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Dodwell G, Liesefeld HR, Conci M, Müller HJ, Töllner T. EEG evidence for enhanced attentional performance during moderate-intensity exercise. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13923. [PMID: 34370887 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Research on attentional control within real-world contexts has become substantially more feasible and thus frequent over the past decade. However, relatively little is known regarding how these processes may be influenced by common naturalistic behaviors such as engaging in physical activity, which is thought to modulate the availability of neurometabolic resources. Here, we used an event-related potential (ERP) approach to determine whether various intensities of aerobic exercise might affect the concurrent performance of attentional control mechanisms. Participants performed an additional-singleton visual search task across three levels of aerobic activity while seated on a stationary bicycle: at rest, during moderate-intensity exercise, and during vigorous-intensity exercise. In addition to behavioral measures, attentional processing was assessed via lateralized ERPs referencing target selection (PCN) and distractor suppression (PD ) mechanisms. Whereas engaging in exercise resulted in speeded response times overall, moderate-intensity exercise was found to uniquely eliminate the expression of distractor interference by the PCN while also giving rise to an unanticipated distractor-elicited Ppc. These findings demonstrate workload-specific and object-selective influences of aerobic exercise on attentional processing, providing insights not only for approaching attention in real-world contexts but also for understanding how attentional resources are used overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Dodwell
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heinrich R Liesefeld
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Markus Conci
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hermann J Müller
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Töllner
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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52
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Conscious dance: Perceived benefits and psychological well-being of participants. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2021; 44:101440. [PMID: 34260998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meta-analyses suggest that dance has potential to decrease psychological distress, increase trait mindfulness, and enhance quality of life. Conscious dance can be defined as unchoreographed, intentionally nonevaluative mindful movement commonly practiced in a group setting for purposes of authentic self-expression, self-discovery, interpersonal connectedness, and personal healing or growth. OBJECTIVE To assess perceived effects of conscious dance practice (e.g., Ecstatic Dance, 5Rhythms) and examine associations between frequency/duration of practice and psychological well-being among participants. METHODS Self-identifying adult conscious dancers completed a survey (N = 1003; mean age = 47 years; 52% from the U.S; 78% White; 73% female). RESULTS Conscious dancers with ≥5 years of practice had significantly higher trait mindfulness and life satisfaction compared to newer practitioners. More frequent practice (≥once per week) was associated with higher trait mindfulness. A strong majority of participants endorsed experiences consistent with mindfulness (i.e., feeling "more present in my body"; 99% of the sample) and psychological flow ("I felt like I was 'in the zone' or 'in the flow' of things"; 93% of the sample) during conscious dance. Among participants endorsing any of five stress-related health conditions, the majority reported therapeutic effects (i.e., that conscious dance "helped them cope" with the condition). Therapeutic effects were most consistently reported by individuals with depression or anxiety (96% endorsement), followed by those with a trauma history (95%), chronic pain (89%), and history of substance abuse or addiction (88%). For all conditions except addiction, therapeutic effects were associated with greater experiences of psychological flow during dance, and the magnitude of these effects was large (Cohen's d range: 1.0-2.3). CONCLUSION Individuals who engage in conscious dance report that these practices help them to cope with stress-related health conditions. Participants reporting longer duration or greater frequency of practice scored higher on measures of psychological well-being. The feasibility and efficacy of conscious dance for improving well-being among individuals naïve to these approaches will be important to determine in future research.
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53
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Sicard V, Caron G, Moore RD, Ellemberg D. Post-exercise cognitive testing to assess persisting alterations in athletes with a history of concussion. Brain Inj 2021; 35:978-985. [PMID: 34223775 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2021.1944668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Primary Objective: To determine whether a physical exercise protocol could reveal persistent cognitive alterations in university athletes with a history of concussion (HOC). Thirty-four HOC and 34 controls participated in this study.Research Design: Cross-sectional.Methods and Procedures: The exercise protocol consisted of a 20-min bout on a stationary bike at 80% of the theoretical maximal heart rate. Before and after the exercise, participants performed a computerized switch task designed specifically to recruit executive functions. Group × Condition (pre- and post-exercise) repeated measures of ANCOVAs for accuracy, reaction time, and inverse efficiency score on the switch task were conducted. Chi-square tests were run to determine if the proportion of HOC and controls who underperformed (at least 2SD lower than the control group's average score) at rest and post-exercise were similar. Whilst no interaction or main effects were found with ANCOVAs, significantly more HOC athletes (21%) underperformed following exercise than at rest (3%) on the switch task, p = .02. The current results indicate that an acute bout of exercise can reveal persistent alterations that are not present at rest in the protracted phase of concussion. They also highlight the importance of considering inter-individual differences in recovery trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronik Sicard
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Université De Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre De Recherche En Neuropsychologie Et Cognition, 90 Rue Vincent d'Indy, Université De Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriel Caron
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Université De Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre De Recherche En Neuropsychologie Et Cognition, 90 Rue Vincent d'Indy, Université De Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Robert Davis Moore
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Dave Ellemberg
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Université De Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre De Recherche En Neuropsychologie Et Cognition, 90 Rue Vincent d'Indy, Université De Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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54
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Filho E, Dobersek U, Husselman TA. The role of neural efficiency, transient hypofrontality and neural proficiency in optimal performance in self-paced sports: a meta-analytic review. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:1381-1393. [PMID: 33760959 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined changes in brain rhythms in relation to optimal performance in self-paced sports. Eight studies met the inclusion/exclusion criteria, representing 153 participants and eight different sports. We found that (a) optimal performance is characterised by increased alpha (g = .62, p = .02) and theta (g = .74, p = .002) across the cortex; (b) during optimal performance the frontal lobe is more relaxed (higher alpha; g = 1.06, p = .18) and less busy (lower theta; g = .38, p = .08), in comparison to the other brain lobes; (c) for the same given task, experts' brains are more relaxed (higher alpha, g = .89, p = .34) and less busy (lower theta, g = .91, p = .54) than novices' brains. Theoretically, our findings suggest that neural efficiency, neural proficiency, and transient hypofrontality are likely complementary neural mechanisms that underpin optimal performance. In practice, neurofeedback training should teach athletes how to amplify and suppress their alpha and theta activity across the brain during all movement stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Filho
- Wheelock College of Education and Human Development, Boston University, Boston, USA.
| | - Urska Dobersek
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, IN, USA
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55
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Bishnoi A, Holtzer R, Hernandez ME. Brain Activation Changes While Walking in Adults with and without Neurological Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Studies. Brain Sci 2021; 11:291. [PMID: 33652706 PMCID: PMC7996848 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) provides a useful tool for monitoring brain activation changes while walking in adults with neurological disorders. When combined with dual task walking paradigms, fNIRS allows for changes in brain activation to be monitored when individuals concurrently attend to multiple tasks. However, differences in dual task paradigms, baseline, and coverage of cortical areas, presents uncertainty in the interpretation of the overarching findings. (2) Methods: By conducting a systematic review of 35 studies and meta-analysis of 75 effect sizes from 17 studies on adults with or without neurological disorders, we show that the performance of obstacle walking, serial subtraction and letter generation tasks while walking result in significant increases in brain activation in the prefrontal cortex relative to standing or walking baselines. (3) Results: Overall, we find that letter generation tasks have the largest brain activation effect sizes relative to walking, and that significant differences between dual task and single task gait are seen in persons with multiple sclerosis and stroke. (4) Conclusions: Older adults with neurological disease generally showed increased brain activation suggesting use of more attentional resources during dual task walking, which could lead to increased fall risk and mobility impairments. PROSPERO ID: 235228.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Bishnoi
- Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Roee Holtzer
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Manuel E. Hernandez
- Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
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56
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Frith E, Miller SE, Loprinzi PD. Effects of Verbal Priming With Acute Exercise on Convergent Creativity. Psychol Rep 2020; 125:375-397. [PMID: 33356896 DOI: 10.1177/0033294120981925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The acute effects of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise during anagram problem solving on subsequent creativity performance has yet to be empirically investigated, which was this study's purpose. A two-visit (counterbalanced order), within-subject experiment was conducted among individuals aged 18-35. For the acute exercise visit, participants engaged in a 15-minute bout of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise while solving anagram problems. For the anagram only visit, participants engaged in 15 minutes of seated rest while solving anagram problems. Average RAT performance was higher for the exercise + anagram problem-solving visit (M = 10.51, SD = 3.25) compared to anagram-solving + seated rest (M = 9.29, SD = 4.12). The difference between conditions was statistically significant, t(44) = 2.385, p = .021, Cohen's d = 0.36. These findings demonstrate that acute exercise coupled with anagram problem-solving, prior to RAT completion, is a potential strategy for enhancing verbal convergent creative thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Frith
- Cognitive Neuroscience of Creativity Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie E Miller
- Department of Psychology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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57
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Shen Y, Zhao Q, Huang Y, Liu G, Fang L. Promotion of Street-Dance Training on the Executive Function in Preschool Children. Front Psychol 2020; 11:585598. [PMID: 33192915 PMCID: PMC7642602 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.585598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive function is the center of cognitive function, emotional function, and social function, and plays an important role in children’s cognitive development. Previous studies used music, sports, and other training methods to promote the development of children’s executive function. but researchers are still exploring more comprehensive and effective training methods. Street-dance, as a comprehensive dance form integrating the characteristics of movement, music, rhythm, and so on, needs the coordination of individual sensory systems and a sense of musical rhythm and action. These are the same activity elements found in previous studies that can improve the individual executive function of children. In order to investigate the promoting effect of street-dance training on children’s executive function, this study designed a street-dance training program integrating the characteristics of each component of executive function. Sixty preschool children around the age of four (M = 52.4, SD = 3.95) participated using the pretest-posttest experimental design. The dancing group conducted street-dance training 3 times a week, 40–50 min each time for a total of 24 times; the control group did not train. We discovered that 8 weeks of street-dance training can promote the development of executive function in preschool children, and we discussed about the potential mechanism of the street dance training effects and the implications of intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shen
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Yue Huang
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Ge Liu
- The Forth Kindergarten of Shahekou, Dalian, China
| | - Lele Fang
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
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58
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Pretty J, Barton J. Nature-Based Interventions and Mind-Body Interventions: Saving Public Health Costs Whilst Increasing Life Satisfaction and Happiness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E7769. [PMID: 33114167 PMCID: PMC7660642 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A number of countries have begun to adopt prevention pays policies and practices to reduce pressure on health and social care systems. Most affluent countries have seen substantial increases in the incidence and costs of non-communicable diseases. The interest in social models for health has led to the growth in use of social prescribing and psychological therapies. At the same time, there has been growth in application of a variety of nature-based and mind-body interventions (NBIs and MBIs) aimed at improving health and longevity. We assess four NBI/MBI programmes (woodland therapy, therapeutic horticulture, ecotherapy/green care, and tai chi) on life satisfaction/happiness and costs of use of public services. These interventions produce rises in life satisfaction/happiness of 1.00 pts to 7.29 (n = 644; p < 0.001) (for courses or participation >50 h). These increases are greater than many positive life events (e.g., marriage or a new child); few countries or cities see +1 pt increases over a decade. The net present economic benefits per person from reduced public service use are £830-£31,520 (after 1 year) and £6450-£11,980 (after 10 years). We conclude that NBIs and MBIs can play a role in helping to reduce the costs on health systems, while increasing the well-being of participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Pretty
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Jo Barton
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK;
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59
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Donnan K, Williams EL, Stanger N. The Effects of Heat Exposure During Intermittent Exercise on Physical and Cognitive Performance Among Team Sport Athletes. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 128:439-466. [PMID: 33076764 PMCID: PMC7859587 DOI: 10.1177/0031512520966522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of heat exposure on physical and
cognitive performance during an intermittent exercise protocol so as
to reflect the incremental fatigue experienced during team sports.
