals and stimulus salience. Complex mixtures of these signals engage in everyday life situations, but little is known about how these signals jointly modulate distributed patterns of activity across the occipital regions that represent visual space. Here, we measured spatio-topic, quadrant-specific occipital activity during the processing of visual displays containing both task-relevant targets and salient color-singletons. We computed spatial bias vectors indexing the effect of attention in 2D space, as coded by distributed activity in the occipital cortex. We found that goal-directed spatial attention biased activity towards the target and that salience further modulated this endogenous effect: salient distractors decreased the spatial bias, while salient targets increased it. Analyses of effective connectivity revealed that the processing of salient distractors relied on the modulation of the bidirectional connectivity between the occipital and the posterior parietal cortex, as well as the modulation of the lateral interactions within the occipital cortex. These findings demonstrate that goal-directed attention and salience jointly contribute to shaping processing priorities in the occipital cortex and highlight that multiple functional paths determine how spatial information about these signals is distributed across occipital regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Beffara
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, University of Lyon, Bron Cedex, France.
| | - Fadila Hadj-Bouziane
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, University of Lyon, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Suliann Ben Hamed
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, Lyon, UMR5229, CNRS, Université de Lyon, France
| | - C Nico Boehler
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Leonardo Chelazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Santandrea
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Emiliano Macaluso
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, University of Lyon, Bron Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Heinrichs-Graham E, Walker EA, Taylor BK, Menting SC, Eastman JA, Frenzel MR, McCreery RW. Auditory experience modulates frontoparietal theta activity serving fluid intelligence. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac093. [PMID: 35480224 PMCID: PMC9039508 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Children who are hard of hearing are at risk for developmental language and academic delays compared with children with normal hearing. Some work suggests that high-order cognitive function, including fluid intelligence, may relate to language and academic outcomes in children with hearing loss, but findings in these studies have been mixed and to date, there have been no studies of the whole-brain neural dynamics serving fluid intelligence in the context of hearing loss. To this end, this study sought to identify the impact of hearing loss and subsequent hearing aid use on the neural dynamics serving abstract reasoning in children who are hard of hearing relative to children with normal hearing using magnetoencephalography. We found significant elevations in occipital and parietal theta activity during early stimulus evaluation in children who are hard of hearing relative to normal-hearing peers. In addition, we found that greater hearing aid use was significantly related to reduced activity throughout the fronto-parietal network. Notably, there were no differences in alpha dynamics between groups during later-stage processing nor did alpha activity correlate with hearing aid use. These cross-sectional data suggest that differences in auditory experience lead to widespread alterations in the neural dynamics serving initial stimulus processing in fluid intelligence in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Heinrichs-Graham
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital (BTNRH), Omaha, NE, USA
- College of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
- Center for Magnetoencephalography (MEG), University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Walker
- Wendell Johnson Speech and Hearing Center, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Brittany K. Taylor
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital (BTNRH), Omaha, NE, USA
- College of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
- Center for Magnetoencephalography (MEG), University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sophia C. Menting
- Center for Magnetoencephalography (MEG), University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jacob A. Eastman
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital (BTNRH), Omaha, NE, USA
- Center for Magnetoencephalography (MEG), University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michaela R. Frenzel
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital (BTNRH), Omaha, NE, USA
- Center for Magnetoencephalography (MEG), University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ryan W. McCreery
- Audibility, Perception, and Cognition Laboratory, BTNRH, Omaha, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Tong Y, Bode NWF. The principles of pedestrian route choice. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220061. [PMID: 35382581 PMCID: PMC8984324 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pedestrian route choice, the process by which individuals decide on their walking path between two locations, is a fundamental problem across disciplines. Because this behaviour is investigated from different conceptual and methodological angles, and because it strongly depends on the environmental context, it is challenging to establish a systematic framework for research. Here, by reviewing previous work, we identify four principles for pedestrian route choice that are relevant across disciplines. First, 'information perception' deals with how pedestrians can perceive information selectively and purposely, given the limited available information. Second, 'information integration' considers how pedestrians subjectively integrate environmental spatial information into mental representations. Third, 'responding to information' is concerned with how pedestrians tend to be attracted and repelled by specific attributes individually and how this can lead to positive or negative feedback loops across many individuals. Fourth 'decision-making mechanisms' describe how pedestrians trade off the evidence provided by different attributes. How pedestrians perceive, integrate, respond to, and act upon information is not fixed but varies with the context. We give examples for each principle and explain how these principles shape pedestrian choice behaviours. We hope this contribution provides a systematic overview of the field and helps to spark inspiration among specialists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Tong
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TW, UK
| | - Nikolai W. F. Bode
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TW, UK
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Martin SL, Jones AKP, Brown CA, Kobylecki C, Whitaker GA, El-Deredy W, Silverdale MA. Altered Pain Processing Associated with Administration of Dopamine Agonist and Antagonist in Healthy Volunteers. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030351. [PMID: 35326306 PMCID: PMC8946836 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatal dopamine dysfunction is associated with the altered top-down modulation of pain processing. The dopamine D2-like receptor family is a potential substrate for such effects due to its primary expression in the striatum, but evidence for this is currently lacking. Here, we investigated the effect of pharmacologically manipulating striatal dopamine D2 receptor activity on the anticipation and perception of acute pain stimuli in humans. Participants received visual cues that induced either certain or uncertain anticipation of two pain intensity levels delivered via a CO2 laser. Rating of the pain intensity and unpleasantness was recorded. Brain activity was recorded with EEG and analysed via source localisation to investigate neural activity during the anticipation and receipt of pain. Participants completed the experiment under three conditions, control (Sodium Chloride), D2 receptor agonist (Cabergoline), and D2 receptor antagonist (Amisulpride), in a repeated-measures, triple-crossover, double-blind study. The antagonist reduced an individuals’ ability to distinguish between low and high pain following uncertain anticipation. The EEG source localisation showed that the agonist and antagonist reduced neural activations in specific brain regions associated with the sensory integration of salient stimuli during the anticipation and receipt of pain. During anticipation, the agonist reduced activity in the right mid-temporal region and the right angular gyrus, whilst the antagonist reduced activity within the right postcentral, right mid-temporal, and right inferior parietal regions. In comparison to control, the antagonist reduced activity within the insula during the receipt of pain, a key structure involved in the integration of the sensory and affective aspects of pain. Pain sensitivity and unpleasantness were not changed by D2R modulation. Our results support the notion that D2 receptor neurotransmission has a role in the top-down modulation of pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Martin
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6GX, UK
- The Human Pain Research Group, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (A.K.P.J.); (C.A.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anthony K. P. Jones
- The Human Pain Research Group, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (A.K.P.J.); (C.A.B.)
| | - Christopher A. Brown
- The Human Pain Research Group, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (A.K.P.J.); (C.A.B.)
