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Buijs TJ, McNaughton PA. The Role of Cold-Sensitive Ion Channels in Peripheral Thermosensation. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:262. [PMID: 32973456 PMCID: PMC7468449 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of ambient cold is critical for mammals, who use this information to avoid tissue damage by cold and to maintain stable body temperature. The transduction of information about the environmental cold is mediated by cold-sensitive ion channels expressed in peripheral sensory nerve endings in the skin. Most transduction mechanisms for detecting temperature changes identified to date depend on transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels. Mild cooling is detected by the menthol-sensitive TRPM8 ion channel, but how painful cold is detected remains unclear. The TRPA1 ion channel, which is activated by cold in expression systems, seemed to provide an answer to this question, but whether TRPA1 is activated by cold in neurons and contributes to the sensation of cold pain continues to be a matter of debate. Recent advances have been made in this area of investigation with the identification of several potential cold-sensitive ion channels in thermosensory neurons, including two-pore domain potassium channels (K2P), GluK2 glutamate receptors, and CNGA3 cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels. This mini-review gives a brief overview of the way by which ion channels contribute to cold sensation, discusses the controversy around the cold-sensitivity of TRPA1, and provides an assessment of some recently-proposed novel cold-transduction mechanisms. Evidence for another unidentified cold-transduction mechanism is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Joëlle Buijs
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Schecterson LC, Pazevic AA, Yang R, Matulef K, Gordon SE. TRPV1, TRPA1, and TRPM8 are expressed in axon terminals in the cornea: TRPV1 axons contain CGRP and secretogranin II; TRPA1 axons contain secretogranin 3. Mol Vis 2020; 26:576-587. [PMID: 32863706 PMCID: PMC7438417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The cornea is highly enriched in sensory neurons expressing the thermal TRP channels TRPV1, TRPA1, and TRPM8, and is an accessible tissue for study and experimental manipulation. The aim of this work was to provide a concise characterization of the expression patterns of various TRP channels and vesicular proteins in the mammalian cornea. Methods Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using wholemount and cryostat tissue preparations of mouse and monkey corneas. The expression patterns of TRPV1 and TRPA1 were determined using specific antisera, and further colocalization was performed with antibodies directed against calcitonin-related gene protein (CGRP), neurofilament protein NF200, and the secretogranins ScgII and SCG3. The expression of TRPM8 was determined using corneas from mice expressing EGFP under the direction of a TRPM8 promoter (TRPM8EGFP mice). Laser scanning confocal microscopy and image analysis were performed. Results In the mouse cornea, TRPV1 and TRPM8 were expressed in distinct populations of small diameter C fibers extending to the corneal surface and ending either as simple or ramifying terminals, or in the case of TRPM8, as complex terminals. TRPA1 was expressed in large-diameter NF200-positive Aδ axons. TRPV1 and TRPA1 appeared to localize to separate intracellular vesicular structures and were primarily found in axons containing components of large dense vesicles with TRPV1 colocalizing with CGRP and ScgII, and TRPA1 colocalizing with SCG3. Monkey corneas showed similar colocalization of CGRP and TRPV1 on small-diameter axons extending to the epithelial surface. Conclusions The mouse cornea is abundant in sensory neurons expressing TRPV1, TRPM8, and TRPA1, and provides an accessible tissue source for implementing a live tissue preparation useful for further exploration of the molecular mechanisms of hyperalgesia. This study showed that surprisingly, these TRP channels localize to separate neurons in the mouse cornea and likely have unique physiological functions. The similar TRPV1 expression pattern we observed in the mouse and monkey corneas suggests that mice provide a reasonable initial model for understanding the role of these ion channels in higher mammalian corneal physiology.
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Schecterson LC, Pazevic AA, Yang R, Matulef K, Gordon SE. TRPV1, TRPA1, and TRPM8 are expressed in axon terminals in the cornea: TRPV1 axons contain CGRP and secretogranin II; TRPA1 axons contain secretogranin 3. Mol Vis 2020; 26:392-404. [PMID: 38860239 PMCID: PMC11163611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The cornea is highly enriched in sensory neurons expressing the thermal TRP channels TRPV1, TRPA1, and TRPM8, and is an accessible tissue for study and experimental manipulation. The aim of this work was to provide a concise characterization of the expression patterns of various TRP channels and vesicular proteins in the mammalian cornea. Methods Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using wholemount and cryostat tissue preparations of mouse and monkey corneas. The expression patterns of TRPV1 and TRPA1 were determined using specific antisera, and further colocalization was performed with antibodies directed against calcitonin-related gene protein (CGRP), neurofilament protein NF200, and the secretogranins ScgII and SCG3. The expression of TRPM8 was determined using corneas from mice expressing EGFP under the direction of a TRPM8 promoter (TRPM8EGFP mice). Laser scanning confocal microscopy and image analysis were performed. Results In the mouse cornea, TRPV1 and TRPM8 were expressed in distinct populations of small diameter C fibers extending to the corneal surface and ending either as simple or ramifying terminals, or in the case of TRPM8, as complex terminals. TRPA1 was expressed in large-diameter NF200-positive Aδ axons. TRPV1 and TRPA1 appeared to localize to separate intracellular vesicular structures and were primarily found in axons containing components of large dense vesicles with TRPV1 colocalizing with CGRP and ScgII, and TRPA1 colocalizing with SCG3. Monkey corneas showed similar colocalization of CGRP and TRPV1 on small-diameter axons extending to the epithelial surface. Conclusions The mouse cornea is abundant in sensory neurons expressing TRPV1, TRPM8, and TRPA1, and provides an accessible tissue source for implementing a live tissue preparation useful for further exploration of the molecular mechanisms of hyperalgesia. This study showed that surprisingly, these TRP channels localize to separate neurons in the mouse cornea and likely have unique physiological functions. The similar TRPV1 expression pattern we observed in the mouse and monkey corneas suggests that mice provide a reasonable initial model for understanding the role of these ion channels in higher mammalian corneal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslayann C Schecterson
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Alexander A Pazevic
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Ruian Yang
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Kimberly Matulef
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Sharona E Gordon
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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Ulrich M, Wissenbach U, Thiel G. The super-cooling compound icilin stimulates c-Fos and Egr-1 expression and activity involving TRPM8 channel activation, Ca2+ ion influx and activation of the ternary complex factor Elk-1. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113936. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zimova L, Barvikova K, Macikova L, Vyklicka L, Sinica V, Barvik I, Vlachova V. Proximal C-Terminus Serves as a Signaling Hub for TRPA1 Channel Regulation via Its Interacting Molecules and Supramolecular Complexes. Front Physiol 2020; 11:189. [PMID: 32226391 PMCID: PMC7081373 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the general principles of the polymodal regulation of transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels has grown impressively in recent years as a result of intense efforts in protein structure determination by cryo-electron microscopy. In particular, the high-resolution structures of various TRP channels captured in different conformations, a number of them determined in a membrane mimetic environment, have yielded valuable insights into their architecture, gating properties and the sites of their interactions with annular and regulatory lipids. The correct repertoire of these channels is, however, organized by supramolecular complexes that involve the localization of signaling proteins to sites of action, ensuring the specificity and speed of signal transduction events. As such, TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), a major player involved in various pain conditions, localizes into cholesterol-rich sensory membrane microdomains, physically interacts with calmodulin, associates with the scaffolding A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) and forms functional complexes with the related TRPV1 channel. This perspective will contextualize the recent biochemical and functional studies with emerging structural data with the aim of enabling a more thorough interpretation of the results, which may ultimately help to understand the roles of TRPA1 under various physiological and pathophysiological pain conditions. We demonstrate that an alteration to the putative lipid-binding site containing a residue polymorphism associated with human asthma affects the cold sensitivity of TRPA1. Moreover, we present evidence that TRPA1 can interact with AKAP to prime the channel for opening. The structural bases underlying these interactions remain unclear and are definitely worth the attention of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Zimova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kristyna Barvikova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lucie Macikova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lenka Vyklicka
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Viktor Sinica
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ivan Barvik
- Division of Biomolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Viktorie Vlachova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Maftei D, Vellani V, Artico M, Giacomoni C, Severini C, Lattanzi R. Abnormal Pain Sensation in Mice Lacking the Prokineticin Receptor PKR2: Interaction of PKR2 with Transient Receptor Potential TRPV1 and TRPA1. Neuroscience 2020; 427:16-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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57
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Reese RM, Dourado M, Anderson K, Warming S, Stark KL, Balestrini A, Suto E, Lee W, Riol-Blanco L, Shields SD, Hackos DH. Behavioral characterization of a CRISPR-generated TRPA1 knockout rat in models of pain, itch, and asthma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:979. [PMID: 31969645 PMCID: PMC6976688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily of ion channels has garnered significant attention by the pharmaceutical industry. In particular, TRP channels showing high levels of expression in sensory neurons such as TRPV1, TRPA1, and TRPM8, have been considered as targets for indications where sensory neurons play a fundamental role, such as pain, itch, and asthma. Modeling these indications in rodents is challenging, especially in mice. The rat is the preferred species for pharmacological studies in pain, itch, and asthma, but until recently, genetic manipulation of the rat has been technically challenging. Here, using CRISPR technology, we have generated a TRPA1 KO rat to enable more sophisticated modeling of pain, itch, and asthma. We present a detailed phenotyping of the TRPA1 KO rat in models of pain, itch, and asthma that have previously only been investigated in the mouse. With the exception of nociception induced by direct TRPA1 activation, we have found that the TRPA1 KO rat shows apparently normal behavioral responses in multiple models of pain and itch. Immune cell infiltration into the lung in the rat OVA model of asthma, on the other hand, appears to be dependent on TRPA1, similar to was has been observed in TRPA1 KO mice. Our hope is that the TRPA1 KO rat will become a useful tool in further studies of TRPA1 as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Reese
