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Xu C, Niu L, Zou D, Zhu S, Liu W. Congener-specific composition of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soil-air partitioning and the associated health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 684:486-495. [PMID: 31154221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The recent changes in the compositions of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) after their restriction for 40 years may have various effects on human health. In order to characterize the congener-specific compositions of PCBs in the soil-air process and assess the associated human health risks, soil and air samples were simultaneously collected in winter and summer at two different functional locations. Homologue patterns suggest that long-range atmospheric transport might be the major source of soil and air residues of PCBs. The net deposition from air to soil was overwhelming for most PCB congeners. Variations in the occurrence and the homologue patterns of PCBs between the soil and air interface depended on chemical volatility, soil organic matter (OM) content, ambient temperature, topographical condition and atmospheric transport. Dioxin-like PCBs accounted for 11.0-70.3% and 2.31-54.8% of total PCB residues in soil and air, respectively. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with exposure to soil and air PCBs were also estimated. Different PCB congeners showed different health effects, with the highest contribution from PCB-26. Additionally, the non-carcinogenic risk levels of PCBs were enhanced, while the carcinogenic risk levels decreased during the soil-air exchange process of PCBs with time. Our results highlight the soil-air interaction of PCBs in predicting their potential human exposure health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lili Niu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Deliang Zou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Siyu Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Barroso PJ, Martín J, Santos JL, Aparicio I, Alonso E. Evaluation of the airborne pollution by emerging contaminants using bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) tree leaves as biosamplers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 677:484-492. [PMID: 31063891 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an analytical method has been applied to biomonitor airborne emerging pollutants in urban areas using bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) tree leaves, which is an evergreen species widely extended in the Mediterranean region, as biosampler. Leaves, from trees located in 20 different locations from Seville City (South of Spain) were sampled during one year period. Sampling sites were located in six highly populated areas, in seven lowly populated areas, in six urban parks and in one industrial area. Fifteen of the target compounds were detected in the analysed samples. The highest concentrations corresponded to plasticizers (up to 852ng/g dry matter (dm)) and surfactants (up to 752ng/gdm), especially di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and nonylphenol. Spatial distribution allowed assessing the influence of populated areas in the concentration of some of the studied compounds, such as plasticizers and perfluorinated compounds, and the influence of industrial areas, in the concentration of surfactants. No clear influence of the climatic conditions (temperature, solar radiation and rainfall) on the concentrations of studied compounds was observed. This fact could be due to the presence of diffuse sources of these compounds. In the case of the brominated flame retardant, the measured concentrations could be related with two fire episodes in the vicinity, but until now it has not been possible to rigorously demonstrate a causal relationship. This fact could reveal the suitability and valuable use of Citrus aurantium tree leaves for biomonitoring atmospheric pollutants, especially from unexpected emissions in atmospheric pollution episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro José Barroso
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain
| | - Julia Martín
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain.
