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Bacigaluppi M, Sferruzza G, Butti E, Ottoboni L, Martino G. Endogenous neural precursor cells in health and disease. Brain Res 2019; 1730:146619. [PMID: 31874148 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis persists in the adult brain of mammals in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG). The complex interactions between intrinsic and extrinsic signals provided by cells in the niche but also from distant sources regulate the fate of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) in these sites. This fine regulation is perturbed in aging and in pathological conditions leading to a different NPC behavior, tailored to the specific physio-pathological features. Indeed, NPCs exert in physiological and pathological conditions important neurogenic and non-neurogenic regulatory functions and participate in maintaining and protecting brain tissue homeostasis. In this review, we discuss intrinsic and extrinsic signals that regulate NPC activation and NPC functional role in various homeostatic and non-homeostatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bacigaluppi
- Neuroimmunology Unit and Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Hospital and Università Vita- Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Sferruzza
- Neuroimmunology Unit and Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Hospital and Università Vita- Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Erica Butti
- Neuroimmunology Unit and Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Hospital and Università Vita- Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Linda Ottoboni
- Neuroimmunology Unit and Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Hospital and Università Vita- Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianvito Martino
- Neuroimmunology Unit and Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Hospital and Università Vita- Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
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52
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Wier EM, Garza LA. Through the lens of hair follicle neogenesis, a new focus on mechanisms of skin regeneration after wounding. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 100:122-129. [PMID: 31607627 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis (WIHN) is a phenomenon that occurs in adult mammalian skin, where fully functional hair follicles are regenerated in the center of large full-thickness excisional wounds. Although originally discovered over 50 years ago in mice and rabbits, within the last decade it has received renewed interest, as the molecular mechanism has begun to be defined. This de novo regeneration of hair follicles largely recapitulates embryonic hair development, requiring canonical Wnt signaling in the epidermis, however, important differences between the two are beginning to come to light. TLR3 mediated double stranded RNA sensing is critical for the regeneration, activating retinoic acid signaling following wounding. Inflammatory cells, including Fgf9-producing γ-δ T cells and macrophages, are also emerging as important mediators of WIHN. Additionally, while dispensable in embryonic hair follicle development, Shh signaling plays a major role in WIHN and may be able to redirect cells fated to scarring wounds into a regenerative phenotype. The cellular basis of WIHN is also becoming clearer, with increasing evidence suggesting an incredible level of cellular plasticity. Multiple stem cell populations, along with lineage switching of differentiated cells all contribute towards the regeneration present in WIHN. Further study of WIHN will uncover key steps in mammalian development and regeneration, potentially leading to new clinical treatments for hair-related disorders or fibrotic scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Wier
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States.
| | - Luis A Garza
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States.
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53
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Hawkshaw N, Hardman J, Alam M, Jimenez F, Paus R. Deciphering the molecular morphology of the human hair cycle: Wnt signalling during the telogen–anagen transformation. Br J Dermatol 2019; 182:1184-1193. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N.J. Hawkshaw
- Centre for Dermatology Research The University of Manchester and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Manchester U.K
| | - J.A. Hardman
- Centre for Dermatology Research The University of Manchester and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Manchester U.K
| | - M. Alam
- Mediteknia Skin and Hair Lab Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Spain
- Monasterium Laboratory Skin and Hair Research Solutions GmbH Münster Germany
- Universidad Fernando Pessoa‐Canarias Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Spain
| | - F. Jimenez
- Mediteknia Skin and Hair Lab Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Spain
- Universidad Fernando Pessoa‐Canarias Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Spain
| | - R. Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research The University of Manchester and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Manchester U.K
- Monasterium Laboratory Skin and Hair Research Solutions GmbH Münster Germany
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL U.S.A
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54
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Zhang L, Wang WH, Jin JY, Degan S, Zhang GQ, Erdmann D, Hall RP, Zhang JY. Induction of hair follicle neogenesis with cultured mouse dermal papilla cells in de novo regenerated skin tissues. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1641-1650. [PMID: 31216101 DOI: 10.1002/term.2918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
De novo skin regeneration with human keratinocytes amplified in culture is a life-saving procedure for patients with extensive skin loss and chronic wounds. It also provides a valuable platform for gene function and therapeutic assessments. Nevertheless, tissues generated in this manner lack hair follicles that are important for skin homeostasis, barrier function, and repair. In this study, we generated skin tissues with human keratinocytes combined with dermal papilla (DP) cells isolated from mouse whisker hair. For this, cultured keratinocytes and mouse DP (mDP) cells were mixed at 10:1 ratio and seeded onto devitalized human dermal matrix derived from surgically discarded human abdominoplasty skin. After 1 week in submerged culture, the cell/matrix composites were grafted onto the skin wound beds of immunocompromised NSG.SCID mice. Histological analysis of 6-week-old skin grafts showed that tissues generated with the addition of mDP cells contained Sox2-positive dermal condensates and well-differentiated folliculoid structures that express human keratinocyte markers. These results indicate that cultured mDP cells can induce hair follicle neogenesis in the de novo regenerated skin tissues. Our method offers a new experimental system for mechanistic studies of hair follicle morphogenesis and tissue regeneration and provides insights to solving an important clinical challenge in generation of fully functional skin with a limited source of donor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Wen-Hui Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Department of Dermatology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jane Y Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Simone Degan
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Detlev Erdmann
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Russell P Hall
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Jennifer Y Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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55
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Mendoza MN, Raudsepp T, Alshanbari F, Gutiérrez G, Ponce de León FA. Chromosomal Localization of Candidate Genes for Fiber Growth and Color in Alpaca ( Vicugna pacos). Front Genet 2019; 10:583. [PMID: 31275359 PMCID: PMC6593342 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpaca (Vicugna pacos) is an economically important and cultural signature species in Peru. Thus, molecular genomic information about the genes underlying the traits of interest, such as fiber properties and color, is critical for improved breeding and management schemes. Current knowledge about the alpaca genome, particularly the chromosomal location of such genes of interest is limited and lags far behind other livestock species. The main objective of this work was to localize alpaca candidate genes for fiber growth and color using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We report the mapping of candidate genes for fiber growth COL1A1, CTNNB1, DAB2IP, KRT15, KRTAP13-1, and TNFSF12 to chromosomes 16, 17, 4, 16, 1, and 16, respectively. Likewise, we report the mapping of candidate genes for fiber color ALX3, NCOA6, SOX9, ZIC1, and ZIC5 to chromosomes 9, 19, 16, 1, and 14, respectively. In addition, since KRT15 clusters with five other keratin genes (KRT31, KRT13, KRT9, KRT14, and KRT16) in scaffold 450 (Vic.Pac 2.0.2), the entire gene cluster was assigned to chromosome 16. Similarly, mapping NCOA6 to chromosome 19, anchored scaffold 34 with 8 genes, viz., RALY, EIF2S2, XPOTP1, ASIP, AHCY, ITCH, PIGU, and GGT7 to chromosome 19. These results are concordant with known conserved synteny blocks between camelids and humans, cattle and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra N. Mendoza
- Programa de Mejoramiento Animal, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - Terje Raudsepp
- Molecular Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Fahad Alshanbari
- Molecular Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Gustavo Gutiérrez
- Programa de Mejoramiento Animal, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - F. Abel Ponce de León
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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56
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Gentile P, Garcovich S. Advances in Regenerative Stem Cell Therapy in Androgenic Alopecia and Hair Loss: Wnt pathway, Growth-Factor, and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Signaling Impact Analysis on Cell Growth and Hair Follicle Development. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050466. [PMID: 31100937 PMCID: PMC6562814 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of stem cells has been reported to improve hair regrowth in several therapeutic strategies, including reversing the pathological mechanisms, that contribute to hair loss, regeneration of hair follicles, or creating hair using the tissue-engineering approach. Although various promising stem cell approaches are progressing via pre-clinical models to clinical trials, intraoperative stem cell treatments with a one-step procedure offer a quicker result by incorporating an autologous cell source without manipulation, which may be injected by surgeons through a well-established clinical practice. Many authors have concentrated on adipose-derived stromal vascular cells due to their ability to separate into numerous cell genealogies, platelet-rich plasma for its ability to enhance cell multiplication and neo-angiogenesis, as well as human follicle mesenchymal stem cells. In this paper, the significant improvements in intraoperative stem cell approaches, from in vivo models to clinical investigations, are reviewed. The potential regenerative instruments and functions of various cell populaces in the hair regrowth process are discussed. The addition of Wnt signaling in dermal papilla cells is considered a key factor in stimulating hair growth. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived signaling and growth factors obtained by platelets influence hair growth through cellular proliferation to prolong the anagen phase (FGF-7), induce cell growth (ERK activation), stimulate hair follicle development (β-catenin), and suppress apoptotic cues (Bcl-2 release and Akt activation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Gentile
- Surgical Science Department, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, University of "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Simone Garcovich
- Institute of Dermatology, F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCSS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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57
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Martinez-Redondo P, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Tailored chromatin modulation to promote tissue regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 97:3-15. [PMID: 31028854 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is fundamental in the maintenance of cellular identity and the regulation of cellular plasticity during tissue repair. In fact, epigenetic modulation is associated with the processes of cellular de-differentiation, proliferation, and re-differentiation that takes place during tissue regeneration. In here we explore the epigenetic events that coordinate tissue repair in lower vertebrates with high regenerative capacity, and in mammalian adult stem cells, which are responsible for the homeostasis maintenance of most of our tissues. Finally we summarize promising CRISPR-based editing technologies developed during the last years, which look as promising tools to not only study but also promote specific events during tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Martinez-Redondo
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States.
