51
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Yawata Y, Makino K, Ikegaya Y. Answering hastily retards learning. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195404. [PMID: 29694374 PMCID: PMC5918621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate decisions involve at least two aspects: the speed of the decision and the correctness of the decision. Although a quick and correct decision is generally believed to work favorably, these two aspects may be interdependent in terms of overall task performance. In this study, we scrutinized learning behaviors in an operant task in which rats were required to poke their noses into either of two holes by referring to a light cue. All 22 rats reached the learning criterion, an 80% correct rate, within 4 days of testing, but they were diverse in the number of sessions spent to reach the learning criterion. Individual analyses revealed that the mean latency for responding was negatively correlated with the number of sessions until learning, suggesting that the rats that responded more rapidly to the cues learned the task more slowly. For individual trials, the mean latency for responding in correct trials (LC) was significantly longer than that in incorrect trials (LI), suggesting that, on average, long deliberation times led to correct answers in the trials. The success ratio before learning was not correlated with the learning speed. Thus, deliberative decision-making, rather than overall correctness, is critical for learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Yawata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Makino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
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52
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Risk seeking for losses modulates the functional connectivity of the default mode and left frontoparietal networks in young males. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:536-549. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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53
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Bell T, Lindner M, Mullins PG, Christakou A. Functional neurochemical imaging of the human striatal cholinergic system during reversal learning. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:1184-1193. [PMID: 29265530 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies have shown that acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the dorsal striatum play a role in reversal learning. However, this has not been studied in humans due to a lack of appropriate non-invasive techniques. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS) can be used to measure metabolite levels in humans in vivo. Although it cannot be used to study ACh directly, 1 H-MRS can be used to study choline, an ACh precursor, which is linked to activity-dependent ACh release. The aim of this study was to use functional-1 H-MRS (fMRS) to measure changes in choline levels in the human dorsal striatum during performance of a probabilistic reversal learning task. We demonstrate a task-dependent decrease in choline, specifically during reversal, but not initial, learning. We interpret this to reflect a sustained increase in ACh levels, which is in line with findings from the animal literature. This task-dependent change was specific to choline and was not observed in control metabolites. These findings provide support for the use of fMRS in the in vivo study of the human cholinergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Bell
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AL, UK
| | - Michael Lindner
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AL, UK
| | | | - Anastasia Christakou
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AL, UK
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54
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Jelihovschi APG, Cardoso RL, Linhares A. An Analysis of the Associations among Cognitive Impulsiveness, Reasoning Process, and Rational Decision Making. Front Psychol 2018; 8:2324. [PMID: 29375440 PMCID: PMC5770582 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity may lead to several unfortunate consequences and maladaptive behaviors for both clinical and nonclinical people. It has a key role in many forms of psychopathology. Although literature has discussed the negative impact of impulsivity, few have emphasized the relationship between cognitive impulsiveness and decision making. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of cognitive impulsiveness on decision making and explore the strategies used by participants to solve problems. For this purpose, we apply two measures of impulsivity: the self-report Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and the performance based Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT). Moreover, we evaluate participants' reasoning processes employed to answer CRT questions based on the calculation expressions, data organization, and erasures they made while answering the CRT (note that we utilized the instruments using pen and paper). These reasoning processes are related to the role of executive functions in decision making, and its relationship with impulsiveness. The sample consists of 191 adults, who were either professionals or undergraduate students from the fields of business, management, or accounting. The results show that cognitive impulsiveness may negatively affect decision making, and that those who presented the calculation to answer the CRT questions made better decisions. Moreover, there was no difference in the strategies used by impulsive vs. nonimpulsive participants during decision making. Finally, people who inhibited their immediate answers to CRT questions performed better during decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. G. Jelihovschi
- Fundacao Getulio Vargas, Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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55
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Kras M, Youssef GJ, Garfield JB, Yücel M, Lubman DI, Stout JC. Relationship between measures of impulsivity in opioid-dependent individuals. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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56
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Memory in an Eight-Channel Radial Maze is Better in High-Impulsivity Rats Than Low-Impulsivity Animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-017-0538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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57
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An Analysis of Thoughts, Behaviours, and Emotions in Daily Decision-Making. PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12646-017-0430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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58
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Riby LM, Lai Teik Ong D, Azmie NBM, Ooi EL, Regina C, Yeo EKW, Massa J, Aquili L. Impulsiveness, postprandial blood glucose, and glucoregulation affect measures of behavioral flexibility. Nutr Res 2017; 48:65-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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59
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Kovács I, Richman MJ, Janka Z, Maraz A, Andó B. Decision making measured by the Iowa Gambling Task in alcohol use disorder and gambling disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 181:152-161. [PMID: 29055269 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Gambling disorder (GD) and alcohol use disorder (AD) have similar features, such as elevated impulsivity and decision-making deficits, which are directly linked to relapse and poor therapeutic outcomes. Our aim was to assess decision-making characteristics in GD and AD patients compared to healthy controls (HC) based on one of the most frequently used measures of decision-making: the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). METHODS In our systematic literature search of three databases, we identified 1198 empirical articles that mentioned decision-making deficits with the use of the IGT in patients diagnosed with either AD or GD. Possible effects were calculated using meta-analysis. In the end, 17 studies (including 1360 participants) were suitable for inclusion in the meta-analysis reporting data for 23 group contrasts. RESULTS The random effects estimate indicated impaired IGT performance in both AD patients (N=500; d=-0.581, CI:-89.5<δ<-26.6%) and an even greater deficit in GD patients (N=292; d=-1.034, CI:-156.1<δ<50.7%) compared to HCs. Sampling variances were calculated for both AD (v1=0.0056) and GD groups (v2=0.0061), from which the z-score was calculated (z=-21.0785; p<0.05), which indicates a statistically significant difference between AD and GD groups. No significant moderating effects of age, gender or education were found. CONCLUSIONS There is enough evidence to support that decision-making deficit associated with addictive disorders, and that the deficit is more expressed in gambling disorder than in alcohol use disorder. Impaired decision-making plays an important part in poor therapeutic outcomes, thus provides a promising opportunity for cognitive intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Kovács
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Kálvária Ave. 57, H-6725, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Mara J Richman
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella Str. 46, H-1064, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Janka
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Kálvária Ave. 57, H-6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Aniko Maraz
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella Str. 46, H-1064, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Andó
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Kálvária Ave. 57, H-6725, Szeged, Hungary
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60
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Kastner L, Kube J, Villringer A, Neumann J. Cardiac Concomitants of Feedback and Prediction Error Processing in Reinforcement Learning. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:598. [PMID: 29163004 PMCID: PMC5670147 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful learning hinges on the evaluation of positive and negative feedback. We assessed differential learning from reward and punishment in a monetary reinforcement learning paradigm, together with cardiac concomitants of positive and negative feedback processing. On the behavioral level, learning from reward resulted in more advantageous behavior than learning from punishment, suggesting a differential impact of reward and punishment on successful feedback-based learning. On the autonomic level, learning and feedback processing were closely mirrored by phasic cardiac responses on a trial-by-trial basis: (1) Negative feedback was accompanied by faster and prolonged heart rate deceleration compared to positive feedback. (2) Cardiac responses shifted from feedback presentation at the beginning of learning to stimulus presentation later on. (3) Most importantly, the strength of phasic cardiac responses to the presentation of feedback correlated with the strength of prediction error signals that alert the learner to the necessity for behavioral adaptation. Considering participants' weight status and gender revealed obesity-related deficits in learning to avoid negative consequences and less consistent behavioral adaptation in women compared to men. In sum, our results provide strong new evidence for the notion that during learning phasic cardiac responses reflect an internal value and feedback monitoring system that is sensitive to the violation of performance-based expectations. Moreover, inter-individual differences in weight status and gender may affect both behavioral and autonomic responses in reinforcement-based learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Kastner
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jana Kube
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Faculty 5-Business, Law and Social Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Mind and Brain Institute, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jane Neumann
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Jena, Germany
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61
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Changes in Cognition and Decision Making Capacity Following Brain Tumour Resection: Illustrated with Two Cases. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7100122. [PMID: 28946652 PMCID: PMC5664049 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7100122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in cognition, behaviour and emotion frequently occur in patients with primary and secondary brain tumours. This impacts the ability to make considered decisions, especially following surgical resection, which is often overlooked in the management of patients. Moreover, the impact of cognitive deficits on decision making ability affects activities of daily living and functional independence. The assessment process to ascertain decision making capacity remains a matter of debate. One avenue for evaluating a patient’s ability to make informed decisions in the context of brain tumour resection is neuropsychological assessment. This involves the assessment of a wide range of cognitive abilities on standard measurement tools, providing a robust approach to ascertaining capacity. Evidence has shown that a comprehensive and tailored neuropsychological assessment has greater sensitivity than brief cognitive screening tools to detect subtle and/or specific cognitive deficits in brain tumours. It is the precise nature and severity of any cognitive deficits that determines any implications for decision making capacity. This paper focuses on cognitive deficits and decision making capacity following surgical resection of both benign and malignant, and primary and secondary brain tumours in adult patients, and the implications for patients’ ability to consent to future medical treatment and make decisions related to everyday activities.
