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Poore KR, Hollis LJ, Murray RJS, Warlow A, Brewin A, Fulford L, Cleal JK, Lillycrop KA, Burdge GC, Hanson MA, Green LR. Differential pathways to adult metabolic dysfunction following poor nutrition at two critical developmental periods in sheep. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90994. [PMID: 24603546 PMCID: PMC3946277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest early nutrition has long-term effects on susceptibility to obesity, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Small and large animal models confirm the influence of different windows of sensitivity, from fetal to early postnatal life, on offspring phenotype. We showed previously that undernutrition in sheep either during the first month of gestation or immediately after weaning induces differential, sex-specific changes in adult metabolic and cardiovascular systems. The current study aims to determine metabolic and molecular changes that underlie differences in lipid and glucose metabolism induced by undernutrition during specific developmental periods in male and female sheep. Ewes received 100% (C) or 50% nutritional requirements (U) from 1–31 days gestation, and 100% thereafter. From weaning (12 weeks) to 25 weeks, offspring were then fed either ad libitum (CC, UC) or were undernourished (CU, UU) to reduce body weight to 85% of their individual target. From 25 weeks, all offspring were fed ad libitum. A cohort of late gestation fetuses were studied after receiving either 40% nutritional requirements (1–31 days gestation) or 50% nutritional requirements (104–127 days gestation). Post-weaning undernutrition increased in vivo insulin sensitivity, insulin receptor and glucose transporter 4 expression in muscle, and lowered hepatic methylation at the delta-like homolog 1/maternally expressed gene 3 imprinted cluster in adult females, but not males. Early gestational undernutrition induced lower hepatic expression of gluconeogenic factors in fetuses and reduced in vivo adipose tissue insulin sensitivity in adulthood. In males, undernutrition in early gestation increased adipose tissue lipid handling mechanisms (lipoprotein lipase, glucocorticoid receptor expression) and hepatic methylation within the imprinted control region of insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor in adulthood. Therefore, undernutrition during development induces changes in mechanisms of lipid and glucose metabolism which differ between tissues and sexes dependent on the period of nutritional restriction. Such changes may increase later life obesity and dyslipidaemia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten R. Poore
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Lisa J. Hollis
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. S. Murray
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Warlow
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Brewin
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Fulford
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jane K. Cleal
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Karen A. Lillycrop
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Graham C. Burdge
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Hanson
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy R. Green
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Mack LA, Lay DC, Eicher SD, Johnson AK, Richert BT, Pajor EA. Growth and reproductive development of male piglets are more vulnerable to midgestation maternal stress than that of female piglets12. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:530-48. [PMID: 24398844 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. A. Mack
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - D. C. Lay
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - S. D. Eicher
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - A. K. Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - B. T. Richert
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - E. A. Pajor
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, CA T2N IN4
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Maternal tract factors contribute to paternal seminal fluid impact on metabolic phenotype in offspring. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:2200-5. [PMID: 24469827 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1305609111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Paternal characteristics and exposures influence physiology and disease risks in progeny, but the mechanisms are mostly unknown. Seminal fluid, which affects female reproductive tract gene expression as well as sperm survival and integrity, provides one potential pathway. We evaluated in mice the consequences for offspring of ablating the plasma fraction of seminal fluid by surgical excision of the seminal vesicle gland. Conception was substantially impaired and, when pregnancy did occur, placental hypertrophy was evident in late gestation. After birth, the growth trajectory and metabolic parameters of progeny were altered, most profoundly in males, which exhibited obesity, distorted metabolic hormones, reduced glucose tolerance, and hypertension. Altered offspring phenotype was partly attributable to sperm damage and partly to an effect of seminal fluid deficiency on the female tract, because increased adiposity was also evident in adult male progeny when normal two-cell embryos were transferred to females mated with seminal vesicle-excised males. Moreover, embryos developed in female tracts not exposed to seminal plasma were abnormal from the early cleavage stages, but culture in vitro partly alleviated this. Absence of seminal plasma was accompanied by down-regulation of the embryotrophic factors Lif, Csf2, Il6, and Egf and up-regulation of the apoptosis-inducing factor Trail in the oviduct. These findings show that paternal seminal fluid composition affects the growth and health of male offspring, and reveal that its impact on the periconception environment involves not only sperm protection but also indirect effects on preimplantation embryos via oviduct expression of embryotrophic cytokines.
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The effects of prenatal oxidative stress levels on infant adiposity development during the first year of life. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2014; 5:142-51. [DOI: 10.1017/s204017441300055x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have been conducted to examine the causal factors of childhood obesity, the implications of intrauterine oxidative stress on early postnatal adiposity development remain to be elucidated. The Universiti Sains Malaysia Birth Cohort Study aimed to investigate the effects of prenatal oxidative stress levels on the development of infant adiposity during the first year of life. This study was conducted on the healthy pregnant women aged 19–40 years, from April 2010 to December 2012 in Kelantan, Malaysia. Maternal blood samples were drawn in the second trimester to analyse for oxidative stress markers. Infant anthropometric measurements were taken at birth, 2, 6 and 12 months of age. A total of 153 pregnant women and full-term infants were included in the analysis. Statistical test was conducted by using multiple linear regression. Through the infant first year of life, as maternal DNA damage level in the second trimester increased, infant weights at birth (β=−0.122, P<0.001), 2 months (β=−0.120, P=0013), 6 months (β=−0.209, P=0.003) and 12 months of age (β=−0.241, P=0.006) decreased after adjusting for confounders. Similar results were noted when infant body mass index-for-age Z-scores and triceps skinfold-for-age Z-scores were used as the adiposity indicators. In conclusion, the present study shows a consistent inverse association between maternal DNA damage and infant adiposity during the first year of life. These infants with reduced growth and adiposity in early postnatal life may have a high tendency to experience catch-up growth during childhood, which could be strongly associated with later obesity.