| | - Irene Aparicio
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain
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53
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Dvoršćak M, Stipičević S, Mendaš G, Drevenkar V, Medunić G, Stančić Z, Vujević D. Soil burden by persistent organochlorine compounds in the vicinity of a coal-fired power plant in Croatia: a comparison study with an urban-industrialized area. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:23707-23716. [PMID: 31203553 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The impact of a coal-fired Plomin Power Plant (PPP) in Croatia on PCB soil burden was examined by comparing the occurrence, levels, and profile of PCBs in soil from the PPP with the values determined in urban-industrialized soil (Varaždin, Croatia). Soil burden by organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were also investigated at both locations. Topsoil samples were collected at five distances (100-800 m) along a downwind pollution gradient from the PPP and across the city. The total content of PCBs in 100-m soil was nearly 20-fold the levels found in 800-m soil, which pointed to the PPP as a local source of soil contamination. The PPP soils were dominated by indicator PCB congeners, particularly hexa-homologs. A different profile and mass fraction range of PCBs in soils from PPP and Varaždin area indicated the different sources of contamination. Levels of total PCBs in PPP soils (0.25-19.07 μg kg-1) were higher than PCB levels determined in soils from Varaždin (0.29-5.52 μg kg-1), partially as a result of higher OC content in PPP soils. PPP soil burden by PCBs corresponded to a lower end of PCB level ranges reported for cities with high population and heavy industry. OCPs were detected at significantly higher levels in Varaždin soils than in PPP soils, with the highest contribution of the DDT-like compounds (DDX) detected in soils affected by river deposits. The p,p'-DDE/p,p'-DDT ratio in Varaždin soils indicated a fresh atmospheric input of p,p'-DDT. The PPP soil analysis detected a presence of only p,p'-DDE and HCB at levels corresponding to their global environmental presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Dvoršćak
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Stipičević
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10001, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Gordana Mendaš
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vlasta Drevenkar
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Medunić
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 95, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zvjezdana Stančić
- Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, University of Zagreb, Hallerova aleja 7, Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Dinko Vujević
- Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, University of Zagreb, Hallerova aleja 7, Varaždin, Croatia
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54
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Balgobin A, Ramroop Singh N. Source apportionment and seasonal cancer risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of sediments in a multi-use coastal environment containing a Ramsar wetland, for a Caribbean island. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 664:474-486. [PMID: 30759411 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic pollutants for which some are known carcinogens, there is limited information on the cancer risk such substances pose to the population via marine sediments, despite a significant part of the world's food supply being derived from the coastal environment. This study was conducted in a heavily industrialized and urbanized coastal area, in Trinidad. PAHs were quantified in sediments during the dry and wet seasons and were observed to be significantly higher in the wet season compared to the dry season. Also emerging from this study is that PAH levels were lower, in the areas where natural gas is the dominant energy source for industries, compared with those areas where crude oil-based fossil fuel is predominantly used. Perylene levels were demonstrated to be of biogenic origin near the protected wetland area. It was observed that nearshore sediment PAHs concentrations were higher than offshore levels. The sources of PAHs, identified by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) in the marine sediments, were vehicular combustion of gasoline and diesel, biomass burning, industrial combustion and oil spills. The mean Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risks (ILCR) due to fish consumption from this region during the dry and wet seasons was >1 × 10-4, indicating a high cancer risk to the human population. The annual non-cancer risk (HQ) was high >1 at the 90th percentile level with an adverse risk to about 14% of the population. These results can be utilized for developing an effective environmental management policy for coastal areas in Trinidad and the wider Caribbean region, given that much of the islands' populations depend on the coastal regions for seafood. In addition, these results may assist in boosting current efforts of policymakers, towards phasing out crude oil-based fossil fuels for cleaner energy sources, such as compressed natural gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Balgobin
- Center for Maritime and Ocean Studies, Chaguaramas Campus, The University of Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Natasha Ramroop Singh
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, O'Meara Campus, The University of Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago
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55