Twelve well-trained male team sport players completed an 80-minute
cycling intermittent sprint protocol (CISP), alongside computerized
vigilance and congruent (i.e., simple) and incongruent (i.e., complex)
Stroop tasks of cognitive functioning, in two counterbalanced
temperature conditions; hot (32°C[50%rh]) and control (18°C[50%rh]).
Incongruent Stroop accuracy declined over time
(p = .002), specifically in the second
(Mdiff = –3.75,
SD = 0.90%, p = .009) and
third (Mdiff = –4.58,
SD = 1.22%, p = .019) quarters
compared to the first quarter of the CISP; but there were no
differences between temperature conditions. Congruent Stroop reaction
time (RT) was quicker in the second quarter of exercise in the hot
condition (M = 561.99,
SD = 112.93 ms) compared to the control condition
(M=617.80, SD = 139.71 ms;
p = .022), but no differences were found for
congruent Stroop accuracy nor vigilance measures. Additionally, peak
power output was lower during the third quarter of the CISP in the hot
condition (M = 861.31,
SD = 105.20 W) compared to the control condition
(M = 900.68, SD = 114.84 W;
p < .001). Plasma normetanephrine and
metanephrine concentrations increased from pre- to post-CISP
(Mdiff = +616.90,
SD = 306.99, p < .001; and
Mdiff = +151.23,
SD = 130.32, p = .002,
respectively), with a marginal interaction suggesting a higher
normetanephrine increase from pre- to post-CISP in the hot versus the
control condition (p = .070). Our findings suggest
that accuracy for more complex decisions suffered during prolonged
high-intensity intermittent exercise, perhaps due to exercise-induced
catecholamine increases. Athletes may have also reduced physical
effort under increased heat exposure, indicating how cognitive
performance may be sustained in physically demanding environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Donnan
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Emily L Williams
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Stanger
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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60
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Williams RA, Cooper SB, Dring KJ, Hatch L, Morris JG, Sunderland C, Nevill ME. Effect of football activity and physical fitness on information processing, inhibitory control and working memory in adolescents. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1398. [PMID: 32928161 PMCID: PMC7488749 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09484-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whilst an acute bout of exercise has been shown to enhance subsequent cognition, including in adolescents, the effects of team games (of which Football is the most popular) has received little attention. Therefore, this study examined: the effect of an acute bout of outdoor Football activity on information processing, inhibitory control, working memory and circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in adolescents; the effect of physical fitness on cognition and; the moderating effect of physical fitness on the acute exercise responses. Methods Following familiarisation, 36 adolescents (16 girls) took part in two trials (60-min Football and 60-min seated rest) separated by 7-d in a counterbalanced, crossover design. Information processing and inhibitory control (Stroop Test), and working memory (Sternberg Paradigm) were assessed 30-min before exercise/rest and immediately, 45- and 90-min post-exercise/rest. Capillary blood samples were obtained before exercise/rest and up to 120-min post-exercise/rest. The median split of distance covered on the MSFT was used to divide the group into high- and low-fit groups. Results Performance on the cognitive function tasks was similar between Football and seated rest (trial*time interactions; all p > .05). However, the high-fit group had overall quicker response times on both levels of the Stroop Task and all three levels of the Sternberg Paradigm (main effect of fitness; all p < .001). Furthermore, the exercise-cognition relationship was moderated by physical fitness, with improvements in working memory response times seen post-exercise, only in the high-fit group (trial*time*fitness interaction, p < .05). Circulating BDNF was unaffected by the Football activity and physical fitness (p > .05). Conclusion The present study shows that higher levels of physical fitness are beneficial for cognitive function and provides novel evidence that an ecologically valid, and popular, form of exercise is beneficial for working memory following exercise, in high-fit participants only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Williams
- Department of Sport Science; Exercise and Health Research Group; Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Simon B Cooper
- Department of Sport Science; Exercise and Health Research Group; Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Karah J Dring
- Department of Sport Science; Exercise and Health Research Group; Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lorna Hatch
- Department of Sport Science; Exercise and Health Research Group; Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - John G Morris
- Department of Sport Science; Exercise and Health Research Group; Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Caroline Sunderland
- Department of Sport Science; Exercise and Health Research Group; Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mary E Nevill
- Department of Sport Science; Exercise and Health Research Group; Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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61
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Leroy A, Cheron G. EEG dynamics and neural generators of psychological flow during one tightrope performance. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12449. [PMID: 32709919 PMCID: PMC7381607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69448-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological “flow” emerges from a goal requiring action, and a match between skills and challenge. Using high-density electroencephalographic (EEG) recording, we quantified the neural generators characterizing psychological “flow” compared to a mindful “stress” state during a professional tightrope performance. Applying swLORETA based on self-reported mental states revealed the right superior temporal gyrus (BA38), right globus pallidus, and putamen as generators of delta, alpha, and beta oscillations, respectively, when comparing “flow” versus “stress”. Comparison of “stress” versus “flow” identified the middle temporal gyrus (BA39) as the delta generator, and the medial frontal gyrus (BA10) as the alpha and beta generator. These results support that “flow” emergence required transient hypo-frontality. Applying swLORETA on the motor command represented by the tibialis anterior EMG burst identified the ipsilateral cerebellum and contralateral sensorimotor cortex in association with on-line control exerted during both “flow” and “stress”, while the basal ganglia was identified only during “flow”.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Leroy
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Haute Ecole Provinciale du Hainaut-Condorcet, Mons, Belgium
| | - G Cheron
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. .,Laboratory of Electrophysiology, Université de Mons, Mons, Belgium.