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Riddle ES, Campbell MS, Lang BY, Bierer R, Wang Y, Bagley HN, Joss-Moore LA. Intrauterine growth restriction increases TNF α and activates the unfolded protein response in male rat pups. J Obes 2014; 2014:829862. [PMID: 24804087 PMCID: PMC3997936 DOI: 10.1155/2014/829862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) programs adult disease, including obesity and insulin resistance. Our group previously demonstrated that IUGR dysregulates adipose deposition in male, but not female, weanling rats. Dysregulated adipose deposition is often accompanied by the release of proinflammatory signaling molecules, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF α ). TNF α contributes to adipocyte inflammation and impaired insulin signaling. TNF α has also been implicated in the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which impairs insulin signaling. We hypothesized that, in male rat pups, IUGR would increase TNF α , TNFR1, and components of the UPR (Hspa5, ATF6, p-eIF2 α , and Ddit3) prior to the onset of obesity. We further hypothesized that impaired glucose tolerance would occur after the onset of adipose dysfunction in male IUGR rats. To test this hypothesis, we used a well-characterized rat model of uteroplacental insufficiency-induced IUGR. Our primary findings are that, in male rats, IUGR (1) increased circulating and adipose TNF α , (2) increased mRNA levels of UPR components as well as p-eIF2a, and (3) impaired glucose tolerance after observed TNF α increased and after UPR activation. We speculate that programmed dysregulation of TNF α and UPR contributed to the development of glucose intolerance in male IUGR rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. Riddle
- Division of Nutrition, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA
| | | | - Brook Y. Lang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA
| | - Ryann Bierer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA
| | - Heidi N. Bagley
- Division of Nutrition, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA
| | - Lisa A. Joss-Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA
- Division of Neonatology, University of Utah, P.O. Box 581289, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA
- *Lisa A. Joss-Moore:
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Martin Agnoux A, Alexandre-Gouabau MC, Le Dréan G, Antignac JP, Parnet P. Relative contribution of foetal and post-natal nutritional periods on feeding regulation in adult rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:188-201. [PMID: 24010762 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of both foetal and/or post-natal nutritional periods on feeding regulation in adult rats. METHODS Body weight gain, adipose tissue development, food preferences and feeding pattern under regular chow or Western diets were characterized on four experimental groups of rats: pups born from protein-restricted dams (R) and weaned by control (RC) or R dams (RR) and pups born from control dams weaned by C (CC) or R dams (CR). RESULTS Rats born with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and fed a Western diet at adulthood appeared predisposed to body weight gain and more fat accretion, whereas CR rats, despite their preference for high-fat diet and their hyperphagia for Western diet, did not show significant increase in fat tissue. Daytime food intakes, as well as their speed of ingestion, were found modified in RC and RR. Alterations in the hypothalamic appetite regulatory mechanisms were investigated through neuropeptide expression analysis. IUGR rats showed altered expression of key elements of leptin and NPY signalling, while CR rats exhibited lesser expression of enterostatin, MC4r and HT-1Br mRNA. CONCLUSION Altogether, these results indicate that peri-natal nutrition has different lasting effects on feeding pattern and hypothalamic appetite regulation, depending on the time window insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Martin Agnoux
- INRA, UMR1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles; Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; UMR 1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles; Nantes France
- IMAD, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CRNH (Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine); Nantes France
| | - M. -C. Alexandre-Gouabau
- INRA, UMR1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles; Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; UMR 1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles; Nantes France
- IMAD, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CRNH (Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine); Nantes France
| | - G. Le Dréan
- INRA, UMR1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles; Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; UMR 1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles; Nantes France
- IMAD, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CRNH (Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine); Nantes France
| | - J. -P. Antignac
- LUNAM université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); USC INRA 1329; Nantes France
| | - P. Parnet
- INRA, UMR1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles; Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; UMR 1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles; Nantes France
- IMAD, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CRNH (Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine); Nantes France
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Konieczna J, García AP, Sánchez J, Palou M, Palou A, Picó C. Oral leptin treatment in suckling rats ameliorates detrimental effects in hypothalamic structure and function caused by maternal caloric restriction during gestation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81906. [PMID: 24312379 PMCID: PMC3842976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A poor prenatal environment brings about perturbations in leptin surge and hypothalamic circuitry that program impaired ability to regulate energy homeostasis in adulthood. Here, using a rat model of moderate maternal caloric restriction during gestation, we aimed to investigate whether leptin supplementation with physiological doses throughout lactation is able to ameliorate the adverse developmental malprogramming effects exerted in offspring hypothalamus structure and function. Three groups of male and female rats were studied: the offspring of ad libitum fed dams (controls), the offspring of 20% calorie restricted dams during the first part of pregnancy (CR), and CR rats supplemented with physiological doses of leptin throughout lactation (CR-Leptin). Animals were sacrificed on postnatal day 25. Morphometric and immunohistochemical studies on arcuate (ARC) and paraventicular (PVN) nucleus were performed and hypothalamic expression levels of selected genes were determined. In CR males, leptin treatment restored, at least in part, the number of immunoreactive neuropeptide Y (NPY(+)) cells in ARC, the total number of cells in PVN, hypothalamic NPY, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and suppressor of cytokine signalling-3 (SOCS-3) mRNA levels, and plasma leptin levels, which were decreased in CR animals. CR-Leptin males showed higher hypothalamic long-form leptin receptor (ObRb) mRNA levels, compared to control and CR animals. In CR females, leptin treatment reverted the increased number of cells in ARC and cell density in ARC and PVN, and reduced hypothalamic SOCS-3 mRNA expression to levels similar to controls. Leptin treatment also reverted the increased relative area of NPY(+) fibers in the PVN occurring in CR animals. In conclusion, leptin supplementation throughout lactation is able to revert, at least partly, most of the developmental effects on hypothalamic structure and function caused by moderate maternal caloric restriction during gestation, and hence making this metabolic malprogramming reversible to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Konieczna
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of the Balearic Islands (UIB) and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Ana Paula García
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of the Balearic Islands (UIB) and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Juana Sánchez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of the Balearic Islands (UIB) and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Mariona Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of the Balearic Islands (UIB) and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of the Balearic Islands (UIB) and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Catalina Picó
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of the Balearic Islands (UIB) and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Keen-Rhinehart E, Ondek K, Schneider JE. Neuroendocrine regulation of appetitive ingestive behavior. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:213. [PMID: 24298235 PMCID: PMC3828638 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Food availability in nature is often irregular, and famine is commonplace. Increased motivation to engage in ingestive behaviors increases the chance of survival, providing additional potential opportunities for reproduction. Because of the advantages conferred by entraining ingestive behavior to environmental conditions, neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating the motivation to acquire and ingest food have evolved to be responsive to exogenous (i.e., food stored for future consumption) and endogenous (i.e., body fat stores) fuel availability. Motivated behaviors like eating occur in two phases. The appetitive phase brings animals into contact with food (e.g., foraging, food hoarding), and the more reflexive consummatory phase results in ingestion (e.g., chewing, swallowing). Quantifiable appetitive behaviors are part of the natural ingestive behavioral repertoire of species such as hamsters and humans. This review summarizes current knowledge about neuroendocrine regulators of ingestive behavior, with an emphasis appetitive behavior. We will discuss hormonal regulators of appetitive ingestive behaviors, including the orexigenic hormone ghrelin, which potently stimulates foraging and food hoarding in Siberian hamsters. This section includes a discussion of the hormone leptin, its relation to endogenous fat stores, and its role in food deprivation-induced increases in appetitive ingestive behaviors. Next, we discuss how hormonal regulators interact with neurotransmitters involved in the regulation of ingestive behaviors, such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related protein (AgRP) and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), to regulate ingestive behavior. Finally, we discuss the potential impact that perinatal nutrient availability can have on the neuroendocrine regulation of ingestive behavior. Understanding the hormonal mechanisms that connect metabolic fuel availability to central appetite regulatory circuits should provide a better understanding of the neuroendocrine regulation of the motivation to engage in ingestive behavior.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of developmental programming suggests that the early life environment influences offspring characteristics in later life, including the propensity to develop diseases such as the metabolic syndrome. There is now growing evidence that the effects of developmental programming may also manifest in further generations without further suboptimal exposure. This review considers the evidence, primarily from rodent models, for effects persisting to subsequent generations, and evaluates the mechanisms by which developmental programming may be transmitted to further generations. In particular, we focus on the potential role of the intrauterine environment in contributing to a developmentally programmed phenotype in subsequent generations. METHODS The literature was systematically searched at http://pubmed.org and http://scholar.google.com to identify published findings regarding transgenerational (F2 and beyond) developmental programming effects in human populations and animal models. RESULTS Transmission of programming effects is often viewed as a form of epigenetic inheritance, either via the maternal or paternal line. Evidence exists for both germline and somatic inheritance of epigenetic modifications which may be responsible for phenotypic changes in further generations. However, there is increasing evidence for the role of both extra-genomic components of the zygote and the interaction of the developing conceptus with the intrauterine environment in propagating programming effects. CONCLUSIONS The contribution of a suboptimal reproductive tract environment or maternal adaptations to pregnancy may be critical to inheritance of programming effects via the maternal line. As the effects of age exacerbate the programmed metabolic phenotype, advancing maternal age may increase the likelihood of developmental programming effects being transmitted to further generations. We suggest that developmental programming effects could be propagated through the maternal line de novo in generations beyond F2 as a consequence of development in a suboptimally developed intrauterine tract and not necessarily though directly transmitted epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Aiken