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Christopher Kobylecki
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Neurology, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford M6 8HD, UK; (C.K.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Grace A. Whitaker
- Advanced Center for Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Federico Santa María Technical University, Valparaíso 1680, Chile;
| | - Wael El-Deredy
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería en Salud, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso 1680, Chile;
| | - Monty A. Silverdale
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Neurology, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford M6 8HD, UK; (C.K.); (M.A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Fernandes-Magalhaes R, Ferrera D, Peláez I, Martín-Buro MC, Carpio A, De Lahoz ME, Barjola P, Mercado F. Neural correlates of the attentional bias towards pain-related faces in fibromyalgia patients: An ERP study using a dot-probe task. Neuropsychologia 2022; 166:108141. [PMID: 34995568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the major cognitive deficits in fibromyalgia has been linked to the hypervigilance phenomenon. It is mainly reflected as a negative bias for allocating attentional resources towards both threatening and pain-related information. Although the interest in its study has recently grown, the neural temporal dynamics of the attentional bias in fibromyalgia still remains an open question. METHOD Fifty participants (25 fibromyalgia patients and 25 healthy control subjects) performed a dot-probe task. Two types of facial expressions (pain-related and neutral) were employed as signal stimuli. Then, as a target stimulus, a single dot replaced the location of one of these two faces. Event-related potentials (ERP) in response to facial expressions and target stimulation (i.e., dot) were recorded. Reaction time (RT) and accuracy measures in the experimental task were collected as behavioural outcomes. RESULTS Temporal dynamics of brain electrical activity were analysed on two ERP components (P2 and N2a) sensitive to the facial expressions meaning. Pain-related faces elicited higher frontal P2 amplitudes than neutral faces for the whole sample. Interestingly, an interaction effect between group and facial expressions was also found showing that pain-related faces elicited enhanced P2 amplitudes (at fronto-central regions, in this case) compared to neutral faces only when the group of patients was considered. Furthermore, higher P2 amplitudes were observed in response to pain-related faces in patients with fibromyalgia compared to healthy control participants. Additionally, a shorter latency of P2 (at centro-parietal regions) was also detected for pain-related facial expressions compared to neutral faces. Regarding the amplitude of N2a, it was lower for patients as compared to the control group. Non-relevant effects of the target stimulation on the ERPs were found. However, patients with fibromyalgia exhibited slower RT to locate the single dot for incongruent trials as compared to congruent and neutral trials. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest the presence of an attentional bias in fibromyalgia that it would be followed by a deficit in the allocation of attentional resources to further process pain-related information. Altogether the current results suggest that attentional biases in fibromyalgia might be explained by automatic attentional mechanisms, which seem to be accompanied by an alteration of more strategic or controlled attentional components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Fernandes-Magalhaes
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain; Clinical Foundation of the Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Ferrera
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Peláez
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Carpio
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Eugenia De Lahoz
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Barjola
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Mercado
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Chapellier V, Pavlidou A, Mueller DR, Walther S. Brain Stimulation and Group Therapy to Improve Gesture and Social Skills in Schizophrenia-The Study Protocol of a Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Three-Arm, Double-Blind Trial. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:909703. [PMID: 35873264 PMCID: PMC9301234 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.909703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED An important component of nonverbal communication is gesture performance, which is strongly impaired in 2/3 of patients with schizophrenia. Gesture deficits in schizophrenia are linked to poor social functioning and reduced quality of life. Therefore, interventions that can help alleviate these deficits in schizophrenia are crucial. Here, we describe an ongoing randomized, double-blind 3-arm, sham-controlled trial that combines two interventions to reduce gesture deficits in schizophrenia patients. The combined interventions are continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) and social cognitive remediation therapy (SCRT). We will randomize 72 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in three different groups of 24 patients. The first group will receive real cTBS and real SCRT, the second group will receive sham cTBS and real SCRT, and finally the third group will receive sham SCRT. Here, the sham treatments are, as per definition, inactive interventions that mimic as closely as possible the real treatments (similar to placebo). In addition, 24 age- and gender-matched controls with no interventions will be added for comparison. Measures of nonverbal communication, social cognition, and multimodal brain imaging will be applied at baseline and after intervention. The main research aim of this project will be to test whether the combination of cTBS and SCRT improves gesture performance and social functioning in schizophrenia patients more than standalone cTBS, SCRT or sham psychotherapy. We hypothesize that the patient group receiving the combined interventions will be superior in improving gesture performance. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION [www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT04106427].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Chapellier
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anastasia Pavlidou
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel R Mueller
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Walther
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Wang L, Huang L, Li M, Wang X, Wang S, Lin Y, Zhang X. An awareness-dependent mapping of saliency in the human visual system. Neuroimage 2021; 247:118864. [PMID: 34965453 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The allocation of exogenously cued spatial attention is governed by a saliency map. Yet, how salience is mapped when multiple salient stimuli are present simultaneously, and how this mapping interacts with awareness remains unclear. These questions were addressed here using either visible or invisible displays presenting two foreground stimuli (whose bars were oriented differently from the bars in the otherwise uniform background): a high salience target and a distractor of varied, lesser salience. Interference, or not, by the distractor with the effective salience of the target served to index a graded or non-graded nature of salience mapping, respectively. The invisible and visible displays were empirically validated by a two-alternative forced choice test (detecting the quadrant of the target) demonstrating subjects' performance at or above chance level, respectively. By combining psychophysics, fMRI, and effective connectivity analysis, we found a graded distribution of salience with awareness, changing to a non-graded distribution without awareness. Crucially, we further revealed that the graded distribution was contingent upon feedback from the posterior intraparietal sulcus (pIPS, especially from the right pIPS), whereas the non-graded distribution was innate to V1. Together, this awareness-dependent mapping of saliency reconciles several previous, seemingly contradictory findings regarding the nature of the saliency map.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China; Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China; Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
| | - Mengsha Li
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China; Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China; Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China; Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
| | - Yuefa Lin
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China; Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
| | - Xilin Zhang
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China; Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China; Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Cao X, Liu T, Jiang J, Liu H, Zhang J, Kochan NA, Niu H, Brodaty H, Sachdev PS, Wen W. Alternation in Effective Connectivity With Cognitive Aging: A Longitudinal Study of Elderly Populations. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:755931. [PMID: 34867282 PMCID: PMC8636113 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.755931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, we investigated the alterations in the directionality and strength of regional interactions within functionally changed brain networks and their relationship to cognitive decline during the aging process in normal elderly individuals. Thirty-seven cognitively normal elderly people received resting-state fMRI scans and cognitive assessments at baseline (age = 78.65 ± 3.56 years) and at 4-year follow-up. Functional connectivity analyses were used to identify networks containing brain regions whose functions changed with age as regions of interest. The spectral dynamic causal modeling (spDCM) method was used to estimate the causal interactions within networks in subjects at different time points and in subjects with different cognitive levels to explore the alterations with cognitive aging. The results showed that, at both time points, all the networks, except the frontal-parietal network (FPN) at baseline, had mutual interactions between each pair of nodes. Furthermore, when the subjects were divided with global cognition level, lost connections were only found in the subgroup with better performance. These indicated that elderly people appeared to need more interaction pathways between brain areas with cognitive decline. We also observed that the strength of the flow of information from the left angular gyrus to the precuneus, which is associated with activation of memory retrieval and the functional hub involved in various cognitive domains, was predictive of declines in executive function with the aging process, making it a potential predictor of such situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyang Jiang
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Nicole A Kochan
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Haijun Niu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Bian L, Cui T, Thomas Yeo BT, Fornito A, Razi A, Keith J. Identification of community structure-based brain states and transitions using functional MRI. Neuroimage 2021; 244:118635. [PMID: 34624503 PMCID: PMC8905300 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Community-based detection of discrete brain states using stochastic latent block model. Bayesian change-point detection and model selection via posterior predictive discrepancy. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for estimation of community memberships. Distinctive brain states for varying task demands in working memory task fMRI.
Brain function relies on a precisely coordinated and dynamic balance between the functional integration and segregation of distinct networks. Characterizing the way in which brain regions reconfigure their interactions to give rise to distinct but hidden brain states remains an open challenge. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian method for characterizing community structure-based latent brain states and showcase a novel strategy based on posterior predictive discrepancy using the latent block model to detect transitions between community structures in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) time series. The set of estimated parameters in the model includes a latent label vector that assigns network nodes to communities, and also block model parameters that reflect the weighted connectivity within and between communities. Besides extensive in-silico model evaluation, we also provide empirical validation (and replication) using the Human Connectome Project (HCP) dataset of 100 healthy adults. Our results obtained through an analysis of task-fMRI data during working memory performance show appropriate lags between external task demands and change-points between brain states, with distinctive community patterns distinguishing fixation, low-demand and high-demand task conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingbin Bian
- School of Mathematics, Monash University, Australia; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Australia.
| | - Tiangang Cui
- School of Mathematics, Monash University, Australia
| | - B T Thomas Yeo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alex Fornito
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Australia
| | - Adeel Razi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Australia; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, United Kingdom; CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, CIFAR, Toronto, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Morelli M, Casagrande M, Forte G. Decision Making: a Theoretical Review. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2021; 56:609-629. [PMID: 34780011 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-021-09669-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Decision-making is a crucial skill that has a central role in everyday life and is necessary for adaptation to the environment and autonomy. It is the ability to choose between two or more options, and it has been studied through several theoretical approaches and by different disciplines. In this overview article, we contend a theoretical review regarding most theorizing and research on decision-making. Specifically, we focused on different levels of analyses, including different theoretical approaches and neuropsychological aspects. Moreover, common methodological measures adopted to study decision-making were reported. This theoretical review emphasizes multiple levels of analysis and aims to summarize evidence regarding this fundamental human process. Although several aspects of the field are reported, more features of decision-making process remain uncertain and need to be clarified. Further experimental studies are necessary for understanding this process better and for integrating and refining the existing theories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Morelli
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Via dei Marsi. 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Casagrande
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Dinamica, Clinica e Salute, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Via degli Apuli, 1, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Forte
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Via dei Marsi. 78, 00185, Rome, Italy. .,Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
da Silva K, Curvina M, Araújo S, Rocha K, Victor Marinho F, Elezier Magalhães F, Teixeira S, Bastos V, Ribeiro P, Silva-Júnior F. Male practitioners of physical activity present lower absolute power of beta band in time perception test. Neurosci Lett 2021; 764:136210. [PMID: 34481000 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cortical changes resulting from physical activity and differences in the estimation of the time of practitioners and non-practitioners of physical activity have already been documented. However, there aren't studies that compare the cortical responses of the time estimate between these groups. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the influence of the level of physical activity in time estimation and beta band activity in frontal regions, specifically in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and parietal cortex during the task of estimating time in practitioners and non-practitioners of physical activity. After characterizing the sample, the signal was captured using an electroencephalogram during a task to estimate the time of four intervals of supraseconds. The results indicated that the practitioners of physical activity had lower errors in the evaluation of time for the intervals of 1 s, 7 s, and 9 s. The beta band showed less activity among practitioners of physical activity. The correlation between task performance and the absolute power of the beta band proved to be positive in the task of estimating time in the 7 s, and 9 s intervals. It was concluded that participants involved in the regular practice of physical activity showed underestimation in the temporal judgment and lower absolute power of the beta band during the time estimate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila da Silva
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil; Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil.