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58
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Nanashima N, Horie K. Blackcurrant Extract with Phytoestrogen Activity Alleviates Hair Loss in Ovariectomized Rats. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071272. [PMID: 30939852 PMCID: PMC6479596 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancocyanin-rich blackcurrant extract (BCE) has phytoestrogen activity; however, its effect on hair follicles is unknown. Additionally, hair loss is known to occur during menopause in women owing to decreased estrogen secretion. This study examined whether BCE alleviated female pattern hair loss using a rat model. RNA was extracted and analyzed using a microarray and ingenuity pathway analysis. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that 1 μg/mL BCE altered many genes downstream of beta-estradiol in human hair dermal papilla cells. Additionally, the expression of the hair follicle stem cell marker keratin 19 was greatly enhanced. In a menopause model, ovariectomized rats were fed a diet containing 3% BCE for three months. An analysis of the number of hair shafts revealed that BCE increased the number of hairs by 0.5 hairs/follicular unit. Moreover, immunostaining revealed that the expression of Ki67 also increased by 19%. Furthermore, fluorescent immunostaining showed that the expression of other stem cell markers, including keratin 15, CD34, and keratin 19, was induced in rat hair follicular cells. In conclusion, these findings suggest that BCE has phytoestrogen activity in hair follicles and contributes to the alleviation of hair loss in a menopausal model in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nanashima
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan.
| | - Kayo Horie
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan.
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59
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Thomas ED, Raible DW. Distinct progenitor populations mediate regeneration in the zebrafish lateral line. eLife 2019; 8:43736. [PMID: 30834891 PMCID: PMC6433462 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensory hair cells of the zebrafish lateral line regenerate rapidly following damage. These renewed hair cells arise from the proliferation of surrounding support cells, which undergo symmetric division to produce two hair cell daughters. Given the continued regenerative capacity of the lateral line, support cells presumably have the ability to replenish themselves. Utilizing novel transgenic lines, we identified support cell populations with distinct progenitor identities. These populations show differences in their ability to generate new hair cells during homeostasis and regeneration. Targeted ablation of support cells reduced the number of regenerated hair cells. Furthermore, progenitors regenerated after targeted support cell ablation in the absence of hair cell damage. We also determined that distinct support cell populations are independently regulated by Notch signaling. The existence of independent progenitor populations could provide flexibility for the continued generation of new hair cells under a variety of conditions throughout the life of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Thomas
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - David W Raible
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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60
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Li S, Zheng X, Nie Y, Chen W, Liu Z, Tao Y, Hu X, Hu Y, Qiao H, Qi Q, Pei Q, Cai D, Yu M, Mou C. Defining Key Genes Regulating Morphogenesis of Apocrine Sweat Gland in Sheepskin. Front Genet 2019; 9:739. [PMID: 30761184 PMCID: PMC6363705 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The apocrine sweat gland is a unique skin appendage in humans compared to mouse and chicken models. The absence of apocrine sweat glands in chicken and murine skin largely restrains further understanding of the complexity of human skin biology and skin diseases, like hircismus. Sheep may serve as an additional system for skin appendage investigation owing to the distributions and histological similarities between the apocrine sweat glands of sheep trunk skin and human armpit skin. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying morphogenesis of apocrine sweat glands in sheepskin, transcriptome analyses were conducted to reveal 1631 differentially expressed genes that were mainly enriched in three functional groups (cellular component, molecular function and biological process), particularly in gland, epithelial, hair follicle and skin development. There were 7 Gene Ontology (GO) terms enriched in epithelial cell migration and morphogenesis of branching epithelium that were potentially correlated with the wool follicle peg elongation. An additional 5 GO terms were enriched in gland morphogenesis (20 genes), gland development (42 genes), salivary gland morphogenesis and development (8 genes), branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis (6 genes) and mammary gland epithelial cell differentiation (4 genes). The enriched gland-related genes and two Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway genes (WNT and TGF-β) were potentially involved in the induction of apocrine sweat glands. Genes named BMPR1A, BMP7, SMAD4, TGFB3, WIF1, and WNT10B were selected to validate transcript expression by qRT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed to localize markers for hair follicle (SOX2), skin fibroblast (PDGFRB), stem cells (SOX9) and BMP signaling (SMAD5) in sheepskin. SOX2 and PDGFRB were absent in apocrine sweat glands. SOX9 and SMAD5 were both observed in precursor cells of apocrine sweat glands and later in gland ducts. These results combined with the upregulation of BMP signaling genes indicate that apocrine sweat glands were originated from outer root sheath of primary wool follicle and positively regulated by BMP signaling. This report established the primary network regulating early development of apocrine sweat glands in sheepskin and will facilitate the further understanding of histology and pathology of apocrine sweat glands in human and companion animal skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomei Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinting Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangfan Nie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenshuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingfeng Tao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuewen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xining, China
| | - Haisheng Qiao
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xining, China
| | - Quanqing Qi
- Sanjiaocheng Sheep Breeding Farm, Haibei, China
| | | | - Danzhuoma Cai
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Haixi, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunyan Mou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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61
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Skin Stem Cells, Their Niche and Tissue Engineering Approach for Skin Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1212:107-126. [PMID: 31065940 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Skin is the main organ that covers the human body and acts as a protective barrier between the human body and the environment. Skin tissue as a stem cell source can be used for transplantation in therapeutic application in terms of its properties such as abundant, easy to access, high plasticity and high ability to regenerate. The immunological profile of these cells makes it a suitable resource for autologous and allogeneic applications. The lack of major histo-compatibility complex 1 is also advantageous in its use. Epidermal stem cells are the main stem cells in the skin and are suitable cells in tissue engineering studies for their important role in wound repair. In the last 30 years, many studies have been conducted to develop substitutions that mimic human skin. Stem cell-based skin substitutions have been developed to be used in clinical applications, to support the healing of acute and chronic wounds and as test systems for dermatological and pharmacological applications. In this chapter, tissue specific properties of epidermal stem cells, composition of their niche, regenerative approaches and repair of tissue degeneration have been examined.
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62
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Hedgehog stimulates hair follicle neogenesis by creating inductive dermis during murine skin wound healing. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4903. [PMID: 30464171 PMCID: PMC6249328 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian wounds typically heal by fibrotic repair without hair follicle (HF) regeneration. Fibrosis and regeneration are currently considered the opposite end of wound healing. This study sought to determine if scar could be remodeled to promote healing with HF regeneration. Here, we identify that activation of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway reinstalls a regenerative dermal niche, called dermal papilla, which is required and sufficient for HF neogenesis (HFN). Epidermal Shh overexpression or constitutive Smoothened dermal activation results in extensive HFN in wounds that otherwise end in scarring. While long-term Wnt activation is associated with fibrosis, Shh signal activation in Wnt active cells promotes the dermal papilla fate in scarring wounds. These studies demonstrate that mechanisms of scarring and regeneration are not distant from one another and that wound repair can be redirected to promote regeneration following injury by modifying a key dermal signal. On wounding, scar formation in mammals arises causing no hair follicle regeneration, but it is unclear if scarring precludes regeneration. Here, the authors show that if Sonic hedgehog signaling is activated in the wound, an inductive dermal niche forms, enabling regeneration and hair follicle formation.