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Michelle Dourado
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Keith Anderson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Søren Warming
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Kimberly L Stark
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Alessia Balestrini
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Eric Suto
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Wyne Lee
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Lorena Riol-Blanco
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Shannon D Shields
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - David H Hackos
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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MacDonald DI, Wood JN, Emery EC. Molecular mechanisms of cold pain. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2020; 7:100044. [PMID: 32090187 PMCID: PMC7025288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2020.100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The sensation of cooling is essential for survival. Extreme cold is a noxious stimulus that drives protective behaviour and that we thus perceive as pain. However, chronic pain patients suffering from cold allodynia paradoxically experience innocuous cooling as excruciating pain. Peripheral sensory neurons that detect decreasing temperature express numerous cold-sensitive and voltage-gated ion channels that govern their response to cooling in health and disease. In this review, we discuss how these ion channels control the sense of cooling and cold pain under physiological conditions, before focusing on the molecular mechanisms by which ion channels can trigger pathological cold pain. With the ever-rising number of patients burdened by chronic pain, we end by highlighting the pressing need to define the cells and molecules involved in cold allodynia and so identify new, rational drug targets for the analgesic treatment of cold pain.
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59
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Nolan MW, Kelsey KL, Enomoto M, Ru H, Gieger TL, Lascelles BDX. Pet Dogs with Subclinical Acute Radiodermatitis Experience Widespread Somatosensory Sensitization. Radiat Res 2019; 193:241-248. [PMID: 31877255 DOI: 10.1667/rr15468.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced dermatitis (RID) is a common and painful complication of radiotherapy. When severe, radiation-associated pain (RAP) can reduce the efficacy of radiotherapy by limiting the radiation dose given, and/or necessitating breaks in treatment. Current RAP mitigation strategies are of limited efficacy. Our long-term goal is to develop a comparative oncology model, in which novel analgesic interventions for RAP can be evaluated. The aim of this study was to validate quantitative end points indicative of RAP in pet dogs with subclinical and low-grade RID. Extremity soft tissue sarcomas were treated with post-operative irradiation (54 Gy in 18 fractions). Visual toxicity scores, questionnaire-based pain instruments and objective algometry [mechanical quantitative sensory testing (mQST)], were evaluated regularly. Breed-matched control populations were also evaluated to address the effect of potential confounders. Skin biopsies from within the irradiated field were collected at baseline and after 24 Gy irradiation, for analysis of pain-related genes using the nanoString nCounter platform. Relative to control populations, mechanical thresholds decreased in irradiated test subjects as the total radiation dose increased, with the most pronounced effect at the irradiated site. This was accompanied by increased mRNA expression of GFRα3, TNFα, TRPV2 and TRPV4. In a separate set of dogs with moderate-to-severe RID, serum concentrations of artemin (the ligand for GFRα3) were elevated relative to controls (P = 0.015). Progressive reduction in mechanical thresholds, both locally and remotely, indicates widespread somatosensory sensitization during radiation treatment. mQST in pet dogs undergoing radiation treatment represents an innovative tool for preclinical evaluation of novel analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Nolan
- Departments of Clinical Sciences.,Departments of Comparative Medicine Institute.,Departments of Translational Research in Pain, Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
| | | | | | - Hongyu Ru
- Departments of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
| | - Tracy L Gieger
- Departments of Clinical Sciences.,Departments of Comparative Medicine Institute
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Departments of Clinical Sciences.,Departments of Comparative Medicine Institute.,Departments of Translational Research in Pain, Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
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60
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Sinica V, Zimova L, Barvikova K, Macikova L, Barvik I, Vlachova V. Human and Mouse TRPA1 Are Heat and Cold Sensors Differentially Tuned by Voltage. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010057. [PMID: 31878344 PMCID: PMC7016720 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 channel (TRPA1) serves as a key sensor for reactive electrophilic compounds across all species. Its sensitivity to temperature, however, differs among species, a variability that has been attributed to an evolutionary divergence. Mouse TRPA1 was implicated in noxious cold detection but was later also identified as one of the prime noxious heat sensors. Moreover, human TRPA1, originally considered to be temperature-insensitive, turned out to act as an intrinsic bidirectional thermosensor that is capable of sensing both cold and heat. Using electrophysiology and modeling, we compare the properties of human and mouse TRPA1, and we demonstrate that both orthologues are activated by heat, and their kinetically distinct components of voltage-dependent gating are differentially modulated by heat and cold. Furthermore, we show that both orthologues can be strongly activated by cold after the concurrent application of voltage and heat. We propose an allosteric mechanism that could account for the variability in TRPA1 temperature responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Sinica
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.S.); (K.B.); (L.M.)
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Zimova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.S.); (K.B.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (V.V.); Tel.: +420-296-442-759 (L.Z.); +420-296-442-711 (V.V.)
| | - Kristyna Barvikova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.S.); (K.B.); (L.M.)
| | - Lucie Macikova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.S.); (K.B.); (L.M.)
| | - Ivan Barvik
- Division of Biomolecular Physics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Viktorie Vlachova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.S.); (K.B.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (V.V.); Tel.: +420-296-442-759 (L.Z.); +420-296-442-711 (V.V.)
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61
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Larson CM, Wilcox GL, Fairbanks CA. The Study of Pain in Rats and Mice. Comp Med 2019; 69:555-570. [PMID: 31822322 PMCID: PMC6935695 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pain is a clinical syndrome arising from a variety of etiologies in a heterogeneous population, which makes successfully treating the individual patient difficult. Organizations and governments recognize the need for tailored and specific therapies, which drives pain research. This review summarizes the different types of pain assessments currently being used and the various rodent models that have been developed to recapitulate the human pain condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Larson
- Comparative and Molecular Biosciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St Paul, Minnesota
| | - George L Wilcox
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota;,
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62
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Manolache A, Selescu T, Maier GL, Mentel M, Ionescu AE, Neacsu C, Babes A, Szedlacsek SE. Regulation of TRPM8 channel activity by Src‐mediated tyrosine phosphorylation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:5192-5203. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Manolache
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Bucharest Bucuresti Romania
| | - Tudor Selescu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Bucharest Bucuresti Romania
| | - G. Larisa Maier
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Bucharest Bucuresti Romania
| | - Mihaela Mentel
- Department of EnzymologyInstitute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy Bucuresti Romania
| | - Aura Elena Ionescu
- Department of EnzymologyInstitute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy Bucuresti Romania
| | - Cristian Neacsu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Bucharest Bucuresti Romania
| | - Alexandru Babes
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Bucharest Bucuresti Romania
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De Caro C, Cristiano C, Avagliano C, Bertamino A, Ostacolo C, Campiglia P, Gomez-Monterrey I, La Rana G, Gualillo O, Calignano A, Russo R. Characterization of New TRPM8 Modulators in Pain Perception. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225544. [PMID: 31703254 PMCID: PMC6888553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin-8 (TRPM8) is a non-selective cation channel activated by cold temperature and by cooling agents. Several studies have proved that this channel is involved in pain perception. Although some studies indicate that TRPM8 inhibition is necessary to reduce acute and chronic pain, it is also reported that TRPM8 activation produces analgesia. These conflicting results could be explained by extracellular Ca2+-dependent desensitization that is induced by an excessive activation. Likely, this effect is due to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) depletion that leads to modification of TRPM8 channel activity, shifting voltage dependence towards more positive potentials. This phenomenon needs further evaluation and confirmation that would allow us to understand better the role of this channel and to develop new therapeutic strategies for controlling pain. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To understand the role of TRPM8 in pain perception, we tested two specific TRPM8-modulating compounds, an antagonist (IGM-18) and an agonist (IGM-5), in either acute or chronic animal pain models using male Sprague-Dawley rats or CD1 mice, after systemic or topical routes of administration. RESULTS IGM-18 and IGM-5 were fully characterized in vivo. The wet-dog shake test and the body temperature measurements highlighted the antagonist activity of IGM-18 on TRPM8 channels. Moreover, IGM-18 exerted an analgesic effect on formalin-induced orofacial pain and chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain, demonstrating the involvement of TRPM8 channels in these two pain models. Finally, the results were consistent with TRPM8 downregulation by agonist IGM-5, due to its excessive activation. CONCLUSIONS TRPM8 channels are strongly involved in pain modulation, and their selective antagonist is able to reduce both acute and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen De Caro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.D.C.); (C.C.); (C.A.); (C.O.); (I.G.-M.); (G.L.R.); (A.C.)