| | - Maria Curvina
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil; Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Araújo
- Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Kaline Rocha
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | | | - Silmar Teixeira
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Victor Bastos
- Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ribeiro
- Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Silva-Júnior
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil; Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil; Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Almeida VN, Radanovic M. Semantic priming and neurobiology in schizophrenia: A theoretical review. Neuropsychologia 2021; 163:108058. [PMID: 34655651 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this theoretical review we bridge the cognitive and neurobiological sciences to shed light on the neurocognitive foundations of the semantic priming effect in schizophrenia. We review and theoretically evaluate the neurotransmitter systems (dopaminergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic) and neurobiological underpinnings of behavioural and electrophysiological (N400) semantic priming in the pathology, and the main hypotheses on their geneses: a disinhibition of the semantic spread of activation, a disorganised semantic storage or noisy lexical-semantic associations, a psychomotor artefact, an artefact of relatedness proportions, or an inability to mobilise contextual information. We further assess the literature on the endophenotype of Formal Thought Disorder from multiple standpoints, ranging from neurophysiology to cognition: considerations are weaved on neuronal (PV basket cell, SST, VIP) and receptor deficits (DRD1, NMDA), neurotransmitter imbalances (dopamine), cortical and dopaminergic lateralisation, inter alia. In conclusion, we put forth novel postulates on the underlying causes of controlled hypopriming, automatic hyperpriming, N400 reversals (larger amplitudes for close associations), indirect versus direct hyperpriming, and the endophenotype of lexical-semantic disturbances in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor N Almeida
- Faculdade de Letras, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Marcia Radanovic
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Guo J, Shubeck K, Hu X. Relationship Between Item and Source Memory: Explanation of Connection-Strength Model. Front Psychol 2021; 12:691577. [PMID: 34659007 PMCID: PMC8511408 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.691577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The controversy in the relationship between item memory and source memory is a focus of episodic memory. Some studies show the trade-off between item memory and source memory, some show the consistency between them, and others show the independence between them. This review attempts to point out the connection-strength model, implying the different types and strengths of the important role of the item-source connections in the relationship between item memory and source memory, which is based on the same essence in the unified framework. The logic of the model is that when item memory and source memory share the same or relevant connection between item and source, they positively connect, or they are independently or negatively connected. This review integrates empirical evidence from the domains of cognition, cognitive neuroscience, and mathematical modeling to validate our hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Guo
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Keith Shubeck
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
- Institute for Intelligent Systems, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Xiangen Hu
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
- Institute for Intelligent Systems, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Yang FC, Dokovna LB, Burwell RD. Functional Differentiation of Dorsal and Ventral Posterior Parietal Cortex of the Rat: Implications for Controlled and Stimulus-Driven Attention. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1787-1803. [PMID: 34546356 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is important for visuospatial attention. The primate PPC shows functional differentiation such that dorsal areas are implicated in top-down, controlled attention, and ventral areas are implicated in bottom-up, stimulus-driven attention. Whether the rat PPC also shows such functional differentiation is unknown. Here, we address this open question using functional neuroanatomy and in vivo electrophysiology. Using conventional tract-tracing methods, we examined connectivity with other structures implicated in visuospatial attention including the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (LPn) and the postrhinal cortex (POR). We showed that the LPn projects to the entire PPC, preferentially targeting more ventral areas. All parts of the PPC and POR are reciprocally connected with the strongest connections evident between ventral PPC and caudal POR. Next, we simultaneously recorded neuronal activity in dorsal and ventral PPC as rats performed a visuospatial attention (VSA ) task that engages in both bottom-up and top-down attention. Previously, we provided evidence that the dorsal PPC is engaged in multiple cognitive process including controlled attention (Yang et al. 2017). Here, we further showed that ventral PPC cells respond to stimulus onset more rapidly than dorsal PPC cells, providing evidence for a role in stimulus-driven, bottom-up attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Chi Yang
- Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Lisa B Dokovna
- Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Rebecca D Burwell
- Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Vision for action: thalamic and cortical inputs to the macaque superior parietal lobule. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2951-2966. [PMID: 34524542 PMCID: PMC8541979 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal visual stream, the cortical circuit that in the primate brain is mainly dedicated to the visual control of actions, is split into two routes, a lateral and a medial one, both involved in coding different aspects of sensorimotor control of actions. The lateral route, named "lateral grasping network", is mainly involved in the control of the distal part of prehension, namely grasping and manipulation. The medial route, named "reach-to-grasp network", is involved in the control of the full deployment of prehension act, from the direction of arm movement to the shaping of the hand according to the object to be grasped. In macaque monkeys, the reach-to-grasp network (the target of this review) includes areas of the superior parietal lobule (SPL) that hosts visual and somatosensory neurons well suited to control goal-directed limb movements toward stationary as well as moving objects. After a brief summary of the neuronal functional properties of these areas, we will analyze their cortical and thalamic inputs thanks to retrograde neuronal tracers separately injected into the SPL areas V6, V6A, PEc, and PE. These areas receive visual and somatosensory information distributed in a caudorostral, visuosomatic trend, and some of them are directly connected with the dorsal premotor cortex. This review is particularly focused on the origin and type of visual information reaching the SPL, and on the functional role this information can play in guiding limb interaction with objects in structured and dynamic environments.
Collapse
|
66
|
Zhou Y, Rosen MC, Swaminathan SK, Masse NY, Zhu O, Freedman DJ. Distributed functions of prefrontal and parietal cortices during sequential categorical decisions. eLife 2021; 10:e58782. [PMID: 34491201 PMCID: PMC8423442 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparing sequential stimuli is crucial for guiding complex behaviors. To understand mechanisms underlying sequential decisions, we compared neuronal responses in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the lateral intraparietal (LIP), and medial intraparietal (MIP) areas in monkeys trained to decide whether sequentially presented stimuli were from matching (M) or nonmatching (NM) categories. We found that PFC leads M/NM decisions, whereas LIP and MIP appear more involved in stimulus evaluation and motor planning, respectively. Compared to LIP, PFC showed greater nonlinear integration of currently visible and remembered stimuli, which correlated with the monkeys' M/NM decisions. Furthermore, multi-module recurrent networks trained on the same task exhibited key features of PFC and LIP encoding, including nonlinear integration in the PFC-like module, which was causally involved in the networks' decisions. Network analysis found that nonlinear units have stronger and more widespread connections with input, output, and within-area units, indicating putative circuit-level mechanisms for sequential decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Matthew C Rosen
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | | | - Nicolas Y Masse
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Ou Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - David J Freedman
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Wolf C, Lappe M. Vision as oculomotor reward: cognitive contributions to the dynamic control of saccadic eye movements. Cogn Neurodyn 2021; 15:547-568. [PMID: 34367360 PMCID: PMC8286912 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-020-09661-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans and other primates are equipped with a foveated visual system. As a consequence, we reorient our fovea to objects and targets in the visual field that are conspicuous or that we consider relevant or worth looking at. These reorientations are achieved by means of saccadic eye movements. Where we saccade to depends on various low-level factors such as a targets' luminance but also crucially on high-level factors like the expected reward or a targets' relevance for perception and subsequent behavior. Here, we review recent findings how the control of saccadic eye movements is influenced by higher-level cognitive processes. We first describe the pathways by which cognitive contributions can influence the neural oculomotor circuit. Second, we summarize what saccade parameters reveal about cognitive mechanisms, particularly saccade latencies, saccade kinematics and changes in saccade gain. Finally, we review findings on what renders a saccade target valuable, as reflected in oculomotor behavior. We emphasize that foveal vision of the target after the saccade can constitute an internal reward for the visual system and that this is reflected in oculomotor dynamics that serve to quickly and accurately provide detailed foveal vision of relevant targets in the visual field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wolf
- Institute for Psychology, University of Muenster, Fliednerstrasse 21, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Lappe
- Institute for Psychology, University of Muenster, Fliednerstrasse 21, 48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Dilcher R, Beste C, Takacs A, Bluschke A, Tóth-Fáber E, Kleimaker M, Münchau A, Li SC. Perception-action integration in young age-A cross-sectional EEG study. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 50:100977. [PMID: 34147987 PMCID: PMC8225655 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans differ in their capacity for integrating perceived events and related actions. The "Theory of event coding" (TEC) conceptualizes how stimuli and actions are cognitively bound into a common functional representation (or "code"), known as the "event file". To date, however, the neural processes underlying the development of event file coding mechanisms across age are largely unclear. We investigated age-related neural changes of event file coding from late childhood to early adulthood, using EEG signal decompositions methods. We included a group of healthy participants (n = 91) between 10 and 30 years, performing an event file paradigm. Results of this study revealed age-related effects on event file coding processes both at the behavioural and the neurophysiological level. Performance accuracy data showed that event file unbinding und rebinding processes become more efficient from late childhood to early adulthood. These behavioural effects are reflected by age-related effects in two neurophysiological subprocesses associated with the superior parietal cortex (BA7) as revealed in the analyses using EEG signal decomposition. The first process entails mapping and association processes between stimulus and response; whereas, the second comprises inhibitory control subprocesses subserving the selection of the relevant motor programme amongst competing response options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Dilcher
- Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany.