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63
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An L, Ling P, Cui J, Wang J, Zhu X, Liu J, Dai Y, Liu Y, Yang L, Du F. ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 maintains the propagation and characteristics of hair follicle stem cells. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:3689-3700. [PMID: 30662619 PMCID: PMC6291721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) are an important source for skin tissue engineering studies and clinical applications. Here, we describe a differential enrichment approach to derive HFSCs from hair follicles of vibrissae and ear skin using the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632. In the presence of Y-27632, primary cultured hair follicle cells grew in clustered colonies surrounded by keratinocyte-like cells and simultaneously expressed three HFSC markers: CD34, K15, and ITGB1. HFSCs cultured in medium containing Y-27632 were presented at a stable ratio of 30.7%, 34.1%, and 32.9% after passages 5, 10, and 15, respectively. By contrast, in medium containing epidermal growth factor, clustered HFSC colonies disappeared after 6 passages and lacked HFSC marker expression. After withdrawal of Y-27632 from the medium, HFSCs rapidly differentiated into keratinocyte-like cells. Furthermore, HFSCs derived with Y-27632 formed spherical clusters in collagen matrix in vitro, differentiated into keratinocytes and adipose cells under in vitro induction conditions, and cooperated with fetal dermal cells to regenerate hair follicles in vivo 6 weeks after their intracutaneous injection into immune-deficient mice. These findings suggest that Y-27632 maintains the self-renewal and stemness characteristics of HFSCs during primary skin tissue culture followed by enrichment passaging and that HFSCs derived with Y-27632 possess the differentiation potentials important for tissue engineering and other clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyou An
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Pingping Ling
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Jing Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Jiqiang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Xiumei Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Yujian Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Lan Yang
- Lannuo Biotechnologies Wuxi Inc.Wuxi 214000, PR China
| | - Fuliang Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, PR China
- Lannuo Biotechnologies Wuxi Inc.Wuxi 214000, PR China
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64
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Gong L, Xu XG, Li YH. Embryonic-like regenerative phenomenon: wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis. Regen Med 2018; 13:729-739. [PMID: 30255731 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2018-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis (WIHN) is a regenerative phenomenon that occurs widely in the skin of adult mammalians. A fully functional follicle can regenerate in the center of a full-thickness wound with a large enough size. The cellular origin of this process is similar to embryonic process. Many growth and development-related pathways are involved in WIHN. Studying WIHN can deeply explore the mechanism of biological growth, development and regeneration, and can identify new treatments for hair-related disorders. Our review aims to enlighten future study by summarizing the clinical manifestation of WIHN, as well as the cellular and molecular mechanism of WIHN in recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gong
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Xue-Gang Xu
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Yuan-Hong Li
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China
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Nilforoushzadeh MA, Zare M, Zarrintaj P, Alizadeh E, Taghiabadi E, Heidari-Kharaji M, Amirkhani MA, Saeb MR, Mozafari M. Engineering the niche for hair regeneration - A critical review. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 15:70-85. [PMID: 30201489 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in hair follicle regeneration and alopecia treatment necessitates revisiting the concepts and approaches. In this sense, there is a need for shedding light on the clinical and surgical therapies benefitting from nanobiomedicine. From this perspective, this review attempts to recognize requirements upon which new hair therapies are grounded; to underline shortcomings and opportunities associated with recent advanced strategies for hair regeneration; and most critically to look over hair regeneration from nanomaterials and pluripotent stem cell standpoint. It is noteworthy that nanotechnology is able to illuminate a novel path for reprogramming cells and controlled differentiation to achieve the desired performance. Undoubtedly, this strategy needs further advancement and a lot of critical questions have yet to be answered. Herein, we introduce the salient features, the hurdles that must be overcome, the hopes, and practical constraints to engineer stem cell niches for hair follicle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehrak Zare
- Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Zarrintaj
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Effat Alizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Taghiabadi
- Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Bioengineering Research Group, Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Department, Materials and Energy Research Center (MERC), Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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66
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Séguin CA, Chan D, Dahia CL, Gazit Z. Latest advances in intervertebral disc development and progenitor cells. JOR Spine 2018; 1:e1030. [PMID: 30687811 PMCID: PMC6338208 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper is a concise review aiming to assemble the most relevant topics presented by the authors at ORS-Philadelphia Spine Research Society Fourth International Spine Research Symposium. It centers on the latest advances in disc development, its main structural entities, and the populating cells, with emphasis on the advances in pivotal molecular pathways responsible for forming the intervertebral discs (IVD). The objective of finding and emphasizing pathways and mechanisms that function to control tissue formation is to identify and to explore modifications occurring during normal aging, disease, and tissue repair. Thus, to comprehend that the cellular and molecular basis of tissue degeneration are crucial in the study of the dynamic interplay that includes cell-cell communication, gene regulation, and growth factors required to form a healthy and functional tissue during normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryle A Séguin
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Chitra L Dahia
- Hospital for Special Surgery Weill Cornell Medical College New York New York
| | - Zulma Gazit
- Department of Surgery Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California
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67
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Owczarczyk-Saczonek A, Krajewska-Włodarczyk M, Kruszewska A, Banasiak Ł, Placek W, Maksymowicz W, Wojtkiewicz J. Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cells in Follicle Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:1049641. [PMID: 30154860 PMCID: PMC6098866 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1049641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alopecia is caused by a variety of factors which affect the hair cycle and decrease stem cell activity and hair follicle regeneration capability. This process causes lower self-acceptance, which may result in depression and anxiety. However, an early onset of androgenic alopecia is associated with an increased incidence of the metabolic syndrome and an increased risk of the cardiac ischaemic disease. The ubiquity of alopecia provides an encouragement to seek new, more effective therapies aimed at hair follicle regeneration and neoregeneration. We know that stem cells can be used to regenerate hair in several therapeutic strategies: reversing the pathological mechanisms which contribute to hair loss, regeneration of complete hair follicles from their parts, and neogenesis of hair follicles from a stem cell culture with isolated cells or tissue engineering. Hair transplant has become a conventional treatment technique in androgenic alopecia (micrografts). Although an autologous transplant is regarded as the gold standard, its usability is limited, because of both a limited amount of material and a reduced viability of cells obtained in this way. The new therapeutic options are adipose-derived stem cells and stem cells from Wharton's jelly. They seem an ideal cell population for use in regenerative medicine because of the absence of immunogenic properties and their ease of obtainment, multipotential character, ease of differentiating into various cell lines, and considerable potential for angiogenesis. In this article, we presented advantages and limitations of using these types of cells in alopecia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Owczarczyk-Saczonek
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Anna Kruszewska
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Łukasz Banasiak
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Toruń, Poland
| | - Waldemar Placek
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Wojciech Maksymowicz
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Foundation for Nerve Cell Regeneration, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
- Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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68
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Reichenbach B, Classon J, Aida T, Tanaka K, Genander M, Göritz C. Glutamate transporter Slc1a3 mediates inter-niche stem cell activation during skin growth. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798280. [PMID: 29615452 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissues contain distinct stem cell niches, but whether cell turnover is coordinated between niches during growth is unknown. Here, we report that in mouse skin, hair growth is accompanied by sebaceous gland and interfollicular epidermis expansion. During hair growth, cells in the bulge and outer root sheath temporarily upregulate the glutamate transporter SLC1A3, and the number of SLC1A3+ basal cells in interfollicular epidermis and sebaceous gland increases. Fate mapping of SLC1A3+ cells in mice revealed transient expression in proliferating stem/progenitor cells in all three niches. Deletion of slc1a3 delays hair follicle anagen entry, uncouples interfollicular epidermis and sebaceous gland expansion from the hair cycle, and leads to reduced fur density in aged mice, indicating a role of SLC1A3 in stem/progenitor cell activation. Modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 activity mimics the effects of SLC1A3 deletion or inhibition. These data reveal that stem/progenitor cell activation is synchronized over distinct niches during growth and identify SLC1A3 as a general marker and effector of activated epithelial stem/progenitor cells throughout the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Reichenbach
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Classon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomomi Aida
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science and Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohichi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science and Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maria Genander
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Göritz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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69
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Chermnykh E, Kalabusheva E, Vorotelyak E. Extracellular Matrix as a Regulator of Epidermal Stem Cell Fate. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041003. [PMID: 29584689 PMCID: PMC5979429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal stem cells reside within the specific anatomic location, called niche, which is a microenvironment that interacts with stem cells to regulate their fate. Regulation of many important processes, including maintenance of stem cell quiescence, self-renewal, and homeostasis, as well as the regulation of division and differentiation, are common functions of the stem cell niche. As it was shown in multiple studies, extracellular matrix (ECM) contributes a lot to stem cell niches in various tissues, including that of skin. In epidermis, ECM is represented, primarily, by a highly specialized ECM structure, basement membrane (BM), which separates the epidermal and dermal compartments. Epidermal stem cells contact with BM, but when they lose the contact and migrate to the overlying layers, they undergo terminal differentiation. When considering all of these factors, ECM is of fundamental importance in regulating epidermal stem cells maintenance, proper mobilization, and differentiation. Here, we summarize the remarkable progress that has recently been made in the research of ECM role in regulating epidermal stem cell fate, paying special attention to the hair follicle stem cell niche. We show that the destruction of ECM components impairs epidermal stem cell morphogenesis and homeostasis. A deep understanding of ECM molecular structure as well as the development of in vitro system for stem cell maintaining by ECM proteins may bring us to developing new approaches for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Chermnykh
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia.
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina Kalabusheva
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia.
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina Vorotelyak
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia.