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Niu L, Zhou Y, Xu C, Zhang C, Zhou J, Zhang X, Liu W. Solid fuel combustion as a major contributor of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rural China: Evidence from emission inventory and congener profiles in tree bark. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:621-629. [PMID: 30605817 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) remain a focal concern of the air pollution in China. To discriminate the sources of airborne PAHs in Chinese rural regions, a national-scale tree bark sampling campaign and emission inventory estimation were conducted. The concentrations of the sum of 16 U.S. EPA priority PAHs in rural bark ranged from 6.30 to 3803 ng/g, with the dominance of 3- and 4-ring PAHs. Bark residual PAH concentration correlated significantly with emission flux rate, bark lipid content, ambient PM2.5, precipitation and sampling location. Based on the information of emission data, bark PAH congener profiles, principal component analysis, diagnostic ratios and compound-specific isotope analysis, solid fuel combustion was identified as the major source and could explain 40.3%-46.4% of bark PAH residues in rural China. The δ13C values of most individual PAHs were more negative at sites with lower longitude and latitude, suggesting a greater contribution of biomass combustion to PAH residues. Our results suggest the importance of regulating solid fuel combustion to significantly improve the air quality in China, and bark samples can provide a wealth of information on effectively monitoring and controlling the sources of PAH emission in rural China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Niu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Yuting Zhou
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Chunlong Zhang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, 77058, USA
| | - Jinghua Zhou
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xichang Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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56
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Genisoglu M, Ergi-Kaytmaz C, Sofuoglu SC. Multi-route - Multi-pathway exposure to trihalomethanes and associated cumulative health risks with response and dose addition. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 233:823-831. [PMID: 30318159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cumulative health risk estimation for exposure to mixtures is a current issue, which would present a useful tool for environmental and public health management. Cumulative risks were estimated with response and dose addition methods for individual multi-route - multi-pathway exposure to trihalomethanes and associated carcinogenic toxic risks in Izmir, Turkey. Exposure levels were estimated for ingestion, dermal, and inhalation routes using measured tap water and bottled water THM concentrations. Drinking, showering, hand and dish washing were the considered pathways. THM concentrations in air during the showering were modeled with two-resistance theory using tap water concentration data. The estimated carcinogenic risk levels for ingestion route were in the range of safe (<10-6) to low priority (<10-4), for dermal route all were in the safe zone (<10-6), and for inhalation route were in the range of safe to high priority (>10-4) zones, indicating ingestion and inhalation routes were of similar significance ahead of dermal exposure. Cumulative carcinogenic risks of THM compounds were estimated using simple (response) addition and dose addition using cumulative relative potency factor (CRPF) methods. CRPF method estimated the risks at lower levels compared to the simple addition, which originated from the use two different risk factor values for the index chemical in the method. Cumulative chronic-toxic risks were also assessed, rendering below the threshold risk levels for all routes. This study showed that multi-route - multi-pathway exposure assessment and cumulative risk assessment should together be considered for better environmental and public health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesut Genisoglu
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Gulbahce, Urla, 35430, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ceyda Ergi-Kaytmaz
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Gulbahce, Urla, 35430, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sait C Sofuoglu
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Gulbahce, Urla, 35430, Izmir, Turkey.
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57
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Zhuo M, Ma S, Li G, Yu Y, An T. Chlorinated paraffins in the indoor and outdoor atmospheric particles from the Pearl River Delta: Characteristics, sources, and human exposure risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:1041-1049. [PMID: 30308793 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are ubiquitously present in the environment due to their abundant production and consumption. Information on CPs as part of indoor particles is very limited although a significant amount of time is spent in indoor environments. Seventy-two indoor and 66 outdoor TSP/PM10/PM2.5 samples (particulate matters with aerodynamic diameter <100, 10, and 2.5μm) from 24 homes of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China, were analyzed for CPs. PM2.5 were found to be the dominant particles both indoors and outdoors. CPs were mainly distributed in PM2.5 that accounted for 89.1% and 93.0% of the total particles indoors and outdoors, respectively. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations of medium-chain CPs (MCCPs) exceeded those of short-chain CPs (SCCPs) (22.0 vs. 9.2ng/m3) in all particle samples. Both SCCPs and MCCPs in the indoor particles (GM: 13.4 and 30.9ng/m3) were approximately twice as high as in the outdoor environment (GM: 6.1 and 15.2ng/m3). C11 and C14 carbon chains as well as six and seven chlorine homologues were found to be predominant in all samples with average percentages of 43.0% and 55.4%, respectively. The estimated daily CP intakes via PM2.5 inhalation were 8.1-24.6 and 25.1-76.0ng/kg·bw/day for all age subgroups based on both mean and 95th percentile concentrations of CPs. However, the estimated daily uptakes decreased to 4.4-16.4 and 13.5-50.6ng/kg·bw/day, respectively, when the deposition fractions of PM2.5 in the human lung were considered. Indoor PM2.5 attributed to 93.8% exposure of CPs based on both total estimated daily intakes (EDIs) and estimated daily uptakes (EDUs), indicating that the indoor PM2.5 exposure was very important. Infants and toddlers suffered higher exposure risks of CPs compared to other subgroups, indicating higher potential health risks; however, based on the margin of the exposure analysis these risks could be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Zhuo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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58