- Department of Science of Health, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Claudia Cristiano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.D.C.); (C.C.); (C.A.); (C.O.); (I.G.-M.); (G.L.R.); (A.C.)
| | - Carmen Avagliano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.D.C.); (C.C.); (C.A.); (C.O.); (I.G.-M.); (G.L.R.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessia Bertamino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (A.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Carmine Ostacolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.D.C.); (C.C.); (C.A.); (C.O.); (I.G.-M.); (G.L.R.); (A.C.)
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (A.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Isabel Gomez-Monterrey
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.D.C.); (C.C.); (C.A.); (C.O.); (I.G.-M.); (G.L.R.); (A.C.)
| | - Giovanna La Rana
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.D.C.); (C.C.); (C.A.); (C.O.); (I.G.-M.); (G.L.R.); (A.C.)
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Antonio Calignano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.D.C.); (C.C.); (C.A.); (C.O.); (I.G.-M.); (G.L.R.); (A.C.)
| | - Roberto Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.D.C.); (C.C.); (C.A.); (C.O.); (I.G.-M.); (G.L.R.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence:
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64
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Tamura K, Sugita S, Tokunaga T, Minegishi Y, Ota N. TRPM8-mediated cutaneous stimulation modulates motor neuron activity during treadmill stepping in mice. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:931-938. [PMID: 31482469 PMCID: PMC10717255 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-019-00707-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Motor units are generally recruited from the smallest to the largest following the size principle, while cutaneous stimulation has the potential to affect spinal motor control. We aimed to examine the effects of stimulating transient receptor potential channel sub-family M8 (TRPM8) combined with exercise on the modulation of spinal motor neuron (MN) excitability. Mice were topically administrated 1.5% icilin on the hindlimbs, followed by treadmill stepping. Spinal cord sections were immunostained with antibodies against c-fos and choline acetyltransferase. Icilin stimulation did not change the number of c-fos+ MNs, but increased the average soma size of the c-fos+ MNs during low-speed treadmill stepping. Furthermore, icilin stimulation combined with stepping increased c-fos+ cholinergic interneurons near the central canal, which are thought to modulate MN excitability. These findings suggest that TRPM8-mediated cutaneous stimulation with low-load exercise promotes preferential recruitment of large MNs and is potentially useful as a new training method for rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Tamura
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sugita
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Tokunaga
- Personal Health Care Products Research, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Minegishi
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan.
| | - Noriyasu Ota
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
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65
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The TRPA1 Ion Channel Contributes to Sensory-Guided Avoidance of Menthol in Mice. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0304-19.2019. [PMID: 31624176 PMCID: PMC6825956 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0304-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The flavoring agent menthol elicits complex orosensory and behavioral effects including perceived cooling at low concentrations and irritation and ingestive avoidance at higher intensities. Oral menthol engages the cold-activated transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel TRP melastatin 8 (TRPM8) on trigeminal fibers, although its aversive feature was discussed to involve activation of TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) associated with nociceptive processing. Here, we studied the roles of TRPM8 and TRPA1 in orosensory responding to menthol by subjecting mice gene deficient for either channel to brief-access exposure tests, which measure immediate licking responses to fluid stimuli to capture sensory/tongue control of behavior. Stimuli included aqueous concentration series of (−)-menthol [0 (water), 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.3 mM] and the aversive bitter taste stimulus quinine-HCl (0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, and 3 mM). Concentration-response data were generated from daily brief-access tests conducted in lickometers, which recorded the number of licks water-restricted mice emitted to a randomly selected stimulus concentration over a block of several 10-s stimulus presentations. Wild-type mice showed aversive orosensory responses to menthol above 0.7 mM. Oral aversion to menthol was reduced in mice deficient for TRPA1 but not TRPM8. Oral aversion to quinine was similar between TRPA1 mutant and control mice but stronger than avoidance of menthol. This implied menthol avoidance under the present conditions represented a moderate form of oral aversion. These data reveal TRPA1 contributes to the oral sensory valence of menthol and have implications for how input from TRPA1 and TRPM8 shapes somatosensory-guided behaviors.
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66
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Talavera K, Startek JB, Alvarez-Collazo J, Boonen B, Alpizar YA, Sanchez A, Naert R, Nilius B. Mammalian Transient Receptor Potential TRPA1 Channels: From Structure to Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:725-803. [PMID: 31670612 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential ankyrin (TRPA) channels are Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channels remarkably conserved through the animal kingdom. Mammals have only one member, TRPA1, which is widely expressed in sensory neurons and in non-neuronal cells (such as epithelial cells and hair cells). TRPA1 owes its name to the presence of 14 ankyrin repeats located in the NH2 terminus of the channel, an unusual structural feature that may be relevant to its interactions with intracellular components. TRPA1 is primarily involved in the detection of an extremely wide variety of exogenous stimuli that may produce cellular damage. This includes a plethora of electrophilic compounds that interact with nucleophilic amino acid residues in the channel and many other chemically unrelated compounds whose only common feature seems to be their ability to partition in the plasma membrane. TRPA1 has been reported to be activated by cold, heat, and mechanical stimuli, and its function is modulated by multiple factors, including Ca2+, trace metals, pH, and reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and carbonyl species. TRPA1 is involved in acute and chronic pain as well as inflammation, plays key roles in the pathophysiology of nearly all organ systems, and is an attractive target for the treatment of related diseases. Here we review the current knowledge about the mammalian TRPA1 channel, linking its unique structure, widely tuned sensory properties, and complex regulation to its roles in multiple pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Talavera
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Justyna B Startek
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julio Alvarez-Collazo
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brett Boonen
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yeranddy A Alpizar
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alicia Sanchez
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robbe Naert
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernd Nilius
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
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67
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The effect of temporal adaptation to different temperatures and osmolarities on heat response of TRPV4 in cultured cells. J Therm Biol 2019; 85:102424. [PMID: 31657765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channel is a polymodal receptor activated by moderate heat and hypoosmolarity. TRPV4 expressed in the skin area contributes to several skin functions as a barrier to maintain internal body physiology and a transporter of external stimuli. The skin condition such as skin temperature and osmolarity varies with internal and external changes, and may influence the activity of TRPV4 contributing to skin physiology, thermal sensation, and thermoregulation. However, the combination effect of skin conditions such as temperature and osmolarity on the activity of TRPV4 has not been examined. In the current study, we investigated the effect of temporal adaptation (5-10 min) to different temperature (25-35 °C) and osmolarity (250-350 mOsm) conditions on the heat response (until 40 °C) of human TRPV4 in cultured cells using Ca2+ imaging. The temperature to activate TRPV4 increased with elevation of the adaptation temperature, and decreased with the adaptation to hypoosmolarity in the range of 25-35 °C. In addition, the heat response was inhibited with the adaptation to hyperosmolarity in the range of 25-35 °C. Thus, we demonstrated that the activation temperature of TRPV4 varied with the temporal sensory adaptation to different temperature and osmolarity conditions. These findings may contribute to gaining better understanding of the variation in several TRPV4-mediated skin functions.