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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70
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Löwa A, Vogt A, Kaessmeyer S, Hedtrich S. Generation of full-thickness skin equivalents using hair follicle-derived primary human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:e2134-e2146. [PMID: 29377584 DOI: 10.1002/term.2646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Skin equivalents are increasingly used as human-based test systems for basic and preclinical research. Most of the established skin equivalents are composed of primary keratinocytes and fibroblasts, isolated either from excised human skin or juvenile foreskin following circumcisions. Although the potential of hair follicle-derived cells for the generation of skin equivalents has been shown, this approach normally requires microdissections from the scalp for which there is limited subject compliance or ethical approval. In the present study, we report a novel method to isolate and cultivate keratinocytes and fibroblasts from plucked hair follicles that were then used to generate skin equivalents. The procedure is non-invasive, inflicts little-pain, and may allow easy access to patient-derived cells without taking punch biopsies. Overall, minor differences in morphology, ultrastructure, expression of important structural proteins, or barrier function were observed between skin equivalents generated from hair follicle-derived or interfollicular keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Interestingly, improved basal lamina formation was seen in the hair follicle-derived skin equivalents. The presented method here allows easy and non-invasive access to keratinocytes and fibroblasts from plucked hair follicles that may be useful particularly for the generation of skin disease equivalents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Löwa
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Vogt
- Experimental Research Unit Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Sciences, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Hedtrich
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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71
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Nabhan AN, Brownfield DG, Harbury PB, Krasnow MA, Desai TJ. Single-cell Wnt signaling niches maintain stemness of alveolar type 2 cells. Science 2018; 359:1118-1123. [PMID: 29420258 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam6603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alveoli, the lung's respiratory units, are tiny sacs where oxygen enters the bloodstream. They are lined by flat alveolar type 1 (AT1) cells, which mediate gas exchange, and AT2 cells, which secrete surfactant. Rare AT2s also function as alveolar stem cells. We show that AT2 lung stem cells display active Wnt signaling, and many of them are near single, Wnt-expressing fibroblasts. Blocking Wnt secretion depletes these stem cells. Daughter cells leaving the Wnt niche transdifferentiate into AT1s: Maintaining Wnt signaling prevents transdifferentiation, whereas abrogating Wnt signaling promotes it. Injury induces AT2 autocrine Wnts, recruiting "bulk" AT2s as progenitors. Thus, individual AT2 stem cells reside in single-cell fibroblast niches providing juxtacrine Wnts that maintain them, whereas injury induces autocrine Wnts that transiently expand the progenitor pool. This simple niche maintains the gas exchange surface and is coopted in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad N Nabhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA
| | - Douglas G Brownfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA
| | - Pehr B Harbury
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA
| | - Mark A Krasnow
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA
| | - Tushar J Desai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA.
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72
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Goichberg P. Current Understanding of the Pathways Involved in Adult Stem and Progenitor Cell Migration for Tissue Homeostasis and Repair. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 12:421-37. [PMID: 27209167 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9663-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the advancements in the field of adult stem and progenitor cells grows the recognition that the motility of primitive cells is a pivotal aspect of their functionality. There is accumulating evidence that the recruitment of tissue-resident and circulating cells is critical for organ homeostasis and effective injury responses, whereas the pathobiology of degenerative diseases, neoplasm and aging, might be rooted in the altered ability of immature cells to migrate. Furthermore, understanding the biological machinery determining the translocation patterns of tissue progenitors is of great relevance for the emerging methodologies for cell-based therapies and regenerative medicine. The present article provides an overview of studies addressing the physiological significance and diverse modes of stem and progenitor cell trafficking in adult mammalian organs, discusses the major microenvironmental cues regulating cell migration, and describes the implementation of live imaging approaches for the exploration of stem cell movement in tissues and the factors dictating the motility of endogenous and transplanted cells with regenerative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Goichberg
- Department Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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73
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Brunner MAT, Jagannathan V, Waluk DP, Roosje P, Linek M, Panakova L, Leeb T, Wiener DJ, Welle MM. Novel insights into the pathways regulating the canine hair cycle and their deregulation in alopecia X. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186469. [PMID: 29065140 PMCID: PMC5655477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Alopecia X is a hair cycle arrest disorder in Pomeranians. Histologically, kenogen and telogen hair follicles predominate, whereas anagen follicles are sparse. The induction of anagen relies on the activation of hair follicle stem cells and their subsequent proliferation and differentiation. Stem cell function depends on finely tuned interactions of signaling molecules and transcription factors, which are not well defined in dogs. We performed transcriptome profiling on skin biopsies to analyze altered molecular pathways in alopecia X. Biopsies from five affected and four non-affected Pomeranians were investigated. Differential gene expression revealed a downregulation of key regulator genes of the Wnt (CTNNB1, LEF1, TCF3, WNT10B) and Shh (SHH, GLI1, SMO, PTCH2) pathways. In mice it has been shown that Wnt and Shh signaling results in stem cell activation and differentiation Thus our findings are in line with the lack of anagen hair follicles in dogs with Alopecia X. We also observed a significant downregulation of the stem cell markers SOX9, LHX2, LGR5, TCF7L1 and GLI1 whereas NFATc1, a quiescence marker, was upregulated in alopecia X. Moreover, genes coding for enzymes directly involved in the sex hormone metabolism (CYP1A1, CYP1B1, HSD17B14) were differentially regulated in alopecia X. These findings are in agreement with the so far proposed but not yet proven deregulation of the sex hormone metabolism in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A. T. Brunner
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominik P. Waluk
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Petra Roosje
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Dermatology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monika Linek
- AniCura Tierärztliche Spezialisten, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lucia Panakova
- Clinics of Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tosso Leeb
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominique J. Wiener
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monika M. Welle
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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74
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Secretory phospholipase A 2-IIA overexpressing mice exhibit cyclic alopecia mediated through aberrant hair shaft differentiation and impaired wound healing response. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11619. [PMID: 28912581 PMCID: PMC5599634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11830-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A2 Group-IIA (sPLA2-IIA) is involved in lipid catabolism and growth promoting activity. sPLA2-IIA is deregulated in many pathological conditions including various cancers. Here, we have studied the role of sPLA2-IIA in the development of cyclic alopecia and wound healing response in relation to complete loss of hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). Our data showed that overexpression of sPLA2-IIA in homozygous mice results in hyperproliferation and terminal epidermal differentiation followed by hair follicle cycle being halted at anagen like stage. In addition, sPLA2-IIA induced hyperproliferation leads to complete exhaustion of hair follicle stem cell pool at PD28 (Postnatal day). Importantly, sPLA2-IIA overexpression affects the hair shaft differentiation leading to development of cyclic alopecia. Molecular investigation study showed aberrant expression of Sox21, Msx2 and signalling modulators necessary for proper differentiation of inner root sheath (IRS) and hair shaft formation. Further, full-thickness skin wounding on dorsal skin of K14-sPLA2-IIA homozygous mice displayed impaired initial healing response. Our results showed the involvement of sPLA2-IIA in regulation of matrix cells differentiation, hair shaft formation and complete loss of HFSCs mediated impaired wound healing response. These novel functions of sPLA2-IIA may have clinical implications in alopecia, cancer development and ageing.
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75
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JOULAI VEIJOUYE S, YARI A, HEIDARI F, SAJEDI N, GHOROGHI MOGHANI F, NOBAKHT M. Bulge Region as a Putative Hair Follicle Stem Cells Niche: A Brief Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 46:1167-1175. [PMID: 29026781 PMCID: PMC5632317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hair follicle stem cells exist in different sites. Most of the hair follicle stem cells are reside in niche called bulge. Bulge region is located between the opening of sebaceous gland and the attachment site of the arrector pili muscle. METHODS Data were collected using databases and resources of PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, MEDLINE and their references from the earliest available published to identify English observational studies on hair follicle bulge region. RESULTS Bulge stem cells are pluripotent with high proliferative capacity. Specific markers allow the bulge cells to be isolated from mouse or human hair follicle. Stem cells isolated from bulge region are label retaining and slow cycling hence these cells are defined as label-retaining cells. Bulge cell populations, due to their plasticity nature are able to differentiate into distinct linage and could contribute in tissue regeneration. CONCLUSION The current review discuss about bulge stem cells characteristics and biology including their cycle, location, plasticity, specific markers and regenerative nature. Also the differences between mouse and human hair follicles are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz JOULAI VEIJOUYE
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Dept. of Biology, University Campus 2, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Abazar YARI
- Dept. of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Fatemeh HEIDARI
- Dept. of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Nayereh SAJEDI
- Dept. of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Maliheh NOBAKHT
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Dept. of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, Anti-Microbial Resistance Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author:
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76
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Self-organization process in newborn skin organoid formation inspires strategy to restore hair regeneration of adult cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E7101-E7110. [PMID: 28798065 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700475114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids made from dissociated progenitor cells undergo tissue-like organization. This in vitro self-organization process is not identical to embryonic organ formation, but it achieves a similar phenotype in vivo. This implies genetic codes do not specify morphology directly; instead, complex tissue architectures may be achieved through several intermediate layers of cross talk between genetic information and biophysical processes. Here we use newborn and adult skin organoids for analyses. Dissociated cells from newborn mouse skin form hair primordia-bearing organoids that grow hairs robustly in vivo after transplantation to nude mice. Detailed time-lapse imaging of 3D cultures revealed unexpected morphological transitions between six distinct phases: dissociated cells, cell aggregates, polarized cysts, cyst coalescence, planar skin, and hair-bearing skin. Transcriptome profiling reveals the sequential expression of adhesion molecules, growth factors, Wnts, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Functional perturbations at different times discern their roles in regulating the switch from one phase to another. In contrast, adult cells form small aggregates, but then development stalls in vitro. Comparative transcriptome analyses suggest suppressing epidermal differentiation in adult cells is critical. These results inspire a strategy that can restore morphological transitions and rescue the hair-forming ability of adult organoids: (i) continuous PKC inhibition and (ii) timely supply of growth factors (IGF, VEGF), Wnts, and MMPs. This comprehensive study demonstrates that alternating molecular events and physical processes are in action during organoid morphogenesis and that the self-organizing processes can be restored via environmental reprogramming. This tissue-level phase transition could drive self-organization behavior in organoid morphogenies beyond the skin.