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Pico C, Palou A. Perinatal programming of obesity: an introduction to the topic. Front Physiol 2013; 4:255. [PMID: 24062695 PMCID: PMC3775463 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Pico
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), University of the Balearic Islands(UIB) Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Zarrati M, Shidfar F, Moradof M, Nasiri Nejad F, Keyvani H, Rezaei Hemami M, Razmpoosh E. Relationship between Breast Feeding and Obesity in Children with Low Birth Weight. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2013; 15:676-82. [PMID: 24578834 PMCID: PMC3918191 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.11120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Breast feeding appears to play a role in determining obesity and abdominal obesity during childhood, specifically in children with a history of low birth weight. Objective The purpose of this study is to investigate the relation of breast-feeding with either of abdominal obesity and obesity among Iranian school children. Materials and Methods A total of 1184 students (625 girls and 559 boys), aged 10 to 13 years old, were selected from 112 governmental elementary schools in Iran. Height, weight, waist circumference and blood pressure were measured using standard instruments and a pretested standardized questionnaire was performed for compiling information about family economics and educational level, first–degree family history of obesity, history of breast feeding, food pattern and birth weight, as well. Results 13.68% (n = 160) of students had a history of low birth weight, and 26.41% of them had abdominal obesity. Of all participants, 22.04% were overweight and 5.32% were obese which was more prevalent in girls than in boys (P = 0.03). First-degree family history of obesity (P = 0.001), excessive gestational weight gain (P = 0.001) and birth weight (P = 0.01) were significantly correlated with the prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity during childhood. Moreover the prevalence of abdominal obesity in children with low birth weight was significantly correlated with breast feeding (P = 0.04); But this relation was not significantly about obesity in our participants (P = 0.9). Furthermore duration of breast feeding was significantly and inversely correlated with obesity and abdominal obesity in schoolchildren with low birth weight (P = 0.01). Conclusions The results suggest that Breast feeding and its long-term consequences were important factors for preventing metabolic syndrome criteria in childhood and later years of life span. With regard to the increasing prevalence of obesity in children, more research is urgently needed to clarify whether breast feeding have negative consequences for the risk of chronic disease in children, especially in children with low birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Zarrati
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Farzad Shidfar
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Farzad Shidfar, Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran, Tel: +98 2188779118, Fax: +98 2188779487, E-mail:
| | - Maryam Moradof
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Farinaz Nasiri Nejad
- Department of Physiology, Medicine Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, Medicine Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohsen Rezaei Hemami
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Rajaee Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Elham Razmpoosh
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, IR Iran
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Cakir I, Cyr NE, Perello M, Litvinov BP, Romero A, Stuart RC, Nillni EA. Obesity induces hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress and impairs proopiomelanocortin (POMC) post-translational processing. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:17675-88. [PMID: 23640886 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.475343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
It was shown previously that abnormal prohormone processing or inactive proconverting enzymes that are responsible for this processing cause profound obesity. Our laboratory demonstrated earlier that in the diet-induced obesity (DIO) state, the appetite-suppressing neuropeptide α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is reduced, yet the mRNA of its precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC) remained unaltered. It was also shown that the DIO condition promotes the development of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and leptin resistance. In the current study, using an in vivo model combined with in vitro experiments, we demonstrate that obesity-induced ER stress obstructs the post-translational processing of POMC by decreasing proconverting enzyme 2, which catalyzes the conversion of adrenocorticotropin to α-MSH, thereby decreasing α-MSH peptide production. This novel mechanism of ER stress affecting POMC processing in DIO highlights the importance of ER stress in regulating central energy balance in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isin Cakir
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02907, USA
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Cyr NE, Toorie AM, Steger JS, Sochat MM, Hyner S, Perello M, Stuart R, Nillni EA. Mechanisms by which the orexigen NPY regulates anorexigenic α-MSH and TRH. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E640-50. [PMID: 23321476 PMCID: PMC3602689 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00448.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Protein posttranslational processing is a cellular mechanism fundamental to the generation of bioactive peptides, including the anorectic α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) peptides produced in the hypothalamic arcuate (ARC) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei, respectively. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) promotes positive energy balance in part by suppressing α-MSH and TRH. The mechanism by which NPY regulates α-MSH output, however, is not well understood. Our results reveal that NPY inhibited the posttranslational processing of α-MSH's inactive precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC) by decreasing the prohormone convertase-2 (PC2). We also found that early growth response protein-1 (Egr-1) and NPY-Y1 receptors mediated the NPY-induced decrease in PC2. NPY given intra-PVN also decreased PC2 in PVN samples, suggesting a reduction in PC2-mediated pro-TRH processing. In addition, NPY attenuated the α-MSH-induced increase in TRH production by two mechanisms. First, NPY decreased α-MSH-induced CREB phosphorylation, which normally enhances TRH transcription. Second, NPY decreased the amount of α-MSH in the PVN. Collectively, these results underscore the significance of the interaction between NPY and α-MSH in the central regulation of energy balance and indicate that posttranslational processing is a mechanism that plays a specific role in this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Cyr
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Luijten M, Singh AV, Bastian CA, Westerman A, Pisano MM, Pennings JLA, Verhoef A, Green ML, Piersma AH, de Vries A, Knudsen TB. Lasting effects on body weight and mammary gland gene expression in female mice upon early life exposure to n-3 but not n-6 high-fat diets. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55603. [PMID: 23409006 PMCID: PMC3567116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to an imbalance of nutrients prior to conception and during critical developmental periods can have lasting consequences on physiological processes resulting in chronic diseases later in life. Developmental programming has been shown to involve structural and functional changes in important tissues. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether early life diet has a programming effect on the mammary gland. Wild-type mice were exposed from 2 weeks prior to conception to 6 weeks of age to a regular low-fat diet, or to high-fat diets based on either corn oil or flaxseed oil. At 6 weeks of age, all mice were shifted to the regular low-fat diet until termination at 10 weeks of age. Early life exposure to a high-fat diet, either high in n-6 (corn oil) or in n-3 (flaxseed oil) polyunsaturated fatty acids, did not affect birth weight, but resulted in an increased body weight at 10 weeks of age. Transcriptome analyses of the fourth abdominal mammary gland revealed differentially expressed genes between the different treatment groups. Exposure to high-fat diet based on flaxseed oil, but not on corn oil, resulted in regulation of pathways involved in energy metabolism, immune response and inflammation. Our findings suggest that diet during early life indeed has a lasting effect on the mammary gland and significantly influences postnatal body weight gain, metabolic status, and signaling networks in the mammary gland of female offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Luijten
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Amar V. Singh
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, University of Louisville Birth Defects Center, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Caleb A. Bastian
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, University of Louisville Birth Defects Center, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Anja Westerman
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - M. Michele Pisano
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, University of Louisville Birth Defects Center, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jeroen L. A. Pennings
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Aart Verhoef
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maia L. Green
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, University of Louisville Birth Defects Center, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Aldert H. Piersma
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke de Vries
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas B. Knudsen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, University of Louisville Birth Defects Center, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