| | - Adam Takacs
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Annet Bluschke
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Eszter Tóth-Fáber
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Shu-Chen Li
- Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, TU Dresden, Germany; Centre for Tactile Internet With Human-in-the-Loop, TU Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Internal manipulation of perceptual representations in human flexible cognition: A computational model. Neural Netw 2021; 143:572-594. [PMID: 34332343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions represent a set of processes in goal-directed cognition that depend on integrated cortical-basal ganglia brain systems and form the basis of flexible human behaviour. Several computational models have been proposed for studying cognitive flexibility as a key executive function and the Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) that represents an important neuropsychological tool to investigate it. These models clarify important aspects that underlie cognitive flexibility, particularly decision-making, motor response, and feedback-dependent learning processes. However, several studies suggest that the categorisation processes involved in the solution of the WCST include an additional computational stage of category representation that supports the other processes. Surprisingly, all models of the WCST ignore this fundamental stage and they assume that decision making directly triggers actions. Thus, we propose a novel hypothesis where the key mechanisms of cognitive flexibility and goal-directed behaviour rely on the acquisition of suitable representations of percepts and their top-down internal manipulation. Moreover, we propose a neuro-inspired computational model to operationalise this hypothesis. The capacity of the model to support cognitive flexibility was validated by systematically reproducing and interpreting the behaviour exhibited in the WCST by young and old healthy adults, and by frontal and Parkinson patients. The results corroborate and further articulate the hypothesis that the internal manipulation of representations is a core process in goal-directed flexible cognition.
Collapse
|
70
|
Zhang F, Wang S, Feng Y, Qin K, Li H, Wu B, Jia Z, Gong Q. Regional gray matter volume associated with exercise dependence: A voxel-based morphometry study. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:4857-4868. [PMID: 34236128 PMCID: PMC8449116 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although regular physical exercise has multiple positive benefits for the general population, excessive exercise may lead to exercise dependence (EXD), which is harmful to one's physical and mental health. Increasing evidence suggests that stress is a potential risk factor for the onset and development of EXD. However, little is known about the neural substrates of EXD and the underlying neuropsychological mechanism by which stress affects EXD. Herein, we investigate these issues in 86 individuals who exercise regularly by estimating their cortical gray matter volume (GMV) utilizing a voxel‐based morphometry method based on structural magnetic resonance imaging. Whole‐brain correlation analyses and prediction analyses showed negative relationships between EXD and GMV of the right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), left subgenual cingulate gyrus (sgCG), and left inferior parietal lobe (IPL). Furthermore, mediation analyses found that the GMV of the right OFC was an important mediator between stress and EXD. Importantly, these results remained significant even when adjusting for sex, age, body mass index, family socioeconomic status, general intelligence and total intracranial volume, as well as depression and anxiety. Collectively, the results of the present study provide crucial evidence of the neuroanatomical basis of EXD and reveal a potential neuropsychological pathway in predicting EXD in which GMV mediates the relationship between stress and EXD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zhang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Song Wang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Psychoradiology, Chengdu Mental Health Center, Chengdu, China.,Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Feng
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kun Qin
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huiru Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Baolin Wu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiyun Jia
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Psychoradiology, Chengdu Mental Health Center, Chengdu, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Gao J, Gu L, Min X, Lin P, Li C, Zhang Q, Rao N. Brain Fingerprinting and Lie Detection: A Study of Dynamic Functional Connectivity Patterns of Deception Using EEG Phase Synchrony Analysis. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2021; 26:600-613. [PMID: 34232900 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2021.3095415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the brain functional connectivity (FC) patterns related to lie detection (LD) tasks with the purpose of analyzing the underlying cognitive processes and mechanisms in deception. Using the guilty knowledge test protocol, 30 subjects were divided randomly into guilty and innocent groups, and their electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were recorded on 32 electrodes. Phase synchrony of EEG was analyzed between different brain regions. A few-trials-based relative phase synchrony (FTRPS) measure was proposed to avoid the false synchronization that occurs due to volume conduction. FTRPS values with a significantly statistical difference between two groups were employed to construct FC patterns of deception, and the FTRPS values from the FC networks were extracted as the features for the training and testing of the support vector machine. Finally, four more intuitive brain fingerprinting graphs (BFG) on delta, theta, alpha and beta bands were respectively proposed. The experimental results reveal that deceptive responses elicited greater oscillatory synchronization than truthful responses between different brain regions, which plays an important role in executing lying tasks. The functional connectivity in the BFG are mainly implicated in the visuo-spatial imagery, bottom-top attention and memory systems, work memory and episodic encoding, and top-down attention and inhibition processing. These may, in part, underlie the mechanism of communication between different brain cortices during lying. High classification accuracy demonstrates the validation of BFG to identify deception behavior, and suggests that the proposed FTRPS could be a sensitive measure for LD in the real application.