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77
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Stem cell plasticity enables hair regeneration following Lgr5+ cell loss. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:666-676. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb3535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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78
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Kostic L, Sedov E, Soteriou D, Yosefzon Y, Fuchs Y. Isolation of Stem Cells and Progenitors from Mouse Epidermis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 41:1C.20.1-1C.20.11. [DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lana Kostic
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
| | - Egor Sedov
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
| | - Despina Soteriou
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
| | - Yahav Yosefzon
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
| | - Yaron Fuchs
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
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79
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Huang S, Rompolas P. Two-photon microscopy for intracutaneous imaging of stem cell activity in mice. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:379-383. [PMID: 27676122 PMCID: PMC7405986 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The adult skin is a typical example of a highly regenerative tissue. Terminally differentiated keratinocytes are shed from the external layers of the epidermis or extruded from the skin as part of the growing hair shaft on a daily basis. These are effectively replenished through the activity of skin-resident stem cells. Precise regulation of stem cell activity is critical for normal skin homoeostasis or wound healing and irregular stem cell proliferation or differentiation can lead to skin disease. The scarcity and dynamic nature of stem cells presents a major challenge for elucidating their mechanism of action. To address this, we have recently established a system for visualizing stem cell activity, in real time or long term, in the intact skin of live mice using two-photon microscopy. The purpose of this review was to provide essential information to researchers who wish to incorporate two-photon microscopy and live imaging into their experimental toolbox for studying aspects of skin and stem biology in the mouse model. We discuss fundamental principles of the method, instrumentation and basic experimental approaches to interrogate stem cell activity in the interfollicular epidermis and hair follicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixia Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 U.S.A
| | - Panteleimon Rompolas
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 U.S.A
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80
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Joulai Veijouyeh S, Mashayekhi F, Yari A, Heidari F, Sajedi N, Moghani Ghoroghi F, Nobakht M. In vitro induction effect of 1,25(OH) 2D 3 on differentiation of hair follicle stem cell into keratinocyte. Biomed J 2017; 40:31-38. [PMID: 28411880 PMCID: PMC6138590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stem cells are characterized by self-renewal and differentiation capabilities. The bulge hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) are able to convert to epithelial components. The active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D3, plays important roles in this differentiation process. In the present study has found that 1,25(OH)2D3 induces the HFSCs differentiation into keratinocyte. Methods HFSCs are isolated from rat whiskers and cultivated in DMEM medium. To isolate bulge stem cell population, flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry using K15, CD34 and nestin biomarkers were performed. In order to accelerate the HFSCs differentiation into keratinocyte, HFSCs were treated with 10−12 M, 1,25(OH)2D3 every 48 h for a week. Results Immunocytochemistry results showed that bulge stem cells are nestin and CD34 positive but K15 negative before differentiation. Subsequently flow cytometry results, showed that the expression of nestin, CD34 and K15 were 70.96%, 93.03% and 6.88% respectively. After differentiation, the immunocytochemical and flow cytometry results indicated that differentiated cells have positive reaction to K15 with 68.94% expression level. Conclusion It was concluded that 10−12 M, 1,25(OH)2D3 could induce the HFSCs differentiation into keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Joulai Veijouyeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology, University Campus 2, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farhad Mashayekhi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Abazar Yari
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Heidari
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Science, Qom, Iran
| | - Nayereh Sajedi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Maliheh Nobakht
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Anti-Microbial Resistance Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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81
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Abstract
The tongue is an elaborate complex of heterogeneous tissues with taste organs of diverse embryonic origins. The lingual taste organs are papillae, composed of an epithelium that includes specialized taste buds, the basal lamina, and a lamina propria core with matrix molecules, fibroblasts, nerves, and vessels. Because taste organs are dynamic in cell biology and sensory function, homeostasis requires tight regulation in specific compartments or niches. Recently, the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway has emerged as an essential regulator that maintains lingual taste papillae, taste bud and progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation, and neurophysiological function. Activating or suppressing Hh signaling, with genetic models or pharmacological agents used in cancer treatments, disrupts taste papilla and taste bud integrity and can eliminate responses from taste nerves to chemical stimuli but not to touch or temperature. Understanding Hh regulation of taste organ homeostasis contributes knowledge about the basic biology underlying taste disruptions in patients treated with Hh pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Mistretta
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109;
| | - Archana Kumari
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109;
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82
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Ma X, Tian Y, Song Y, Shi J, Xu J, Xiong K, Li J, Xu W, Zhao Y, Shuai J, Chen L, Plikus MV, Lengner CJ, Ren F, Xue L, Yu Z. Msi2 Maintains Quiescent State of Hair Follicle Stem Cells by Directly Repressing the Hh Signaling Pathway. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1015-1024. [PMID: 28143780 PMCID: PMC5581742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicles (HFs) undergo precisely regulated cycles of active regeneration (anagen), involution (catagen), and relative quiescence (telogen). Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) play important roles in regenerative cycling. Elucidating mechanisms that govern HFSC behavior can help uncover the underlying principles of hair development, hair growth disorders, and skin cancers. RNA-binding proteins of the Musashi (Msi) have been implicated in the biology of different stem cell types, yet they have not been studied in HFSCs. Here we utilized gain- and loss-of-function mouse models to demonstrate that forced MSI2 expression retards anagen entry and consequently delays hair growth, whereas loss of Msi2 enhances hair regrowth. Furthermore, our findings show that Msi2 maintains quiescent state of HFSCs in the process of the telogen-to-anagen transition. At the molecular level, our unbiased transcriptome profiling shows that Msi2 represses Hedgehog signaling activity and that Shh is its direct target in the hair follicle. Taken together, our findings reveal the importance of Msi2 in suppressing hair regeneration and maintaining HFSC quiescence. The previously unreported Msi2-Shh-Gli1 pathway adds to the growing understanding of the complex network governing cyclic hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhua Tian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongli Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyun Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuzhi Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Xiong
- Medical Research Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqiang Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Shuai
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Animal Science, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing, China
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Christopher J Lengner
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Lixiang Xue
- Medical Research Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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83
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Gough A, Stern AM, Maier J, Lezon T, Shun TY, Chennubhotla C, Schurdak ME, Haney SA, Taylor DL. Biologically Relevant Heterogeneity: Metrics and Practical Insights. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 22:213-237. [PMID: 28231035 DOI: 10.1177/2472555216682725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity is a fundamental property of biological systems at all scales that must be addressed in a wide range of biomedical applications, including basic biomedical research, drug discovery, diagnostics, and the implementation of precision medicine. There are a number of published approaches to characterizing heterogeneity in cells in vitro and in tissue sections. However, there are no generally accepted approaches for the detection and quantitation of heterogeneity that can be applied in a relatively high-throughput workflow. This review and perspective emphasizes the experimental methods that capture multiplexed cell-level data, as well as the need for standard metrics of the spatial, temporal, and population components of heterogeneity. A recommendation is made for the adoption of a set of three heterogeneity indices that can be implemented in any high-throughput workflow to optimize the decision-making process. In addition, a pairwise mutual information method is suggested as an approach to characterizing the spatial features of heterogeneity, especially in tissue-based imaging. Furthermore, metrics for temporal heterogeneity are in the early stages of development. Example studies indicate that the analysis of functional phenotypic heterogeneity can be exploited to guide decisions in the interpretation of biomedical experiments, drug discovery, diagnostics, and the design of optimal therapeutic strategies for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gough
- 1 Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,2 University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrew M Stern
- 1 Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,2 University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John Maier
- 3 Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Timothy Lezon
- 1 Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,2 University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tong-Ying Shun
- 2 University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chakra Chennubhotla
- 1 Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,2 University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark E Schurdak
- 1 Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,2 University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,4 University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven A Haney
- 5 Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - D Lansing Taylor