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62
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Michaud A, Vainik U, Garcia-Garcia I, Dagher A. Overlapping Neural Endophenotypes in Addiction and Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:127. [PMID: 28659866 PMCID: PMC5469912 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity refers to a tendency to act rapidly without full consideration of consequences. The trait is thought to result from the interaction between high arousal responses to potential rewards and poor self-control. Studies have suggested that impulsivity confers vulnerability to both addiction and obesity. However, results in this area are unclear, perhaps due to the high phenotypic complexity of addictions and obesity. Focusing on impulsivity, the aim of this review is to tackle the putative overlaps between addiction and obesity in four domains: (1) personality research, (2) neurocognitive tasks, (3) brain imaging, and (4) clinical evidence. We suggest that three impulsivity-related domains are particularly relevant for our understanding of similarities between addiction and obesity: lower self-control (high Disinhibition/low Conscientiousness), reward sensitivity (high Extraversion/Positive Emotionality), and negative affect (high Neuroticism/Negative Emotionality). Neurocognitive studies have shown that obesity and addiction are both associated with increased impulsive decision-making and attention bias in response to drug or food cues, respectively. Mirroring this, obesity and different forms of addiction seem to exhibit similar alterations in functional MRI brain activity in response to reward processing and during self-control tasks. Overall, our review provides an integrative approach to understand those facets of obesity that present similarities to addictive behaviors. In addition, we suggest that therapeutic interventions targeting inhibitory control may represent a promising approach for the prevention and/or treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréanne Michaud
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Uku Vainik
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Isabel Garcia-Garcia
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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63
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Abstract
How does a lack of sleep affect our brains? In contrast to the benefits of sleep, frameworks exploring the impact of sleep loss are relatively lacking. Importantly, the effects of sleep deprivation (SD) do not simply reflect the absence of sleep and the benefits attributed to it; rather, they reflect the consequences of several additional factors, including extended wakefulness. With a focus on neuroimaging studies, we review the consequences of SD on attention and working memory, positive and negative emotion, and hippocampal learning. We explore how this evidence informs our mechanistic understanding of the known changes in cognition and emotion associated with SD, and the insights it provides regarding clinical conditions associated with sleep disruption.
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64
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Jardin C, Sharp C, Garey L, Zvolensky MJ. The Role of Impulsivity in the Relation Between Negative Affect and Risky Sexual Behaviors. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2017; 43:250-263. [PMID: 26829284 PMCID: PMC6029890 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2016.1141821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
While risky sexual behavior associates with negative affect, and impulsivity often increases during negative affective states, little is known about the interrelations of these factors. This study examined whether impulsivity explained the relation between negative affect and risky sex among college students. Negative affect exhibited an indirect effect via impulsivity on number of sexual partners for both males and females, and on inconsistent condom use for females, but not males. Results suggest risky sex may serve to regulate negative affect, proposing the importance of negative affect in future strategies to reduce risky sex among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Jardin
- a Department of Psychology , University of Houston , Houston , Texas , USA
| | - Carla Sharp
- b Department of Psychology , University of Houston, and Adolescent Treatment Program, The Menninger Clinic , Houston , Texas , USA
| | - Lorra Garey
- c Department of Psychology , University of Houston , Houston , Texas , USA
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- d Department of Psychology, University of Houston, and Department of Behavioral Sciences , University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , Texas , USA
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65
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Moustafa AA, Tindle R, Frydecka D, Misiak B. Impulsivity and its relationship with anxiety, depression and stress. Compr Psychiatry 2017; 74:173-179. [PMID: 28171742 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess the association between depression, anxiety, stress and impulsivity with respect to age. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-42) and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) were administered to 145 individuals. Due to a negative correlation between age, BIS-11 and DASS-42 subscales, participants were divided into three groups: young-aged (18-30years), middle-aged (31-49years) and old-aged (≥50years). Subjects from old-aged group had significantly lower scores of depression, anxiety, stress and impulsivity compared to those from younger groups. Anxiety, followed by stress and depression, was the strongest predictor of BIS-11 total score in young-aged and middle-aged individuals. There were no significant differences in the correlations between BIS-11 total score, depression, anxiety and stress in old-aged individuals. Our results indicate that the levels of depression, anxiety, stress and impulsivity decrease with age. Additionally, age might moderate the effect of depression, anxiety and stress on impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology & Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Richard Tindle
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology & Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, Wroclaw, Poland; Wroclaw Medical University, Department of Genetics, Wroclaw, Poland
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66
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Weidacker K, Snowden RJ, Boy F, Johnston SJ. Response inhibition in the parametric Go/No-Go task in psychopathic offenders. Psychiatry Res 2017; 250:256-263. [PMID: 28171793 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous research on response inhibition in psychopaths has failed to find consistent evidence for aberrant inhibitory ability, despite strong expectations to the contrary. However, previous examinations have utilised inhibition paradigms that suffer from critical shortcomings, such as a lack of ecological validity and overly simplistic response criteria. To assess inhibition under conditions close to the demands of everyday settings, the current study employs a parametric Go/No-go task in male offenders (n77). Additionally, rather than treating psychopathy as a categorical descriptor, a dimensional approach is taken to assess the relationship between individual psychopathic traits and response inhibition performance. Results indicate significant relationships between response inhibition and individual facets of psychopathy as measured by the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version. A positive relationship was found between inhibitory ability and interpersonal aspects of psychopathy, reflecting an enhancement of inhibitory functioning for those scoring high on this facet. In addition, a negative association was found between psychopathic lifestyle characteristics and response inhibition. Whereas the negative association mirrors the conceptualisation of the lifestyle facet, the positive association between interpersonal psychopathic aspects and response inhibition might reflect a propensity for adaptive behaviour that enables psychopaths to adequately manipulate their victims and mask their true nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Weidacker
- School of Human and Health Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Swansea, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | | | - Frederic Boy
- School of Human and Health Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Swansea, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Stephen J Johnston
- School of Human and Health Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Swansea, Swansea, Wales, UK.