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62
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Giles GE, Hasselquist L, Caruso CM, Eddy MD. Load Carriage and Physical Exertion Influence Cognitive Control in Military Scenarios. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2540-2546. [PMID: 31274685 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical exertion has both beneficial and detrimental effects on cognitive performance, particularly cognitive control. Research into physical exertion under conditions of load carriage is particularly important given that military personnel and first responders must perform optimally under such combinatorial physical stressors. The present work sought to characterize cognitive control as a function of physical exertion and load carriage in a military operational scenario. METHODS Thirty-one active-duty soldiers underwent a 4-h operationally relevant and fatiguing scenario that included two 1-h foot marches under load carriage conditions of 8.8, 47.2, 50.7 kg on each of three separate days. During each foot march, they completed five 5-min blocks of an auditory go/no-go task of response inhibition. RESULTS Results showed that response inhibition declined with increasing load carriage and physical exertion, as evidenced by lower proportion of correct responses, higher proportion of false alarms, and lower response sensitivity between all three load conditions, particularly upon successive foot marches and time blocks within each foot march. CONCLUSIONS The results support previous laboratory-based work on load carriage and physical exertion and suggest that deteriorations in cognitive control witnessed in laboratory settings are more pronounced within realistic operational scenarios akin to those encountered by military personnel and first responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Giles
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center (CCDC Soldier Center), Natick, MA
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63
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Lieberman DE, Mahaffey M, Cubesare Quimare S, Holowka NB, Wallace IJ, Baggish AL. Running in Tarahumara (Rarámuri) Culture. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1086/708810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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64
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Acute exercise-related cognitive effects are not attributable to changes in end-tidal CO2 or cerebral blood velocity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1637-1649. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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65
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Lennefer T, Reis D, Lopper E, Hoppe A. A step away from impaired well-being: a latent growth curve analysis of an intervention with activity trackers among employees. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2020.1760247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lennefer
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorota Reis
- Saarland University, Campus A2 4, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Elisa Lopper
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annekatrin Hoppe
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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Affective Outcomes of Group versus Lone Green Exercise Participation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020624. [PMID: 31963700 PMCID: PMC7013434 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
'Green exercise' (being physically active within a natural environment) research has examined the influence of environmental setting on health and wellbeing-related exercise outcomes. However, it is not known whether social exercise settings influence green exercise-associated changes in mood, self-esteem, and connection to nature. This study directly compared outcomes of participating in green exercise alone compared to in a group. Using repeated measures, counterbalanced and randomized-crossover design, participants (n = 40) completed two 3 km runs around sports fields. These fields had a relatively flat grass terrain, predominant view of trees, and open grassland. On one occasion participants ran alone and on the other they ran in a group of 4-5 participants. Questionnaire measures of mood, self-esteem, and connection to nature were completed immediately pre- and post-run. Across all of the measures, two-way mixed ANOVAs found that there were statistically significant effects for time but not for time-by-condition interactions. The simplest interpretation of this finding is that social setting does not influence individuals' attainment of the psychological outcomes of green exercise participation. However, we discuss the possibility that more complex processes might underpin this finding.
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Ghosh A, Dal Maso F, Roig M, Mitsis GD, Boudrias MH. Unfolding the Effects of Acute Cardiovascular Exercise on Neural Correlates of Motor Learning Using Convolutional Neural Networks. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1215. [PMID: 31798403 PMCID: PMC6868001 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular exercise is known to promote the consolidation of newly acquired motor skills. Previous studies seeking to understand the neural correlates underlying motor memory consolidation that is modulated by exercise, have relied so far on using traditional statistical approaches for a priori selected features from neuroimaging data, including EEG. With recent advances in machine learning, data-driven techniques such as deep learning have shown great potential for EEG data decoding for brain-computer interfaces, but have not been explored in the context of exercise. Here, we present a novel Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based pipeline for analysis of EEG data to study the brain areas and spectral EEG measures modulated by exercise. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first one to demonstrate the ability of CNNs to be trained in a limited sample size setting. Our approach revealed discriminative spectral features within a refined frequency band (27–29 Hz) as compared to the wider beta bandwidth (15–30 Hz), which is commonly used in data analyses, as well as corresponding brain regions that were modulated by exercise. These results indicate the presence of finer EEG spectral features that could have been overlooked using conventional hypothesis-driven statistical approaches. Our study thus demonstrates the feasibility of using deep network architectures for neuroimaging analysis, even in small-scale studies, to identify robust brain biomarkers and investigate neuroscience-based questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arna Ghosh
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fabien Dal Maso
- École de Kinéiologie et des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc Roig
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Georgios D Mitsis
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Hélène Boudrias
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montreal, QC, Canada
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68
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Yanes D, Frith E, Loprinzi PD. Memory-Related Encoding-Specificity Paradigm: Experimental Application to the Exercise Domain. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 15:447-458. [PMID: 33680140 PMCID: PMC7909183 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v15i3.1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Encoding-Specificity Paradigm indicates that memory recall will be superior when contextual factors are congruent between memory encoding and memory retrieval. However, unlike other contextual conditions (e.g., verbal context, mental operations, global feature context, mood dependency, and physical operations), this paradigm has nearly been ignored in the exercise domain. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the Encoding-Specificity Paradigm in the context of exercise and rest conditions. 24 young adults (age: M = 21 years) completed a within-subject, counterbalanced experiment involving four laboratory visits, including 1) R-R (rest-rest) condition, 2) R-E (rest-exercise) condition, 3) E-R (exercise-rest) condition, or 4) E-E (exercise-exercise) condition. The exercise bout included a 15-minute moderate-intensity walk on a treadmill. Memory recall was assessed via a 15 word-list task. Memory recall was greater for R-R (8.71 ± 3.1) versus R-E (7.46 ± 2.8), and similarly, for E-E (8.63 ± 2.7) versus E-R (8.21 ± 2.7). The mean word recall for the congruent and incongruent conditions, respectively, was 8.67 (2.4) and 7.83 (2.4). There was a statistically significant condition effect (F = 5.02; P = .03; partial η² = .18). This experiment provides direct support for the Encoding-Specificity Paradigm in the exercise domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Yanes
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Emily Frith
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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69
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Fontes EB, Bortolotti H, Grandjean da Costa K, Machado de Campos B, Castanho GK, Hohl R, Noakes T, Min LL. Modulation of cortical and subcortical brain areas at low and high exercise intensities. Br J Sports Med 2019; 54:110-115. [PMID: 31420319 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-100295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The brain plays a key role in the perceptual regulation of exercise, yet neuroimaging techniques have only demonstrated superficial brain areas responses during exercise, and little is known about the modulation of the deeper brain areas at different intensities. OBJECTIVES/METHODS Using a specially designed functional MRI (fMRI) cycling ergometer, we have determined the sequence in which the cortical and subcortical brain regions are modulated at low and high ratings perceived exertion (RPE) during an incremental exercise protocol. RESULTS Additional to the activation of the classical motor control regions (motor, somatosensory, premotor and supplementary motor cortices and cerebellum), we found the activation of the regions associated with autonomic regulation (ie, insular cortex) (ie, positive blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal) during exercise. Also, we showed reduced activation (negative BOLD signal) of cognitive-related areas (prefrontal cortex), an effect that increased during exercise at a higher perceived intensity (RPE 13-17 on Borg Scale). The motor cortex remained active throughout the exercise protocol whereas the cerebellum was activated only at low intensity (RPE 6-12), not at high intensity (RPE 13-17). CONCLUSIONS These findings describe the sequence in which different brain areas become activated or deactivated during exercise of increasing intensity, including subcortical areas measured with fMRI analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Bodnariuc Fontes
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Cognition and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil .,Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Tufts Applied Cognition Lab, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Henrique Bortolotti
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Cognition and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Kell Grandjean da Costa
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Cognition and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Hohl
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Timothy Noakes
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Li Li Min
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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70
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Gold J, Ciorciari J. A Transcranial Stimulation Intervention to Support Flow State Induction. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:274. [PMID: 31440152 PMCID: PMC6694760 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Flow states are considered a positive, subjective experience during an optimal balance between skills and task demands. Previously, experimentally induced flow experiences have relied solely on adaptive tasks. Objective: To investigate whether cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) area and anodal tDCS over the right parietal cortex area during video game play will promote an increased experience of flow states. Methods: Two studies had participants play Tetris or first-person shooter (FPS) video games while receiving either real tDCS or sham stimulation. Tetris recruited 21 untrained players who infrequently played video games while the 11 FPS participants played FPS frequently. Flow experience was assessed before and after stimulation. Results: Compared to sham stimulation, real stimulation increased flow experience for both untrained Tetris and trained FPS players. Improved performance effects were only seen with untrained groups. Conclusion: Cathodal and anodal tDCS over the left DLPFC and right parietal areas, respectively may encourage flow experiences in complex real-life motor tasks that occur during sports, games, and everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Gold
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne Neuroimaging (SNI), Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph Ciorciari
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
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71