- 1 Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,2 University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,4 University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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84
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Johnston MJ, Bar-Cohen S, Paroush Z, Nystul TG. Phosphorylated Groucho delays differentiation in the follicle stem cell lineage by providing a molecular memory of EGFR signaling in the niche. Development 2016; 143:4631-4642. [PMID: 27836963 PMCID: PMC5201033 DOI: 10.1242/dev.143263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the epithelial follicle stem cells (FSCs) of the Drosophila ovary, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling promotes self-renewal, whereas Notch signaling promotes differentiation of the prefollicle cell (pFC) daughters. We have identified two proteins, Six4 and Groucho (Gro), that link the activity of these two pathways to regulate the earliest cell fate decision in the FSC lineage. Our data indicate that Six4 and Gro promote differentiation towards the polar cell fate by promoting Notch pathway activity. This activity of Gro is antagonized by EGFR signaling, which inhibits Gro-dependent repression via p-ERK mediated phosphorylation. We have found that the phosphorylated form of Gro persists in newly formed pFCs, which may delay differentiation and provide these cells with a temporary memory of the EGFR signal. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that phosphorylated Gro labels a transition state in the FSC lineage and describe the interplay between Notch and EGFR signaling that governs the differentiation processes during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Johnston
- The University of California, San Francisco, Departments of Anatomy and OB-GYN/RS, CA 94122, USA
| | - Shaked Bar-Cohen
- The Hebrew University, Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Ze'ev Paroush
- The Hebrew University, Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Todd G Nystul
- The University of California, San Francisco, Departments of Anatomy and OB-GYN/RS, CA 94122, USA
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85
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Bai T, Liu F, Zou F, Zhao G, Jiang Y, Liu L, Shi J, Hao D, Zhang Q, Zheng T, Zhang Y, Liu M, Li S, Qi L, Liu JY. Epidermal Growth Factor Induces Proliferation of Hair Follicle-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Through Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Mediated Activation of ERK and AKT Signaling Pathways Associated with Upregulation of Cyclin D1 and Downregulation of p16. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 26:113-122. [PMID: 27702388 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of highly proliferative capacity and full differentiation potential is a necessary step in the initiation of stem cell-based regenerative medicine. Our recent study showed that epidermal growth factor (EGF) significantly enhanced hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cell (HF-MSC) proliferation while maintaining the multilineage differentiation potentials. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Herein, we investigated the role of EGF in HF-MSC proliferation. HF-MSCs were isolated and cultured with or without EGF. Immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry, cytochemistry, and western blotting were used to assess proliferation, cell signaling pathways related to the EGF receptor (EGFR), and cell cycle progression. HF-MSCs exhibited surface markers of mesenchymal stem cells and displayed trilineage differentiation potentials toward adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts. EGF significantly increased HF-MSC proliferation as well as EGFR, ERK1/2, and AKT phosphorylation (p-EGFR, p-ERK1/2, and p-AKT) in a time- and dose-dependent manner, but not STAT3 phosphorylation. EGFR inhibitor (AG1478), PI3K-AKT inhibitor (LY294002), ERK inhibitor (U0126), and STAT3 inhibitor (STA-21) significantly blocked EGF-induced HF-MSC proliferation. Moreover, AG1478, LY294002, and U0126 significantly decreased p-EGFR, p-AKT, and p-ERK1/2 expression. EGF shifted HF-MSCs at the G1 phase to the S and G2 phase. Concomitantly, cyclinD1, phosphorylated Rb, and E2F1expression increased, while that of p16 decreased. In conclusion, EGF induces HF-MSC proliferation through the EGFR/ERK and AKT pathways, but not through STAT-3. The G1/S transition was stimulated by upregulation of cyclinD1 and inhibition of p16 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Bai
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun, China .,2 Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Feilin Liu
- 2 Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University , Changchun, China .,3 Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Fei Zou
- 2 Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University , Changchun, China .,4 Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Guifang Zhao
- 5 Department of Pathology, Jilin Medical College , Jilin, China
| | - Yixu Jiang
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun, China .,2 Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Li Liu
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun, China .,2 Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Jiahong Shi
- 2 Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Deshun Hao
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun, China .,2 Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- 2 Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Tong Zheng
- 2 Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Yingyao Zhang
- 2 Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Mingsheng Liu
- 2 Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Shilun Li
- 6 Department of Oncology, First People's Hospital of Lishu County , Lishu County, China
| | - Liangchen Qi
- 7 Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Jin Yu Liu
- 2 Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University , Changchun, China
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86
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Joost S, Zeisel A, Jacob T, Sun X, La Manno G, Lönnerberg P, Linnarsson S, Kasper M. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals that Differentiation and Spatial Signatures Shape Epidermal and Hair Follicle Heterogeneity. Cell Syst 2016; 3:221-237.e9. [PMID: 27641957 PMCID: PMC5052454 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The murine epidermis with its hair follicles represents an invaluable model system for tissue regeneration and stem cell research. Here we used single-cell RNA-sequencing to reveal how cellular heterogeneity of murine telogen epidermis is tuned at the transcriptional level. Unbiased clustering of 1,422 single-cell transcriptomes revealed 25 distinct populations of interfollicular and follicular epidermal cells. Our data allowed the reconstruction of gene expression programs during epidermal differentiation and along the proximal-distal axis of the hair follicle at unprecedented resolution. Moreover, transcriptional heterogeneity of the epidermis can essentially be explained along these two axes, and we show that heterogeneity in stem cell compartments generally reflects this model: stem cell populations are segregated by spatial signatures but share a common basal-epidermal gene module. This study provides an unbiased and systematic view of transcriptional organization of adult epidermis and highlights how cellular heterogeneity can be orchestrated in vivo to assure tissue homeostasis. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis identifies 25 populations of epidermal cells Differentiation and spatial gene expression signatures can be defined Interplay of differentiation and spatial signatures explains most heterogeneity Stem cell populations are divided by spatial signatures and only share basal identity
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Joost
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Amit Zeisel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles väg 2, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tina Jacob
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Gioele La Manno
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles väg 2, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Lönnerberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles väg 2, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Linnarsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles väg 2, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Maria Kasper
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden.
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87
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Colom B, Jones PH. Clonal analysis of stem cells in differentiation and disease. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 43:14-21. [PMID: 27472647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tracking the fate of individual cells and their progeny by clonal analysis has redefined the concept of stem cells and their role in health and disease. The maintenance of cell turnover in adult tissues is achieved by the collective action of populations of stem cells with an equal likelihood of self-renewal or differentiation. Following injury stem cells exhibit striking plasticity, switching from homeostatic behavior in order to repair damaged tissues. The effects of disease states on stem cells are also being uncovered, with new insights into how somatic mutations trigger clonal expansion in early neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip H Jones
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK.
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88
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Ali NJA, Dias Gomes M, Bauer R, Brodesser S, Niemann C, Iden S. Essential Role of Polarity Protein Par3 for Epidermal Homeostasis through Regulation of Barrier Function, Keratinocyte Differentiation, and Stem Cell Maintenance. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2406-2416. [PMID: 27452221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Partitioning-defective (Par) proteins contribute to multiprotein complexes that drive cell polarity and fate in invertebrates. Of these, the ternary Par3-atypical protein kinase C-Par6 polarity complex mediates asymmetry in various systems, whereas Par3 and aPKC/Par6 can also act independently. aPKC-λ has recently been implicated in epidermal differentiation and stem cell fate; however, whether Par3 contributes to the homeostasis of adult stratified epithelia is currently unknown. Here, we provide functional evidence that epidermal Par3 loss disturbed the inside-out skin barrier, coinciding with altered expression and localization of principle tight junction components, and that epidermal differentiation and thickness were increased. Moreover, Par3 inactivation caused an initial expansion and later decline of hair follicle bulge stem cells, accompanied by an enrichment of committed progenitors, formation of hypertrophic sebaceous glands, and increased epidermal differentiation, suggesting aberrant cell fate decisions. Importantly, and opposite to aPKCλ deletion, Par3 loss did not enhance perpendicular cell divisions. Instead, in Par3-deficient hair follicles, spindles were shifted toward planar orientation, indicating that abnormal differentiation after Par3 inactivation is unlikely to be attributed to increased perpendicular spindle orientation. Collectively, mammalian Par3 controls the epidermal barrier, differentiation, and stem cell maintenance in the pilosebaceous unit, which are all essential for the homeostasis of an important barrier-forming epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle J A Ali
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Martim Dias Gomes
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Ronja Bauer
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Brodesser
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Catherin Niemann
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Sandra Iden
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany.