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68
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Vriens J, Voets T. Heat sensing involves a TRiPlet of ion channels. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3893-3898. [PMID: 31372975 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting and avoiding noxious heat is crucial to prevent burn injury. While the nociceptor neurons involved in conveying heat-induced pain were identified more than a century ago, the molecular sensors responsible for detecting noxious heat had remained elusive. In a recent study, important progress was made in our understanding of the molecular basis of acute noxious heat sensing, with the identification of a set of three transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, TRPV1, TRPA1, and TRPM3, which have crucial but largely redundant roles in acute heat sensing. Most strikingly, combined elimination of all three TRP channels causes a complete loss of the acute avoidance reaction to noxious heat, without affecting pain responses to painful mechanical or cold stimuli. Here, we provide a brief account of the current model of acute, noxious heat sensing and discuss possible implications for analgesic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Vriens
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, G-PURE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Voets
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, VIB-KU Leuven Centre for Brain and Disease Research, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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69
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Kozyreva T, Kozaruk V, Meyta E. Skin TRPA1 ion channel participates in thermoregulatory response to cold. Comparison with the effect of TRPM8. J Therm Biol 2019; 84:208-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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70
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Logashina YA, Korolkova YV, Kozlov SA, Andreev YA. TRPA1 Channel as a Regulator of Neurogenic Inflammation and Pain: Structure, Function, Role in Pathophysiology, and Therapeutic Potential of Ligands. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:101-118. [PMID: 31216970 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
TRPA1 is a cation channel located on the plasma membrane of many types of human and animal cells, including skin sensory neurons and epithelial cells of the intestine, lungs, urinary bladder, etc. TRPA1 is the major chemosensor that also responds to thermal and mechanical stimuli. Substances that activate TRPA1, e.g., allyl isothiocyanates (pungent components of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi), cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon, organosulfur compounds from garlic and onion, tear gas, acrolein and crotonaldehyde from cigarette smoke, etc., cause burning, mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, cough, eye irritation, sneezing, mucus secretion, and neurogenic inflammation. An increased activity of TRPA1 leads to the emergence of chronic pruritus and allergic dermatitis and is associated with episodic pain syndrome, a hereditary disease characterized by episodes of debilitating pain triggered by stress. TRPA1 is now considered as one of the targets for developing new anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs. This review summarizes information on the structure, function, and physiological role of this channel, as well as describes known TRPA1 ligands and their significance as therapeutic agents in the treatment of inflammation-associated pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu A Logashina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Yu V Korolkova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - S A Kozlov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Ya A Andreev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia. .,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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71
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G αq Sensitizes TRPM8 to Inhibition by PI(4,5)P 2 Depletion upon Receptor Activation. J Neurosci 2019; 39:6067-6080. [PMID: 31127000 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2304-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cold- and menthol-sensitive transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) channel is important for both physiological temperature detection and cold allodynia. Activation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) by proinflammatory mediators inhibits these channels. It was proposed that this inhibition proceeds via direct binding of G αq to the channel. TRPM8 requires the plasma membrane phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2 or PIP2] for activity. However, it was claimed that a decrease in cellular levels of this lipid upon receptor activation does not contribute to channel inhibition. Here, we show that supplementing the whole-cell patch pipette with PI(4,5)P2 reduced inhibition of TRPM8 by activation of Gαq-coupled receptors in mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons isolated from both sexes. Stimulating the same receptors activated phospholipase C (PLC) and decreased plasma membrane PI(4,5)P2 levels in these neurons. PI(4,5)P2 also reduced inhibition of TRPM8 by activation of heterologously expressed muscarinic M1 receptors. Coexpression of a constitutively active G αq protein that does not couple to PLC inhibited TRPM8 activity, and in cells expressing this protein, decreasing PI(4,5)P2 levels using a voltage-sensitive 5'-phosphatase induced a stronger inhibition of TRPM8 activity than in control cells. Our data indicate that, upon GPCR activation, G αq binding reduces the apparent affinity of TRPM8 for PI(4,5)P2 and thus sensitizes the channel to inhibition induced by decreasing PI(4,5)P2 levels.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Increased sensitivity to heat in inflammation is partially mediated by inhibition of the cold- and menthol-sensitive transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) ion channels. Most inflammatory mediators act via G-protein-coupled receptors that activate the phospholipase C pathway, leading to the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. How receptor activation by inflammatory mediators leads to TRPM8 inhibition is not well understood. Here, we propose that direct binding of G αq both reduces TRPM8 activity and sensitizes the channel to inhibition by decreased levels of its cofactor, PI(4,5)P2 Our data demonstrate the convergence of two downstream effectors of receptor activation, G αq and PI(4,5)P2 hydrolysis, in the regulation of TRPM8.
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72
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TRPA1 Sensitization Produces Hyperalgesia to Heat but not to Cold Stimuli in Human Volunteers. Clin J Pain 2019; 35:321-327. [DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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73
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Conklin DJ, Guo Y, Nystoriak MA, Jagatheesan G, Obal D, Kilfoil PJ, Hoetker JD, Guo L, Bolli R, Bhatnagar A. TRPA1 channel contributes to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H889-H899. [PMID: 30735434 PMCID: PMC6483018 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00106.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) results in the generation of free radicals, accumulation of lipid peroxidation-derived unsaturated aldehydes, variable angina (pain), and infarction. The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) mediates pain signaling and is activated by unsaturated aldehydes, including acrolein and 4-hydroxynonenal. The contribution of TRPA1 (a Ca2+-permeable channel) to I/R-induced myocardial injury is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that cardiac TRPA1 confers myocyte sensitivity to aldehyde accumulation and promotes I/R injury. Although basal cardiovascular function in TRPA1-null mice was similar to that in wild-type (WT) mice, infarct size was significantly smaller in TRPA1-null mice than in WT mice (34.1 ± 9.3 vs. 14.3 ± 9.9% of the risk region, n = 8 and 7, respectively, P < 0.05), despite a similar I/R-induced area at risk (40.3 ±8.4% and 42.2 ± 11.3% for WT and TRPA1-null mice, respectively) after myocardial I/R (30 min of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion) in situ. Positive TRPA1 immunofluorescence was present in murine and human hearts and was colocalized with connexin43 at intercalated disks in isolated murine cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocyte TRPA1 was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR, DNA sequencing, Western blot analysis, and electrophysiology. A role of TRPA1 in cardiomyocyte toxicity was demonstrated in isolated cardiomyocytes exposed to acrolein, an I/R-associated toxin that induces Ca2+ accumulation and hypercontraction, effects significantly blunted by HC-030031, a TRPA1 antagonist. Protection induced by HC-030031 was quantitatively equivalent to that induced by SN-6, a Na+/Ca2+ exchange inhibitor, further supporting a role of Ca2+ overload in acrolein-induced cardiomyocyte toxicity. These data indicate that cardiac TRPA1 activation likely contributes to I/R injury and, thus, that TRPA1 may be a novel therapeutic target for decreasing myocardial I/R injury. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) activation mediates increased blood flow, edema, and pain reception, yet its role in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is unknown. Genetic ablation of TRPA1 significantly decreased myocardial infarction after I/R in mice. Functional TRPA1 in cardiomyocytes was enriched in intercalated disks and contributed to acrolein-induced Ca2+ overload and hypercontraction. These data indicate that I/R activation of TRPA1 worsens myocardial infarction; TRPA1 may be a potential target to mitigate I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Conklin
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Yiru Guo
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Matthew A Nystoriak
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Ganapathy Jagatheesan
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Detlef Obal
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Peter J Kilfoil
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Hospital , Los Angeles, California
| | - Joseph David Hoetker
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Luping Guo
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Roberto Bolli
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
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74
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Huang T, Lin SH, Malewicz NM, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Goulding M, LaMotte RH, Ma Q. Identifying the pathways required for coping behaviours associated with sustained pain. Nature 2018; 565:86-90. [PMID: 30532001 PMCID: PMC6461409 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0793-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Animals and humans display two types of responses to noxious stimuli. The first includes reflexive-defensive responses to prevent or limit injury. A well-known example is the quick withdrawal of one’s hand touching a hot object. When the first-line response fails to prevent tissue damage (e.g., a finger is burnt), the resulting pain invokes a second-line coping response, such as licking the injured area to soothe suffering. However, the underlying neural circuits driving these two strings of behaviors remain poorly understood. Here we show that in mice, spinal neurons marked by coexpression of TુCre and Lbx1Flpo, called Tac1Lbx1, drive pain-related coping responses. Ablation of Tac1Lbx1 neurons led to loss of persistent licking and conditioned aversion evoked by stimuli that produce sustained pain in humans, including skin pinching and burn injury, without affecting all tested reflexive-defensive reactions. This selective indifference to sustained pain resembles the phenotype seen in humans with lesions of medial thalamic nuclei1–3. Consistently, spinal Tac1 lineage neurons are connected to medial thalamic nuclei, via direct projections and indirect routes through the superior lateral parabrachial nuclei. Furthermore, the anatomical and functional segregation observed at the spinal levels is applied to primary sensory neurons. For example, in response to noxious mechanical stimuli, Mrgprd+ and TRPV1+ nociceptors are required to elicit reflexive and coping responses, respectively. Our studies therefore reveal a fundamental subdivision within the cutaneous somatosensory system. The implications for translational success from preclinical pain studies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Huang
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shing-Hong Lin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathalie M Malewicz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine; Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Martyn Goulding
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert H LaMotte
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Qiufu Ma
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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75
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Boonen B, Alpizar YA, Meseguer VM, Talavera K. TRP Channels as Sensors of Bacterial Endotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10080326. [PMID: 30103489 PMCID: PMC6115757 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular and systemic effects induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been solely attributed to the activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signalling cascade. However, recent studies have shown that LPS activates several members of the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) family of cation channels. Indeed, LPS induces activation of the broadly-tuned chemosensor TRPA1 in sensory neurons in a TLR4-independent manner, and genetic ablation of this channel reduced mouse pain and inflammatory responses triggered by LPS and the gustatory-mediated avoidance to LPS in fruit flies. LPS was also shown to activate TRPV4 channels in airway epithelial cells, an effect leading to an immediate production of bactericidal nitric oxide and to an increase in ciliary beat frequency. In this review, we discuss the role of TRP channels as sensors of bacterial endotoxins, and therefore, as crucial players in the timely detection of invading gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Boonen
- Laboratory for Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, O&N1 Herestraat 49 - box 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Yeranddy A Alpizar
- Laboratory for Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, O&N1 Herestraat 49 - box 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Victor M Meseguer
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain.