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67
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Antes AL, Chibnall JT, Baldwin KA, Tait RC, Vander Wal JS, DuBois JM. Making Professional Decisions in Research: Measurement and Key Predictors. Account Res 2017; 23:288-308. [PMID: 27093003 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2016.1171149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The professional decision-making in research (PDR) measure was administered to 400 National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded and industry-funded investigators, along with measures of cynicism, moral disengagement, compliance disengagement, impulsivity, work stressors, knowledge of responsible conduct of research (RCR), and socially desirable response tendencies. Negative associations were found for the PDR and measures of cynicism, moral disengagement, and compliance disengagement, while positive associations were found for the PDR and RCR knowledge and positive urgency, an impulsivity subscale. PDR scores were not related to socially desirable responding, or to measures of work stressors and the remaining impulsivity subscales. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, lower moral disengagement scores, higher RCR knowledge, and identifying the United States as one's nation of origin emerged as key predictors of stronger performance on the PDR. The implications of these findings for understanding the measurement of decision-making in research and future directions for research and RCR education are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Antes
- a Division of General Medical Sciences , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , Missouri , USA
| | - John T Chibnall
- b Department of Psychiatry , Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis , Missouri , USA.,c Department of Psychology , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , Missouri , USA
| | - Kari A Baldwin
- a Division of General Medical Sciences , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , Missouri , USA
| | - Raymond C Tait
- b Department of Psychiatry , Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis , Missouri , USA
| | - Jillon S Vander Wal
- c Department of Psychology , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , Missouri , USA
| | - James M DuBois
- a Division of General Medical Sciences , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , Missouri , USA
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68
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Cáceres P, San Martín R. Low Cognitive Impulsivity Is Associated with Better Gain and Loss Learning in a Probabilistic Decision-Making Task. Front Psychol 2017; 8:204. [PMID: 28261137 PMCID: PMC5311049 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Many advances have been made over the last decades in describing, on the one hand, the link between reward-based learning and decision-making, and on the other hand, the link between impulsivity and decision-making. However, the association between reward-based learning and impulsivity remains poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the association between individual differences in loss-minimizing and gain-maximizing behavior in a learning-based probabilistic decision-making task and individual differences in cognitive impulsivity. We found that low cognitive impulsivity was associated both with a better performance minimizing losses and maximizing gains during the task. These associations remained significant after controlling for mathematical skills and gender as potential confounders. We discuss potential mechanisms through which cognitive impulsivity might interact with reward-based learning and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Cáceres
- Facultad de Economía y Empresa, Centro de Neuroeconomía, Universidad Diego Portales Santiago, Chile
| | - René San Martín
- Facultad de Economía y Empresa, Centro de Neuroeconomía, Universidad Diego PortalesSantiago, Chile; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke UniversityDurham, NC, USA
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69
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Paret C, Jennen-Steinmetz C, Schmahl C. Disadvantageous decision-making in borderline personality disorder: Partial support from a meta-analytic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 72:301-309. [PMID: 27914943 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To achieve long-term goals, organisms evaluate outcomes and expected consequences of their behaviors. Unfavorable decisions maintain many symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD); therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying decision-making in BPD is needed. In this review, the current literature comparing decision-making in patients with BPD versus healthy controls is analyzed. Twenty-eight empirical studies were identified through a structured literature search. The effect sizes from studies applying comparable experimental tasks were analyzed. It was found that (1) BPD patients discounted delayed rewards more strongly; (2) reversal learning was not significantly altered in BPD; and (3) BPD patients achieved lower net gains in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Current psychotropic medication, sex and differences in age between the patient and control group moderated the IGT outcome. Altered decision-making in a variety of other tasks was supported by a qualitative review. In summary, current evidence supports the altered valuation of outcomes in BPD. A multifaceted influence on decision-making and adaptive learning is reflected in this literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Paret
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany.
| | - Christine Jennen-Steinmetz
- Department of Biostatistics, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany
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Dietrich A, de Wit S, Horstmann A. General Habit Propensity Relates to the Sensation Seeking Subdomain of Impulsivity But Not Obesity. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:213. [PMID: 27877117 PMCID: PMC5099246 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
According to dual-system theory, instrumental learning and performance depend on the balance between goal-directed and habitual action control. Overreliance on habits has been argued to characterize clinical conditions such as drug addiction or obsessive-compulsive disorder as well as obesity and excessive impulsivity. A tendency toward habitual action control in obesity has already been indicated in the food domain. However, impairments might not be restricted to eating behavior. This has been suggested by domain-general obesity-associated disturbances in executive function as well as alterations in corticostriatal circuits underlying the goal-directed and habitual systems. In this study we examined the balance of goal-directed and habitual action control in a sample of normal-weight, overweight, and obese participants (n = 105) using the slips-of-action test in a non-food context. We tested for continuous or group-based associations between body weight status (BMI) and the devaluation sensitivity index (DSI), a parameter representing the balance of the goal-directed and habitual systems in action control. As personality differences in the domain of impulsivity might affect this relationship, we also examined whether the interaction between BMI and self-reported impulsivity, based on the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale, was related to the DSI. In addition to that, we tested for direct, i.e., weight status independent, relationships between UPPS subdomains of impulsivity and the DSI. We failed to find evidence for a relationship between weight status and sensitivity to devaluation as indexed by the DSI. However, independent of weight status, we observed lower sensitivity to devaluation in sensation seekers, a subtype of impulsivity. To conclude, behavioral flexibility in the sense of disturbances in the balance between the habitual and goal-directed systems seems to be unaffected by weight status in a non-food context. Consequently, stimuli and behavior might not be generally excessively linked in overweight or obesity. However, according to ceiling effects we cannot rule out subtle effects the paradigm was not able to disentangle. Further, future studies are needed to clarify the role of specific subtypes of obesity (e.g., food addiction). The indicated habit propensity in sensation seekers may account for previous reports of weak avoidance behavior and risky decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Dietrich
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sanne de Wit
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annette Horstmann
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany; IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical CenterLeipzig, Germany; Collaborative Research Center A052A5, Leipzig University Medical CenterLeipzig, Germany
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71