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89
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Sarate RM, Chovatiya GL, Ravi V, Khade B, Gupta S, Waghmare SK. sPLA2 -IIA Overexpression in Mice Epidermis Depletes Hair Follicle Stem Cells and Induces Differentiation Mediated Through Enhanced JNK/c-Jun Activation. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2407-17. [PMID: 27299855 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A2 Group-IIA (sPLA2 -IIA) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids. sPLA2 -IIA is deregulated in various cancers; however, its role in hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) regulation is obscure. Here we report a transgenic mice overexpressing sPLA2 -IIA (K14-sPLA2 -IIA) showed depletion of HFSC pool. This was accompanied with increased differentiation, loss of ortho-parakeratotic organization and enlargement of sebaceous gland, infundibulum and junctional zone. The colony forming efficiency of keratinocytes was significantly reduced. Microarray profiling of HFSCs revealed enhanced level of epithelial mitogens and transcription factors, c-Jun and FosB that may be involved in proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, K14-sPLA2 -IIA keratinocytes showed enhanced activation of EGFR and JNK1/2 that led to c-Jun activation, which co-related with enhanced differentiation. Further, depletion of stem cells in bulge is associated with high levels of chromatin silencing mark, H3K27me3 and low levels of an activator mark, H3K9ac suggestive of alteration in gene expression contributing toward stem cells differentiation. Our results, first time uncovered that overexpression of sPLA2 -IIA lead to depletion of HFSCs and differentiation associated with altered histone modification. Thus involvement of sPLA2 -IIA in stem cells regulation and disease pathogenesis suggest its prospective clinical implications. Stem Cells 2016;34:2407-2417.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bharat Khade
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Biology Group, Gupta Lab, Cancer Research Institute, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Biology Group, Gupta Lab, Cancer Research Institute, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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90
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Shirokova V, Biggs LC, Jussila M, Ohyama T, Groves AK, Mikkola ML. Foxi3 Deficiency Compromises Hair Follicle Stem Cell Specification and Activation. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1896-908. [PMID: 26992132 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The hair follicle is an ideal system to study stem cell specification and homeostasis due to its well characterized morphogenesis and stereotypic cycles of stem cell activation upon each hair cycle to produce a new hair shaft. The adult hair follicle stem cell niche consists of two distinct populations, the bulge and the more activation-prone secondary hair germ (HG). Hair follicle stem cells are set aside during early stages of morphogenesis. This process is known to depend on the Sox9 transcription factor, but otherwise the establishment of the hair follicle stem cell niche is poorly understood. Here, we show that that mutation of Foxi3, a Forkhead family transcription factor mutated in several hairless dog breeds, compromises stem cell specification. Further, loss of Foxi3 impedes hair follicle downgrowth and progression of the hair cycle. Genome-wide profiling revealed a number of downstream effectors of Foxi3 including transcription factors with a recognized function in hair follicle stem cells such as Lhx2, Runx1, and Nfatc1, suggesting that the Foxi3 mutant phenotype results from simultaneous downregulation of several stem cell signature genes. We show that Foxi3 displays a highly dynamic expression pattern during hair morphogenesis and cycling, and identify Foxi3 as a novel secondary HG marker. Absence of Foxi3 results in poor hair regeneration upon hair plucking, and a sparse fur phenotype in unperturbed mice that exacerbates with age, caused by impaired secondary HG activation leading to progressive depletion of stem cells. Thus, Foxi3 regulates multiple aspects of hair follicle development and homeostasis. Stem Cells 2016;34:1896-1908.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Shirokova
- Research Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leah C Biggs
- Research Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Jussila
- Research Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Takahiro Ohyama
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery and Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew K Groves
- Program in Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marja L Mikkola
- Research Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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91
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Welle MM, Wiener DJ. The Hair Follicle: A Comparative Review of Canine Hair Follicle Anatomy and Physiology. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:564-74. [PMID: 27000375 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316631843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The hair follicle (HF) has a wide range of functions including thermoregulation, physical and immunological protection against external insults, sensory perception, social interactions, and camouflage. One of the most characteristic features of HFs is that they self-renew during hair cycle (HC) throughout the entire life of an individual to continuously produce new hair. HC disturbances are common in humans and comparable to some alopecic disorders in dogs. A normal HC is maintained by follicular stem cells (SCs), which are predominately found in an area known as the bulge. Due to similar morphological characteristics of the human and canine bulge area, the particularity of compound HFs in humans and dogs as well as similarities in follicular biomarker expression, the dog might be a promising model to study human HC and SC disorders. In this review, we give an overview of normal follicular anatomy, the HC, and follicular SCs and discuss the possible pathogenetic mechanisms of noninflammatory alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika M Welle
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Animal Pathology, DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominique J Wiener
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Animal Pathology, DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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92
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Rezza A, Wang Z, Sennett R, Qiao W, Wang D, Heitman N, Mok KW, Clavel C, Yi R, Zandstra P, Ma'ayan A, Rendl M. Signaling Networks among Stem Cell Precursors, Transit-Amplifying Progenitors, and their Niche in Developing Hair Follicles. Cell Rep 2016; 14:3001-18. [PMID: 27009580 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hair follicle (HF) is a complex miniorgan that serves as an ideal model system to study stem cell (SC) interactions with the niche during growth and regeneration. Dermal papilla (DP) cells are required for SC activation during the adult hair cycle, but signal exchange between niche and SC precursors/transit-amplifying cell (TAC) progenitors that regulates HF morphogenetic growth is largely unknown. Here we use six transgenic reporters to isolate 14 major skin and HF cell populations. With next-generation RNA sequencing, we characterize their transcriptomes and define unique molecular signatures. SC precursors, TACs, and the DP niche express a plethora of ligands and receptors. Signaling interaction network analysis reveals a bird's-eye view of pathways implicated in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Using a systematic tissue-wide approach, this work provides a comprehensive platform, linked to an interactive online database, to identify and further explore the SC/TAC/niche crosstalk regulating HF growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Rezza
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zichen Wang
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, BD2K-LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center, Knowledge Management Center for Illuminating the Druggable Genome (KMC-IDG), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rachel Sennett
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Wenlian Qiao
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Nicholas Heitman
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ka Wai Mok
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Carlos Clavel
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rui Yi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Peter Zandstra
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, BD2K-LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center, Knowledge Management Center for Illuminating the Druggable Genome (KMC-IDG), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael Rendl
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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93
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Garcin CL, Ansell DM, Headon DJ, Paus R, Hardman MJ. Hair Follicle Bulge Stem Cells Appear Dispensable for the Acute Phase of Wound Re-epithelialization. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1377-85. [PMID: 26756547 PMCID: PMC4985639 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cutaneous healing response has evolved to occur rapidly, in order to minimize infection and to re‐establish epithelial homeostasis. Rapid healing is achieved through complex coordination of multiple cell types, which importantly includes specific cell populations within the hair follicle (HF). Under physiological conditions, the epithelial compartments of HF and interfollicular epidermis remain discrete, with K15+ve bulge stem cells contributing progeny for HF reconstruction during the hair cycle and as a basis for hair shaft production during anagen. Only upon wounding do HF cells migrate from the follicle to contribute to the neo‐epidermis. However, the identity of the first‐responding cells, and in particular whether this process involves a direct contribution of K15+ve bulge cells to the early stage of epidermal wound repair remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that epidermal injury in murine skin does not induce bulge activation during early epidermal wound repair. Specifically, bulge cells of uninjured HFs neither proliferate nor appear to migrate out of the bulge niche upon epidermal wounding. In support of these observations, Diphtheria toxin‐mediated partial ablation of K15+ve bulge cells fails to delay wound healing. Our data suggest that bulge cells only respond to epidermal wounding during later stages of repair. We discuss that this response may have evolved as a protective safeguarding mechanism against bulge stem cell exhaust and tumorigenesis. Stem Cells2016;34:1377–1385
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Garcin
- The Healing Foundation Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David M Ansell
- The Healing Foundation Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Denis J Headon
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ralf Paus
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthew J Hardman
- The Healing Foundation Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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94
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Wiener DJ, Doherr MG, Müller EJ, Welle MM. Spatial Distribution of Stem Cell-Like Keratinocytes in Dissected Compound Hair Follicles of the Dog. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146937. [PMID: 26788850 PMCID: PMC4720375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair cycle disturbances are common in dogs and comparable to some alopecic disorders in humans. A normal hair cycle is maintained by follicular stem cells which are predominately found in an area known as the bulge. Due to similar morphological characteristics of the bulge area in humans and dogs, the shared particularity of compound hair follicles as well as similarities in follicular biomarker expression, the dog is a promising model to study human hair cycle and stem cell disorders. To gain insight into the spatial distribution of follicular keratinocytes with stem cell potential in canine compound follicles, we microdissected hair follicles in anagen and telogen from skin samples of freshly euthanized dogs. The keratinocytes isolated from different locations were investigated for their colony forming efficiency, growth and differentiation potential as well as clonal growth. Our results indicate that i) compound and single hair follicles exhibit a comparable spatial distribution pattern with respect to cells with high growth potential and stem cell-like characteristics, ii) the lower isthmus (comprising the bulge) harbors most cells with high growth potential in both, the anagen and the telogen hair cycle stage, iii) unlike in other species, colonies with highest growth potential are rather small with an irregular perimeter and iv) the keratinocytes derived from the bulbar region exhibit characteristics of actively dividing transit amplifying cells. Our results now provide the basis to conduct comparative studies of normal dogs and those with hair cycle disorders with the possibility to extend relevant findings to human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique J. Wiener
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Marcus G. Doherr
- Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eliane J. Müller
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monika M. Welle
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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95