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Soberon F, Van Amburgh ME. Lactation Biology Symposium: The effect of nutrient intake from milk or milk replacer of preweaned dairy calves on lactation milk yield as adults: a meta-analysis of current data. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:706-12. [PMID: 23296823 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from calf studies conducted over the past 20 yr has shown that preweaning nutrient intake, from milk or milk replacer, can have profound effects on development of the calf that enhance first lactation and lifetime productivity. Many of the studies show positive but not significant effects of preweaning nutrition on long-term productivity, primarily due to a lack of power, usually due to inadequate animal numbers per treatment. Meta-analyses were conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software (version 2.2.064; Biostat, Englewood, NJ; Borenstein et al., 2005) to evaluate the effects of preweaning nutrient intake and preweaning ADG on first lactation milk production from studies where milk yield and preweaning treatment data were adequately described. Currently, 12 studies have been reported, describing milk yield of calves that had been fed various levels of preweaning nutrients, from both milk and milk replacer, and 11 evaluated the effect of preweaning ADG on long-term productivity. The estimated effect size for treatment (level of milk or milk replacer intake) and ADG were calculated. Using a random effects model, the overall milk yield response based on treatment was 435 ± 117 kg/lactation (P < 0.001), demonstrating that among the data sets milk yield in the first lactation was increased by increasing nutrient intake from milk or milk replacer in preweaned calves. Meta-regression of the effect of ADG resulted in the following equation: milk yield = -106 kg + 1,551.4 kg × ADG (kg/d; P = 0.01) indicating that for every kilogram of preweaning ADG, first lactation milk yield increased by 1,550 kg. Furthermore, the meta-analysis yielded an odds ratio of 2.09 (P = 0.001) indicating that calves fed for greater preweaning ADG were 2 times more likely to have greater milk yield in the first lactation. Finally, the 2001 Dairy NRC calf model was used to estimate the difference, within study, of intake over maintenance from milk replacer, using either the actual data or the published ADG; the difference in intake over maintenance was used as a predictor in a meta-regression and resulted in the following equation: milk yield = -60 kg + 1,100 kg × estimated difference in intake over maintenance (P = 0.02). The data demonstrate that nutrient intake from milk or milk replacer during the preweaning period positively impacted long-term productivity of dairy calves and provides new management opportunities to improve milk yield of dairy cattle. These data appear to indicate that there are significant developmental functions being programmed in the neonatal calf that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Soberon
- Nutreco Canada Inc., Guelph, ON N1G 4T2, Canada
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66
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Loy SL, KNS S, JM HJ. Increase in maternal adiposity and poor lipid profile is associated with oxidative stress markers during pregnancy. Prev Med 2013; 57 Suppl:S41-4. [PMID: 23219759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate changes in maternal adiposity and lipid profile and to correlate these parameters with Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels among pregnant women. METHOD This was a longitudinal study which took place in Kelantan state, Malaysia. Fasting blood samples of 159 healthy pregnant women were collected in second and third trimesters from April 2010 until October 2011. Maternal total body fat was assessed using bioimpedance analysis method. RESULTS When compared to data in second trimester, pregnant women in third trimester showed significantly higher levels of total body fat (p<0.001), total cholesterol (p<0.001), triglyceride (p<0.001), LDL-C (p=0.001), DNA damage (p<0.001) and TAC (p<0.001) but a lower level of HDL-C (p<0.001). Maternal adiposity and lipid profile were positively and consistently correlated with DNA damage in second and third trimesters. Significant and positive correlations of triglyceride with TAC levels were noted in both periods indicating compensatory action against increased oxidative stress. CONCLUSION Normal pregnancy is associated with marked changes in lipid metabolism, prooxidant and antioxidant status. Dyslipidemia-associated oxidative stress was demonstrated with advancing gestational age. Appropriate preventive and compensatory measures should be practiced to minimize the effect of oxidative stress throughout pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- See-Ling Loy
- Nutrition Program, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Bagley HN, Wang Y, Campbell MS, Yu X, Lane RH, Joss-Moore LA. Maternal docosahexaenoic acid increases adiponectin and normalizes IUGR-induced changes in rat adipose deposition. J Obes 2013; 2013:312153. [PMID: 23533720 PMCID: PMC3606778 DOI: 10.1155/2013/312153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) predisposes to obesity and adipose dysfunction. We previously demonstrated IUGR-induced increased visceral adipose deposition and dysregulated expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor- γ 2 (PPAR γ 2) in male adolescent rats, prior to the onset of obesity. In other studies, activation of PPAR γ increases subcutaneous adiponectin expression and normalizes visceral adipose deposition. We hypothesized that maternal supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a PPAR γ agonist, would normalize IUGR adipose deposition in association with increased PPAR γ , adiponectin, and adiponectin receptor expression in subcutaneous adipose. To test these hypotheses, we used a well-characterized model of uteroplacental-insufficiency-(UPI-) induced IUGR in the rat with maternal DHA supplementation. Our primary findings were that maternal DHA supplementation during rat pregnancy and lactation (1) normalizes IUGR-induced changes in adipose deposition and visceral PPAR γ expression in male rats and (2) increases serum adiponectin, as well as adipose expression of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in former IUGR rats. Our novel findings suggest that maternal DHA supplementation may normalize adipose dysfunction and promote adiponectin-induced improvements in metabolic function in IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi N. Bagley
- Division of Nutrition, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA
| | | | - Xing Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA
| | - Robert H. Lane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA
| | - Lisa A. Joss-Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA
- Division of Neonatology, University of Utah, P.O. Box 581289, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA
- *Lisa A. Joss-Moore:
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Morel FB, Oosting A, Piloquet H, Oozeer R, Darmaun D, Michel C. Can antibiotic treatment in preweaning rats alter body composition in adulthood? Neonatology 2013; 103:182-9. [PMID: 23434826 DOI: 10.1159/000345201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is suggested that antibiotherapy in infancy might program adult body composition and thus could be a determinant of obesity risk. Although not convincingly substantiated by existing literature, this assumption is plausible since antibiotics affect intestinal microbiota, whose composition in adulthood is potentially programmable during infancy and which is able to interact with both fat development and central control of appetite. OBJECTIVES In order to substantiate the link between antibiotherapy and programming of adult body composition, the present study investigated the impact of a course of amoxicillin treatment in neonatal period on subsequent growth and body composition in rats. METHODS Suckling rat pups were treated by oral gavage with an amoxicillin solution (150 mg·kg(-1)) or vehicle from postnatal day (PND)5 to PND15. All animals were fully weaned at PND21 then fed a standard diet until PND130. Animal growth and food intake were followed up until PND130, when body composition and plasma leptin were measured. Faecal microbiota was typified at regular intervals using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Preweaning amoxicillin treatment affected the composition of the faecal microbiota of pups at PND21 but this impact did not sustain long beyond the antibiotic supplementation. Immediately after weaning, a transient increase in food intake (+11%) was noticed in amoxicillin-treated animals. However, no significant impact on either growth or body composition at adulthood was observed. CONCLUSIONS In a neonatal animal model there is no evidence of a programming of adult body weight and composition by wide-spectrum antibiotic treatment in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny B Morel
- INRA-UMR 1280 Physiologie des adaptations nutritionnelles, Nantes, France
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69
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Fiese BH, Hammons A, Grigsby-Toussaint D. Family mealtimes: a contextual approach to understanding childhood obesity. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2012; 10:365-374. [PMID: 22652025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
There has been a growing interest in the role that shared family mealtimes may play in promoting the health and well-being of children. Families that regularly eat their main meal together four or more times a week are more likely to have children who do better in school, are of average weight, less likely to use drugs and alcohol at an early age, and consume more fruits and vegetables. The mere fact that families eat together does not address the process by which shared family mealtimes may protect children from unhealthy weight gain. Just as there is no simple explanation for the rising rates of obesity, the link between shared family mealtimes and childhood obesity is a complex one including socioeconomic and cultural context. In this paper, we provide an overview of how shared family mealtimes are embedded in a socio-cultural context that may either support or derail healthy eating patterns for children and youth. Evidence from an observational study of 200 family mealtimes demonstrates the complex interplay between socio-economic factors, family mealtime behaviors, and child obesity status. Families who had a child of healthy weight spent more time engaged with each other during the meal, expressed more positive communication, and considered mealtimes more important and meaningful than families who had a child who was overweight or obese. Using a cumulative risk model, it was found that the combination of family level and neighborhood risk factors predicted child overweight status. Recommendations are made for future research directions and policies directed toward families living in diverse economic circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara H Fiese
- Department of Human and Community Development, Family Resiliency Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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Integrating risks for type 2 diabetes across childhood: a life course perspective. J Pediatr Nurs 2012; 27:310-8. [PMID: 22703677 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) emerged among children, due in large measure to a strong physiological link between increased weight states and T2DM. In this article, cumulative risk factors for T2DM across childhood and its underlying mechanisms are reviewed. The points of intervention for T2DM should occur throughout childhood. The use of Halfon and Hochstein's framework enables practitioners and researchers in the nursing field to better understand a child's individual risk for T2DM. Only with this long view will prevention and interventions be successful in stemming the tide of the "twin epidemic" threatening children worldwide.