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Çakmak G, Ertürk Arı P, Emerce E, Arı A, Odabaşı M, Schins R, Burgaz S, Gaga EO. Investigation of spatial and temporal variation of particulate matter in vitro genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in relation to the elemental composition. Mutat Res 2019; 842:22-34. [PMID: 31255223 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Even though the outdoor air pollution and its major component Particulate Matter (PM) are recently classified as human carcinogen, attempts to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of PM toxicity are still crucial and continuing with in vitro approaches in various environmental circumstances. Present study investigated the genotoxicity (Comet assay) and the cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and the water-soluble tetrazolium (WST-1) assays) of 30 daily PM2.5 samples collected in the Kütahya province, to address their daily variability in effects with season (i.e. winter versus summer) and location (i.e. rural versus urban) using A549 human lung cancer epithelial cell line, as well as in relation to their chemical composition, specifically trace elements, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC). The genotoxicity, measured by the percentage tail intensity (TI), of the daily PM2.5 samples at the traffic dense urban station was higher than that of the rural site for 80% of the parallel days. The genotoxicity was significant in the winter at the urban and in the summer at the rural site. Cytotoxicity was the highest for the winter urban samples. The PM2.5 mass, OC, and EC concentrations were not correlated to DNA damage, while there were correlations with Mn, Fe, Cu and Ba at the rural PM2.5 samples, and Mn, Co and Ni at the urban samples, respectively. The present study is confirming that the complex composition of PM2.5 originating from spatial and temporal changes can cause differences in the health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonca Çakmak
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Pelin Ertürk Arı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Esra Emerce
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Akif Arı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Odabaşı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Roel Schins
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sema Burgaz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eftade O Gaga
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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59
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Prediction of the sorption coefficient for the adsorption of PAHs on MWCNT based on hybrid QSPR-molecular docking approach. ADSORPTION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10450-018-9994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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60
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BOUROTTE CHRISTINEL, SUGAUARA LUCYE, MARCHI MARYRDE, SOUTO-OLIVEIRA CARLOSE. Trace metals and PAHs in topsoils of the University campus in the megacity of São Paulo, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 91:e20180334. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201920180334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - LUCY E. SUGAUARA
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquisa Filho”/UNESP, Brazil
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61
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Cetin B, Yurdakul S, Gungormus E, Ozturk F, Sofuoglu SC. Source apportionment and carcinogenic risk assessment of passive air sampler-derived PAHs and PCBs in a heavily industrialized region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:30-41. [PMID: 29573689 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer has become the primary reason of deaths in Dilovasi probably due to its location with unique topography under the influence of heavy industrialization and traffic. In this study, possible sources and carcinogenic health risks of PAHs and PCBs were investigated in Dilovasi region by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and the USEPA approach, respectively. PAHs and PCBs were measured monthly for a whole year at 23 sampling sites using PUF disk passive samplers. Average ambient air concentrations were found as 285±431ng/m3 and 4152±6072pg/m3, for Σ15PAH and Σ41PCB, respectively. PAH concentrations increased with decreasing temperature especially at urban sites, indicating the impact of residential heating in addition to industrial activities and traffic. On the other hand, PCB concentrations mostly increased with temperature probably due to enhanced volatilization from their sources. Possible sources of PAHs were found as emissions of diesel and gasoline vehicles, biomass and coal combustion, iron and steel industry, and unburned petroleum/petroleum products, whereas iron-steel production, coal and biomass burning, technical PCB mixtures, and industrial emissions were identified for PCBs. The mean carcinogenic risk associated with inhalation exposure to PAHs and PCBs were estimated to be >10-6 and >10-5, respectively, at all sampling points, while the 95th percentile was >10-5 at 15 of 23 and >10-4 at 8 of 23 sampling locations, respectively. Probabilistic assessment showed, especially for PCBs, that a majority of Dilovasi population face significant health risks. The higher risks due to PCBs further indicated that PCBs and possibly other pollutants originating from the same sources such as PBDEs and PCNs may be an important issue for the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Cetin