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Gerhards NM, Sayar BS, Origgi FC, Galichet A, Müller EJ, Welle MM, Wiener DJ. Stem Cell-Associated Marker Expression in Canine Hair Follicles. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 64:190-204. [PMID: 26739040 DOI: 10.1369/0022155415627679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional hair follicle (HF) stem cells (SCs) are crucial to maintain the constant recurring growth of hair. In mice and humans, SC subpopulations with different biomarker expression profiles have been identified in discrete anatomic compartments of the HF. The rare studies investigating canine HF SCs have shown similarities in biomarker expression profiles to that of mouse and human SCs. The aim of our study was to broaden the current repertoire of SC-associated markers and their expression patterns in the dog. We combined analyses on the expression levels of CD34, K15, Sox9, CD200, Nestin, LGR5 and LGR6 in canine skin using RT-qPCR, the corresponding proteins in dog skin lysates, and their expression patterns in canine HFs using immunohistochemistry. Using validated antibodies, we were able to define the location of CD34, Sox9, Keratin15, LGR5 and Nestin in canine HFs and confirm that all tested biomarkers are expressed in canine skin. Our results show similarities between the expression profile of canine, human and mouse HF SC markers. This repertoire of biomarkers will allow us to conduct functional studies and investigate alterations in the canine SC compartment of different diseases, like alopecia or skin cancer with the possibility to extend relevant findings to human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora M Gerhards
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (NMG, BSS, AG, EJM, MMW, DJW)
| | - Beyza S Sayar
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (NMG, BSS, AG, EJM, MMW, DJW),Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, Institute of Animal Pathology and DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (BSS, AG, EJM)
| | - Francesco C Origgi
- Center for Fish and Wildlife Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (FCO)
| | - Arnaud Galichet
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (NMG, BSS, AG, EJM, MMW, DJW),Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, Institute of Animal Pathology and DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (BSS, AG, EJM)
| | - Eliane J Müller
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (NMG, BSS, AG, EJM, MMW, DJW),Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, Institute of Animal Pathology and DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (BSS, AG, EJM),Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (EJM)
| | - Monika M Welle
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (NMG, BSS, AG, EJM, MMW, DJW)
| | - Dominique J Wiener
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (NMG, BSS, AG, EJM, MMW, DJW)
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96
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Füllgrabe A, Joost S, Are A, Jacob T, Sivan U, Haegebarth A, Linnarsson S, Simons BD, Clevers H, Toftgård R, Kasper M. Dynamics of Lgr6⁺ Progenitor Cells in the Hair Follicle, Sebaceous Gland, and Interfollicular Epidermis. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:843-855. [PMID: 26607954 PMCID: PMC4649262 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamics and interactions between stem cell pools in the hair follicle (HF), sebaceous gland (SG), and interfollicular epidermis (IFE) of murine skin are still poorly understood. In this study, we used multicolor lineage tracing to mark Lgr6⁺ -expressing basal cells in the HF isthmus, SG, and IFE.We show that these Lgr6⁺ cells constitute long-term self-renewing populations within each compartment in adult skin. Quantitative analysis of clonal dynamics revealed that the Lgr6⁺ progenitor cells compete neutrally in the IFE, isthmus, and SG, indicating population asymmetry as the underlying mode of tissue renewal. Transcriptional profiling of Lgr6⁺ and Lgr6⁺ cells did not reveal a distinct Lgr6⁺ -associated gene expression signature, raising the question of whether Lgr6⁺ expression requires extrinsic niche signals. Our results elucidate the interrelation and behavior of Lgr6⁺ populations in the IFE, HF, and SG and suggest population asymmetry as a common mechanism for homeostasis in several epithelial skin compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Füllgrabe
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Novum, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Simon Joost
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Novum, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Are
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Novum, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tina Jacob
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Novum, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Unnikrishnan Sivan
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Novum, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Andrea Haegebarth
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sten Linnarsson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Scheeles väg 2, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, J. J. Thomson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rune Toftgård
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Novum, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Maria Kasper
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Novum, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden.
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97
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Lacina L, Plzak J, Kodet O, Szabo P, Chovanec M, Dvorankova B, Smetana K. Cancer Microenvironment: What Can We Learn from the Stem Cell Niche. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:24094-110. [PMID: 26473842 PMCID: PMC4632740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161024094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal stem cells (ESCs) are crucial for maintenance and self- renewal of skin epithelium and also for regular hair cycling. Their role in wound healing is also indispensable. ESCs reside in a defined outer root sheath portion of hair follicle—also known as the bulge region. ECS are also found between basal cells of the interfollicular epidermis or mucous membranes. The non-epithelial elements such as mesenchymal stem cell-like elements of dermis or surrounding adipose tissue can also contribute to this niche formation. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) participate in formation of common epithelial malignant diseases such as basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma. In this review article, we focus on the role of cancer microenvironment with emphasis on the effect of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). This model reflects various biological aspects of interaction between cancer cell and CAFs with multiple parallels to interaction of normal epidermal stem cells and their niche. The complexity of intercellular interactions within tumor stroma is depicted on example of malignant melanoma, where keratinocytes also contribute the microenvironmental landscape during early phase of tumor progression. Interactions seen in normal bulge region can therefore be an important source of information for proper understanding to melanoma. The therapeutic consequences of targeting of microenvironment in anticancer therapy and for improved wound healing are included to article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lacina
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, U Nemocnice 2, 12808 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Plzak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, V Úvalu 84, 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Kodet
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, U Nemocnice 2, 12808 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavol Szabo
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Chovanec
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, V Úvalu 84, 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Dvorankova
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Smetana
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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98
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Pineda CM, Park S, Mesa KR, Wolfel M, Gonzalez DG, Haberman AM, Rompolas P, Greco V. Intravital imaging of hair follicle regeneration in the mouse. Nat Protoc 2015; 10:1116-30. [PMID: 26110716 PMCID: PMC4632978 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hair follicles are mammalian skin organs that periodically and stereotypically regenerate from a small pool of stem cells. Hence, hair follicles are a widely studied model for stem cell biology and regeneration. This protocol describes the use of two-photon laser-scanning microscopy (TPLSM) to study hair regeneration within a living, uninjured mouse. TPLSM provides advantages over conventional approaches, including enabling time-resolved imaging of single hair follicle stem cells. Thus, it is possible to capture behaviors including apoptosis, proliferation and migration, and to revisit the same cells for in vivo lineage tracing. In addition, a wide range of fluorescent reporter mouse lines facilitates TPLSM in the skin. This protocol also describes TPLSM laser ablation, which can spatiotemporally manipulate specific cellular populations of the hair follicle or microenvironment to test their regenerative contributions. The preparation time is variable depending on the goals of the experiment, but it generally takes 30-60 min. Imaging time is dependent on the goals of the experiment. Together, these components of TPLSM can be used to develop a comprehensive understanding of hair regeneration during homeostasis and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana M Pineda
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Dermatology, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sangbum Park
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Dermatology, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kailin R Mesa
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Dermatology, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Markus Wolfel
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Dermatology, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - David G Gonzalez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ann M Haberman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Panteleimon Rompolas
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Dermatology, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Valentina Greco
- 1] Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Dermatology, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. [2] Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. [3] Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. [4] Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. [5] Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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99
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Moreno I, Míguez-Forjan JM, Simón C. Artificial gametes from stem cells. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2015; 42:33-44. [PMID: 26161331 PMCID: PMC4496429 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2015.42.2.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of artificial gametes is a real challenge for the scientific community today. In vitro development of human eggs and sperm will pave the way for the understanding of the complex process of human gametogenesis and will provide with human gametes for the study of infertility and the onset of some inherited disorders. However, the great promise of artificial gametes resides in their future application on reproductive treatments for all these people wishing to have genetically related children and for which gamete donation is now their unique option of parenthood. This is the case of infertile patients devoid of suitable gametes, same sex couples, singles and those fertile couples in a high risk of transmitting serious diseases to their progeny. In the search of the best method to obtain artificial gametes, many researchers have successfully obtained human germ cell-like cells from stem cells at different stages of differentiation. In the near future, this field will evolve to new methods providing not only viable but also functional and safe artificial germ cells. These artificial sperm and eggs should be able to recapitulate all the genetic and epigenetic processes needed for the correct gametogenesis, fertilization and embryogenesis leading to the birth of a healthy and fertile newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Moreno
- Department of Research and Development, Igenomix S.L., Paternam, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Simón
- Department of Research and Development, Igenomix S.L., Paternam, Spain. ; Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (FIVI), Valencia, Spain. ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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100
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Dontu G, Ince TA. Of mice and women: a comparative tissue biology perspective of breast stem cells and differentiation. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2015; 20:51-62. [PMID: 26286174 PMCID: PMC4595531 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-015-9341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue based research requires a background in human and veterinary pathology, developmental biology, anatomy, as well as molecular and cellular biology. This type of comparative tissue biology (CTB) expertise is necessary to tackle some of the conceptual challenges in human breast stem cell research. It is our opinion that the scarcity of CTB expertise contributed to some erroneous interpretations in tissue based research, some of which are reviewed here in the context of breast stem cells. In this article we examine the dissimilarities between mouse and human mammary tissue and suggest how these may impact stem cell studies. In addition, we consider the differences between breast ducts vs. lobules and clarify how these affect the interpretation of results in stem cell research. Lastly, we introduce a new elaboration of normal epithelial cell types in human breast and discuss how this provides a clinically useful basis for breast cancer classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Dontu
- Stem Cell Group, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Research Oncology, King's College London School of Medicine, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tan A Ince
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave., Miami, 33136, FL, USA.
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