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71
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Beck B, Richy S, Archer ZA, Mercer JG. Ingestion of Carbohydrate-Rich Supplements during Gestation Programs Insulin and Leptin Resistance but not Body Weight Gain in Adult Rat Offspring. Front Physiol 2012; 3:224. [PMID: 22737135 PMCID: PMC3382418 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal nutritional conditions can predispose to development of obesity and metabolic syndrome in adulthood. Gestation with its important modifications in hormonal status is a period of changes in normal feeding habits with pulses of consumption or avoidance of certain categories of food. We tried to mimic in an animal model some changes in food consumption patterns observed in pregnant women. For this purpose, Long–Evans female rats were fed during the dark period, their usual pre-gestational food quantity, and were allowed to complete their daily intake with either a restricted control (Cr), high-fat (HF), or high-carbohydrate (HC) diet available ad libitum during the light period. Dams fed a control diet ad libitum (Ca) served as controls. Body weight and composition, food intake, and metabolic hormones (insulin, leptin) were recorded in male offspring until 20 weeks after birth. Cr and HC females ate less than Ca females (−16%; p < 0.001) and their offspring presented a weight deficit from birth until 6 (HC group) and 10 (Cr group) weeks of age (p < 0.05 or less). Plasma leptin corresponded to low body weight in Cr offspring, but was increased in HC offspring that in addition, had increased plasma insulin, blood glucose, and subcutaneous adipose tissue mass. HF dams ate more than Ca dams (+13%; p < 0.001), but plasma leptin and insulin were similar in their offspring. Hypothalamic Ob-Rb expression was increased in Cr, HC, and HF offspring (+33–100% vs Ca; p < 0.05 or less). HC supplement ingestion during gestation therefore leads to insulin and leptin resistance in adult offspring independently of lower birth weight. These hormonal changes characterize obesity-prone animals. We therefore suggest that attention should be paid to the carbohydrate snacking and overall carbohydrate content in the diet during the last weeks (or months) preceding delivery to limit development of later metabolic disorders in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Beck
- EA 3453, Systèmes Neuromodulateurs des Comportements Ingestifs, Génétique et Développement, Université Henri Poincaré Nancy, France
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Garces M, Sanchez E, Acosta B, Angel E, Ruíz A, Rubio-Romero J, Diéguez C, Nogueiras R, Caminos J. Expression and regulation of chemerin during rat pregnancy. Placenta 2012; 33:373-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Adipocyte pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 expression is associated with augmented PPARγ upregulation in early-life programming of later obesity. FEBS Open Bio 2012; 2:32-6. [PMID: 23650578 PMCID: PMC3642103 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied adipocytes from 8-week-old control rat offspring (CON) or rat offspring subjected to maternal low (8%) protein (MLP) feeding during pregnancy/lactation, a procedure predisposing to obesity. Acute exposure to isoproterenol or adenosine enhanced PDK4 and PPARγ mRNA gene expression in CON and MLP adipocytes. Enhanced adipocyte Pdk4 expression correlated with increased PPARγ expression. Higher levels of PDK4 and PPARγ were observed in MLP adipocytes. SCD1 is a PPARγ target. Isoproterenol enhanced adipocyte PDK4 and SCD1 gene expression in parallel. This could reflect augmented PPARγ expression together with enhanced lipolytic stimulation to supply endogenous PPARγ ligands, allowing enhanced adipocyte PDK4 and SCD1 expression via PPARγ activation. In contrast, the effect of adenosine to increase PDK4 expression is independent of stimulation of lipolysis and, as SCD1 expression was unaffected by adenosine, unlikely to reflect PPARγ activation. Increased adipocyte expression of both PDK4 and SCD1 in the MLP model could participate as components of a "thrifty" phenotype, favouring the development of obesity.
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Key Words
- ADO, adenosine
- Adipose tissue
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CON, control
- HSL, hormone-sensitive lipase
- ISO, isoproterenol
- KRHB, Krebs–Ringer HEPES buffer
- Lipogenesis
- MLP, maternal low protein
- NEFA, non-esterified fatty acid
- PC, pyruvate carboxylase
- PDC, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
- PDK, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
- PEPCK, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- Programming
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
- SCD, stearoyl-CoA desaturase
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- WAT, white adipose tissue
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Allen JS. "Theory of food" as a neurocognitive adaptation. Am J Hum Biol 2012; 24:123-9. [PMID: 22262561 PMCID: PMC3275678 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adult cognition emerges over the course of development via the interaction of multiple critical neurocognitive networks. These networks evolved in response to various selection pressures, many of which were modified or intensified by the intellectual, technological, and sociocultural environments that arose in connection with the evolution of genus Homo. Networks related to language and theory of mind clearly play an important role in adult cognition. Given the critical importance of food to both basic survival and cultural interaction, a "theory of food" (analogous to theory of mind) may represent another complex network essential for normal cognition. I propose that theory of food evolved as an internal, cognitive representation of our diets in our minds. Like other complex cognitive abilities, it relies on complex and overlapping dedicated neural networks that develop in childhood under familial and cultural influences. Normative diets are analogous to first languages in that they are acquired without overt teaching; they are also difficult to change or modify once a critical period in development is passed. Theory of food suggests that cognitive activities related to food may be cognitive enhancers, which could have implications for maintaining healthy brain function in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Allen
- Dornsife Cognitive Neuroscience Imaging Center, Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1061, USA.
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Kuo AA, Inkelas M, Slusser WM, Maidenberg M, Halfon N. Introduction of solid food to young infants. Matern Child Health J 2012; 15:1185-94. [PMID: 20842523 PMCID: PMC3195680 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-010-0669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Timing of the first introduction of solid food during infancy may have potential effects on life-long health. To understand the characteristics that are associated with the timing of infants’ initial exposure to solid foods. The 2000 National Survey of Early Childhood Health (NSECH) was a nationally representative telephone survey of 2,068 parents of children aged 4–35 months, which profiled content and quality of health care for young children. African-American and Latino families were over-sampled. Analyses in this report include bivariate tests and logistic regressions. 62% of parents reported introducing solids to their child between 4–6 months of age. African-American mothers (OR = 0.5 [0.3, 0.9]), English-speaking Latino mothers (OR = 0.4 [0.2, 0.7]), White mothers with more than high school education (OR = 0.5 [0.2, 1.0]), and mothers who breastfed for 4 months or longer (OR = 0.4 [0.3, 0.7]) were less likely to introduce solids early. Most parents (92%) of children 4–9 months of age reported that their pediatric provider had discussed introduction of solids with them since the child’s birth, and provider discussion of feeding was not associated with the timing of introduction of solids. Although most parents recall discussing the introduction of solid foods with their child’s physician, several subgroups of mothers introduce solid foods earlier than the AAP recommendation of 4–6 months. More effective discussion of solid food introduction linked to counseling and support of breastfeeding by the primary health care provider may reduce early introduction of solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice A Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, UCLA Center for Healthier Children, Families and Communities, 10990 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 900, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Hector KL, Nakagawa S. Quantitative analysis of compensatory and catch-up growth in diverse taxa. J Anim Ecol 2012; 81:583-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
The global epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is one of the most challenging problems of the 21(st) century leading cause of and the fifth death worldwide. Substantial evidence suggests that T2D is a multifactorial disease with a strong genetic component. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified and replicated nearly 75 susceptibility loci associated with T2D and related metabolic traits, mostly in Europeans, and some in African, and South Asian populations. The GWAS serve as a starting point for future genetic and functional studies since the mechanisms of action by which these associated loci influence disease is still unclear and it is difficult to predict potential implication of these findings in clinical settings. Despite extensive replication, no study has unequivocally demonstrated their clinical role in the disease management beyond progression to T2D from impaired glucose tolerance. However, these studies are revealing new molecular pathways underlying diabetes etiology, gene-environment interactions, epigenetic modifications, and gene function. This review highlights evolving progress made in the rapidly moving field of T2D genetics that is starting to unravel the pathophysiology of a complex phenotype and has potential to show clinical relevance in the near future.