- Environmental Engineering Department, Gebze Technical University (GTU), 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Sema Yurdakul
- Environmental Engineering Department, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - Elif Gungormus
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Gulbahce, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ozturk
- Environmental Engineering Department, Abant Izzet Baysal University (AIBU), 14030 Bolu, Turkey
| | - Sait C Sofuoglu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Gulbahce, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
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62
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Li Q, Lu Y, Wang P, Wang T, Zhang Y, Suriyanarayanan S, Liang R, Baninla Y, Khan K. Distribution, source, and risk of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in urban and rural soils around the Yellow and Bohai Seas, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:233-241. [PMID: 29656247 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Between 1945 and 1983, China was the world's largest producer of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and the second largest producer of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs). The provinces of Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Shandong, and Jiangsu around the Yellow and Bohai Seas have a long history of production and usage of OCPs and PCBs. To investigate their residual concentration, distribution, risk level, and temporal degradation, 7 OCPs and 7 indicator PCBs were determined in surface soils collected around the Yellow and Bohai Seas. Residues of the 7 OCPs and 7 PCBs were in the range of 5.89-179.96 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) and non-detectable (ND)-385.67 ng g-1 dw, respectively. Tianjin and Hebei provinces recorded the highest concentrations of OCPs and PCBs, respectively. Moreover, OCPs residues had a significant relationship with agriculture and orchard land-use types, whereas PCBs residues occurred more in wasteland. Lifetime carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of OCPs and PCBs through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact indicated that OCPs and PCBs residues in surface soils are at a low risk level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Tieyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yueqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Ruoyu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yvette Baninla
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kifayatullah Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan
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63
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Gallo MV, Ravenscroft J, Carpenter DO, Schell LM. Persistent organic pollutants as predictors of increased FSH:LH ratio in naturally cycling, reproductive age women. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 164:556-564. [PMID: 29621723 PMCID: PMC5983370 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Although several recent studies suggest endocrine disrupting compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p', DDE), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), target different organs and systems in the body, their impact on female reproductive function in humans is not well characterized. We seek to determine the relationship between several known endocrine disrupting compounds and a marker of ovarian responsivity, the FSH:LH ratio (higher ratio indicates less ovarian responsivity). For this analysis, 169 naturally cycling women between 21 and 38 years of age completed interviews and had their blood drawn on day 3 of their menstrual cycle for analyses of toxicants, gonadal sex hormones (E2 and P4), and gonadotropins (FSH and LH). PCB congeners were classified into five groups based on their environmental persistence, distribution in human tissue, and toxicological action, reflecting the structure, mechanism, and known biological activity of individual PCB congeners. For every unit (ppb) increase in the level of the estrogenic PCB group, there was a 5-fold greater risk of a FSH:LH ratio ≥ 2, controlling for individual differences in age, percent body fat, cycle day 3 estradiol levels, parity, alcohol use and cigarette smoking in the past year (exp[ß] = 5; p = ≤0.01). PCB congeners identified as estrogenic were analyzed individually, and, of the 19 potentially estrogenic congeners, five were significantly, and positively related to an increased FSH:LH ratio. Four of these congeners are non-persistent, easily volatilize in the environment, and are easily metabolized, and hence, are indicative of very recent or current exposure. p,p'-DDE and HCB were not associated with FSH:LH ratio. We find a clinical indicator of ovarian responsivity, FSH:LH ratio, is associated with a specific group of estrogenic PCBs. These congeners may become airborne when they volatilize from dredged PCB-contaminated soil or from indoor PCB-containing window caulk and sealants in older buildings leading to inhalation exposure. PCB exposure, particularly to non-persistent, estrogenic congeners, may pose an unrecognized threat to female fecundity within the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia V Gallo
- University at Albany, Department of Anthropology, A&S 237, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, USA; Center for the Elimination of Minority Health Disparities, University at Albany-SUNY, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, USA; Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, 5 University Place, Rensselaer, NY, USA.