| | - Karel Talavera
- Laboratory for Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, O&N1 Herestraat 49 - box 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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76
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Moran MM, Szallasi A. Targeting nociceptive transient receptor potential channels to treat chronic pain: current state of the field. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2185-2203. [PMID: 28924972 PMCID: PMC5980611 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of chronic pain is frequently inadequate and/or associated with intolerable adverse effects, prompting a frantic search for new therapeutics and new therapeutic targets. Nearly two decades of preclinical and clinical research supports the involvement of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in temperature perception, nociception and sensitization. Although there has been considerable excitement around the therapeutic potential of this channel family since the cloning and identification of TRPV1 cation channels as the capsaicin receptor more than 20 years ago, only modulators of a few channels have been tested clinically. TRPV1 channel antagonists have suffered from side effects related to the channel's role in temperature sensation; however, high dose formulations of capsaicin have reached the market and shown therapeutic utility. A number of potent, small molecule antagonists of TRPA1 channels have recently advanced into clinical trials for the treatment of inflammatory and neuropathic pain, and TRPM8 antagonists are following closely behind for cold allodynia. TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPM2 and TRPM3 channels have also been of significant interest. This review discusses the preclinical promise and status of novel analgesic agents that target TRP channels and the challenges that these compounds may face in development and clinical practice. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Recent Advances in Targeting Ion Channels to Treat Chronic Pain. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arpad Szallasi
- Clinical LaboratoriesBaptist Medical CenterJacksonvilleFLUSA
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77
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Selective cold pain inhibition by targeted block of TRPM8-expressing neurons with quaternary lidocaine derivative QX-314. Commun Biol 2018; 1:53. [PMID: 30271936 PMCID: PMC6123689 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of pain with local anesthetics leads to an unfavorable decrease in general sensory acuity due to their indiscriminate block of both pain sensing (nociceptors) and non-pain sensing nerves. However, the cell impermeant lidocaine derivative QX-314 can be selectively targeted to only nociceptors by permeation through ligand-gated cation channels. Here we show that localized injection of QX-314 with agonists for the menthol receptor TRPM8 specifically blocks cold-evoked behaviors in mice, including cold allodynia and hyperalgesia. Remarkably, cooling stimuli also promotes QX-314-mediated inhibition of cold behaviors, and can be used to block cold allodynia, while retaining relatively normal cold sensation. The effects of both agonist and thermally evoked uptake of QX-314 are TRPM8-dependent, results demonstrating an effective approach to treat localized cold pain without altering general somatosensation. Serra Ongun, Angela Sarkisian and David McKemy show that localized co-injection of lidocaine derivative QX-314 and receptor agonists is able to block cold sensitivity in mice in a targeted way, with implications for treating cold pain associated with injury and disease.
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78
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Tan CH, McNaughton PA. TRPM2 and warmth sensation. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:787-798. [PMID: 29552700 PMCID: PMC5942353 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The abilities to detect warmth and heat are critical for the survival of all animals, both in order to be able to identify suitable thermal environments for the many different activities essential for life and to avoid damage caused by extremes of temperature. Several ion channels belonging to the TRP family are activated by non-noxious warmth or by heat and are therefore plausible candidates for thermal detectors, but identifying those that actually regulate warmth and heat detection in intact animals has proven problematic. TRPM2 has recently emerged as a likely candidate for the detector of non-noxious warmth, as it is expressed in sensory neurons, and mice show deficits in the detection of warmth when TRPM2 is genetically deleted. TRPM2 is a chanzyme, containing a thermally activated TRP ion channel domain attached to a C-terminal motif, derived from a mitochondrial ADP ribose pyrophosphatase, that confers on the channel sensitivity to ADP ribose and reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide. Several open questions remain. Male mammals prefer cooler environments than female, but the molecular basis of this sex difference is unknown. TRPM2 plays a role in regulating body temperature, but are other warmth-detecting mechanisms also involved? TRPM2 is expressed in autonomic neurons, but does it confer a sensory function in addition to the well-known motor functions of autonomic neurons? TRPM2 is thought to play important roles in the immune system, in pain and in insulin secretion, but the mechanisms are unclear. TRPM2 has to date received less attention than many other members of the TRP family but is rapidly assuming importance both in normal physiology and as a key target in disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hsiang Tan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Peter A McNaughton
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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79
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Hoffstaetter LJ, Bagriantsev SN, Gracheva EO. TRPs et al.: a molecular toolkit for thermosensory adaptations. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:745-759. [PMID: 29484488 PMCID: PMC5945325 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to sense temperature is crucial for the survival of an organism. Temperature influences all biological operations, from rates of metabolic reactions to protein folding, and broad behavioral functions, from feeding to breeding, and other seasonal activities. The evolution of specialized thermosensory adaptations has enabled animals to inhabit extreme temperature niches and to perform specific temperature-dependent behaviors. The function of sensory neurons depends on the participation of various types of ion channels. Each of the channels involved in neuronal excitability, whether through the generation of receptor potential, action potential, or the maintenance of the resting potential have temperature-dependent properties that can tune the neuron's response to temperature stimuli. Since the function of all proteins is affected by temperature, animals need adaptations not only for detecting different temperatures, but also for maintaining sensory ability at different temperatures. A full understanding of the molecular mechanism of thermosensation requires an investigation of all channel types at each step of thermosensory transduction. A fruitful avenue of investigation into how different molecules can contribute to the fine-tuning of temperature sensitivity is to study the specialized adaptations of various species. Given the diversity of molecular participants at each stage of sensory transduction, animals have a toolkit of channels at their disposal to adapt their thermosensitivity to their particular habitats or behavioral circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia J Hoffstaetter
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA
| | - Sviatoslav N Bagriantsev
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA
| | - Elena O Gracheva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA.
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA.