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Yang Y, Zhong X, Wu D, Li H, Li M. Positive association between trait impulsivity and high gambling-related cognitive biases among college students. Psychiatry Res 2016; 243:71-4. [PMID: 27371802 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined whether people with high gambling-related cognitive bias are more likely to have higher levels of impulsivity than are those with low gambling-related cognitive bias. We used Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11, Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire and the Iowa gambling task to explore differences in impulsivity between high and low gambling-related cognitive bias groups. Extreme group design was applied. 110 participants (high gambling related cognition group=58, low one=52) were recruited to complete the gambling related cognition scale, impulsivity self-rating scales and Iowa gambling task. Impulsivity self-rating scores were higher among subjects with high than among those with low gambling-related cognitive bias. Compared with individuals with low gambling-related cognitive bias, those with high levels of such bias showed greater degrees of trait impulsivity. We are unable to identify group differences on IGT. State and trait impulsivity may be dissociated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Yang
- Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Third Hospital of Quanzhou, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xue Zhong
- Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Daxing Wu
- Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Hangui Li
- Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mulei Li
- Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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He Q, Chen M, Chen C, Xue G, Feng T, Bechara A. Anodal Stimulation of the Left DLPFC Increases IGT Scores and Decreases Delay Discounting Rate in Healthy Males. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1421. [PMID: 27703440 PMCID: PMC5028393 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous correlational imaging studies have implicated the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in decision making. Using High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (HD-tDCS), the present study directly investigated the causal role of the DLPFC in performing the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the Inter-Temporal Choice (ITC) task. Three experiments were conducted: Experiment 1 (N = 41) to study the left DLPFC, Experiment 2 (N = 49) to study the right DLPFC, and Experiment 3 (N = 20, a subset of those in Experiment 1) to switch the experimental and control conditions. All participants were healthy male college students. For Experiments 1 and 2, participants were randomly assigned to either the HD-tDCS or the sham stimulation condition. For Experiment 3, participants were assigned to the condition they were not in during Experiment 1. Results showed that HD-tDCS over the left DLPFC increased IGT score, decreased the recency parameter in IGT, and lowered delay discounting rate (k) in the ITC task. We discussed the potential roles of impulse control and time perception in mediating the effect of tDCS stimulation of left DLPFC on decision making. Our results have clinical implications for the treatment of disorders involving poor decision-making, such as addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua He
- Decision Neuroscience Lab, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; Southwest University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality at Beijing Normal UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Mei Chen
- Decision Neuroscience Lab, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California at Irvine, Irvine CA, USA
| | - Gui Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Tingyong Feng
- Decision Neuroscience Lab, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Antoine Bechara
- Brain and Creativity Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA, USA
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73
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Zhu J, Yu C, Zhang W, Bao Z, Jiang Y, Chen Y, Zhen S. Peer victimization, deviant peer affiliation and impulsivity: Predicting adolescent problem behaviors. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2016; 58:39-50. [PMID: 27348798 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Abundant evidence has demonstrated an association between peer victimization and adolescent problem behaviors. However, there is a large gap in knowledge about the potential mediators that associate peer victimization with problem behaviors and the potential moderators that exacerbate or buffer this association. The current study examined whether deviant peer affiliation mediated the association between peer victimization and problem behaviors and whether the direct and indirect associations were moderated by impulsivity. A sample of 1401 adolescents (50.1% boys, 11-14 years old) completed anonymous questionnaires regarding peer victimization, impulsivity, deviant peer affiliation, and problem behaviors. Gender, age and socioeconomic status (SES) were controlled for in the analyses. Structural equation models showed that peer victimization was significantly associated with more problem behaviors, and this association was mediated by deviant peer affiliation. Impulsivity moderated both the direct association (peer victimization→problem behaviors) and the second stage of the indirect path (deviant peer affiliation→problem behaviors). Specifically, these associations were especially stronger for adolescents with higher impulsivity. Identifying the processes by which peer victimization is associated with adolescent problem behaviors has important implications for an integrative framework of theory and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhu
- School of Psychology & Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengfu Yu
- School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Psychology & Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhenzhou Bao
- School of Psychology & Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- School of Psychology & Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- School of Psychology & Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuangju Zhen
- School of Psychology & Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Studer B, Scheibehenne B, Clark L. Psychophysiological arousal and inter- and intraindividual differences in risk-sensitive decision making. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:940-50. [PMID: 26927730 PMCID: PMC4869679 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The current study assessed peripheral responses during decision making under explicit risk, and tested whether intraindividual variability in choice behavior can be explained by fluctuations in peripheral arousal. Electrodermal activity (EDA) and heart rate (HR) were monitored in healthy volunteers (N = 68) during the Roulette Betting Task. In this task, participants were presented with risky gambles to bet on, with the chances of winning varying across trials. Hierarchical Bayesian analyses demonstrated that EDA and HR acceleration responses during the decision phase were sensitive to the chances of winning. Interindividual differences in this peripheral reactivity during risky decision making were related to trait sensitivity to punishment and trait sensitivity to reward. Moreover, trial-by-trial variation in EDA and HR acceleration responses predicted a small portion of intraindividual variability in betting choices. Our results show that psychophysiological responses are sensitive to explicit risk and can help explain intraindividual heterogeneity in choice behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Studer
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI), Department of Psychology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, University of DusseldorfDusseldorfGermany
| | | | - Luke Clark
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI), Department of Psychology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, Department of Psychology, University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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Danner UN, Sternheim L, Bijsterbosch JM, Dingemans AE, Evers C, van Elburg AA. Influence of negative affect on decision making in women with restrictive and binge-purge type anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res 2016; 239:39-46. [PMID: 27137960 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to examine the influence of negative affect on decision making in women with anorexia nervosa (AN) compared to healthy control women and, secondly, to assess differences between the restrictive (ANR) and binge-purge (ANBP) subtypes. One hundred four women (32 with ANR, 32 with ANBP, and 40 healthy controls) participated. All women were asked to watch either a negative or a control film fragment, both followed by the Bechara Gambling Task (BGT). Before and after the fragments negative affect was measured. Additionally, relevant characteristics (e.g., overall depressive symptoms) were assessed. Differences in negative affect did not influence decision making performance. Independent of affective state, decision making was found to be impaired in women with ANBP (no learning effect on the BGT), but not in women with ANR. These findings highlight the importance of considering different AN subtypes when examining decision making processes. However, the role of negative affect on decision making remains uncertain. Since other affect related factors such as affect dysregulation may also play a role, future studies on decision making in AN should take the role of affect into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unna N Danner
- Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, The Netherlands; Utrecht Research Group Eating disorders, The Netherlands
| | - Lot Sternheim
- Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, The Netherlands; Utrecht Research Group Eating disorders, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Jojanneke M Bijsterbosch
- Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, The Netherlands; Utrecht Research Group Eating disorders, The Netherlands
| | | | - Catharine Evers
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie A van Elburg
- Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, The Netherlands; Utrecht Research Group Eating disorders, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Dinu-Biringer R, Nees F, Falquez R, Berger M, Barnow S. Different roads to the same destination - The impact of impulsivity on decision-making processes under risk within a rewarding context in a healthy male sample. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2016; 248:12-22. [PMID: 26786151 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The results of research about the influences of impulsivity on decision-making in situations of risk have been inconsistent. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the neural correlates of decision-making under risk in 12 impulsive, as defined by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11, and 13 normal men. Although both groups showed similar decision-making behavior, neural activation regarding decision-making processes differed significantly. Impulsive persons revealed stronger activation in the (ventro-) medial prefrontal cortex and less deactivation of the orbitofrontal cortex while playing for potential gains. These brain regions might be associated with the emotional components of decision-making processes. Significant differences in brain areas linked to cognitive decision-making components were not found. This activation pattern might be seen as an indication for a hypersensitivity to rewarding cues in impulsive persons and might be linked to the propensity for inappropriate risk-taking behavior in persons with more extreme impulsivity levels, especially in situations in which they have a strong emotional involvement in the decision process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Dinu-Biringer
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Heidelberg University, Hauptstraße 47-51, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, D-69159 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, D-69159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rosalux Falquez
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Heidelberg University, Hauptstraße 47-51, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Moritz Berger
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Barnow
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Heidelberg University, Hauptstraße 47-51, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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Han SD, Boyle PA, James BD, Yu L, Barnes LL, Bennett DA. Discrepancies between cognition and decision making in older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2016; 28:99-108. [PMID: 25995167 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-015-0375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is increasing clinical and legal interest in discrepancies between decision-making ability and cognition in old age, a stage of life when decisions have major ramifications. We investigated the frequency and correlates of such discrepancies in non-demented older adults participating in a large community-based cohort study of aging, the Rush Memory and Aging Project. METHODS Participants [n = 689, mean age 81.8 (SD 7.6), mean education 15.2 (SD 3.1), 76.8 % female and 93.3 % white] completed a measure of financial and healthcare decision making (DM) and a battery of 19 neuropsychological tests from which a composite measure of global cognition (COG) was derived. RESULTS Results indicated that 23.9 % of the sample showed a significant discrepancy between DM and COG abilities. Of these, 12.9 % showed DM < COG, while 11.0 % showed DM > COG. Logistic regression models showed older age, being non-white, greater temporal discounting, and greater risk aversion were associated with higher odds of being in the DM < COG group. Being male was associated with higher odds of being in the DM > COG group. Education, income, depressive symptoms, and impulsivity were not associated with a discrepancy. Only demographic associations (age, sex, and race) remained significant in a fully adjusted model with terms included for all factors. CONCLUSION These results support the consideration of decision making and cognition as potentially separate constructs.
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Goldschmied JR, Cheng P, Kemp K, Caccamo L, Roberts J, Deldin PJ. Napping to modulate frustration and impulsivity: A pilot study. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Effects of occasional reinforced trials during extinction on the reacquisition of conditioned responses to food cues. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2015; 48:50-8. [PMID: 25710574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Successful long-term dieting appears to be difficult, and part of its difficulty might be explained by processes related to classical appetitive conditioning. Increasing the speed of extinction of appetitive responses to food cues and decreasing the magnitude of returns of these responses could help increase the long-term effectiveness of weight loss attempts. Two extinction techniques hypothesized to slow down rapid reacquisition of conditioned appetitive responses were investigated: the provision of 1) occasional reinforced extinction trials (OR) and 2) unpaired unconditioned stimuli (USs) during extinction (UNP). METHODS After acquisition, participants (N = 90) received one of three extinction trainings: OR, UNP, or normal extinction (control), followed by a reacquisition phase. Their desire to eat, US expectancy, and salivation were measured. Effects of impulsivity on different phases of appetitive conditioning were also assessed. RESULTS It was found that both extinction techniques were successful in reducing the rate of reacquisition of US expectancies. Participants in the OR condition also demonstrated a slower extinction of US expectancies and desires to eat. However, the reacquisition of conditioned desires was not affected by either extinction technique. Impulsivity did not moderate responses during acquisition or extinction, but appeared to slow down the reacquisition of conditioned desires. LIMITATIONS US expectancies and eating desires were not completely extinguished, and a few differences in baseline responses caused difficulty in interpreting some of the findings. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that the provision of occasional reinforced extinction trials and unpaired USs seem promising techniques to slow down reacquisition, but that additional studies are needed.
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Salim MAM, van der Veen FM, van Dongen JD, Franken IH. Brain activity elicited by reward and reward omission in individuals with psychopathic traits: An ERP study. Biol Psychol 2015; 110:50-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sanchez-Roige S, Peña-Oliver Y, Ripley TL, Stephens DN. Repeated ethanol exposure during early and late adolescence: double dissociation of effects on waiting and choice impulsivity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 38:2579-89. [PMID: 25346503 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A strong association exists between impulsivity and binge drinking, and between adolescent alcohol exposure and alcohol abuse in humans. To understand the extent to which early-life alcohol exposure contributes to increased impulsivity, we developed an animal model of binge drinking using 2 strains of mice, C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA2/J (D2), that differ in both motor impulsivity and alcohol drinking. METHODS Mice were treated with 2 g/kg ethanol (EtOH) during their early (intermittent ethanol exposure [IEE]_Early; postnatal day [PND]30 to 45) or late (IEE_Late; PND45 to 60) adolescence or with saline (control group [CON]) throughout the adolescence period. To determine the consequences IEE on waiting impulsivity and attentional function, the number of premature responses and omissions, respectively, were evaluated in adulthood using the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT). To examine the effects of IEE on choice impulsivity, risky decision making was assessed in adulthood using a mouse version of the Iowa Gambling Task (mIGT). Additionally, the acute effects of EtOH in adulthood on waiting impulsivity and choice preference were investigated. RESULTS We provide experimental evidence that IEE during late, but not early, adolescence disrupts waiting impulsivity and attentional abilities in the 5-CSRTT. In contrast, IEE during early, but not late, adolescence altered risky decision making in the mIGT. D2 mice consistently showed lower premature responding than B6 mice in both the mIGT and the 5-CSRTT, but greater risky decision making on the mIGT. IEE and CON mice showed similar responsiveness to the acute EtOH effects on premature responding, but increased risky choices only in B6_IEE_Early mice. CONCLUSIONS Our observations suggest a direct effect of IEE during adolescence on waiting and choice impulsivity and attention later in life.