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Loprinzi PD, Day S, Deming R. Acute Exercise Intensity and Memory Function: Evaluation of the Transient Hypofrontality Hypothesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55080445. [PMID: 31394736 PMCID: PMC6723384 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55080445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective: The transient hypofrontality hypothesis predicts that memory function will be impaired during high-intensity exercise, as a result of a need for metabolic and cognitive resources to be allocated toward sustaining movement, as opposed to performing a cognitive task. The purpose of these experiments was to evaluate this transient hypofrontality hypothesis. Materials and Methods: Experiment 1 involved participants (n = 24; Mage = 21.9 years) completing four counterbalanced visits. Two visits evaluated working memory function, either at rest or during a high-intensity bout of acute exercise. The other two visits evaluated episodic memory function, either at rest or during a high-intensity bout of acute exercise. Experiment 2 (n = 24; Mage = 20.9 years) extended Experiment 1 by evaluating memory function (working memory) across 4 counterbalanced conditions, including at rest and during light (30% of heart rate reserve; HRR), moderate (50% HRR) and high-intensity (80% HRR) acute exercise. Results: Experiment 1 demonstrated that, when compared to rest, both working memory and episodic memory were impaired during high-intensity acute exercise. Experiment 2 replicated this effect, but then also showed that, unlike high-intensity acute exercise, memory function was not impaired during low- and moderate-intensity acute exercise. Conclusions: Our experiments provide support for the transient hypofrontality hypothesis. Both working memory and episodic memory are impaired during high-intensity acute exercise. Working memory does not appear to be impaired during lower exercise intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Sierra Day
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Raymond Deming
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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72
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Moriarty T, Bourbeau K, Bellovary B, Zuhl MN. Exercise Intensity Influences Prefrontal Cortex Oxygenation during Cognitive Testing. Behav Sci (Basel) 2019; 9:E83. [PMID: 31357450 PMCID: PMC6721405 DOI: 10.3390/bs9080083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions have been linked to acute exercise-induced improvements in cognitive performance. The type of exercise performed may influence PFC activation, and further impact cognitive function. The present study aimed to compare PFC activation during cognitive testing after moderate-intensity, high intensity, and yoga exercises, and to determine if PFC activation is linked to cognitive performance. Eight subjects (four male and four female), aged 35 ± 5 completed a control, high intensity, moderate intensity, and yoga exercises followed by administration of a cognitive task (NIH Toolbox Fluid Cognition). Left and right PFC activation (LPFC and RPFC, respectively) were evaluated by measuring hemoglobin difference (Hbdiff) changes during post-exercise cognitive assessment using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Activation during the cognitive test was higher in the LPFC after moderate intensity exercise compared to control, high intensity, and yoga (5.30 ± 6.65 vs. 2.26 ± 2.40, 2.50 ± 1.48, 2.41 ± 2.36 μM, p < 0.05, respectively). A negative relationship was detected between LPFC and processing speed after exercise. PFC activation did not align with cognitive performance. However, acute exercise, regardless of type, appeared to alter neural processing. Specifically, less PFC activation was required for a given neural output after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Moriarty
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614, USA
| | - Kelsey Bourbeau
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Bryanne Bellovary
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Micah N Zuhl
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
- School of Health Sciences, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
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73
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Caffeine intake modulates the functioning of the attentional networks depending on consumption habits and acute exercise demands. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10043. [PMID: 31296908 PMCID: PMC6624295 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46524-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Consume of stimulants (as caffeine) is very usual in different contexts where the performers have to take quick and accurate decisions during physical effort. Decision-making processes are mediated by the attentional networks. An experiment was carried out to examine the effect of caffeine intake on attention (alerting, orienting, and executive control) as a function of consumption habit under two physical exertion conditions (rest vs. aerobic exercise). Two groups of participants with different caffeine consumption profiles (moderate consumers vs. low consumers) performed the Attention Network Test-Interactions under four different conditions regarding activity (rest vs. exercise) and intake (caffeine vs. placebo). Results showed that whereas exercise led to faster reaction times (RT) in all cases, caffeine intake accelerated RT but only at rest and in moderate caffeine consumers. More importantly, caffeine intake reduced the alertness effect in moderate consumers only at the rest condition. No interactions between Intake and Activity were observed in the other attentional networks, with exercise reducing orienting independently of caffeine intake, which suggests that physical exercise and caffeine are different modulators of attention but can interact. Caffeine intake had differential effects on reaction speed at rest and during physical exercise depending on the individual consumption habit. On the basis of these finding it seems that mainly alertness is modulated differently by internal and external "arousing" conditions.
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74
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Creating an Internal Environment of Cognitive and Psycho-Emotional Well-Being through an External Movement-Based Environment: An Overview of Quadrato Motor Training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16122160. [PMID: 31216778 PMCID: PMC6616507 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this overview, we discuss the internal and external environmental factors associated with cognitive and psycho-emotional well-being in the context of physical activity and Mindful Movement. Our key argument is that improved cognitive and emotional functions associated with mental well-being can be achieved by an external, Mindful Movement-based environment training called Quadrato Motor Training (QMT). QMT is a structured sensorimotor training program aimed at improving coordination, attention, and emotional well-being through behavioral, electrophysiological, neuroanatomical, and molecular changes. In accordance with this argument, we first describe the general neurobiological mechanisms underpinning emotional states and emotion regulation. Next, we review the relationships between QMT, positive emotional state, and increased emotion regulation, and discuss the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these relationships. We consider the relationships between motion, emotion, and cognition, and highlight the need for integrated training paradigms involving these three trajectories. Such training paradigms provide cognitively engaging exercises to improve emotion regulation, which in turn affects adaptive behaviors. Finally, we address the broader implications of improving cognitive and emotional functioning through Mindful Movement training for environmental research and public health.
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75
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Loprinzi PD, Blough J, Crawford L, Ryu S, Zou L, Li H. The Temporal Effects of Acute Exercise on Episodic Memory Function: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9040087. [PMID: 31003491 PMCID: PMC6523402 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Accumulating research demonstrates that the timing of exercise plays an important role in influencing episodic memory. However, we have a limited understanding as to the factors that moderate this temporal effect. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of study characteristics (e.g., exercise modality, intensity and duration of acute exercise) and participant attributes (e.g., age, sex) across each of the temporal periods of acute exercise on episodic memory (i.e., acute exercise occurring before memory encoding, and during memory encoding, early consolidation, and late consolidation). Methods: The following databases were used for our computerized searches: Embase/PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Sports Discus and PsychInfo. Studies were included if they: (1) Employed an experimental design with a comparison to a control group/visit, (2) included human participants, (3) evaluated exercise as the independent variable, (4) employed an acute bout of exercise (defined as a single bout of exercise), (5) evaluated episodic memory as the outcome variable (defined as the retrospective recall of information either in a spatial or temporal manner), and (6) provided sufficient data (e.g., mean, SD, and sample size) for a pooled effect size estimate. Results: In total, 25 articles met our inclusionary criteria and were meta-analyzed. Acute exercise occurring before memory encoding (d = 0.11, 95% CI: −0.01, 0.23, p = 0.08), during early memory consolidation (d = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.67; p < 0.001) and during late memory consolidation (d = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.32, 1.78; p = 0.005) enhanced episodic memory function. Conversely, acute exercise occurring during memory encoding had a negative effect on episodic memory (d = −0.12, 95% CI: −0.22, −0.02; p = 0.02). Various study designs and participant characteristics moderated the temporal effects of acute exercise on episodic memory function. For example, vigorous-intensity acute exercise, and acute exercise among young adults, had greater effects when the acute bout of exercise occurred before memory encoding or during the early memory consolidation period. Conclusions: The timing of acute exercise plays an important role in the exercise-memory interaction. Various exercise- and participant-related characteristics moderate this temporal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Jeremiah Blough
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Lindsay Crawford
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Seungho Ryu
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Liye Zou
- Lifestyle (Mind-Body Movement) Research Center, College of Sport Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Hong Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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76
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Giles GE, Mahoney CR, Caruso C, Bukhari AS, Smith TJ, Pasiakos SM, McClung JP, Lieberman HR. Two days of calorie deprivation impairs high level cognitive processes, mood, and self-reported exertion during aerobic exercise: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Brain Cogn 2019; 132:33-40. [PMID: 30831453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Military personnel and emergency responders perform cognitively-demanding tasks during periods of sustained physical exertion and limited caloric intake. Cognitive function is preserved during short-term caloric restriction, but it is unclear if preservation extends to combined caloric restriction and physical exertion. According to the "reticular-activating hypofrontality" model, vigorous exertion impairs prefrontal cortex activity and associated functions. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study examined cognitive function during sustained exertion while volunteers were calorically-deprived. Twenty-three volunteers were calorie-depleted for two days on one occasion and fully-fed on another. They completed intermittent bouts of exercise at 40-65% VO2peak while prefrontal cortex-dependent tasks of cognitive control, mood, and perceived exertion were assessed. Calorie deprivation impaired accuracy on the task-switching task of set-shifting (p < .01) and decreased sensitivity on the go/no-go task of response inhibition (p < .05). Calorie deprivation did not affect risk taking on the Rogers risk task. During exercise, calorie deprivation, particularly on day 2, increased perceived exertion (p < .05) and impaired mood states of tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, and confusion (all p < .01). Physical exertion during severe calorie deprivation impairs cognitive control, mood, and self-rated exertion. Reallocation of cerebral metabolic resources from the prefrontal cortex to structures supporting movement may explain these deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Giles
- Cognitive Science and Applications Team, Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA; Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University and CCDC Soldier Center, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Caroline R Mahoney
- Cognitive Science and Applications Team, Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA; Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University and CCDC Soldier Center, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Christina Caruso
- Cognitive Science and Applications Team, Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA; Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University and CCDC Soldier Center, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Asma S Bukhari
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA; Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Tracey J Smith
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA.
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA.
| | - James P McClung
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA.