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Schneider KL, Baldwin AS, Mann DM, Schmitz N. Depression, obesity, eating behavior, and physical activity. J Obes 2012; 2012:517358. [PMID: 23050126 PMCID: PMC3461634 DOI: 10.1155/2012/517358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L. Schneider
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- *Kristin L. Schneider:
| | - Austin S. Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275-0442, USA
| | - Devin M. Mann
- Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Norbert Schmitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H4H 1R3
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79
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Obesity and blood pressure in 17-year-old offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes: insights from the Jerusalem Perinatal Study. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2011; 2011:906154. [PMID: 21804818 PMCID: PMC3143444 DOI: 10.1155/2011/906154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) influences fetal development and offspring's metabolic risk. We evaluated this association in 17-year-old offspring adjusting for birth weight (BW) and prepregnancy maternal BMI (mBMI). STUDY DESIGN The JPS birth cohort contains extensive data on 92,408 births from 1964 to 1976. Offspring's BMI and blood pressure (BP) were obtained from military records. For a subcohort born between 1974 and 1976, prepregnancy mBMI was available. Offspring were classified as born to mothers with GDM (n = 293) or born to mothers without recorded GDM (n = 59,499). RESULTS GDM offspring had higher mean BMI and systolic and diastolic BP compared to no-recorded-GDM offspring. After adjusting for BW, GDM remained significantly associated with offspring BMI and diastolic BP (β = 1.169 and 1.520, resp.). In the subcohort, when prepregnancy mBMI was entered to the models, it markedly attenuated the associations with GDM. CONCLUSIONS Maternal characteristics have long-term effects on cardiometabolic outcomes of their offspring aged 17 years.
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80
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Karakosta P, Chatzi L, Plana E, Margioris A, Castanas E, Kogevinas M. Leptin levels in cord blood and anthropometric measures at birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2011; 25:150-63. [PMID: 21281328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2010.01163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of intrauterine environment in the development of obesity is increasingly recognised. Adipokines and specifically leptin have been examined as potential biomarkers predicting early development of obesity. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence for the association between leptin levels in cord blood and anthropometric measurements at birth in healthy mother-newborn pairs. A PubMed search was performed between 1994 and 2009 and manual search of reference lists of retrieved articles. Forty-four studies met the inclusion criteria set. All studies reported a positive correlation between leptin levels and birthweight. The combined correlation coefficient (r) was 0.46 [95%CI 0.43, 0.50]. Leptin levels explained 21% of variation in birthweight. Results were similar in males (r=0.55; 0.40, 0.68) and females (r=0.60; 0.50, 0.69), and between Caucasians (r=0.45; 0.39, 0.51) and eastern Asian populations (r=0.47; 0.37, 0.55). Statistically significant positive correlations were also found for birth length (r=0.29; 0.23, 0.34) and ponderal index (r=0.36; 0.31, 0.41). There was no indication of publication bias (Egger's test P-value=0.23). This meta-analysis shows a clear but moderate correlation between leptin levels in cord blood and birthweight that is observed in different population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni Karakosta
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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81
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de Souza AS, Fernandes FS, do Carmo MDGT. Effects of maternal malnutrition and postnatal nutritional rehabilitation on brain fatty acids, learning, and memory. Nutr Rev 2011; 69:132-44. [PMID: 21348877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Undernutrition still affects mothers and children in developing countries and thus remains the major focus of nutritional intervention efforts. Neuronal development, which classically includes neurogenesis, migration, maturation, and synapse refinement, begins in utero and continues into the early postnatal period. These processes are not only genetically regulated but also clearly susceptible to environmental manipulation. Dietary deprivation during early life is known to have adverse effects on brain anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry, and may even lead to permanent brain damage. Although all nutrients are important for the structural development of the central nervous system, lipids such as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3) and arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6), are important for normal brain development. The purpose of this literature review is to examine how early undernutrition involving a deficiency in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids can affect brain development and function and produce deficits in spatial cognitive learning ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Santos de Souza
- Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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82
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Poston L, Harthoorn LF, Van Der Beek EM. Obesity in pregnancy: implications for the mother and lifelong health of the child. A consensus statement. Pediatr Res 2011; 69:175-80. [PMID: 21076366 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3182055ede] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity among pregnant women is becoming one of the most important women's health issues. Obesity is associated with increased risk of almost all pregnancy complications: gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, delivery of large-for-GA infants, and higher incidence of congenital defects all occur more frequently than in women with a normal BMI. Evidence shows that a child of an obese mother may suffer from exposure to a suboptimal in utero environment and that early life adversities may extend into adulthood. In September 2009, ILSI Europe convened a workshop with multidisciplinary expertise to review practices and science base of health and nutrition of obese pregnant women, with focus on the long-term health of the child. The consensus viewpoint of the workshop identified gaps and gave recommendations for future research on gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes, and research methodologies. The evidence available on short- and long-term health impact for mother and child currently favors actions directed at controlling prepregnancy weight and preventing obesity in women of reproductive ages. More randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the effects of nutritional and behavioral interventions in pregnancy outcomes. Moreover, suggestions that maternal obesity may transfer obesity risk to child through non-Mendelian (e.g. epigenetic) mechanisms require more long-term investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilla Poston
- Division of Women's Health, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
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83
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Johnson W, Kyvik KO, Skytthe A, Deary IJ, Sørensen TIA. Education modifies genetic and environmental influences on BMI. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16290. [PMID: 21283825 PMCID: PMC3023797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is more common among the less educated, suggesting education-related environmental triggers. Such triggers may act differently dependent on genetic and environmental predisposition to obesity. In a Danish Twin Registry survey, 21,522 twins of same-sex pairs provided zygosity, height, weight, and education data. Body mass index (BMI = kg weight/ m height(2)) was used to measure degree of obesity. We used quantitative genetic modeling to examine how genetic and shared and nonshared environmental variance in BMI differed by level of education and to estimate how genetic and shared and nonshared environmental correlations between education and BMI differed by level of education, analyzing women and men separately. Correlations between education and BMI were -.13 in women, -.15 in men. High BMI's were less frequent among well-educated participants, generating less variance. In women, this was due to restriction of all forms of variance, overall by a factor of about 2. In men, genetic variance did not vary with education, but results for shared and nonshared environmental variance were similar to those for women. The contributions of the shared environment to the correlations between education and BMI were substantial among the well-educated, suggesting importance of familial environmental influences common to high education and lower BMI. Family influence was particularly important in linking high education and lower levels of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Johnson
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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84