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Govender P, Spurrett D, Biccard BM. Predictors of peri-operative risk acceptance by South African vascular surgery patients at a tertiary level hospital. SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/22201181.2015.1045267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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83
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Giner-Bartolomé C, Fagundo AB, Sánchez I, Jiménez-Murcia S, Santamaría JJ, Ladouceur R, Menchón JM, Fernández-Aranda F. Can an intervention based on a serious videogame prior to cognitive behavioral therapy be helpful in bulimia nervosa? A clinical case study. Front Psychol 2015; 6:982. [PMID: 26236261 PMCID: PMC4500862 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have highlighted the implications of impulsivity and novelty seeking for both the maintenance and the process of recovery from bulimia nervosa (BN). Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the treatment of choice for BN, but for some cases, this treatment alone might not be sufficient for reducing the high levels of impulsivity. The paper presents a case report of a patient with BN, examining the effectiveness of using a videogame (VG; Playmancer) as an additional intervention designed to address impulsivity. DESIGN Psychometric and neuropsychological measures were collected at baseline. After this assessment, Playmancer was applied prior to CBT, following an "A-B-A-C-A" single case experimental design. Impulsivity levels were assessed with the Conner's Continuous Performance Test II (CPT-II). After the Playmancer treatment, the patient started CBT, and the levels of impulsivity were recorded again. Finally, psychometric and neuropsychological measures were collected after treatment. Weekly frequency of binges and vomiting were also recorded during the entire procedure. RESULTS After the VG intervention, psychometric measures such as anxiety levels, impulsivity and novelty seeking decreased. Regarding the neuropsychological measures, impulsivity levels (measured with the CPT-II) progressively decreased throughout the intervention, and an improvement in decision making capacities was observed. Furthermore, the frequency of binges also decreased during and after the VG intervention. DISCUSSION This case report suggests that using the Playmancer VG to reduce impulsivity prior to CBT may enhance the final results of the treatment for BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Giner-Bartolomé
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL , Barcelona, Spain ; Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana B Fagundo
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL , Barcelona, Spain ; Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL , Barcelona, Spain ; Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona, Spain ; Clinical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan J Santamaría
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL , Barcelona, Spain ; Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - José M Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL , Barcelona, Spain ; Clinical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain ; Ciber Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL , Barcelona, Spain ; Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona, Spain ; Clinical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
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Kräplin A, Behrendt S, Scherbaum S, Dshemuchadse M, Bühringer G, Goschke T. Increased impulsivity in pathological gambling: Considering nicotine dependence. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2015; 37:367-78. [PMID: 25819174 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1018145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been highlighted that increased impulsivity is an important etiological factor in pathological gambling (PG). However, the role of the highly prevalent comorbid mental disorders in PG remains unclear. This is of special concern as the highest comorbidity was found between PG and nicotine dependence (ND), which, in turn, has also been associated with heightened impulsivity. This study aimed to find out whether increased impulsivity in PG is a specific characteristic related to comorbid mental disorders in general or especially to ND. METHOD A cross-sectional study was designed that included a healthy control group and three disorder groups with comorbid PG excluding ND, comorbid PG including ND, and ND alone according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition. Impulsivity was assessed according to the dimensions response and choice impulsivity applying behavioral and self-report measures. RESULTS We found (a) increased response impulsivity in the comorbid PG group when compared to the control group. Furthermore, increased choice impulsivity was found (b) in comorbid PG excluding ND and (c) in comorbid PG including ND when compared to ND alone. Other group differences did not reach significance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight that comorbid PG shares deficits in inhibitory control with ND. In contrast, maladaptive choices are a specific disorder characteristic of comorbid PG when compared to ND. If replicated in further studies, intervention strategies strengthening cognitive control skills might be effective for comorbid PG as well as ND whereas strategies enhancing maladaptive valuation of rewards might be specifically effective in comorbid PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kräplin
- a Department of Psychology , Technische Universitaet Dresden , Dresden , Germany
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85
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Lyvers M, Mathieson N, Edwards MS. Blood alcohol concentration is negatively associated with gambling money won on the Iowa gambling task in naturalistic settings after controlling for trait impulsivity and alcohol tolerance. Addict Behav 2015; 41:129-35. [PMID: 25452056 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute alcohol intoxication has been found to increase perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, a well known neuropsychological index of prefrontal cortical functioning, in both laboratory and naturalistic settings. METHOD The present study examined the relationship between levels of alcohol consumption at campus drinking venues and performance of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), another neuropsychological test designed to assess prefrontal cortex dysfunction, after controlling for potential confounding variables including habitual alcohol intake (as a proxy for alcohol tolerance), trait impulsivity, and everyday executive functioning. RESULTS The 49 participants of both genders aged 18 to 30years were recruited at the relevant venues and showed a broad range of blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) from virtually zero (.002%) to .19%. After controlling for demographic variables, habitual use of alcohol and illicit drugs, and frontal lobe related behavioural traits including impulsivity and disinhibition, BAC negatively predicted gambling money won on the last two trial blocks of the IGT. CONCLUSIONS Trait impulsivity and habitual alcohol use were also significant predictors. Results are discussed in terms of acute effects of alcohol on brain systems and the behavioural consequences of such effects on decision making.
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86
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Baskak B, Baran Z, Ozguven HD, Karaboga I, Oner O, Ozel Kizil ET, Hosgoren Y. Prefrontal activity measured by functional near infrared spectroscopy during probabilistic inference in subjects with persecutory delusions. Schizophr Res 2015; 161:237-43. [PMID: 25439391 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Jumping to conclusions (JTC) is a probabilistic reasoning bias and is thought to contribute to delusion formation. Neurobiological correlates of the JTC bias are not known. We aimed to examine the rostral prefrontal cortex (rPFC) activity with functional near ınfrared spectroscopy during a modified version of the Beads in a Jar Task (BIJT) in subjects with persecutory delusions (N=25). In BIJT participants are presented beads either drawn from one of the two jars with opposite probability ratios (PRs) of colored beads and are required to decide from which jar beads are being drawn. We administered the BIJT with 90/10 and 55/45 PRs. Compared to healthy controls (N=20), patients reached a decision earlier in both conditions. While the medial rPFC regions were more active in the 90/10 condition in controls compared to patients, lateral rPFC activation was higher in the 55/45 condition in patients than controls. Only in the control group, there was a marked decline in the lateral rPFC activation in the 55/45 condition compared to the 90/10 condition. The activity in the lateral rPFC was negatively correlated with the amount of beads drawn in healthy controls but not in subjects with persecutory delusions. Our results suggest that during the BIJT, rPFC does not function as a single unit and rather consists of functional subunits that are organized differently in patients and controls. The failure to deactivate the lateral rPFC may be associated with earlier decisions in subjects with persecutory delusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Baskak
- Ankara University School of Medicine Psychiatry Department, Ankara University Brain Research Center, TR06590, Dikimevi, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Zeynel Baran
- Hacettepe Universitesi Psikoloji Bölümü, Deneysel Psikoloji Laboratuarı, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Halise Devrimci Ozguven
- Ankara University School of Medicine Psychiatry Department, Ankara University Brain Research Center, TR06590, Dikimevi, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Isil Karaboga
- Ankara University School of Medicine Psychiatry Department, Ankara University Brain Research Center, TR06590, Dikimevi, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ozgur Oner
- Ankara Universitesi, Tip Fakultesi, Cebeci Hastanesi, Çocuk Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Anabilim Dali, TR06590, Dikimevi, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Erguvan Tugba Ozel Kizil
- Ankara University School of Medicine Psychiatry Department, Ankara University Brain Research Center, TR06590, Dikimevi, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Yasemin Hosgoren
- Ankara University School of Medicine Psychiatry Department, Ankara University Brain Research Center, TR06590, Dikimevi, Ankara, Turkey.