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
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77
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Ciria LF, Luque-Casado A, Sanabria D, Holgado D, Ivanov PC, Perakakis P. Oscillatory brain activity during acute exercise: Tonic and transient neural response to an oddball task. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13326. [PMID: 30637763 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Intense physical exercise exerts measurable changes at various physiological levels that are well documented in the literature. However, despite the key role of the brain in processing inputs from internal organ systems and the external environment to coordinate and optimize behavior, little is known about brain dynamics during exercise. The present study investigates tonic and transient oscillatory brain activity in a group of participants performing an oddball task during a single bout of aerobic exercise. Twenty young males (19-32 years) were recruited for two experimental sessions on separate days. EEG activity was recorded during a session of cycling at 80% (moderate-to-high intensity) of VO2max (maximum rate of oxygen consumption) while participants responded to infrequent targets (red square and big blue circle) presented among frequent nontargets (small blue circle). This was compared to a (baseline) light intensity session (30% VO2max ) to control any potential effect of dual tasking (i.e., pedaling and performing the oddball task). A cluster-based nonparametric permutations test revealed an increase in power across the entire frequency spectrum during the moderate-to-high intensity exercise compared to light intensity. Furthermore, the more salient target (red square) elicited a lower increase in (stimulus-evoked) theta power in the 80% VO2max than in the light intensity condition. Alpha and lower beta power decreased less in the standard trials (small blue circle) during the moderate-to-high exercise condition than in the light exercise condition. The present study unveils, for the first time, a complex brain activity pattern during vigorous exercise while attending to task-relevant stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Ciria
- Mind, Brain, & Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Luque-Casado
- Mind, Brain, & Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Centro de Estudios del Deporte, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanabria
- Mind, Brain, & Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Darías Holgado
- Mind, Brain, & Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Physical Education & Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Plamen Ch Ivanov
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School and Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pandelis Perakakis
- Mind, Brain, & Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Departamento de Psicología, Sevilla, Spain
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78
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Blasche G, Szabo B, Wagner‐Menghin M, Ekmekcioglu C, Gollner E. Comparison of rest‐break interventions during a mentally demanding task. Stress Health 2018; 34:629-638. [PMID: 30113771 PMCID: PMC6585675 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Research is scarce on ways to enhance the effect of rest breaks during mentally demanding tasks. The present study investigated the effectiveness of two rest-break interventions on well-being during an academic lecture. Sixty-six students (53 females, mean age 22.5 years) enrolled in two different university classes of 4-hr duration participated in the study. Two measures of well-being (fatigue and vigor) were assessed immediately before, after, and 20 minutes after the break. A control condition without a break as well as an unstructured break was compared with breaks either encompassing physical activity or a relaxation exercise. Compared with the nonbreak condition, the unstructured rest break led to an increase in vigor, the exercise break as well as the relaxation break both to an increase in vigor and a decrease in fatigue at 20-min post break. Compared with the unstructured break, exercise led to an (additional) increase in vigor and relaxation to an (additional) decrease in fatigue at 20-min post break. Thus, the effects of rest breaks during mentally demanding tasks can be enhanced by engaging in physical activity or relaxation exercises, with effects lasting at least as long as 20 min into the continuation of the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Blasche
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public HealthMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Barbara Szabo
- Department of HealthUniversity of Applied Sciences BurgenlandEisenstadtAustria
| | | | - Cem Ekmekcioglu
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public HealthMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Erwin Gollner
- Department of HealthUniversity of Applied Sciences BurgenlandEisenstadtAustria
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79
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Weippert M, Rickler M, Kluck S, Behrens K, Bastian M, Mau-Moeller A, Bruhn S, Lischke A. It's Harder to Push, When I Have to Push Hard-Physical Exertion and Fatigue Changes Reasoning and Decision-Making on Hypothetical Moral Dilemmas in Males. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:268. [PMID: 30534061 PMCID: PMC6276357 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of physical exertion and fatigue during military, firefighting and disaster medicine operations, sports or even daily life, their acute effects on moral reasoning and moral decision-making have never been systematically investigated. To test the effects of physical exertion on moral reasoning and moral decision-making, we administered a moral dilemma task to 32 male participants during a moderate or high intensity cycling intervention. Participants in the high intensity cycling group tended to show more non-utilitarian reasoning and more non-utilitarian decision-making on impersonal but not on personal dilemmas than participants in the moderate intensity cycling group. Exercise-induced exertion and fatigue, thus, shifted moral reasoning and moral decision-making in a non-utilitarian rather than utilitarian direction, presumably due to an exercise-induced limitation of prefrontally mediated executive resources that are more relevant for utilitarian than non-utilitarian reasoning and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Weippert
- Institute of Sport Science, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michel Rickler
- Institute of Sport Science, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Steffen Kluck
- Institute of Philosophy, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kristin Behrens
- Department of Physiotherapy, ISBA University of Cooperative Education, Schwerin, Germany
| | - Manuela Bastian
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anett Mau-Moeller
- Institute of Sport Science, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sven Bruhn
- Institute of Sport Science, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Lischke
- Department of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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80
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Hwang RJ, Chen HJ, Guo ZX, Lee YS, Liu TY. Effects of aerobic exercise on sad emotion regulation in young women: an electroencephalograph study. Cogn Neurodyn 2018; 13:33-43. [PMID: 30728869 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-018-9511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of exercise on cognitive abilities have been studied. However, evidence regarding the neural substrates of sad emotion regulation is limited. Women have higher rates for affective disorders than men, but insufficient outcomes assess how aerobic exercises modulate central frontal activation in sad emotion inhibition and resilience among healthy women. This study investigated the effects of aerobic exercise-related brain activity on sad emotion inhibition processing in young women. Sad facial Go/No-Go and neutral Go/No-Go trials were conducted among 30 healthy young women to examine the changes in the N2 component, which reflects frontal inhibition responses, between pre-exercise and post-exercise periods. The first test was performed before aerobic exercise (baseline; 1st) and the second test was performed during an absolute rest period of 90 min after exercise. The sad No-Go stimuli that evoked N200 (N2) event-related potential were recorded and analyzed. The results showed that in the sad No-Go trials, N2 activation at the central-prefrontal cortex was significantly attenuated after exercise compared to the baseline N2 activation. Exercise-modulated N2 activation was not observed in the neutral No-Go trials. The behavioral error rates of sad No-Go trials did not differ between the two experiments. A reduced engagement of central-frontal activation to sad No-Go stimuli was shown after exercise. However, behavioral performance was consistent between the two measurements. The findings scope the benefits of the aerobic exercise on the neural efficiency in responding to sad emotion-eliciting cues as well as adaptive transitions reinstatement for regulatory capabilities in healthy young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jen Hwang
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology (CGUST), 261 Wei-Hwa 1st Rd, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC.,Nursing Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,3Center of Clinical Competency Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology (CGUST), Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ju Chen
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology (CGUST), 261 Wei-Hwa 1st Rd, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zhan-Xian Guo
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology (CGUST), 261 Wei-Hwa 1st Rd, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Sheun Lee
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology (CGUST), 261 Wei-Hwa 1st Rd, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC.,4China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ying Liu
- 5Science and Technology Policy Research and Information Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, 15F, No. 106, Sec. 2, Heping E. Rd, Taipei, 10636 Taiwan, ROC
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81
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Loprinzi PD. Intensity-specific effects of acute exercise on human memory function: considerations for the timing of exercise and the type of memory. Health Promot Perspect 2018; 8:255-262. [PMID: 30479978 PMCID: PMC6249493 DOI: 10.15171/hpp.2018.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this review was to evaluate whether acute exercise intensities have unique effects on memory function, and whether this is influenced by memory type as well as the temporality of the acute exercise bout. Methods: A systematic review was employed, using several databases (PubMed, PsychInfo,Sports Discus, Google Scholar, Embase). Results: In total, 9 articles met the study criteria. All 9 studies evaluated either working memory capacity or episodic-related memory function. The main findings across these studies were 1) when acute exercise occurs before the memory task, high-intensity exercise may be less favorable for working memory but may favor episodic memory; 2) when acute exercise occurs during the memory task, high-intensity exercise may be less favorable for working memory capacity; and 3) high-intensity exercise may not associate with long-term memory function when it occurs shortly after memory encoding. Conclusion: The relationship between acute exercise and memory is complex and may vary based on the intensity of exercise, the temporality of exercise, and the memory type evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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82
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Giles GE, Eddy MD, Brunyé TT, Urry HL, Graber HL, Barbour RL, Mahoney CR, Taylor HA, Kanarek RB. Endurance Exercise Enhances Emotional Valence and Emotion Regulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:398. [PMID: 30459576 PMCID: PMC6232759 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exercise consistently benefits both emotion and cognition, particularly cognitive control. We evaluated acute endurance exercise influences on emotion, domain-general cognitive control and the cognitive control of emotion, specifically cognitive reappraisal. Thirty-six endurance runners, defined as running at least 30 miles per week with one weekly run of at least 9 miles (21 female, age 18-30 years) participated. In a repeated measures design, participants walked at 57% age-adjusted maximum heart rate (HRmax; range 51%-63%) and ran at 70% HRmax (range 64%-76%) for 90 min on two separate days. Participants completed measures of emotional state and the Stroop test of domain-general cognitive control before, every 30 min during and 30 min after exercise. Participants also completed a cognitive reappraisal task (CRT) after exercise. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) tracked changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb and dHb) levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Results suggest that even at relatively moderate intensities, endurance athletes benefit emotionally from running both during and after exercise and task-related PFC oxygenation reductions do not appear to hinder prefrontal-dependent cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E. Giles