| | - Julia Ravenscroft
- University at Albany, Department of Anthropology, A&S 237, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, USA
| | - David O Carpenter
- Center for the Elimination of Minority Health Disparities, University at Albany-SUNY, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, USA; Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, 5 University Place, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence M Schell
- University at Albany, Department of Anthropology, A&S 237, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, USA; Center for the Elimination of Minority Health Disparities, University at Albany-SUNY, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, USA; Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, 5 University Place, Rensselaer, NY, USA; University at Albany, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, One University Place, Room 131, Rensselaer, NY, USA
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64
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Su X, Feng J, Guo L, Liu Q, Sun J. Polychlorinated biphenyls in the Yellow River of Henan section: occurrence, composition, and impact factors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:13479-13488. [PMID: 29492816 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The levels, spatial variation, congener profiles, impact factors, and ecological risk of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the sediment from the Yellow River of Henan section, China, were investigated in this paper. Total concentration of 31 PCBs and seven indicator PCBs varied from ND to 1015 pg g-1 and ND to 423 pg g-1, respectively. Compared with other aquatic environments around China, PCB levels in the studied area were relatively low. Spatial variations revealed that tributaries possessed higher PCB levels, in comparison to mainstream, which acted as input sources of PCBs in the mainstream. The homolog profiles were dominated by lighter PCBs (Tri-PentaCBs), contributing above 70% of total PCBs. Correlation analysis between PCB concentrations and total organic carbon indicated that local input or atmospheric deposition was the primary controls of spatial variation of PCBs. According to simple sediment quality guidelines (SQG), the risks posed by PCBs in the sediments might be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfa Su
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Jinglan Feng
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Liya Guo
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Jianhui Sun
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
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65
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Pokhrel B, Gong P, Wang X, Wang C, Gao S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere of Nepal: Distribution, sources, seasonal trends, and cancer risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:1583-1590. [PMID: 29054643 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban areas have always been a global concern, as these areas are considered to be the source region. Despite studies on the concentrations of PAHs in water, soils and sediments, knowledge of the distribution patterns, seasonality and sources of PAHs in urban areas of Nepal remains limited. In this study, polyurethane foam passive air samplers were used to measure gas-phase PAH concentrations over different land types in three major cities of Nepal-namely, Kathmandu (the capital) and Pokhara (both densely populated cities), and Hetauda (an agricultural city). The average concentrations of ∑15PAHs in ng/m3 were 16.1±7.0 (6.4-28.6), 14.1±6.2 (6.8-29.4) and 11.1±9.0 (4.1-38.0) in Kathmandu, Pokhara and Hetauda, respectively. Molecular diagnostic ratio analysis suggested that fossil fuel combustion was a common PAH source for all three cities. In addition to this, coal combustion in Kathmandu, vehicle emissions in Pokhara, and grass/wood combustion in Hetauda were also possible sources of PAHs. In terms of cancer risk from PAH inhalation, a religious site with intense incense burning, a brick production area where extensive coal combustion is common, and a market place with heavy traffic emission, were associated with a higher risk than other areas. There were no clear seasonal trends in atmospheric PAHs. The estimated cancer risk due to inhalation of gas-phase PAHs exceeded the USEPA standard at >90% of the sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balram Pokhrel
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shaoping Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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66
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Yadav IC, Devi NL, Li J, Zhang G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in house dust and surface soil in major urban regions of Nepal: Implication on source apportionment and toxicological effect. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:223-235. [PMID: 29112844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Urban centers have turned to be the provincial store for resource consumptions and source releases of different types of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), bringing about boundless environmental pollutions, among different issues. Human prosperity inside urban communities is unambiguously dependent on the status of urban soils and house dusts. However, environmental occurrence and sources of release of these SVOCs are challenging in Nepalese cities, as exceptionally very limited data are accessible. This motivated us to explore the environmental fate, their source/sink susceptibilities and health risk associated with PAHs. In this study, we investigated the contamination level, environmental fate and sources/sink of 16 EPA's priority pollutants in surface soil and house dusts from four major cities of Nepal. Additionally, the toxicological effect of individual PAH was studied to assess the health risk of PAHs. Generally, the concentrations of ∑16PAHs in surface soil were 1.5 times higher than house dust, and ranged 767-6770ng/g dry weight (dw) (median 1810ng/g dw), and 747-4910 dw (median 1320ng/g dw), respectively. High molecular weight-PAHs both in soil and dust were more abundant than low molecular weight-PAHs, suggesting the dominance of pyrogenic source. Moderate to weak correlation of TOC and BC with PAHs in soil and dust suggested little or no role of soil organic carbon in sorption of PAHs. Source diagnostic ratio and principal component analysis indicated fossil fuel combustion, traffic/vehicular emissions and combustion of biomass are the principal sources of PAHs contamination in Nepalese urban environment. The high average TEQ value of PAHs in soil than dust suggested high risk of soil carcinogenicity compared to dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo 1838509, Japan.