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87
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Lee TG, Grafton ST. Out of control: diminished prefrontal activity coincides with impaired motor performance due to choking under pressure. Neuroimage 2014; 105:145-55. [PMID: 25449744 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are three non-exclusive theoretical explanations for the paradoxical collapse of performance due to large financial incentives. It has been proposed that "choking under pressure" is either due to distraction, interference via an increase in top-down control and performance monitoring, or excessive levels of arousal in the face of large losses. Given the known neural architecture involved in executive control and reward, we used fMRI of human participants during incentivized motor performance to provide evidence to support and/or reconcile these competing models in a visuomotor task. We show that the execution of a pre-trained motor task during neuroimaging is impaired by high rewards. BOLD activity occurring prior to movement onset is increased in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and functional connectivity between this region and motor cortex is likewise increased just prior to choking. However, the extent of this increase in functional connectivity is inversely related to a participant's propensity to choke, suggesting that a failure in exerting top-down influence on motor control underlies choking under pressure due to large incentives. These results are consistent with a distraction account of choking and suggest that frontal influences on motor activity are necessary to protect performance from vulnerability under pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taraz G Lee
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Scott T Grafton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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88
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Voth EM, Claes L, Georgiadou E, Selle J, Trotzke P, Brand M, de Zwaan M, Müller A. Reactive and regulative temperament in patients with compulsive buying and non-clinical controls measured by self-report and performance-based tasks. Compr Psychiatry 2014; 55:1505-12. [PMID: 25016413 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine reactive and regulative temperament in patients with compulsive buying (CB) by means of self-report measures and performance-based tasks and to explore the relationship between both measurement approaches. METHOD The study included 31 treatment-seeking patients with CB (25 women, 6 men) and an age and gender matched non-clinical control group without CB (CG). All participants answered the Compulsive Buying Scale (CBS). Reactive temperament was assessed using the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System Scales (BIS/BAS) and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Regulative temperament was measured using the Effortful Control subscale of the Adult Temperament Questionnaire (ATQ-EC) and a computerized version of the Stroop Task. To control the results for depression, the Patient Health Questionnaire-Depression Scale (PHQ-9) was administered. RESULTS Crude group comparisons revealed higher BIS and BAS scores, poorer IGT performance and lower ATQ-EC scores in the CB-group compared to the CG. The groups did not differ in their performance on the Stroop task. After controlling for depressive symptoms that were significantly higher in the CB-group, only the group differences in BAS reactivity remained significant. No significant associations were found between questionnaires and performance-based tasks. CONCLUSION Overall, the findings indicate that CB in the present clinical sample of treatment-seeking patients was mainly associated with higher approach tendencies and more depressive symptoms. The lacking correlation between self-reports and performance-based tasks is in line with prior research and suggests that both methodologies tap into different aspects of temperament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Voth
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laurence Claes
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ekaterini Georgiadou
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Janine Selle
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Patrick Trotzke
- General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Brand
- General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Martina de Zwaan
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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89
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van den Akker K, Havermans RC, Bouton ME, Jansen A. How partial reinforcement of food cues affects the extinction and reacquisition of appetitive responses. A new model for dieting success? Appetite 2014; 81:242-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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90
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Boog M, Höppener P, V D Wetering BJM, Goudriaan AE, Boog MC, Franken IHA. Cognitive Inflexibility in Gamblers is Primarily Present in Reward-Related Decision Making. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:569. [PMID: 25165438 PMCID: PMC4131672 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One hallmark of gambling disorder (GD) is the observation that gamblers have problems stopping their gambling behavior once it is initiated. On a neuropsychological level, it has been hypothesized that this is the result of a cognitive inflexibility. The present study investigated cognitive inflexibility in patients with GD using a task involving cognitive inflexibility with a reward element (i.e., reversal learning) and a task measuring general cognitive inflexibility without such a component (i.e., response perseveration). For this purpose, scores of a reward-based reversal learning task (probabilistic reversal learning task) and the Wisconsin card sorting task were compared between a group of treatment seeking patients with GD and a gender and age matched control group. The results show that pathological gamblers have impaired performance on the neurocognitive task measuring reward-based cognitive inflexibility. However, no difference between the groups is observed regarding non-reward-based cognitive inflexibility. This suggests that cognitive inflexibility in GD is the result of an aberrant reward-based learning, and not based on a more general problem with cognitive flexibility. The pattern of observed problems is suggestive of a dysfunction of the orbitofrontal cortex, the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and the ventral regions of the striatum in gamblers. Relevance for the neurocognition of problematic gambling is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Boog
- Bouman Mental Health Care , Rotterdam , Netherlands ; Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Paul Höppener
- Bouman Mental Health Care , Rotterdam , Netherlands ; Reinier van Arkel Groep , 's-Hertogenbosch , Netherlands
| | | | - Anna E Goudriaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Arkin Mental Health Care , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Matthijs C Boog
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Ingmar H A Franken
- Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam , Rotterdam , Netherlands
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91
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Stankovic A, Fairchild G, Aitken MR, Clark L. Effects of psychosocial stress on psychophysiological activity during risky decision-making in male adolescents. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 93:22-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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92
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Abstract
Behavioral measures of risky decision making are frequently used by researchers and clinicians; however, most of these measures are strongly associated with personality characteristics and state mood. The present study sought to examine personality, mood, and executive function predictors of performance on a newer measure of decision making, the Columbia Card Task (CCT). Participants were 489 undergraduate students who completed either the hot or cold version of the CCT as well as measures of state mood, impulsive sensation seeking, behavioral inhibition and activation systems, and executive functions (Wisconsin Card Sort Task; Digit Span). Results indicated that performance on the CCT-cold was predicted by Wisconsin Card Sort Task errors, and Digit Span predicted the CCT-hot. In addition, significant correlations were found between the CCT information use variables and the predictor variables. Implications for the utility of the CCT as a clinical instrument and its relationship with other measures of decision making are discussed.
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93
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Mulhauser KRW, Struthers WM, Hook JN, Pyykkonen BA, Womack SD, MacDonald M. Performance on the Iowa Gambling Task in a Sample of Hypersexual Men. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2014.908333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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94
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Pittig A, Brand M, Pawlikowski M, Alpers GW. The cost of fear: avoidant decision making in a spider gambling task. J Anxiety Disord 2014; 28:326-34. [PMID: 24682086 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with anxiety disorders typically avoid fear-relevant stimuli even if they miss potential rewards. However, few studies have accounted for such costs of fear-related avoidance in doing so. In this study, 51 spider fearful and 49 non-fearful participants completed the Spider Gambling Task, our modification of the Iowa Gambling Task, to investigate whether fear-relevant stimuli trigger avoidant decisions in the presence of potential rewards. In one version, advantageous choices were associated with pictures of spiders, whereas the same pictures were associated with disadvantageous choices in another version. Fearful participants generally avoided choices associated with pictures of spiders, which resulted in lower overall gains in the version with advantageous spider decks. Although this relative avoidance was sustained, fearful participants progressively approach more advantageous spider choices. These findings demonstrate that phobic fear results in irrational avoidant decisions which can result in considerable cost. Potential long-term rewards for approach may, however, diminish absolute avoidance behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Pittig
- School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Chair of Clinical and Biological Psychology and Psychotherapy and Otto Selz Institute, University of Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Brand
- General Psychology: Cognition, Department for Informatics and Applied Cognitive Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
| | - Mirko Pawlikowski
- General Psychology: Cognition, Department for Informatics and Applied Cognitive Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Georg W Alpers
- School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Chair of Clinical and Biological Psychology and Psychotherapy and Otto Selz Institute, University of Mannheim, Germany.