Collapse
|
72
|
Di Caro V, Della Libera C. Statistical learning of target selection and distractor suppression shape attentional priority according to different timeframes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13761. [PMID: 34215819 PMCID: PMC8253746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that attentional and oculomotor control is heavily affected by past experience, giving rise to selection and suppression history effects, so that target selection is facilitated if they appear at frequently attended locations, and distractor filtering is facilitated at frequently ignored locations. While selection history effects once instantiated seem to be long-lasting, whether suppression history is similarly durable is still debated. We assessed the permanence of these effects in a unique experimental setting investigating eye-movements, where the locations associated with statistical unbalances were exclusively linked with either target selection or distractor suppression. Experiment 1 and 2 explored the survival of suppression history in the long and in the short term, respectively, revealing that its lingering traces are relatively short lived. Experiment 3 showed that in the very same experimental context, selection history effects were long lasting. These results seem to suggest that different mechanisms support the learning-induced plasticity triggered by selection and suppression history. Specifically, while selection history may depend on lasting changes within stored representations of the visual space, suppression history effects hinge instead on a functional plasticity which is transient in nature, and involves spatial representations which are constantly updated and adaptively sustain ongoing oculomotor control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Di Caro
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Della Libera
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
- Section of Physiology and Psychology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona - Medical School, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Stanford TR, Salinas E. Urgent Decision Making: Resolving Visuomotor Interactions at High Temporal Resolution. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2021; 7:323-348. [PMID: 34171199 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-100419-103842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Measuring when exactly perceptual decisions are made is crucial for defining how the activation of specific neurons contributes to behavior. However, in traditional, nonurgent visuomotor tasks, the uncertainty of this temporal measurement is very large. This is a problem not only for delimiting the capacity of perception, but also for correctly interpreting the functional roles ascribed to choice-related neuronal responses. In this article, we review psychophysical, neurophysiological, and modeling work based on urgent visuomotor tasks in which this temporal uncertainty can be effectively overcome. The cornerstone of this work is a novel behavioral metric that describes the evolution of the subject's perceptual judgment moment by moment, allowing us to resolve numerous perceptual events that unfold within a few tens of milliseconds. In this framework, the neural distinction between perceptual evaluation and motor selection processes becomes particularly clear, as the conclusion of one is not contingent on that of the other. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 7 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terrence R Stanford
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA; ,
| | - Emilio Salinas
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA; ,
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Tang W, Zhang M, Chen G, Liu R, Peng Y, Chen S, Shi Y, Hu C, Bai S. Investigation of Tactile Perception Evoked by Ridged Texture Using ERP and Non-linear Methods. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:676837. [PMID: 34248483 PMCID: PMC8264067 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.676837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The triangular ridged surface can improve the grip reliability of products, but the sharp edge of triangular ridge induces sharp and uncomfortable feeling. To study the effect of edge shape (sharp, round, and flat shape) of triangular ridges on brain activity during touching, electroencephalograph (EEG) signals during tactile perception were evaluated using event-related potentials (ERP) and non-linear analysis methods. The results showed that the early component of P100 and P200, and the late component of P300 were successfully induced during perceiving the ridged texture. The edge shape features affect the electrical activity of brain during the tactile perceptions. The sharp shape feature evoked fast P100 latency and high P100 amplitude. The flat texture with complex (sharp and flat) shape feature evoked fast P200 latency, high P200 amplitude and RQA parameters. Both of the sharp shape and complex shape feature tended to evoke high peak amplitude of P300. The large-scale structures of recurrence plots (RPs) and recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) parameters can visually and quantitatively characterize the evolution regulation of the dynamic behavior of EEG system along with the tactile process. This study proved that RPs and RQA were protential methods for the feature extraction and state recognition of EEG during tactile perception of textured surface. This research contributes to optimize surface tactile characteristics on products, especially effective surface textures design for good grip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Meimei Zhang
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | | | - Rui Liu
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yuxing Peng
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Si Chen
- Fluid Machinery Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Chunai Hu
- Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Alho J, Bharadwaj H, Khan S, Mamashli F, Perrachione TK, Losh A, McGuiggan NM, Joseph RM, Hämäläinen MS, Kenet T. Altered maturation and atypical cortical processing of spoken sentences in autism spectrum disorder. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 203:102077. [PMID: 34033856 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with widespread receptive language impairments, yet the neural mechanisms underlying these deficits are poorly understood. Neuroimaging has shown that processing of socially-relevant sounds, including speech and non-speech, is atypical in ASD. However, it is unclear how the presence of lexical-semantic meaning affects speech processing in ASD. Here, we recorded magnetoencephalography data from individuals with ASD (N = 22, ages 7-17, 4 females) and typically developing (TD) peers (N = 30, ages 7-17, 5 females) during unattended listening to meaningful auditory speech sentences and meaningless jabberwocky sentences. After adjusting for age, ASD individuals showed stronger responses to meaningless jabberwocky sentences than to meaningful speech sentences in the same left temporal and parietal language regions where TD individuals exhibited stronger responses to meaningful speech. Maturational trajectories of meaningful speech responses were atypical in temporal, but not parietal, regions in ASD. Temporal responses were associated with ASD severity, while parietal responses were associated with aberrant involuntary attentional shifting in ASD. Our findings suggest a receptive speech processing dysfunction in ASD, wherein unattended meaningful speech elicits abnormal engagement of the language system, while unattended meaningless speech, filtered out in TD individuals, engages the language system through involuntary attention capture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Alho
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Hari Bharadwaj
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, and Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sheraz Khan
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fahimeh Mamashli
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler K Perrachione
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ainsley Losh
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Graduate School of Education, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Nicole M McGuiggan
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert M Joseph
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matti S Hämäläinen
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tal Kenet
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Castro F, Osman L, Di Pino G, Vuckovic A, Nowicky A, Bishop D. Does sonification of action simulation training impact corticospinal excitability and audiomotor plasticity? Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:1489-1505. [PMID: 33683403 PMCID: PMC8144125 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06069-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sonification is a sensory augmentation strategy whereby a sound is associated with, and modulated by, movement. Evidence suggests that sonification could be a viable strategy to maximize learning and rehabilitation. Recent studies investigated sonification of action observation, reporting beneficial effects, especially in Parkinson's disease. However, research on simulation training-a training regime based on action observation and motor imagery, in which actions are internally simulated, without physical execution-suggest that action observation alone is suboptimal, compared to the combined use of action observation and motor imagery. In this study, we explored the effects of sonified action observation and motor imagery on corticospinal excitability, as well as to evaluate the extent of practice-dependent plasticity induced by this training. Nineteen participants were recruited to complete a practice session based on combined and congruent action observation and motor imagery (AOMI) and physical imitation of the same action. Prior to the beginning, participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups, one group (nine participants) completed the practice block with sonified AOMI, while the other group (ten participants) completed the practice without extrinsic auditory information and served as control group. To investigate practice-induced plasticity, participants completed two auditory paired associative stimulation (aPAS) protocols, one completed after the practice block, and another one completed alone, without additional interventions, at least 7 days before the practice. After the practice block, both groups significantly increased their corticospinal excitability, but sonification did not exert additional benefits, compared to non-sonified conditions. In addition, aPAS significantly increased corticospinal excitability when completed alone, but when it was primed by a practice block, no modulatory effects on corticospinal excitability were found. It is possible that sonification of combined action observation and motor imagery may not be a useful strategy to improve corticospinal, but further studies are needed to explore its relationship with performance improvements. We also confirm the neuromodulatory effect of aPAS, but its interaction with audiomotor practice remain unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Castro
- Research Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction (NeXTlab), Università Campus Bio-Medico Di Roma, Rome, Italy.
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK.
| | - Ladan Osman
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Giovanni Di Pino
- Research Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction (NeXTlab), Università Campus Bio-Medico Di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Aleksandra Vuckovic
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Science, James Watt Building (South) University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Alexander Nowicky
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Daniel Bishop
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Meng A, Kaiser M, de Graaf TA, Dücker F, Sack AT, De Weerd P, van de Ven V. Transcranial alternating current stimulation at theta frequency to left parietal cortex impairs associative, but not perceptual, memory encoding. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 182:107444. [PMID: 33895350 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neural oscillations in the theta range (4-8 Hz) are thought to underlie associative memory function in the hippocampal-cortical network. While there is ample evidence supporting a role of theta oscillations in animal and human memory, most evidence is correlational. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) can be employed to modulate cortical oscillatory activity to influence brain activity, and possibly modulate deeper brain regions, such as hippocampus, through strong and reliable cortico-hippocampal functional connections. We applied focal transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at 6 Hz over left parietal cortex to modulate brain activity in the putative cortico-hippocampal network to influence associative memory encoding. After encoding and brain stimulation, participants completed an associative memory and a perceptual recognition task. Results showed that theta tACS significantly decreased associative memory performance but did not affect perceptual memory performance. These results show that parietal theta tACS modulates associative processing separately from perceptual processing, and further substantiate the hypothesis that theta oscillations are implicated in the cortico-hippocampal network and associative encoding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Meng
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Max Kaiser
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tom A de Graaf
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (MBIC), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Felix Dücker
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (MBIC), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander T Sack
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (MBIC), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter De Weerd
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (MBIC), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent van de Ven
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (MBIC), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Kim J, Jung J, Nam K. Neural correlates of confusability in recognition of morphologically complex Korean words. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249111. [PMID: 33857191 PMCID: PMC8049294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
When people confuse and reject a non-word that is created by switching two adjacent letters from an actual word, is called the transposition confusability effect (TCE). The TCE is known to occur at the very early stages of visual word recognition with such unit exchange as letters or syllables, but little is known about the brain mechanisms of TCE. In this study, we examined the neural correlates of TCE and the effect of a morpheme boundary placement on TCE. We manipulated the placement of a morpheme boundary by exchanging places of two syllables embedded in Korean morphologically complex words made up of lexical morpheme and grammatical morpheme. In the two experimental conditions, the transposition syllable within-boundary condition (TSW) involved exchanging two syllables within the same morpheme, whereas the across-boundary condition (TSA) involved the exchange of syllables across the stem and grammatical morpheme boundary. During fMRI, participants performed the lexical decision task. Behavioral results revealed that the TCE was found in TSW condition, and the morpheme boundary, which is manipulated in TSA, modulated the TCE. In the fMRI results, TCE induced activation in the left inferior parietal lobe (IPL) and intraparietal sulcus (IPS). The IPS activation was specific to a TCE and its strength of activation was associated with task performance. Furthermore, two functional networks were involved in the TCE: the central executive network and the dorsal attention network. Morpheme boundary modulation suppressed the TCE by recruiting the prefrontal and temporal regions, which are the key regions involved in semantic processing. Our findings propose the role of the dorsal visual pathway in syllable position processing and that its interaction with other higher cognitive systems is modulated by the morphological boundary in the early phases of visual word recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeahong Kim
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - JeYoung Jung
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kichun Nam
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Endress AD, Johnson SP. When forgetting fosters learning: A neural network model for statistical learning. Cognition 2021; 213:104621. [PMID: 33608130 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Learning often requires splitting continuous signals into recurring units, such as the discrete words constituting fluent speech; these units then need to be encoded in memory. A prominent candidate mechanism involves statistical learning of co-occurrence statistics like transitional probabilities (TPs), reflecting the idea that items from the same unit (e.g., syllables within a word) predict each other better than items from different units. TP computations are surprisingly flexible and sophisticated. Humans are sensitive to forward and backward TPs, compute TPs between adjacent items and longer-distance items, and even recognize TPs in novel units. We explain these hallmarks of statistical learning with a simple model with tunable, Hebbian excitatory connections and inhibitory interactions controlling the overall activation. With weak forgetting, activations are long-lasting, yielding associations among all items; with strong forgetting, no associations ensue as activations do not outlast stimuli; with intermediate forgetting, the network reproduces the hallmarks above. Forgetting thus is a key determinant of these sophisticated learning abilities. Further, in line with earlier dissociations between statistical learning and memory encoding, our model reproduces the hallmarks of statistical learning in the absence of a memory store in which items could be placed.