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80
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Señarís R, Ordás P, Reimúndez A, Viana F. Mammalian cold TRP channels: impact on thermoregulation and energy homeostasis. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:761-777. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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81
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De Caro C, Russo R, Avagliano C, Cristiano C, Calignano A, Aramini A, Bianchini G, Allegretti M, Brandolini L. Antinociceptive effect of two novel transient receptor potential melastatin 8 antagonists in acute and chronic pain models in rat. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:1691-1706. [PMID: 29485712 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a superfamily of non-selective cation permeable channels involved in peripheral sensory signalling. Animal studies have shown that several TRPs are important players in pain modulation. Among them, the TRP melastatin 8 (TRPM8) has elicited more interest for its controversial role in nociception. This channel, expressed by a subpopulation of sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and trigeminal ganglia (TG), is activated by cold temperatures and cooling agents. In experimental neuropathic pain models, an up-regulation of this receptor in DRG and TG has been observed, suggesting a key role for TRPM8 in the development and maintenance of pain. Consistent with this hypothesis, TRPM8 knockout mice are less responsive to pain stimuli. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In this study, the therapeutic potential and efficacy of two novel TRPM8 antagonists, DFL23693 and DFL23448, were tested. KEY RESULTS Two potent and selective TRPM8 antagonists with distinct pharmacokinetic profiles, DFL23693 and DFL23448, have been fully characterized in vitro. In vivo studies in well-established models, namely, the wet-dog shaking test and changes in body temperature, confirmed their ability to block the TRPM8 channel. Finally, TRPM8 blockage resulted in a significant antinociceptive effect in formalin-induced orofacial pain and in chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain, confirming an important role for this channel in pain perception. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings, in agreement with previous literature, encourage further studies for a better comprehension of the therapeutic potential of TRPM8 blockers as novel agents for pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen De Caro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Science of Health, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberto Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Avagliano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Cristiano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Calignano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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82
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Pluskal T, Weng JK. Natural product modulators of human sensations and mood: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:1592-1637. [PMID: 28933478 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00411g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Humans perceive physical information about the surrounding environment through their senses. This physical information is registered by a collection of highly evolved and finely tuned molecular sensory receptors. A multitude of bioactive, structurally diverse ligands have evolved in nature that bind these molecular receptors. The complex, dynamic interactions between the ligands and the receptors lead to changes in our sensory perception or mood. Here, we review our current knowledge of natural products and their derived analogues that interact specifically with human G protein-coupled receptors, ion channels, and nuclear hormone receptors to modulate the sensations of taste, smell, temperature, pain, and itch, as well as mood and its associated behaviour. We discuss the molecular and structural mechanisms underlying such interactions and highlight cases where subtle differences in natural product chemistry produce drastic changes in functional outcome. We also discuss cases where a single compound triggers complex sensory or behavioural changes in humans through multiple mechanistic targets. Finally, we comment on the therapeutic potential of the reviewed area of research and draw attention to recent technological developments in genomics, metabolomics, and metabolic engineering that allow us to tap the medicinal properties of natural product chemistry without taxing nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Pluskal
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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83
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Moore C, Gupta R, Jordt SE, Chen Y, Liedtke WB. Regulation of Pain and Itch by TRP Channels. Neurosci Bull 2018; 34:120-142. [PMID: 29282613 PMCID: PMC5799130 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nociception is an important physiological process that detects harmful signals and results in pain perception. In this review, we discuss important experimental evidence involving some TRP ion channels as molecular sensors of chemical, thermal, and mechanical noxious stimuli to evoke the pain and itch sensations. Among them are the TRPA1 channel, members of the vanilloid subfamily (TRPV1, TRPV3, and TRPV4), and finally members of the melastatin group (TRPM2, TRPM3, and TRPM8). Given that pain and itch are pro-survival, evolutionarily-honed protective mechanisms, care has to be exercised when developing inhibitory/modulatory compounds targeting specific pain/itch-TRPs so that physiological protective mechanisms are not disabled to a degree that stimulus-mediated injury can occur. Such events have impeded the development of safe and effective TRPV1-modulating compounds and have diverted substantial resources. A beneficial outcome can be readily accomplished via simple dosing strategies, and also by incorporating medicinal chemistry design features during compound design and synthesis. Beyond clinical use, where compounds that target more than one channel might have a place and possibly have advantageous features, highly specific and high-potency compounds will be helpful in mechanistic discovery at the structure-function level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlene Moore
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sven-Eric Jordt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Wolfgang B Liedtke
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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84
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Weyer-Menkhoff I, Thrun M, Lötsch J. Machine-learned analysis of quantitative sensory testing responses to noxious cold stimulation in healthy subjects. Eur J Pain 2018; 22:862-874. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Weyer-Menkhoff
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology; Goethe - University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - M.C. Thrun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - J. Lötsch
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology; Goethe - University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP; Frankfurt am Main Germany
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85
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86
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Abstract
Of somatosensory modalities cold is one of the more ambiguous percepts, evoking the pleasant sensation of cooling, the stinging bite of cold pain, and welcome relief from chronic pain. Moreover, unlike the precipitous thermal thresholds for heat activation of thermosensitive afferent neurons, thresholds for cold fibers are across a range of cool to cold temperatures that spans over 30°C. Until recently, how cold produces this myriad of biologic effects was unknown. However, recent advances in our understanding of cold mechanisms at the behavioral, physiologic, and cellular level have begun to provide insights into this sensory modality. The identification of a number of ion channels that either serve as the principal detectors of a cold stimulus in the peripheral nervous system, or are part of a differential expression pattern of channels that maintain cell excitability in the cold, endows select neurons with properties that are amenable to electric signaling in the cold. This chapter highlights the current understanding of the molecules involved in cold transduction in the mammalian peripheral nervous system, as well as presenting a hypothetic model to account for the broad range of cold thermal thresholds and distinct functions of cold fibers in perception, pain, and analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D McKemy
- Section of Neurobiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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87
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Abstract
The sensation of pain plays a vital protecting role, alerting organisms about potentially damaging stimuli. Tissue injury is detected by nerve endings of specialized peripheral sensory neurons called nociceptors that are equipped with different ion channels activated by thermal, mechanic, and chemical stimuli. Several transient receptor potential channels have been identified as molecular transducers of thermal stimuli in pain-sensing neurons. Skin injury or inflammation leads to increased sensitivity to thermal and mechanic stimuli, clinically defined as allodynia or hyperalgesia. This hypersensitivity is also characteristic of systemic inflammatory disorders and neuropathic pain conditions. Mechanisms of thermal hyperalgesia include peripheral sensitization of nociceptor afferents and maladaptive changes in pain-encoding neurons within the central nervous system. An important aspect of pain management involves attempts to minimize the development of nociceptor hypersensitivity. However, knowledge about the cellular and molecular mechanisms causing thermal hyperalgesia and allodynia in human subjects is still limited, and such knowledge would be an essential step for the development of more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Viana
- Alicante Institute of Neurosciences, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.
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88
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Vizin RCL, Motzko-Soares ACP, Armentano GM, Ishikawa DT, Cruz-Neto AP, Carrettiero DC, Almeida MC. Short-term menthol treatment promotes persistent thermogenesis without induction of compensatory food consumption in Wistar rats: implications for obesity control. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 124:672-683. [PMID: 29357504 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00770.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the influence of daily repeated menthol treatments on body mass and thermoregulatory effectors in Wistar rats, considering that menthol is a transient receptor potential melastatin 8 channel agonist that mimics cold sensation and activates thermoregulatory cold-defense mechanisms in mammals, promoting hyperthermia and increasing energy expenditure, and has been suggested as an anti-obesity drug. Male Wistar rats were topically treated with 5% menthol for 3 or 9 consecutive days while body mass, food intake, abdominal temperature, metabolism, cutaneous vasoconstriction, and thermal preference were measured. Menthol promoted hyperthermia on all days of treatment, due to an increase in metabolism and cutaneous vasoconstriction, without affecting food intake, resulting in less mass gain in menthol-hyperthermic animals. As the treatment progressed, the menthol-induced increases in metabolism and hyperthermia were attenuated but not abolished. Moreover, cutaneous vasoconstriction was potentiated, and an increase in the warmth-seeking behavior was induced. Taken together, the results suggest that, although changes occur in thermoeffector recruitment during the course of short-term treatment, menthol is a promising drug to prevent body mass gain. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Menthol produces a persistent increase in energy expenditure, with limited compensatory thermoregulatory adaptations and, most unexpectedly, without affecting food intake. Thus short-term treatment with menthol results in less mass gain in treated animals compared with controls. Our results suggest that menthol is a promising drug for the prevention of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Cristiano Lillo Vizin
- Graduate Program on Neuroscience and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC , São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Anna Carolina P Motzko-Soares
- Graduate Program on Neuroscience and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC , São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Giovana Marchini Armentano
- Natural and Humanities Science Center, Universidade Federal do ABC , São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Débora T Ishikawa
- Graduate Program on Neuroscience and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC , São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Ariovaldo P Cruz-Neto
- Department of Zoology, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Daniel Carneiro Carrettiero
- Graduate Program on Neuroscience and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC , São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo , Brazil.,Natural and Humanities Science Center, Universidade Federal do ABC , São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Maria Camila Almeida
- Graduate Program on Neuroscience and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC , São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo , Brazil.,Natural and Humanities Science Center, Universidade Federal do ABC , São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo , Brazil
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89
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Analgesic-Like Activity of Essential Oil Constituents: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122392. [PMID: 29232831 PMCID: PMC5751100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The constituents of essential oils are widely found in foods and aromatic plants giving characteristic odor and flavor. However, pharmacological studies evidence its therapeutic potential for the treatment of several diseases and promising use as compounds with analgesic-like action. Considering that pain affects a significant part of the world population and the need for the development of new analgesics, this review reports on the current studies of essential oils’ chemical constituents with analgesic-like activity, including a description of their mechanisms of action and chemical aspects.