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army Natick Soldier, Research, Development, and Engineering Center (NSRDEC), Natick, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Marianna D. Eddy
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army Natick Soldier, Research, Development, and Engineering Center (NSRDEC), Natick, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Tad T. Brunyé
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army Natick Soldier, Research, Development, and Engineering Center (NSRDEC), Natick, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Heather L. Urry
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Caroline R. Mahoney
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army Natick Soldier, Research, Development, and Engineering Center (NSRDEC), Natick, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Holly A. Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Robin B. Kanarek
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
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83
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Perrey S, Besson P. Studying brain activity in sports performance: Contributions and issues. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2018; 240:247-267. [PMID: 30390834 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the interactions between brain activity and behavior comprehensively in achieving optimal exercise performance in sports is still lacking. The existent research in this area has been limited by the constraints of sports environments and the robustness of the most suitable non-invasive functional neuroimaging methods (electroencephalography, EEG and functional near-infrared spectroscopy, fNIRS) to motion artifacts and noise. However, recent advances in brain mapping technology should improve the capabilities of the future brain imaging devices to assess and monitor the level of adaptive cognitive-motor performance during exercise in sports environments. The purpose of this position manuscript is to discuss the contributions and issues in behavioral neuroscience related to brain activity measured during exercise and in various sports. A first part aims to give an overview of EEG and fNIRS neuroimaging methods assessing electrophysiological activity and hemodynamic responses of the acute and chronic relation of physical exercise on the human brain. Then, methodological issues, such as the reliability of brain data during physical exertion, key limitations and possible prospects of fNIRS and EEG methods are provided. While the use of such methods in sports environments remains scarce and limited to controlled cycling task, new generation of wearable, whole-scalp EEG and fNIRS technologies could open up a range of new applications in sports sciences for providing neuroimaging-based biomarkers (hemodynamic and/or neural electrical signals) to various types of exercise and innovative training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Besson
- Euromov-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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84
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Fleddermann MT, Zentgraf K. Tapping the Full Potential? Jumping Performance of Volleyball Athletes in Game-Like Situations. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1375. [PMID: 30131739 PMCID: PMC6090446 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: One key issue in elite interactive team sports is the simultaneous execution of motor actions (e.g., dribbling a ball) and perceptual-cognitive tasks (e.g., visually scanning the environment for action choices). In volleyball, one typical situation is to prepare and execute maximal block jumps after multiple-options decision-making and concurrent visual tracking of the ongoing game dynamics to find an optimal blocking location. Based on resource-related dual- and multi-tasking theories simultaneous execution of visual-cognitive and motor tasks may interfere with each other. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether volleyball-specific perceptual-cognitive demands (i.e., divided attention, decision making) affect blocking performance (i.e., jumping performance and length of the first step after the ready-block-position) compared to relatively isolated jumping performance. Methods: Twenty-two elite volleyball players (1st – 3rd German league) performed block jumps in front of a net construction in a single-task condition (ST) and in two perceptual (-cognitive) dual-task conditions including a dual-task low (DT_L; presenting a picture of an opponent attack on a screen) and a dual-task high condition (DT_H; presenting videos of an offensive volleyball set play with a two-alternative choice). Results: The results of repeated-measures ANOVAs showed a significant effect of conditions on jumping performance [F(2,42) = 33.64, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.62] and on the length of the first step after the ready-block-position [F(2,42) = 7.90, p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.27). Post hoc comparisons showed that jumping performance in DT_H (p < 0.001) and DT_L (p < 0.001) was significantly lower than in ST. Also, length of the first step after the ready-block-position in DT_H (p = 0.005) and DT_L (p = 0.028) was significantly shorter than in ST. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that blocking performance (i.e., jumping height, length of the first step) decreases in elite volleyball players when a perceptual (-cognitive) load is added. Based on the theory of Wickens (2002), this suggests a resource overlap between visual-processing demands for motor performance and for tracking the dynamics of the game. Interference with the consequence of dual-task related performance costs can therefore also be found in elite athletes in their specific motor expert domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Therese Fleddermann
- Department of Movement Science and Training in Sports, Institute of Sport Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Karen Zentgraf
- Department of Movement Science and Training in Sports, Institute of Sport Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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85
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Ledochowski L, Stark R, Ruedl G, Kopp M. [Physical activity as therapeutic intervention for depression]. DER NERVENARZT 2018; 88:765-778. [PMID: 27679515 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-016-0222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM This article gives a conspectus of the present state of research on the efficiency of exercise as a treatment for patients suffering from depression. METHODS A systematic review of articles published between December 1980 and March 2016 was carried out. The review focused on studies that examined the effects of exercise compared to control conditions in the treatment of depression. Extracted and analyzed information from the articles included details about participants, characteristics of exercise and control conditions, assessments, study design and outcomes. RESULTS A total of 34 of the 48 studies included in the literature search reported a significant reduction of depressive symptoms due to exercise interventions. There was a trend to reduced depressive symptoms following the exercise interventions in five studies. In nine studies no positive impact of exercise on depression and affective well-being could be detected. DISCUSSION This review article shows that physical activity decreases depressive symptoms and increases affective well-being in patients with depressive diseases; therefore, exercise should be recommended as a component of depression treatment within the framework of a multi-dimensional approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ledochowski
- Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Universität Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, 6020, Innsbruck, Österreich.
| | - R Stark
- Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Neuromed Campus, Wagner-Jauregg-Weg 15, 4020, Linz, Österreich
| | - G Ruedl
- Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Universität Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, 6020, Innsbruck, Österreich
| | - M Kopp
- Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Universität Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, 6020, Innsbruck, Österreich
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86
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Edwards MK, Loprinzi PD. Experimental effects of brief, single bouts of walking and meditation on mood profile in young adults. Health Promot Perspect 2018; 8:171-178. [PMID: 30087839 PMCID: PMC6064756 DOI: 10.15171/hpp.2018.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To examine the effects of an acute bout of aerobic exercise and meditation on mood state among young adults. Methods: Participants (N= 66, mean age = 21.3 years) were randomly assigned to walk,meditate, or sit (control) for 10 minutes. Participants’ mood state was monitored before and after the intervention using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. Results: Significant group x time interaction effects were observed for the POMS composite scores (P=0.05). When evaluating three POMS sub scales separately (depression/dejection,anger/hostility, and fatigue/inertia), only fatigue/inertia was found to have a significant group x time effect (P=0.04). Post hoc paired t tests revealed that fatigue/inertia sub scale scores significantly decreased from baseline to post-intervention in both the exercise (P=0.03) and meditation (P<0.001) groups. However, POMS composite scores decreased significantly in the meditation group (P<0.001) but not in the exercise group (P=0.10). Conclusion: A 10-minute bout of brisk walking and meditation both improved mood state,when compared to an inactive control group. A single bout of brisk walking or meditation may offer suitable strategies to improve mood state among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Edwards
- Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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87
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Ciria LF, Perakakis P, Luque-Casado A, Sanabria D. Physical exercise increases overall brain oscillatory activity but does not influence inhibitory control in young adults. Neuroimage 2018; 181:203-210. [PMID: 29981904 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extant evidence suggests that acute exercise triggers a tonic power increase in the alpha frequency band at frontal locations, which has been linked to benefits in cognitive function. However, recent literature has questioned such a selective effect on a particular frequency band, indicating a rather overall power increase across the entire frequency spectrum. Moreover, the nature of task-evoked oscillatory brain activity associated to inhibitory control after exercising, and the duration of the exercise effect, are not yet clear. Here, we investigate for the first time steady state oscillatory brain activity during and following an acute bout of aerobic exercise at two different exercise intensities (moderate-to-high and light), by means of a data-driven cluster-based approach to describe the spatio-temporal distribution of exercise-induced effects on brain function without prior assumptions on any frequency range or site of interest. We also assess the transient oscillatory brain activity elicited by stimulus presentation, as well as behavioural performance, in two inhibitory control (flanker) tasks, one performed after a short delay following the physical exercise and another completed after a rest period of 15' post-exercise to explore the time course of exercise-induced changes on brain function and cognitive performance. The results show that oscillatory brain activity increases during exercise compared to the resting state, and that this increase is higher during the moderate-to-high intensity exercise with respect to the light intensity exercise. In addition, our results show that the global pattern of increased oscillatory brain activity is not specific to any concrete surface localization in slow frequencies, while in faster frequencies this effect is located in parieto-occipital sites. Notably, the exercise-induced increase in oscillatory brain activity disappears immediately after the end of the exercise bout. Neither transient (event-related) oscillatory activity, nor behavioural performance during the flanker tasks following exercise showed significant between-intensity differences. The present findings help elucidate the effect of physical exercise on oscillatory brain activity and challenge previous research suggesting improved inhibitory control following moderate-to-high acute exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Ciria
- Mind, Brain, & Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Spain; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Pandelis Perakakis
- Mind, Brain, & Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Spain; Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Departamento de Psicología, Campus de Palmas Altas, 40000, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Antonio Luque-Casado
- Mind, Brain, & Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Spain; Centro de Estudios del Deporte, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanabria
- Mind, Brain, & Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Spain; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain
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88