Collapse
|
80
|
Botta F, Lupiáñez J, Santangelo V, Martín-Arévalo E. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Right Superior Parietal Lobule Modulates the Retro-Cue Benefit in Visual Short-Term Memory. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020252. [PMID: 33670446 PMCID: PMC7922694 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown enhanced performance in change detection tasks when spatial cues indicating the probe's location are presented after the memory array has disappeared (i.e., retro-cues) compared with spatial cues that are presented simultaneously with the test array (i.e., post-cues). This retro-cue benefit led some authors to propose the existence of two different stores of visual short-term memory: a weak but high-capacity store (fragile memory (FM)) linked to the effect of retro-cues and a robust but low-capacity store (working memory (WM)) linked to the effect of post-cues. The former is thought to be an attention-free system, whereas the latter would strictly depend on selective attention. Nonetheless, this dissociation is under debate, and several authors do not consider retro-cues as a proxy to measure the existence of an independent memory system (e.g., FM). We approached this controversial issue by altering the attention-related functions in the right superior parietal lobule (SPL) by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), whose effects were mediated by the integrity of the right superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). Specifically, we asked whether TMS on the SPL affected the performance of retro cues vs. post-cues to a similar extent. The results showed that TMS on the SPL, mediated by right SLF-III integrity, produced a modulation of the retro-cue benefit, namely a memory capacity decrease in the post-cues but not in the retro-cues. These findings have strong implications for the debate on the existence of independent stages of visual short-term memory and for the growing literature showing a key role of the SLF for explaining the variability of TMS effects across participants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Botta
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (J.L.); (E.M.-A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Juan Lupiáñez
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (J.L.); (E.M.-A.)
| | - Valerio Santangelo
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences & Education, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Martín-Arévalo
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (J.L.); (E.M.-A.)
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Çolak B, Eken A, Kuşman A, Sayar Akaslan D, Kızılpınar SÇ, Çakmak IB, Bal NB, Münir K, Öner Ö, Baskak B. The relationship of cortical activity induced by pain stimulation with clinical and cognitive features of somatic symptom disorder: A controlled functional near infrared spectroscopy study. J Psychosom Res 2021; 140:110300. [PMID: 33248397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The neurobiological correlates of Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD) introduced in the DSM-5 has been the focus of a limited investigation. We aimed to examine the cortical response to painful stimuli and its relationship to symptom severity as well as cognitive and psychological characteristics in proposed models of somatoform disorders. METHODS We measured hemodynamic responses by 52-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopy. We compared the cortical response to painful stimuli in index patients with SSD (N = 21) versus age, and gender matched healthy control subjects (N = 21). We used brush stimulation as the control condition. We analyzed the relationship of cortical activity with SSD symptom severity as well as somatosensory amplification (SSA), alexithymia, dysfunctional illness behaviour, worry, and neuroticism. RESULTS Patients with SSD had higher somatic symptom severity, SSA, alexithymia, neuroticism, illness-related worry, and behaviour. Somatic symptom severity was predicted by a model including SSA and subjective feeling of pain in the index patients. Activity in the left-angular and right-middle temporal gyri was higher in the SSD subjects than the controls during pain stimulation. Positive correlations were detected between mean pain threshold levels and left middle occipital gyrus activity, as well as between SSA-scores and right-angular gyrus activity during pain condition in the index patients with SSD. CONCLUSION We present the first evidence that representation of pain in terms of cortical activity is different in subjects with SSD than healthy controls. SSA has functional neuroanatomic correlates and predicts symptom severity in SSD and therefore is involved as a valid intermediate phenotype in SSD pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burçin Çolak
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aykut Eken
- Pompeu Fabra University, Center for Brain and Cognition, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adnan Kuşman
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Damla Sayar Akaslan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Işık Batuhan Çakmak
- University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Neşe Burcu Bal
- University of Health Sciences, Ankara Oncology Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kerim Münir
- Harvard Medical School, Developmental Medicine Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Özgür Öner
- Bahçeşehir University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bora Baskak
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey; Ankara University Brain Research Center (AUBAUM), Ankara, Turkey; Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Center of Excellence (NÖROM), Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Gelastopoulos A, Kopell NJ. Interactions of multiple rhythms in a biophysical network of neurons. JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 10:19. [PMID: 33201339 PMCID: PMC7671958 DOI: 10.1186/s13408-020-00096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Neural oscillations, including rhythms in the beta1 band (12-20 Hz), are important in various cognitive functions. Often neural networks receive rhythmic input at frequencies different from their natural frequency, but very little is known about how such input affects the network's behavior. We use a simplified, yet biophysical, model of a beta1 rhythm that occurs in the parietal cortex, in order to study its response to oscillatory inputs. We demonstrate that a cell has the ability to respond at the same time to two periodic stimuli of unrelated frequencies, firing in phase with one, but with a mean firing rate equal to that of the other. We show that this is a very general phenomenon, independent of the model used. We next show numerically that the behavior of a different cell, which is modeled as a high-dimensional dynamical system, can be described in a surprisingly simple way, owing to a reset that occurs in the state space when the cell fires. The interaction of the two cells leads to novel combinations of properties for neural dynamics, such as mode-locking to an input without phase-locking to it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Gelastopoulos
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, 111 Cummington Mall, 02215 Boston, MA USA
- Department of Marketing and Management, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Nancy J. Kopell
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, 111 Cummington Mall, 02215 Boston, MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Olano MA, Elizalde Acevedo B, Chambeaud N, Acuña A, Marcó M, Kochen S, Alba-Ferrara L. Emotional salience enhances intelligibility in adverse acoustic conditions. Neuropsychologia 2020; 147:107580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
84
|
Reinhardt J, Rus-Oswald OG, Bürki CN, Bridenbaugh SA, Krumm S, Michels L, Stippich C, Kressig RW, Blatow M. Neural Correlates of Stepping in Healthy Elderly: Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex Activation Reflects Cognitive-Motor Interference Effects. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:566735. [PMID: 33132879 PMCID: PMC7550687 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.566735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Reinhardt
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology, Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Julia Reinhardt,
| | - Oana G. Rus-Oswald
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Department of Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Céline N. Bürki
- Department of Radiology, Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University Department of Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Sabine Krumm
- University Department of Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lars Michels
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Stippich
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto W. Kressig
- University Department of Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Blatow
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Azaryah H, Verdejo-Román J, Martin-Pérez C, García-Santos JA, Martínez-Zaldívar C, Torres-Espínola FJ, Campos D, Koletzko B, Pérez-García M, Catena A, Campoy C. Effects of Maternal Fish Oil and/or 5-Methyl-Tetrahydrofolate Supplementation during Pregnancy on Offspring Brain Resting-State at 10 Years Old: A Follow-Up Study from the NUHEAL Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2701. [PMID: 32899673 PMCID: PMC7551257 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that maternal supplementation with folate and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) during pregnancy may affect children's brain development. We aimed at examining the potential long-term effect of maternal supplementation with fish oil (FO) and/or 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) on the brain functionality of offspring at the age of 9.5-10 years. The current study was conducted as a follow-up of the Spanish participants belonging to the Nutraceuticals for a Healthier Life (NUHEAL) project; 57 children were divided into groups according to mother's supplementation and assessed through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning and neurodevelopment testing. Independent component analysis and double regression methods were implemented to investigate plausible associations. Children born to mothers supplemented with FO (FO and FO + 5-MTHF groups, n = 33) showed weaker functional connectivity in the default mode (DM) (angular gyrus), the sensorimotor (SM) (motor and somatosensory cortices) and the fronto-parietal (FP) (angular gyrus) networks compared to the No-FO group (placebo and 5-MTHF groups, n = 24) (PFWE < 0.05). Furthermore, no differences were found regarding the neuropsychological tests, except for a trend of better results in an object recall (memory) test. Considering the No-FO group, the aforementioned networks were associated negatively with attention and speed-processing functions. Mother's FO supplementation during pregnancy seems to be able to shape resting-state network functioning in their children at school age and appears to produce long-term effects on children´s cognitive processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hatim Azaryah
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain; (H.A.); (J.A.G.-S.); (C.M.-Z.); (F.J.T.-E.); (D.C.)