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90
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Jankowski MP, Rau KK, Koerber HR. Cutaneous TRPM8-expressing sensory afferents are a small population of neurons with unique firing properties. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/7/e13234. [PMID: 28381446 PMCID: PMC5392520 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well documented that the transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) receptor is involved in environmental cold detection. The role that this receptor plays in nociception however, has been somewhat controversial since conflicting reports have shown different neurochemical identities and responsiveness of TRPM8 neurons. In order to functionally characterize cutaneous TRMP8 fibers, we used two ex vivo somatosensory recording preparations to functionally characterize TRPM8 neurons that innervate the hairy skin in mice genetically engineered to express GFP from the TRPM8 locus. We found several types of cold-sensitive neurons that innervate the hairy skin of the mouse but the TRPM8-expressing neurons were found to be of two specific populations that responded with rapid firing to cool temperatures. The first group was mechanically insensitive but the other did respond to high threshold mechanical deformation of the skin. None of these fibers were found to contain calcitonin gene-related peptide, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 or bind isolectin B4. These results taken together with other reports suggest that TRPM8 containing sensory neurons are environmental cooling detectors that may be nociceptive or non-nociceptive depending on the sensitivity of individual fibers to different combinations of stimulus modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Jankowski
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristofer K Rau
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - H Richard Koerber
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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91
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Deuis JR, Dvorakova LS, Vetter I. Methods Used to Evaluate Pain Behaviors in Rodents. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:284. [PMID: 28932184 PMCID: PMC5592204 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents are commonly used to study the pathophysiological mechanisms of pain as studies in humans may be difficult to perform and ethically limited. As pain cannot be directly measured in rodents, many methods that quantify “pain-like” behaviors or nociception have been developed. These behavioral methods can be divided into stimulus-evoked or non-stimulus evoked (spontaneous) nociception, based on whether or not application of an external stimulus is used to elicit a withdrawal response. Stimulus-evoked methods, which include manual and electronic von Frey, Randall-Selitto and the Hargreaves test, were the first to be developed and continue to be in widespread use. However, concerns over the clinical translatability of stimulus-evoked nociception in recent years has led to the development and increasing implementation of non-stimulus evoked methods, such as grimace scales, burrowing, weight bearing and gait analysis. This review article provides an overview, as well as discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the most commonly used behavioral methods of stimulus-evoked and non-stimulus-evoked nociception used in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Deuis
- IMB Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandSt. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Lucie S Dvorakova
- IMB Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandSt. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- IMB Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandSt. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, The University of QueenslandWoolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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92
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Wang B, Shi L, Zhang Y, Zhou Q, Zheng J, Szeimies R, Wang X. Gain with no pain? Pain management in dermatological photodynamic therapy. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:656-665. [PMID: 28122416 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Wang
- Department of Dermatology Ruijin Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai China
| | - L. Shi
- Institute of Photomedicine Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital Tongji University School of Medicine 1278 Baode Road Shanghai 200443 China
| | - Y.F. Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital Tongji University School of Medicine 1278 Baode Road Shanghai 200443 China
| | - Q. Zhou
- Institute of Photomedicine Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital Tongji University School of Medicine 1278 Baode Road Shanghai 200443 China
| | - J. Zheng
- Department of Dermatology Ruijin Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai China
| | - R.M. Szeimies
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology Vest Clinic Recklinghausen Germany
| | - X.L. Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital Tongji University School of Medicine 1278 Baode Road Shanghai 200443 China
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93
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Winter Z, Gruschwitz P, Eger S, Touska F, Zimmermann K. Cold Temperature Encoding by Cutaneous TRPA1 and TRPM8-Carrying Fibers in the Mouse. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:209. [PMID: 28713241 PMCID: PMC5492152 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research identified TRPM8 and TRPA1 cold transducers with separate functions, one being functional in the non-noxious range and the second one being a nociceptive transducer. TRPM8-deficient mice present overt deficits in the detection of environmental cool, but not a lack of cold avoidance and TRPA1-deficient mice show clear deficits in some cold nocifensive assays. The extent of TRPA1's contribution to cold sensing in vivo is still unclear, because mice lacking both TRPM8 and TRPA1 (DKO) were described with unchanged cold avoidance from TRPM8−/− based on a two-temperature-choice assay and by c-fos measurement. The present study was designed to differentiate how much TRPM8 alone and combined TRPA1 and TRPM8 contribute to cold sensing. We analyzed behavior in the thermal ring track assay adjusted between 30 and 5°C and found a large reduction in cold avoidance of the double knockout mice as compared to the TRPM8-deficient mice. We also revisited skin-nerve recordings from saphenous-nerve skin preparations with regard to nociceptors and thermoreceptors. We compared the frequency and characteristics of the cold responses of TRPM8-expressing and TRPM8-negative C-fiber nociceptors in C57BL/6J mice with nociceptors of TRPM8-deficient and DKO mice and found that TRPM8 enables nociceptors to encode cold temperatures with higher firing rates and larger responses with sustained, static component. In TRPM8−/−, C-fiber cold nociceptors were markedly reduced and appeared further reduced in DKO. Nevertheless, the remaining cold responses in both knockout strains were similar in their characteristics and they were indifferent from the TRPM8-negative cold responses found in C57BL/6J mice. TRPM8 had a comparably essential role for encoding cold in thermoreceptors and lack of TRPM8 reduced response magnitude, peak and mean firing rates and the incidence of thermoreceptors. The encoding deficits were similar in the DKO strain. Our data illustrate that lack of TRPA1 in TRPM8-deficient mice results in a disproportionately large reduction in cold avoidance behavior and also affects the incidence of cold encoding fiber types. Presumably TRPA1 compensates for lack of TRPM8 to a certain extent and both channels cooperate to cover the entire cold temperature range, making cold-temperature encoding by TRPA1—although less powerful—synergistic to TRPM8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Winter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-NürnbergErlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Gruschwitz
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-NürnbergErlangen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Eger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-NürnbergErlangen, Germany
| | - Filip Touska
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-NürnbergErlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Zimmermann
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-NürnbergErlangen, Germany
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94
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Abstract
Hypotonic solutions can cause painful sensations in nasal and ocular mucosa through molecular mechanisms that are not entirely understood. We clarified the ability of human TRPA1 (hTRPA1) to respond to physical stimulus, and evaluated the response of hTRPA1 to cell swelling under hypotonic conditions. Using a Ca2+-imaging method, we found that modulation of AITC-induced hTRPA1 activity occurred under hypotonic conditions. Moreover, cell swelling in hypotonic conditions evoked single-channel activation of hTRPA1 in a cell-attached mode when the patch pipette was attached after cell swelling under hypotonic conditions, but not before swelling. Single-channel currents activated by cell swelling were also inhibited by a known hTRPA1 blocker. Since pre-application of thapsigargin or pretreatment with the calcium chelator BAPTA did not affect the single-channel activation induced by cell swelling, changes in intracellular calcium concentrations are likely not related to hTRPA1 activation induced by physical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Fujita
- Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- Basic Research Institute, Mandom Corp., Osaka, 540-8530, Japan.