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Acute cardiovascular exercise promotes functional changes in cortico-motor networks during the early stages of motor memory consolidation. Neuroimage 2018; 174:380-392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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89
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Giles GE, Cantelon JA, Eddy MD, Brunyé TT, Urry HL, Taylor HA, Mahoney CR, Kanarek RB. Cognitive reappraisal reduces perceived exertion during endurance exercise. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-018-9697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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90
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Scholz A, Ghadiri A, Singh U, Wendsche J, Peters T, Schneider S. Functional work breaks in a high-demanding work environment: an experimental field study. ERGONOMICS 2018; 61:255-264. [PMID: 28679350 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2017.1349938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Work breaks are known to have positive effects on employees' health, performance and safety. Using a sample of twelve employees working in a stressful and cognitively demanding working environment, this experimental field study examined how different types of work breaks (boxing, deep relaxation and usual breaks) affect participants' mood, cognitive performance and neurophysiological state compared to a control condition without any break. In a repeated measures experimental design, cognitive performance was assessed using an auditory oddball test and a Movement Detection Test. Brain cortical activity was recorded using electroencephalography. Individual's mood was analysed using a profile of mood state. Although neurophysiological data showed improved relaxation of cortical state after boxing (vs. 'no break' and 'deep relaxation'), neither performance nor mood assessment showed similar results. It remains questionable whether there is a universal work break type that has beneficial effects for all individuals. Practitioner Summary: Research on work breaks and their positive effects on employees' health and performance often disregards break activities. This experimental field study in a stressful working environment investigated the effect of different work break activities. A universal work break type that is beneficial for this workplace could not be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Scholz
- a Department of Management Science , Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences , Sankt Augustin , Germany
| | - Argang Ghadiri
- a Department of Management Science , Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences , Sankt Augustin , Germany
| | - Usha Singh
- a Department of Management Science , Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences , Sankt Augustin , Germany
| | - Johannes Wendsche
- b Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Dresden , Germany
| | - Theo Peters
- a Department of Management Science , Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences , Sankt Augustin , Germany
| | - Stefan Schneider
- c Institute of Movement and Neuroscience , German Sport University Cologne , Cologne , Germany
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91
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Henz D, John A, Merz C, Schöllhorn WI. Post-task Effects on EEG Brain Activity Differ for Various Differential Learning and Contextual Interference Protocols. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:19. [PMID: 29445334 PMCID: PMC5797795 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of research has shown superior learning rates in variable practice compared to repetitive practice. More specifically, this has been demonstrated in the contextual interference (CI) and in the differential learning (DL) approach that are both representatives of variable practice. Behavioral studies have indicate different learning processes in CI and DL. Aim of the present study was to examine immediate post-task effects on electroencephalographic (EEG) brain activation patterns after CI and DL protocols that reveal underlying neural processes at the early stage of motor consolidation. Additionally, we tested two DL protocols (gradual DL, chaotic DL) to examine the effect of different degrees of stochastic fluctuations within the DL approach with a low degree of fluctuations in gradual DL and a high degree of fluctuations in chaotic DL. Twenty-two subjects performed badminton serves according to three variable practice protocols (CI, gradual DL, chaotic DL), and a repetitive learning protocol in a within-subjects design. Spontaneous EEG activity was measured before, and immediately after each 20-min practice session from 19 electrodes. Results showed distinguishable neural processes after CI, DL, and repetitive learning. Increases in EEG theta and alpha power were obtained in somatosensory regions (electrodes P3, P7, Pz, P4, P8) in both DL conditions compared to CI, and repetitive learning. Increases in theta and alpha activity in motor areas (electrodes C3, Cz, C4) were found after chaotic DL compared to gradual DL, and CI. Anterior areas (electrodes F3, F7, Fz, F4, F8) showed increased activity in the beta and gamma bands after CI. Alpha activity was increased in occipital areas (electrodes O1, O2) after repetitive learning. Post-task EEG brain activation patterns suggest that DL stimulates the somatosensory and motor system, and engages more regions of the cortex than repetitive learning due to a tighter stimulation of the motor and somatosensory system during DL practice. CI seems to activate specifically executively controlled processing in anterior brain areas. We discuss the obtained patterns of post-training EEG traces as evidence for different underlying neural processes in CI, DL, and repetitive learning at the early stage of motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Henz
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander John
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Merz
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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92
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Brunyé TT, Mahoney CR. Exercise-Induced Physiological Arousal Biases Attention Toward Threatening Scene Details. Psychol Rep 2018; 122:79-95. [PMID: 29300141 DOI: 10.1177/0033294117750629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present experiment examined whether physiological arousal induced by acute bouts of aerobic exercise would influence attention and memory for scenes depicting or not depicting weapons. In a repeated-measures design, participants exercised at either low or high exertion levels. During exercise, they were presented with images, some of which depicted weapons; immediately following exercise, they completed a recognition test for portions of central and peripheral scene regions. Two primary results emerged. First, in the low exertion condition, we replicated extant research showing inferior peripheral scene memory when images contained, versus did not contain, weapons. Second, the high exertion condition increased central scene memory relative to low exertion, and this effect was specific to images containing weapons. Thus, we provide evidence for accentuated weapon focus effects during states of exercise-induced physiological arousal. These results contribute new applied and theoretical understandings regarding the interactions between physiological state, breadth of attention, and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tad T Brunyé
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA; Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA; Cognitive Science Team, U.S. Army NSRDEC, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Caroline R Mahoney
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA; Cognitive Science Team, U.S. Army NSRDEC, Natick, MA, USA
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93
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Die Suche nach dem Glück ist ein gesellschaftlich hoch relevantes Thema. Dies ist einer der Gründe, warum sich die Forschung zunehmend dafür interessiert, Methoden und Programme zu finden, die glücklich machen. Ziel der Übersichtsarbeit war es, den Einfluss sportiver Interventionen auf ein eher überdauerndes Glücksempfinden systematisch zusammenzufassen. Nach einer Literaturrecherche wurden insgesamt 1099 Arbeiten zum Thema identifiziert. Nach Anwendung der Einschlusskriterien (abhängige Variable musste das Konzept „happiness“ beinhalten, es musste eine sportliche Intervention und eine Kontrollgruppe vorhanden sein) verblieben acht Arbeiten. Die untersuchten Arbeiten waren sehr heterogen bzgl. des Gesundheitszustandes der Teilnehmer_innen, des Alters und der Geschlechtsverteilung. Bei der Kontrollgruppe handelte es sich bei allen Studien um eine Wartekontrollgruppe. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass in sechs der acht Studien ein positiver Effekt einer sportlichen Intervention auf das Glücksempfinden nachgewiesen werden konnte. Weitere hypothesengeleitete Studien müssen folgen, die den Effekt einer sportiven Intervention auf das Glücksempfinden näher untersuchen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Jansen
- Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Universität Regensburg
| | - Sabine Hoja
- Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Universität Regensburg
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94
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Tsubaki A, Morishita S, Tokunaga Y, Sato D, Tamaki H, Yamazaki Y, Qin W, Onishi H. Changes in Cerebral Oxyhaemoglobin Levels During and After a Single 20-Minute Bout of Moderate-Intensity Cycling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1072:127-131. [PMID: 30178334 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-91287-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise produces changes in cerebral oxyhaemoglobin (O2Hb) concentration; however, the effects of exercise on O2Hb during the post-exercise period remain to be established. The aim of the present study was to evaluate O2Hb levels during and after a 20-min bout of moderate-intensity cycling exercise. After a 3-min rest period, 12 healthy volunteers (9 women, 3 men) cycled for 20 min at an intensity corresponding to 50% of their VO2max, after which they were monitored during a 15-min post-exercise rest period. O2Hb levels in the right (R-PFC) and left prefrontal cortices (L-PFC), right (R-PMA) and left premotor areas (L-PMA), supplementary motor area (SMA), and primary motor cortex (M1) were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy. A one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to compare mean pre-exercise O2Hb levels with O2Hb levels during the last 5 min of exercise and the last 5 min of the post-exercise rest period. O2Hb levels increased significantly (p < 0.01) between the pre-exercise rest period and the last 5 min of the exercise session for each region of interest (range: 0.040-0.085 mM·cm). O2Hb levels did not return to pre-exercise values during the 15-min post-exercise rest period. O2Hb levels during the last 5 min of the post-exercise rest period were significantly higher than pre-exercise values in the L-PFC, L-PMA, SMA, and M1 (p < 0.01). Our results indicate that cortical oxygenation persists for at least 15 min following a 20-min bout of moderate-intensity cycling, and that aerobic exercise may facilitate neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Tsubaki
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Shinichiro Morishita
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Daisuke Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tamaki
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yudai Yamazaki
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Weixiang Qin
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hideaki Onishi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
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95
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McEwen SC, Siddarth P, Abedelsater B, Kim Y, Mui W, Wu P, Emerson ND, Lee J, Greenberg S, Shelton T, Kaiser S, Small GW, Merrill DA. Simultaneous Aerobic Exercise and Memory Training Program in Older Adults with Subjective Memory Impairments. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 62:795-806. [PMID: 29480182 PMCID: PMC5870016 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several modifiable lifestyle factors have been shown to have potential beneficial effects in slowing cognitive decline. Two such factors that may affect cognitive performance and slow the progression of memory loss into dementia in older adults are cognitive training and physical activity. There are currently no effective treatments for dementia; therefore, preventative strategies to delay or prevent the onset of dementia are of critical importance. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the relative effectiveness of simultaneous performance of memory training and aerobic exercise to a sequential performance intervention on memory functioning in older adults. METHODS 55 older adults (aged 60- 75) with subjective memory impairments (non-demented and non-MCI) completed the intervention that consisted of 90-minute small group classes held twice weekly. Participants were randomized to either 4-weeks of supervised strategy-based memory training done simultaneously while stationary cycling (SIM) or sequentially after the stationary cycling (SEQ). Standardized neurocognitive measures of memory, executive functioning, speed of processing, attention, and cognitive flexibility were assessed at baseline and post-intervention. RESULTS The SIM group, but not the SEQ group, had a significant improvement on composite memory following the intervention (t(51) = 2.7, p = 0.01, effect size (ES) = 0.42) and transfer to non-trained reasoning abilities (t(51) = 6.0, ES = 0.49) and complex attention (t(51) = 3.1, p = 0.003, ES = 0.70). Conversely, the SEQ group, but not the SIM, showed significant improvement in executive functioning (t(51) = 5.0, p = 0.0001, ES = 0.96). CONCLUSION These findings indicate that a 4-week simultaneous memory training and aerobic exercise program is sufficient to improve memory, attention, and reasoning abilities in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. McEwen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine at UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Prabha Siddarth