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95
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Kräplin A, Dshemuchadse M, Behrendt S, Scherbaum S, Goschke T, Bühringer G. Dysfunctional decision-making in pathological gambling: pattern specificity and the role of impulsivity. Psychiatry Res 2014; 215:675-82. [PMID: 24434041 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional decision-making in individuals with pathological gambling (PGs) may result from dominating reward-driven processes, indicated by higher impulsivity. In the current study we examined (1) if PGs show specific decision-making impairments related to dominating reward-driven processes rather than to strategic planning deficits and (2) whether these impairments are related to impulsivity. Nineteen PGs according to DSM-IV and 19 matched control subjects undertook the Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT) to assess decision-making. The delay discounting paradigm (DDP) as well as the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale (measuring urgency, premeditation, perseverance and sensation seeking) were administered as multidimensional measures of impulsivity. Results revealed that (1) PGs exhibited higher risk seeking and an immediate reward focus in the CGT and, in contrast, comparable strategic planning to the control group. (2) Decision-making impairments were related to more severe delay discounting and, specifically, to increased urgency and less premeditation. Our findings suggest (1) the necessity to disentangle decision-making components in order to improve etiological models of PGs, and (2) that urgency and premeditation are specifically related to disadvantageous decision-making and should be tackled in intervention strategies focusing on emotion tolerance and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kräplin
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Maja Dshemuchadse
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Silke Behrendt
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Scherbaum
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Goschke
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerhard Bühringer
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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96
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Jentsch JD, Ashenhurst JR, Cervantes MC, Groman SM, James AS, Pennington ZT. Dissecting impulsivity and its relationships to drug addictions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1327:1-26. [PMID: 24654857 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Addictions are often characterized as forms of impulsive behavior. That said, it is often noted that impulsivity is a multidimensional construct, spanning several psychological domains. This review describes the relationship between varieties of impulsivity and addiction-related behaviors, the nature of the causal relationship between the two, and the underlying neurobiological mechanisms that promote impulsive behaviors. We conclude that the available data strongly support the notion that impulsivity is both a risk factor for, and a consequence of, drug and alcohol consumption. While the evidence indicating that subtypes of impulsive behavior are uniquely informative--either biologically or with respect to their relationships to addictions--is convincing, multiple lines of study link distinct subtypes of impulsivity to low dopamine D2 receptor function and perturbed serotonergic transmission, revealing shared mechanisms between the subtypes. Therefore, a common biological framework involving monoaminergic transmitters in key frontostriatal circuits may link multiple forms of impulsivity to drug self-administration and addiction-related behaviors. Further dissection of these relationships is needed before the next phase of genetic and genomic discovery will be able to reveal the biological sources of the vulnerability for addiction indexed by impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Jentsch
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Hayes DJ, Jupp B, Sawiak SJ, Merlo E, Caprioli D, Dalley JW. Brain γ-aminobutyric acid: a neglected role in impulsivity. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1921-32. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dave J. Hayes
- Toronto Western Research Institute; Toronto Western Hospital and Division of Neurosurgery; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics; Institute of Mental Health Research; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- Department of Psychology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB2 3EB UK
| | - Bianca Jupp
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- Department of Psychology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB2 3EB UK
| | - Steve J. Sawiak
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre; Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Addenbrooke's Hospital; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - Emiliano Merlo
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- Department of Psychology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB2 3EB UK
| | | | - Jeffrey W. Dalley
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- Department of Psychiatry; Addenbrooke's Hospital; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- Department of Psychology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB2 3EB UK
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98
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Deciding with (or without) the Future in Mind: Individual Differences in Decision-Making. RECENT ADVANCES OF NEURAL NETWORK MODELS AND APPLICATIONS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-04129-2_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Euser AS, Evans BE, Greaves-Lord K, van de Wetering BJM, Huizink AC, Franken IHA. Multifactorial determinants of target and novelty-evoked P300 amplitudes in children of addicted parents. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80087. [PMID: 24244616 PMCID: PMC3828232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although P300 amplitude reductions constitute a persistent finding in children of addicted parents, relatively little is known about the specificity of this finding. The major aim of this study was to investigate the association between parental rearing, adverse life events, stress-reactivity, substance use and psychopathology on the one hand, and P300 amplitude in response to both target and novel distracter stimuli on the other hand. Moreover, we assessed whether risk group status (i.e., having a parental history of Substance Use Disorders [SUD]) uniquely contributed to P300 amplitude variation above and beyond these other variables. Methods Event-related potentials were recorded in high-risk adolescents with a parental history of SUD (HR;n=80) and normal-risk controls (NR;n=100) while performing a visual Novelty Oddball paradigm. Stress-evoked cortisol levels were assessed and parenting, life adversities, substance use and psychopathology were examined by using self-reports. Results HR adolescents displayed smaller P300 amplitudes in response to novel- and to target stimuli than NR controls, while the latter only approached significance. Interestingly, the effect of having a parental history of SUD on target-P300 disappeared when all other variables were taken into account. Externalizing problem behavior was a powerful predictor of target-P300. In contrast, risk group status uniquely predicted novelty-P300 amplitude reductions above and beyond all other factors. Conclusion Overall, the present findings suggest that the P300 amplitude reduction to novel stimuli might be a more specific endophenotype for SUD than the target-P300 amplitude. This pattern of results underscores the importance of conducting multifactorial assessments when examining important cognitive processes in at-risk adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja S. Euser
- Department of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center/Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Brittany E. Evans
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center/Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Developmental Psychology and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kirstin Greaves-Lord
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center/Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anja C. Huizink
- Department of Developmental Psychology and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingmar H. A. Franken
- Department of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center/Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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100
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Temporally distinct cognitive effects following acute administration of ketamine and phencyclidine in the rat. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:1414-22. [PMID: 23561394 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine are commonly and interchangeably used to model aspects of schizophrenia in animals. We compared here the effects of acute administration of these compounds over a range of pre-treatment times in tests of instrumental responding (VI 30s response schedule), simple reaction time (SRT) and cognitive flexibility (reversal learning and attentional set shifting digging task) in rats. At standard pre-treatment times (15-30 min), both ketamine and PCP produced overall response suppression in VI 30 and increased reaction times in SRT suggesting that any concomitant cognitive performance deficits are likely to be confounded by motor and/or motivational changes. However, the use of extended pre-treatment times produced deficits in cognitive flexibility measured up to 4h after drug administration in the absence of motor/motivational impairment. Generally, PCP increased impulsive responding in the SRT indicating a possible loss of inhibitory response control that may have contributed to deficits observed in reversal learning and attentional set-shifting. In contrast to PCP, ketamine did not have the same effect on impulsive responding, and possibly as a consequence produced more subtle cognitive deficits in attentional set-shifting. In summary, acute treatment with NMDAR antagonists can produce cognitive deficits in rodents that are relevant to schizophrenia, provided that motor and/or motivational effects are allowed to dissipate. The use of longer pre-treatment times than commonly employed might be advantageous. Also, ketamine, which is more frequently used in clinical settings, did not produce as extensive cognitive deficits as PCP.
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