- Laboratory of Advanced Cosmetic Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kunitoshi Uchida
- Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yasunori Takayama
- Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Suzuki
- Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takaishi
- Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Product Assurance Division, Mandom Corp., Osaka, 540-8530, Japan
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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95
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Memon T, Chase K, Leavitt LS, Olivera BM, Teichert RW. TRPA1 expression levels and excitability brake by K V channels influence cold sensitivity of TRPA1-expressing neurons. Neuroscience 2017; 353:76-86. [PMID: 28408328 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The molecular sensor of innocuous (painless) cold sensation is well-established to be transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 8 (TRPM8). However, the role of transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1 (TRPA1) in noxious (painful) cold sensation has been controversial. We find that TRPA1 channels contribute to the noxious cold sensitivity of mouse somatosensory neurons, independent of TRPM8 channels, and that TRPA1-expressing neurons are largely non-overlapping with TRPM8-expressing neurons in mouse dorsal-root ganglia (DRG). However, relatively few TRPA1-expressing neurons (e.g., responsive to allyl isothiocyanate or AITC, a selective TRPA1 agonist) respond overtly to cold temperature in vitro, unlike TRPM8-expressing neurons, which almost all respond to cold. Using somatosensory neurons from TRPM8-/- mice and subtype-selective blockers of TRPM8 and TRPA1 channels, we demonstrate that responses to cold temperatures from TRPA1-expressing neurons are mediated by TRPA1 channels. We also identify two factors that affect the cold-sensitivity of TRPA1-expressing neurons: (1) cold-sensitive AITC-sensitive neurons express relatively more TRPA1 transcripts than cold-insensitive AITC-sensitive neurons and (2) voltage-gated potassium (KV) channels attenuate the cold-sensitivity of some TRPA1-expressing neurons. The combination of these two factors, combined with the relatively weak agonist-like activity of cold temperature on TRPA1 channels, partially explains why few TRPA1-expressing neurons respond to cold. Blocking KV channels also reveals another subclass of noxious cold-sensitive DRG neurons that do not express TRPM8 or TRPA1 channels. Altogether, the results of this study provide novel insights into the cold-sensitivity of different subclasses of somatosensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosifa Memon
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Kevin Chase
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Lee S Leavitt
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Baldomero M Olivera
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Russell W Teichert
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
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96
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Wang XP, Yu X, Yan XJ, Lei F, Chai YS, Jiang JF, Yuan ZY, Xing DM, Du LJ. TRPM8 in the negative regulation of TNFα expression during cold stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45155. [PMID: 28332601 PMCID: PMC5362914 DOI: 10.1038/srep45155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin-8 (TRPM8) reportedly plays a fundamental role in a variety of processes including cold sensation, thermoregulation, pain transduction and tumorigenesis. However, the role of TRPM8 in inflammation under cold conditions is not well known. Since cooling allows the convergence of primary injury and injury-induced inflammation, we hypothesized that the mechanism of the protective effects of cooling might be related to TRPM8. We therefore investigated the involvement of TRPM8 activation in the regulation of inflammatory cytokines. The results showed that TRPM8 expression in the mouse hypothalamus was upregulated when the ambient temperature decreased; simultaneously, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) was downregulated. The inhibitory effect of TRPM8 on TNFα was mediated by nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB). Specifically, cold stress stimulated the expression of TRPM8, which promoted the interaction of TRPM8 and NFκB, thereby suppressing NFκB nuclear localization. This suppression consequently led to the inhibition of TNFα gene transcription. The present data suggest a possible theoretical foundation for the anti-inflammatory role of TRPM8 activation, providing an experimental basis that could contribute to the advancement of cooling therapy for trauma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Pei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuan Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao-Jin Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fan Lei
- School of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu-Shuang Chai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing-Fei Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhi-Yi Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dong-Ming Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Li-Jun Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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97
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Sensory Neuron-Specific Deletion of TRPA1 Results in Mechanical Cutaneous Sensory Deficits. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0069-16. [PMID: 28303259 PMCID: PMC5346175 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0069-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The nonselective cation channel transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is known to be a key contributor to both somatosensation and pain. Recent studies have implicated TRPA1 in additional physiologic functions and have also suggested that TRPA1 is expressed in nonneuronal tissues. Thus, it has become necessary to resolve the importance of TRPA1 expressed in primary sensory neurons, particularly since previous research has largely used global knock-out animals and chemical TRPA1 antagonists. We therefore sought to isolate the physiological relevance of TRPA1 specifically within sensory neurons. To accomplish this, we used Advillin-Cre mice, in which the promoter for Advillin is used to drive expression of Cre recombinase specifically within sensory neurons. These Advillin-Cre mice were crossed with Trpa1fl/fl mice to generate sensory neuron-specific Trpa1 knock-out mice. Here, we show that tissue-specific deletion of TRPA1 from sensory neurons produced strong deficits in behavioral sensitivity to mechanical stimulation, while sensitivity to cold and heat stimuli remained intact. The mechanical sensory deficit was incomplete compared to the mechanosensory impairment of TRPA1 global knock-out mice, in line with the incomplete (∼80%) elimination of TRPA1 from sensory neurons in the tissue-specific Advillin-Cre knock-out mice. Equivalent findings were observed in tissue-specific knock-out animals originating from two independently-generated Advillin-Cre lines. As such, our results show that sensory neuron TRPA1 is required for mechanical, but not cold, responsiveness in noninjured skin.
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98
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Tazawa K, Ikeda H, Kawashima N, Okiji T. Transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) 8 is expressed in freshly isolated native human odontoblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 75:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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99
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Role of the Excitability Brake Potassium Current I KD in Cold Allodynia Induced by Chronic Peripheral Nerve Injury. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3109-3126. [PMID: 28179555 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3553-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold allodynia is a common symptom of neuropathic and inflammatory pain following peripheral nerve injury. The mechanisms underlying this disabling sensory alteration are not entirely understood. In primary somatosensory neurons, cold sensitivity is mainly determined by a functional counterbalance between cold-activated TRPM8 channels and Shaker-like Kv1.1-1.2 channels underlying the excitability brake current IKD Here we studied the role of IKD in damage-triggered painful hypersensitivity to innocuous cold. We found that cold allodynia induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in mice, was related to both an increase in the proportion of cold-sensitive neurons (CSNs) in DRGs contributing to the sciatic nerve, and a decrease in their cold temperature threshold. IKD density was reduced in high-threshold CSNs from CCI mice compared with sham animals, with no differences in cold-induced TRPM8-dependent current density. The electrophysiological properties and neurochemical profile of CSNs revealed an increase of nociceptive-like phenotype among neurons from CCI animals compared with sham mice. These results were validated using a mathematical model of CSNs, including IKD and TRPM8, showing that a reduction in IKD current density shifts the thermal threshold to higher temperatures and that the reduction of this current induces cold sensitivity in former cold-insensitive neurons expressing low levels of TRPM8-like current. Together, our results suggest that cold allodynia is largely due to a functional downregulation of IKD in both high-threshold CSNs and in a subpopulation of polymodal nociceptors expressing TRPM8, providing a general molecular and neural mechanism for this sensory alteration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This paper unveils the critical role of the brake potassium current IKD in damage-triggered cold allodynia. Using a well-known form of nerve injury and combining behavioral analysis, calcium imaging, patch clamping, and pharmacological tools, validated by mathematical modeling, we determined that the functional expression of IKD is reduced in sensory neurons in response to peripheral nerve damage. This downregulation not only enhances cold sensitivity of high-threshold cold thermoreceptors signaling cold discomfort, but it also transforms a subpopulation of polymodal nociceptors signaling pain into neurons activated by mild temperature drops. Our results suggest that cold allodynia is linked to a reduction of IKD in both high-threshold cold thermoreceptors and nociceptors expressing TRPM8, providing a general model for this form of cold-induced pain.
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100
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Skerratt S. Recent Progress in the Discovery and Development of TRPA1 Modulators. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017; 56:81-115. [PMID: 28314413 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
TRPA1 is a well-validated therapeutic target in areas of high unmet medical need that include pain and respiratory disorders. The human genetic rationale for TRPA1 as a pain target is provided by a study describing a rare gain-of-function mutation in TRPA1, causing familial episodic pain syndrome. There is a growing interest in the TRPA1 field, with many pharmaceutical companies reporting the discovery of TRPA1 chemical matter; however, GRC 17536 remains to date the only TRPA1 antagonist to have completed Phase IIa studies. A key issue in the progression of TRPA1 programmes is the identification of high-quality orally bioavailable molecules. Most published TRPA1 ligands are commonly not suitable for clinical progression due to low lipophilic efficiency and/or poor absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and pharmaceutical properties. The recent TRPA1 cryogenic electron microscopy structure from the Cheng and Julius labs determined the structure of full-length human TRPA1 at up to 4Å resolution in the presence of TRPA1 ligands. This ground-breaking science paves the way to enable structure-based drug design within the TRPA1 field.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Skerratt
- Convergence (a Biogen Company), Cambridge, United Kingdom
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