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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Sun J, Pan L, Tsang DCW, Zhan Y, Zhu L, Li X. Organic contamination and remediation in the agricultural soils of China: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:724-740. [PMID: 29017123 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Soil pollution is a global problem in both developed and developing countries. Countries with rapidly developing economies such as China are faced with significant soil pollution problems due to accelerated industrialization and urbanization over the last decades. This paper provides an overview of published scientific data on soil pollution across China with particular focus on organic contamination in agricultural soils. Based on the related peer-reviewed papers published since 2000 (n=203), we evaluated the priority organic contaminants across China, revealed their spatial and temporal distributions at the national scale, identified their possible sources and fates in soil, assessed their potential environmental risks, and presented the challenges in current remediation technologies regarding the combined organic pollution of agricultural soils. The primary pollutants in Northeast China were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) due to intensive fossil fuel combustion. The concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) were higher in North and Central China owing to concentrated agricultural activities. The levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were higher in East and South China primarily because of past industrial operations and improper electronic waste processing. The co-existence of organic contaminants was severe in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, which are the most populated and industrialized regions in China. Integrated biological-chemical remediation technologies, such as surfactant-enhanced bioremediation, have potential uses in the remediation of soil contaminated by multiple contaminants. This critical review highlighted several future research directions including combined pollution, interfacial interactions, food safety, bioavailability, ecological effects, and integrated remediation methods for combined organic pollution in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianteng Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Lili Pan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Zhan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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68
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Analytical method for the evaluation of the outdoor air contamination by emerging pollutants using tree leaves as bioindicators. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:417-428. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0733-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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69
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Cetin B, Yurdakul S, Keles M, Celik I, Ozturk F, Dogan C. Atmospheric concentrations, distributions and air-soil exchange tendencies of PAHs and PCBs in a heavily industrialized area in Kocaeli, Turkey. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 183:69-79. [PMID: 28535463 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dilovasi is one of the heavily industrialized areas in Turkey with serious environmental problems. In this study, the atmospheric concentration of PAHs and PCBs were measured for a whole year at 23 sites. The average ambient air Σ15PAH and Σ41PCB concentrations were found as 285 ± 431 ng m-3 and 4152 ± 6072 pg m-3, respectively. PAH concentrations increased with decreasing temperature especially in urban areas, indicating the impact of residential heating. However, PCB concentrations mostly increased with temperature probably due to enhanced volatilization from their sources. The gradient obtained for PCBs, rural < suburban < urban < industrial/urban, is more clear than those obtained for PAHs. The average Σ15PAH and Σ41PCB soil concentrations were found as 992 ± 1323 and 18.8 ± 32.0 μg kg-1, respectively. PCB soil concentrations did not show significant temporal variations while PAH concentrations were variable especially for urban areas. The volatilization tendencies of low and medium molecular weight PAHs from soil to air were higher in industrial-urban areas than rural sites, showing that soil was a secondary source for PAHs. Fugacity ratios of PCBs were mostly <1.0 for the whole sampling period. Although the source/sink tendency of soil for some PCBs depends on their volatility, considering the whole data, PCBs were generally deposited to soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Cetin
- Environmental Engineering Department, Gebze Technical University (GTU), 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Sema Yurdakul
- Environmental Engineering Department, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Melek Keles
- Environmental Engineering Department, Abant Izzet Baysal University (AIBU), 14030, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Isil Celik
- Environmental Engineering Department, Gebze Technical University (GTU), 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ozturk
- Environmental Engineering Department, Abant Izzet Baysal University (AIBU), 14030, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Cevdet Dogan
- Environmental Engineering Department, Gebze Technical University (GTU), 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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