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Verdejo-Román
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour International Research Centre (CIMCYC), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (J.V.-R.); (C.M.-P.); (M.P.-G.); (A.C.)
| | - Cristina Martin-Pérez
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour International Research Centre (CIMCYC), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (J.V.-R.); (C.M.-P.); (M.P.-G.); (A.C.)
| | - José Antonio García-Santos
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain; (H.A.); (J.A.G.-S.); (C.M.-Z.); (F.J.T.-E.); (D.C.)
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs-GRANADA), Health Sciences Technological Park, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez-Zaldívar
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain; (H.A.); (J.A.G.-S.); (C.M.-Z.); (F.J.T.-E.); (D.C.)
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Torres-Espínola
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain; (H.A.); (J.A.G.-S.); (C.M.-Z.); (F.J.T.-E.); (D.C.)
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Campos
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain; (H.A.); (J.A.G.-S.); (C.M.-Z.); (F.J.T.-E.); (D.C.)
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Ludwig-Maximiliams-Universität München, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University of Munich Hospitals, 80337 Munich, Germany;
| | - Miguel Pérez-García
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour International Research Centre (CIMCYC), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (J.V.-R.); (C.M.-P.); (M.P.-G.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrés Catena
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour International Research Centre (CIMCYC), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (J.V.-R.); (C.M.-P.); (M.P.-G.); (A.C.)
| | - Cristina Campoy
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain; (H.A.); (J.A.G.-S.); (C.M.-Z.); (F.J.T.-E.); (D.C.)
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs-GRANADA), Health Sciences Technological Park, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Spanish Network of Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Granada’s Node, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Zhou Y, Liu Y, Zhang M. Neuronal Correlates of Many-To-One Sensorimotor Mapping in Lateral Intraparietal Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:5583-5596. [PMID: 32488241 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficiently mapping sensory stimuli onto motor programs is crucial for rapidly choosing appropriate behavioral responses. While neuronal mechanisms underlying simple, one-to-one sensorimotor mapping have been extensively studied, how the brain achieves complex, many-to-one sensorimotor mapping remains unclear. Here, we recorded single neuron activity from the lateral intraparietal (LIP) cortex of monkeys trained to map multiple spatial positions of visual cue onto two opposite saccades. We found that LIP neurons' activity was consistent with directly mapping multiple cue positions to the associated saccadic direction (SDir) regardless of whether the visual cue appeared in or outside neurons' receptive fields. Unlike the explicit encoding of the visual categories, such cue-target mapping (CTM)-related activity covaried with the associated SDirs. Furthermore, the CTM was preferentially mediated by visual neurons identified by memory-guided saccade. These results indicate that LIP plays a crucial role in the early stage of many-to-one sensorimotor transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at BNU; Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yining Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan 450052, China
| | - Mingsha Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at BNU; Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Viher PV, Abdulkadir A, Savadijev P, Stegmayer K, Kubicki M, Makris N, Karmacharya S, Federspiel A, Bohlhalter S, Vanbellingen T, Müri R, Wiest R, Strik W, Walther S. Structural organization of the praxis network predicts gesture production: Evidence from healthy subjects and patients with schizophrenia. Cortex 2020; 132:322-333. [PMID: 33011518 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hand gestures are an integral part of social interactions and communication. Several imaging studies in healthy subjects and lesion studies in patients with apraxia suggest the praxis network for gesture production, involving mainly left inferior frontal, posterior parietal and temporal regions. However, little is known about the structural connectivity underlying gesture production. We recruited 41 healthy participants and 39 patients with schizophrenia. All participants performed a gesture production test, the Test of Upper Limb Apraxia, and underwent diffusion tensor imaging. We hypothesized that gesture production is associated with structural network connectivity as well as with tract integrity. We defined the praxis network as an undirected graph comprised of 13 bilateral regions of interest and derived measures of local and global structural connectivity and tract integrity from Finsler geometry. We found an association of gesture deficit with reduced global and local efficiency of the praxis network. Furthermore, reduced tract integrity, for example in the superior longitudinal fascicle, arcuate fascicle or corpus callosum were related to gesture deficits. Our findings contribute to the understanding of structural correlates of gesture production as they first present diffusion tensor imaging data in a combined sample of healthy subjects and a patient cohort with gestural deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra V Viher
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
| | - Ahmed Abdulkadir
- University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Savadijev
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Katharina Stegmayer
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marek Kubicki
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Nikos Makris
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology and Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Sarina Karmacharya
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Andrea Federspiel
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Bohlhalter
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland; Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Tim Vanbellingen
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland; Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland; Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - René Müri
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roland Wiest
- Support Center of Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroradiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Werner Strik
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Walther
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Pelletier G, Fellows LK. Value Neglect: A Critical Role for Ventromedial Frontal Lobe in Learning the Value of Spatial Locations. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:3632-3643. [PMID: 32133511 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether you are a gazelle bounding to the richest tract of grassland or a return customer heading to the freshest farm stand at a crowded market, the ability to learn the value of spatial locations is important in adaptive behavior. The ventromedial frontal lobe (VMF) is implicated in value-based decisions between objects and in flexibly learning to choose between objects based on feedback. However, it is unclear if this region plays a material-general role in reward learning. Here, we tested whether VMF is necessary for learning the value of spatial locations. People with VMF damage were compared with healthy participants and a control group with frontal damage sparing VMF in an incentivized spatial search task. Participants chose among spatial targets distributed among distractors, rewarded with an expected value that varied along the right-left axis of the screen. People with VMF damage showed a weaker tendency to reap reward in contralesional hemispace. In some individuals, this impairment could be dissociated from the ability to make value-based decisions between objects, assessed separately. This is the first evidence that the VMF is critically involved in reward-guided spatial search and offers a novel perspective on the relationships between value, spatial attention, and decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Pelletier
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill Univesity, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lesley K Fellows
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill Univesity, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Endress AD, Szabó S. Sequential Presentation Protects Working Memory From Catastrophic Interference. Cogn Sci 2020; 44:e12828. [PMID: 32368830 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Neural network models of memory are notorious for catastrophic interference: Old items are forgotten as new items are memorized (French, 1999; McCloskey & Cohen, 1989). While working memory (WM) in human adults shows severe capacity limitations, these capacity limitations do not reflect neural network style catastrophic interference. However, our ability to quickly apprehend the numerosity of small sets of objects (i.e., subitizing) does show catastrophic capacity limitations, and this subitizing capacity and WM might reflect a common capacity. Accordingly, computational investigations (Knops, Piazza, Sengupta, Eger & Melcher, 2014; Sengupta, Surampudi & Melcher, 2014) suggest that mutual inhibition among neurons can explain both kinds of capacity limitations as well as why our ability to estimate the numerosity of larger sets is limited according to a Weber ratio signature. Based on simulations with a saliency map-like network and mathematical proofs, we provide three results. First, mutual inhibition among neurons leads to catastrophic interference when items are presented simultaneously. The network can remember a limited number of items, but when more items are presented, the network forgets all of them. Second, if memory items are presented sequentially rather than simultaneously, the network remembers the most recent items rather than forgetting all of them. Hence, the tendency in WM tasks to sequentially attend even to simultaneously presented items might not only reflect attentional limitations, but also an adaptive strategy to avoid catastrophic interference. Third, the mean activation level in the network can be used to estimate the number of items in small sets, but it does not accurately reflect the number of items in larger sets. Rather, we suggest that the Weber ratio signature of large number discrimination emerges naturally from the interaction between the limited precision of a numeric estimation system and a multiplicative gain control mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Szilárd Szabó
- Department of Mathematics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Domellöf E, Säfström D. Prefrontal engagement during sequential manual actions in children at early adolescence compared with adults. Neuroimage 2020; 211:116623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
|
91
|