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Innis SM, Dai C, Wu X, Buchan AMJ, Jacobson K. Perinatal lipid nutrition alters early intestinal development and programs the response to experimental colitis in young adult rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G1376-85. [PMID: 20864654 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00258.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The long-chain polyunsaturated n-6 and n-3 fatty acids are essential nutrients in membrane biogenesis and regulate gene expression via their eicosanoid metabolites. We investigated whether the n-6 and n-3 fatty acid supply as determined by maternal diet alters colonic phospholipid fatty acids, intestinal morphology, and epithelial barrier permeability during milk feeding with lasting effect on mucosal responsiveness to dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis in young adulthood. Female rats were fed diets with 20% energy from safflower oil (SO) or canola oil (CO), or 8% fish oil (FO) plus 2% SO (10% FO) or 18% FO plus 2% SO (20% FO) throughout gestation and lactation and offspring weaned to a standard diet at 21 days of age. At 15 days of age, pups in the 20% and 10% FO groups had lower 20:4n-6 and higher 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 in colon phospholipids (P < 0.01), shorter crypts (P < 0.05), and higher paracellular permeability than SO or CO groups. At 3 mo of age, male offspring in the FO groups showed lasting reduction of crypt depth and a heightened inflammatory response to DNBS. We demonstrate that early decreased colon 20:4n-6 with increased n-3 fatty acids impairs intestinal barrier development and sensitizes the colon response to inflammatory insults later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M Innis
- Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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85
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Langley-Evans SC, Daniel ZC, Wells CA, Ryan KJP, Plant R, Welham SJM. Protein restriction in the pregnant mouse modifies fetal growth and pulmonary development: role of fetal exposure to {beta}-hydroxybutyrate. Exp Physiol 2010; 96:203-15. [PMID: 20851857 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2010.054460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Maternal undernutrition during sensitive periods of pregnancy results in offspring predisposed towards the development of a number of diseases of adulthood, including hypertension and diabetes. In order to determine the nature of any gross alterations in fetal growth during early organogenesis, we supplied timed-mated pregnant mice with diets containing 6% protein (6%P), 9% protein (9%P) or 18% protein (18%P; control) from day 0 of pregnancy. At embryonic days 11 (E11), 12 (E12) and 13 (E13), females were killed and fetuses removed. Gross morphological analysis revealed that fetal limb growth was impaired between E11 and E12 in 6%P animals, but this recovered by E13. Likewise, fetal liver growth and lung branching morphogenesis were seen to exhibit an initial growth impairment at E12 followed by a rapid recovery by E13. Coincident with the observed changes in fetal growth, we noted an elevation in maternal hepatic triglyceride content, expression of the ketogenic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (Hmgcs2) and circulating plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB). In addition, fetal liver Hmgcs2 expression was switched on by E13 in both 6%P- and 9%P-exposed animals. Exogenous BOHB did not influence branching morphogenesis in fetal lung explant cultures; however, we cannot rule out the possibility that this may occur in vivo. In conclusion, we find that disturbance of fetal growth by maternal dietary protein restriction is associated and therefore potentially indicated by changes in maternal and fetal ketone body metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Langley-Evans
- University of Nottingham, Nutritional Sciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK.
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86
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López N, Sánchez J, Picó C, Palou A, Serra F. Dietary l-leucine supplementation of lactating rats results in a tendency to increase lean/fat ratio associated to lower orexigenic neuropeptide expression in hypothalamus. Peptides 2010; 31:1361-7. [PMID: 20347902 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of dietary leucine supplementation in lactating dams, particularly on energy homeostasis through signaling mechanisms in the central nervous system. Dams were fed ad libitum with standard diet during pregnancy (control dams) or supplemented with 2% leucine (leucine-supplemented dams) from delivery onwards. Food intake, body weight and composition were periodically recorded. Hypothalamus was collected at the end of lactation, and the expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related protein (AgRP) pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART), insulin receptor (InsR), ghrelin receptor (GSHR), melanocortin receptor (MCR4), leptin receptor (Ob-Rb) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) were analyzed. Dietary leucine supplementation to lactating rats increased plasma leucine by 56%, modulated body composition and contributed to a tendency of higher ratio of lean/fat mass content of dams during lactation, without affecting food intake, thermogenesis capacity or body or tissue/organs weights. No differences in body weight of offspring from control and leucine-supplemented dams were found. The expression of orexigenic peptides (NPY and AgRP) decreased in leucine-dams, whereas the expression of anorexigenic peptides (POMC and CART), the hypothalamic receptors of insulin, ghrelin, melanocortin and leptin and SOCS3 did not change by leucine supplementation. In conclusion, increased leucine intake during lactation may contribute to a healthier profile of body composition in dams, without compromising the growth and development of the progeny by a mechanism associated with lower expression of orexigenic neuropeptides in hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- N López
- Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of the Balearic Islands (UIB) and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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87
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Sharpe
- Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Centre for Reproductive Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
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88
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Holness MJ, Caton PW, Sugden MC. Acute and long-term nutrient-led modifications of gene expression: Potential role of SIRT1 as a central co-ordinator of short and longer-term programming of tissue function. Nutrition 2010; 26:491-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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89
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Massiera F, Barbry P, Guesnet P, Joly A, Luquet S, Moreilhon-Brest C, Mohsen-Kanson T, Amri EZ, Ailhaud G. A Western-like fat diet is sufficient to induce a gradual enhancement in fat mass over generations. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2352-61. [PMID: 20410018 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m006866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has steadily increased over the last few decades. During this time, populations of industrialized countries have been exposed to diets rich in fat with a high content of linoleic acid and a low content of alpha-linolenic acid compared with recommended intake. To assess the contribution of dietary fatty acids, male and female mice fed a high-fat diet (35% energy as fat, linoleic acid:alpha-linolenic acid ratio of 28) were mated randomly and maintained after breeding on the same diet for successive generations. Offspring showed, over four generations, a gradual enhancement in fat mass due to combined hyperplasia and hypertrophy with no change in food intake. Transgenerational alterations in adipokine levels were accompanied by hyperinsulinemia. Gene expression analyses of the stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue, over generations, revealed discrete and steady changes in certain important players, such as CSF3 and Nocturnin. Thus, under conditions of genome stability and with no change in the regimen over four generations, we show that a Western-like fat diet induces a gradual fat mass enhancement, in accordance with the increasing prevalence of obesity observed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Massiera
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, CNRS, IBDC, UMR 6543, 06107 Nice, France
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90
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Selecting exercise regimens and strains to modify obesity and diabetes in rodents: an overview. Clin Sci (Lond) 2010; 119:57-74. [PMID: 20402668 DOI: 10.1042/cs20090389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is part of a healthy lifestyle and frequently is an important component in combating chronic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. Understanding the molecular events initiated by regular exercise is best studied in laboratory animals, with mice and rats being favoured for a number of reasons. However, the wide variety of rodent strains available for biomedical research often makes it challenging to select an animal strain suitable for studying specific disease outcomes. In the present review we focus on exercise as a management strategy for obesity and diabetes and we discuss: (i) exercise paradigms in humans shown to ameliorate signs and symptoms of obesity and diabetes; (ii) different rodent strains in terms of their advantages, disadvantages and limitations when using specific forms of exercise; (iii) the strengths and weaknesses of commonly used laboratory methods for rodent exercise; and (iv) the unintended consequences of exercise that are often manifested by increased hormonal and oxidative stress responses.