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Berna Abedelsater
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yena Kim
- Motion Picture Television Fund, Woodland Hills, CA, USA
| | - Wenli Mui
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pauline Wu
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Natacha D. Emerson
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shayna Greenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany Shelton
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott Kaiser
- Motion Picture Television Fund, Woodland Hills, CA, USA
| | - Gary W. Small
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David A. Merrill
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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96
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Wollseiffen P, Vogt T, Strüder HK, Schneider S. Distraction versus Intensity: The Importance of Exercise Classes for Cognitive Performance in School. Med Princ Pract 2017; 27:61-65. [PMID: 29237165 PMCID: PMC5968290 DOI: 10.1159/000486281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the influence of a class of aerobic exercise and an art class on brain cortical activity and possible effects on cognitive performance. SUBJECT AND METHODS Electroencephalography was used to record the electrocortical activity of 16 schoolchildren (8-10 years old) before and after an aerobic exercise class and an art class. Performance in a standardized test of educational attainment (VERA-3) was assessed following both classes. RESULTS A significant decrease in cortical activity was detected in all 4 lobes after exercise but not after art classes (p < 0.05). No changes in cognitive performance were observed after exercise and art classes. CONCLUSION In this study, cortical activity was reduced after an exercise class but no effect on cognitive performance was observed. Hence, the neurophysiological effect of exercise should be further evaluated regarding different kinds of cognitive performance: creativity, knowledge acquisition as well as the outlasting effects of exercise on academic achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Wollseiffen
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Vogt
- Institute of Professional Sport Education and Sport Qualifications, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiko K. Strüder
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Schneider
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of Sunshine Coast Maroochydore, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
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97
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Edwards MK, Rosenbaum S, Loprinzi PD. Differential Experimental Effects of a Short Bout of Walking, Meditation, or Combination of Walking and Meditation on State Anxiety Among Young Adults. Am J Health Promot 2017; 32:949-958. [PMID: 29216745 DOI: 10.1177/0890117117744913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Single bouts of aerobic exercise and meditation have been shown to improve anxiety states. Yet to be evaluated in the literature, we sought to examine the effects of a single, short bout of aerobic exercise or meditation, as well as exercise and meditation combined on state anxiety among young adults. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING University. SUBJECTS Participants (N = 110, mean age = 21.4 years) were randomly assigned to walk, meditate, walk then meditate, meditate then walk, or to sit (inactive control). MEASURES All walking and meditation bouts were 10 minutes in duration. Participants' state anxiety was monitored before and after the intervention using the State Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaire. RESULTS Significant group × time interaction effects were observed ( P = .01). Post hoc paired t tests revealed that state anxiety significantly decreased from baseline to postintervention in the meditation ( P = .002), meditation then walk ( P = .002), and walk then meditation ( P = .03) groups but not the walk ( P = .75) or control ( P = .45) groups. CONCLUSION Meditation (vs a brisk walk) may be a preferred method of attenuating anxiety symptomology. Individuals desiring the health benefits associated with aerobic exercise may achieve additional anxiolytic benefits if they employ a brief meditation session before or after exercising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Edwards
- 1 Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Simon Rosenbaum
- 2 School of Psychiatry, Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- 3 Jackson Heart Study Vanguard Center of Oxford, Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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98
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Cecchini JA, Fernández-Río J, Méndez-Giménez A, Carriedo A, Arruza JA. A self-determination approach to the understanding of the impact of physical activity on depressive symptoms. Stress Health 2017; 33:600-607. [PMID: 28198088 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The purpose was to test a new motivational sequence. It was hypothesized that more autonomous forms of motivation would predict the intensity of physical activity (PA), which in turn, would predict depressive symptoms. In order to evaluate self-determined motivation, the Self-Determination Index (SDI) was used. Because the reasons that can lead a person to engage in walking, moderate PA, or vigorous PA may be different, 3 independent self-determination indexes were measured (SDIWalking, SDIModerate, and SDIVigorous). It was also measured the metabolic equivalent of task values (METs) for walking, moderate, and vigorous PA, as well as the depressive symptoms. The sample consisted of 357 college students whose ages ranged from 18 to 29 years. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized model. The indices of fit showed that the revised model fits the data reasonably well: S-Bχ2(11) = 14.83, p = .190; χ2 /df = 1.35; *comparative fit index = .99; *root mean square error of approximation = .03, 90% CI [.000, .068]; standardised root mean square residual = .03. It was found that vigorous PA is the only intensity that predicts depressive symptoms. In other words, SDIV-predicted vigorous PA (measured as METS V), which subsequently predicted less depressive symptoms (SDIV → METS V → Depressive symptoms). Further research should investigate the effects of vigorous PA on depressive symptoms.
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99
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da Silva WQA, Fontes EB, Forti RM, Lima ZL, Machado DGDS, Deslandes AC, Hussey E, Ward N, Mesquita RC, Okano AH, Elsangedy HM. Affect during incremental exercise: The role of inhibitory cognition, autonomic cardiac function, and cerebral oxygenation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186926. [PMID: 29091915 PMCID: PMC5665513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pleasure is a key factor for physical activity behavior in sedentary individuals. Inhibitory cognitive control may play an important role in pleasure perception while exercising, especially at high intensities. In addition, separate work suggests that autonomic regulation and cerebral hemodynamics influence the affective and cognitive responses during exercise. Purpose We investigated the effects of exercise intensity on affect, inhibitory control, cardiac autonomic function, and prefrontal cortex (PFC) oxygenation. Methods Thirty-seven sedentary young adults performed two experimental conditions (exercise and control) in separate sessions in a repeated-measures design. In the exercise condition, participants performed a maximum graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer as we continuously measured oxygen consumption, heart rate variability (HRV), and PFC oxygenation. At each of 8 intensity levels we also measured inhibitory control (Stroop test), associative and dissociative thoughts (ADT), and affective/pleasure ratings. In the control condition, participants sat motionless on a cycle ergometer without active pedaling, and we collected the same measures at the same points in time as the exercise condition. We evaluated the main effects and interactions of exercise condition and intensity level for each measure using two-way repeated measures ANOVAs. Additionally, we evaluated the relationship between affect and inhibitory control, ADT, HRV, and PFC oxygenation using Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Results For exercise intensities below and at the ventilatory threshold (VT), participants reported feeling neutral, with preservation of inhibitory control, while intensities above the VT were associated with displeasure (p<0.001), decreased inhibitory control and HRV (p<0.001), and increased PFC oxygenation (p<0.001). At the highest exercise intensity, pleasure was correlated with the low-frequency index of HRV (r = -0.34; p<0.05) and the low-frequency/high-frequency HRV ratio (r = -0.33; p<0.05). PFC deoxyhemoglobin was correlated with pleasure two stages above the VT (r = -0.37; p<0.05). Conclusion Our results support the notion that exercise at high intensities influences inhibitory control and one’s perception of pleasure, which are linked to changes in cardiac autonomic control and cerebral hemodynamics. These findings strengthen the existence of an integrated brain-heart-body system and highlight the importance of exercise intensity in exercise-related behavior in sedentary individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weslley Quirino Alves da Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Graduation Program on Physical Education, Natalense Faculty of Education and Culture, Natal, RN, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Rodrigo Menezes Forti
- Institute of Physics “Gleb Wataghin”, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Zayonara Larissa Lima
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Graduation Program on Physical Education, Natalense Faculty of Education and Culture, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Daniel Gomes da Silva Machado
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Center of Physical Education and Sport, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Andréa Camaz Deslandes
- Institute of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Erika Hussey
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States of America
- Cognitive Science Team, Natick Soldier Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States of America
| | - Nathan Ward
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States of America
| | - Rickson Coelho Mesquita
- Institute of Physics “Gleb Wataghin”, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Hideki Okano
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Center of Physical Education and Sport, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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100
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Frith E, Sng E, Loprinzi PD. Randomized controlled trial evaluating the temporal effects of high-intensity exercise on learning, short-term and long-term memory, and prospective memory. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:2557-2564. [PMID: 28922507 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The broader purpose of this study was to examine the temporal effects of high-intensity exercise on learning, short-term and long-term retrospective memory and prospective memory. Among a sample of 88 young adult participants, 22 were randomized into one of four different groups: exercise before learning, control group, exercise during learning, and exercise after learning. The retrospective assessments (learning, short-term and long-term memory) were assessed using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Long-term memory including a 20-min and 24-hr follow-up assessment. Prospective memory was assessed using a time-based procedure by having participants contact (via phone) the researchers at a follow-up time period. The exercise stimulus included a 15-min bout of progressive maximal exertion treadmill exercise. High-intensity exercise prior to memory encoding (vs. exercise during memory encoding or consolidation) was effective in enhancing long-term memory (for both 20-min and 24-h follow-up assessments). We did not observe a differential temporal effect of high-intensity exercise on short-term memory (immediate post-memory encoding), learning or prospective memory. The timing of high-intensity exercise may play an important role in facilitating long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Frith
- Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Eveleen Sng
- Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
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