Machner B, Lencer MC, Möller L, von der Gablentz J, Heide W, Helmchen C, Sprenger A. Unbalancing the Attentional Priority Map via Gaze-Contingent Displays Induces Neglect-Like Visual Exploration. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:41. [PMID: 32153377 PMCID: PMC7045871 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective spatial attention is a crucial cognitive process that guides us to the behaviorally relevant objects in a complex visual world by using exploratory eye movements. The spatial location of objects, their (bottom-up) saliency and (top-down) relevance is assumed to be encoded in one “attentional priority map” in the brain, using different egocentric (eye-, head- and trunk-centered) spatial reference frames. In patients with hemispatial neglect, this map is supposed to be imbalanced, leading to a spatially biased exploration of the visual environment. As a proof of concept, we altered the visual saliency (and thereby attentional priority) of objects in a naturalistic scene along a left-right spatial gradient and investigated whether this can induce a bias in the exploratory eye movements of healthy humans (n = 28; all right-handed; mean age: 23 years, range 19–48). We developed a computerized mask, using high-end “gaze-contingent display (GCD)” technology, that immediately and continuously reduced the saliency of objects on the left—“left” with respect to the head (body-centered) and the current position on the retina (eye-centered). In both experimental conditions, task-free viewing and goal-driven visual search, this modification induced a mild but significant bias in visual exploration similar to hemispatial neglect. Accordingly, global eye movement parameters changed (reduced number and increased duration of fixations) and the spatial distribution of fixations indicated an attentional bias towards the right (rightward shift of first orienting, fixations favoring the scene’s outmost right over left). Our results support the concept of an attentional priority map in the brain as an interface between perception and behavior and as one pathophysiological ground of hemispatial neglect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Machner
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marie C Lencer
- Department of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lisa Möller
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Heide
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital Celle, Celle, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Sprenger
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Hoang K, Pitti A, Goudou JF, Dufour JY, Gaussier P. Active vision: on the relevance of a bio-inspired approach for object detection. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2020; 15:025003. [PMID: 31639780 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ab504c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Starting from biological systems, we review the interest of active perception for object recognition in an autonomous system. Foveated vision and control of the eye saccade introduce strong benefits related to the differentiation of a 'what' pathway recognizing some local parts in the image and a 'where' pathway related to moving the fovea in that part of the image. Experiments on a dataset illustrate the capability of our model to deal with complex visual scenes. The results enlighten the interest of top-down contextual information to serialize the exploration and to perform some kind of hypothesis test. Moreover learning to control the occular saccade from the previous one can help reducing the exploration area and improve the recognition performances. Yet our results show that the selection of the next saccade should take into account broader statistical information. This opens new avenues for the control of the ocular saccades and the active exploration of complex visual scenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Hoang
- ETIS UMR 8051/ENSEA, University of Cergy-Pontoise, France. Thales SIX GTS- Vision and Sensing laboratory, Palaiseau, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Ramot M, Walsh C, Reimann GE, Martin A. Distinct neural mechanisms of social orienting and mentalizing revealed by independent measures of neural and eye movement typicality. Commun Biol 2020; 3:48. [PMID: 31996763 PMCID: PMC6989525 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0771-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive study of typically developing individuals and those on the autism spectrum has identified a large number of brain regions associated with our ability to navigate the social world. Although it is widely appreciated that this so-called "social brain" is composed of distinct, interacting systems, these component parts have yet to be clearly elucidated. Here we used measures of eye movement and neural typicality-based on the degree to which subjects deviated from the norm-while typically developing (N = 62) and individuals with autism (N = 36) watched a large battery of movies depicting social interactions. Our findings provide clear evidence for distinct, but overlapping, neural systems underpinning two major components of the "social brain," social orienting, and inferring the mental state of others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Ramot
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Catherine Walsh
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gabrielle Elise Reimann
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alex Martin
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Acute psychological stress impairs attention disengagement toward threat-related stimuli. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2020. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
95
|
Bilingual language processing: A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:834-853. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
96
|
Parikh L, Seo D, Lacadie C, Belfort-Deaguiar R, Groskreutz D, Hamza M, Dai F, Scheinost D, Sinha R, Todd Constable R, Sherwin R, Hwang JJ. Differential Resting State Connectivity Responses to Glycemic State in Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5568225. [PMID: 31511876 PMCID: PMC6936965 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) have alterations in brain activity that have been postulated to contribute to the adverse neurocognitive consequences of T1DM; however, the impact of T1DM and hypoglycemic unawareness on the brain's resting state activity remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine whether individuals with T1DM and hypoglycemia unawareness (T1DM-Unaware) had changes in the brain resting state functional connectivity compared to healthy controls (HC) and those with T1DM and hypoglycemia awareness (T1DM-Aware). DESIGN Observational study. SETTING Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS 27 individuals with T1DM and 12 HC volunteers participated in the study. INTERVENTION All participants underwent blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) resting state functional magnetic brain imaging during a 2-step hyperinsulinemic euglycemic (90 mg/dL)-hypoglycemic (60 mg/dL) clamp. OUTCOME Changes in resting state functional connectivity. RESULTS Using 2 separate methods of functional connectivity analysis, we identified distinct differences in the resting state brain responses to mild hypoglycemia between HC, T1DM-Aware, and T1DM-Unaware participants, particularly in the angular gyrus, an integral component of the default mode network (DMN). Furthermore, changes in angular gyrus connectivity also correlated with greater symptoms of hypoglycemia (r = 0.461, P = 0.003) as well as higher scores of perceived stress (r = 0.531, P = 0.016). CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence that individuals with T1DM have changes in the brain's resting state connectivity patterns, which may be further associated with differences in awareness to hypoglycemia. These changes in connectivity may be associated with alterations in functional outcomes among individuals with T1DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Parikh
- Section of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, US
| | - Dongju Seo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, US
| | - Cheryl Lacadie
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, US
| | | | - Derek Groskreutz
- Section of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, US
| | - Muhammad Hamza
- Section of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, US
| | - Feng Dai
- Yale Center for Analytical Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, US
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, US
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, US
| | - R Todd Constable
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, US
| | - Robert Sherwin
- Section of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, US
| | - Janice Jin Hwang
- Section of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, US
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Janice Hwang, The Anylan Center, TAC 119S, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Medendorp WP, Heed T. State estimation in posterior parietal cortex: Distinct poles of environmental and bodily states. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 183:101691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
98
|
Structural connectivity and functional properties of the macaque superior parietal lobule. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 225:1349-1367. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01976-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
99
|
Tang W, Liu R, Shi Y, Hu C, Bai S, Zhu H. From finger friction to brain activation: Tactile perception of the roughness of gratings. J Adv Res 2019; 21:129-139. [PMID: 32071781 PMCID: PMC7015470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of tactile perception is related to skin receptors and the cerebral cortex. In order to systematically study the tactile perception from finger friction to the brain response, a 32-channel Brain Products system and two tri-axial force sensors were used to obtain electroencephalograph (EEG) and friction signals during fingers exploring grating surfaces. A finite element finger model was established to analyze the stress changes of the skin receptors during tactile perception. Samples with different grating widths and spaces were chosen. The results indicated that different gratings induced different stress concentrations within skin that stimulated Meissner and Merkel receptors. Skin friction was affected by gratings during the tactile perception. It was also found that P300 evoked by gratings was related with the skin deformation, contact area, friction force, and stress around cutaneous mechanoreceptors. The wider grating width generated larger skin deformation, friction force, and stress, which induced stronger tactile stimulation. The smaller grating spacing generated higher vibration frequency, inducing stronger tactile stimulation. The latency of the P300 peak was related to the difference between the textured target stimulus and the smooth non-target stimulus. This study proofed that there was a relationship between the activation in brain regions, surface friction, and contact conditions of skin during the tactile perception. It contributes to understanding the formation process and cognitive mechanism of tactile perception of different surface textures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Yibing Shi
- Xuzhou Centre Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Chunai Hu
- Xuzhou Centre Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Shengjie Bai
- Xuzhou Centre Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Numbers in action during cognitive flexibility – A neurophysiological approach on numerical operations underlying task switching. Cortex 2019; 120:101-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|