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91
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Effects of maternal hyperleptinaemia during lactation on short-term memory/learning, anxiety-like and novelty-seeking behavioral traits of adult male rats. Behav Brain Res 2010; 206:147-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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92
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Hermann GM, Dallas LM, Haskell SE, Roghair RD. Neonatal macrosomia is an independent risk factor for adult metabolic syndrome. Neonatology 2010; 98:238-44. [PMID: 20389129 PMCID: PMC2945261 DOI: 10.1159/000285629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight in infancy correlates with risk of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and obesity in adulthood. Clinical observations have been confounded by obesity-prone genotypes and obesity-linked lifestyles. OBJECTIVES To define the effects of isolated neonatal macrosomia in isogenic animals, we compared macrosomic and control C57Bl6 mice co-fostered by healthy dams receiving standard laboratory feed. METHODS Naturally occurring neonatal macrosomia was identified by a gender-specific weanling weight above the 90th percentile for the colony. Macrosomic and control mice were phenotyped in adulthood by exercise wheel, tail cuff and intraperitoneal insulin or glucose challenge. RESULTS Compared to control males, adult males with a history of neonatal macrosomia had significantly increased body weight, reduced voluntary activity, insulin resistance, fasting hyperinsulinemia, and impaired glucose tolerance. In contrast, adult females with neonatal macrosomia had no significant alteration in body weight or endocrine phenotypes, but did have higher blood pressures and lower heart rates than control females. After these baseline studies, all mice were switched to a hypercaloric, high fat diet (5 kcal/g, 45% of energy as fat). Twenty weeks later, male mice had impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, independent of their weanling weight classification. While on high fat feeds, macrosomic males maintained a significantly higher body weight than control males. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that (1) in our murine model, neonatal macrosomia is an independent risk factor of adult metabolic syndrome, and (2) neonatal macrosomia accentuates the sexually dimorphic predisposition of C57Bl6 male mice towards glucose intolerance and C57Bl6 female mice towards hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Hermann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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93
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Ontogenesis of muscle and adipose tissues and their interactions in ruminants and other species. Animal 2010; 4:1093-109. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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94
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Relationships between early postnatal growth and metabolic function of 16-month-old female offspring born to ewes exposed to different environments during pregnancy. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2009; 1:50-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174409990201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It was hypothesized that exposure of the fetus to adverse conditions in utero due to either maternal constraint or nutrition may result in developmental adaptations altering metabolism and postnatal growth of the offspring. Heavy (H) and light (L) Romney dams (G0) were allocated to ad libitum (A) or maintenance (M) nutritional regimens, from day 21–day 140 of pregnancy. Female twin-born offspring (G1) born to the dams in the four treatment groups will be referred to as HA-ewes, LA-ewes, HM-ewes and LM-ewes. At 16 months of age, offspring were catheterized and given intravenous insulin tolerance test (ITT), glucose tolerance test (GTT) and epinephrine tolerance test challenges to assess their glucose and fat metabolism in relation to their birth weight and postnatal growth. In HA-ewes, the regression coefficients of growth rates prior to puberty on insulin and glucose curves in response to GTT (InsAUCGTT) and ITT (GluAUCITT), respectively, were different from 0 (P < 0.05) and were different from the regression coefficients of HM-ewes. This may indicate that HA-ewes may have showed puberty-related insulin resistance at 16 months of age with increasing growth rates prior to puberty compared to HM- or LM-ewes. In HM-ewes, the regression coefficients of growth rates after puberty on InsAUCGTT and GluAUCITT were different from 0 (P < 0.05) and were different from those of HA-ewes. These results may indicate that offspring born to heavy dams fed maintenance during pregnancy and with greater postnatal growth rates after puberty could develop glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in later life.
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95
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Nyirenda MJ, Carter R, Tang JI, de Vries A, Schlumbohm C, Hillier SG, Streit F, Oellerich M, Armstrong VW, Fuchs E, Seckl JR. Prenatal programming of metabolic syndrome in the common marmoset is associated with increased expression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Diabetes 2009; 58:2873-9. [PMID: 19720800 PMCID: PMC2780883 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies in humans and animal models of obesity have shown increased adipose tissue activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1), which amplifies local tissue glucocorticoid concentrations. The reasons for this 11beta-HSD1 dysregulation are unknown. Here, we tested whether 11beta-HSD1 expression, like the metabolic syndrome, is "programmed" by prenatal environmental events in a nonhuman primate model, the common marmoset monkey. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used a "fetal programming" paradigm where brief antenatal exposure to glucocorticoids leads to the metabolic syndrome in the offspring. Pregnant marmosets were given the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone orally for 1 week in either early or late gestation, or they were given vehicle. Tissue 11beta-HSD1 and glucocorticoid receptor mRNA expression were examined in the offspring at 4 and 24 months of age. RESULTS Prenatal dexamethasone administration, selectively during late gestation, resulted in early and persistent elevations in 11beta-HSD1 mRNA expression and activity in the liver, pancreas, and subcutaneous-but not visceral-fat. The increase in 11beta-HSD1 occurred before animals developed obesity or overt features of the metabolic syndrome. In contrast to rodents, in utero dexamethasone exposure did not alter glucocorticoid receptor expression in metabolic tissues in marmosets. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that long-term upregulation of 11beta-HSD1 in metabolically active tissues may follow prenatal "stress" hormone exposure and indicates a novel mechanism for fetal origins of adult obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moffat J. Nyirenda
- Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Roderick Carter
- Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Justin I. Tang
- Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Annick de Vries
- Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Christina Schlumbohm
- Clinical Neurobiology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephen G. Hillier
- MRC (Medical Research Council) Reproductive Sciences Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Frank Streit
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Oellerich
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Victor W. Armstrong
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Fuchs
- Clinical Neurobiology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan R. Seckl
- Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, U.K
- Corresponding author: Jonathan R. Seckl,
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96
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Early trauma and adult obesity: Is psychological dysfunction the mediating mechanism? Physiol Behav 2009; 98:543-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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97
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Viveros MP, Llorente R, López-Gallardo M, Suarez J, Bermúdez-Silva F, De la Fuente M, Rodriguez de Fonseca F, Garcia-Segura LM. Sex-dependent alterations in response to maternal deprivation in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34 Suppl 1:S217-26. [PMID: 19553026 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2009] [Revised: 05/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We review here our latest results regarding short- and long-term effects of a neonatal maternal deprivation (MD) stress [24h at postnatal day (PND) 9] on diverse psychoneuroimmunoendocrine parameters, pointing out the existence of numerous sexual dimorphisms. Behavioral changes observed in MD animals might be at least in part attributable to neurodevelopmental effects of MD-induced elevated corticosterone levels. Our findings of short-term effects of MD on hippocampal and cerebellar neurons and glial cells appear to support this hypothesis. However, it is important to note that these cellular effects were more marked in males than in females. Moreover, in analyzing the effects of this neonatal stress on the endocannabinoid system (hippocampal endocannabinoid levels and CB1 receptors) we have also found that males were more affected by MD. Since all these sexual dimorphisms were found at an early neonatal age (PND 13), they are attributable to organizational effects of gonadal steroids. We discuss the potential implications of the elevated corticosterone and decreased leptin levels shown by MD animals in their diverse functional alterations, including the above mentioned neural effects as well as the intriguing persistent deficit in their immunological system. We also emphasize the necessity of analyzing the important influence of sex as regards the specific consequences of early life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Viveros
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16:401-5. [PMID: 19687666 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32833118e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Muskiet F. Pathophysiology and Evolutionary Aspects of Dietary Fats and Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids across the Life Cycle. Front Neurosci 2009. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420067767-c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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Buchenauer T, Behrendt P, Bode FJ, Horn R, Brabant G, Stephan M, Nave H. Diet-induced obesity alters behavior as well as serum levels of corticosterone in F344 rats. Physiol Behav 2009; 98:563-9. [PMID: 19751751 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an increasing socio-economic health problem. Diet-induced obese (DIO) rodents are widely used as a model of obesity in humans. However, there is no comprehensive data about the behavioral phenotype of DIO rodents. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine whether a high-fat-diet changes behavioral patterns of DIO Fischer 344 (F344) rats in comparison with lean littermates. The behavioral tests (homecage, holeboard, social interaction, and hotplate) were performed in 28 normal-weight and 28 male DIO F344 rats (mean age: 16 weeks) and revealed a significantly higher level of anxiety- and aggression-related parameters in obese rats, whereas their pain threshold was significantly lower. Fitting to a different behavioral response, basal corticosterone levels (measured by RIA) of obese animals were significantly elevated (16.0ng/ml vs. 12.5ng/ml; p<0.01). We conclude that obese rats differ in various aspects from their lean littermates. The altered behavioral characteristics displayed by DIO F344 rats have to be considered in further experiments involving DIO rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Buchenauer
- Institute for Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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