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Culture and establishment of self-renewing human liver 3D organoids with high uric acid for screening antihyperuricemic functional compounds. Food Chem 2021; 374:131634. [PMID: 34838408 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a metabolic disease caused by disorders of purine metabolism, the prevalence of which has increased worldwide. At present, most drugs aimed at lowering uric acid have toxic side effects, and in vitro screening of uric acid-lowering active substances are inefficient. Here, a long-term 3D human liver organoid culture system with high uric acid for screening and evaluating the efficacy of uric acid-lowering functional compounds. This liver organoids can be established from single hepatocytes and grown for multiple months, while retaining key morphological and functional features. Furthermore, establishment of HUA organoids model was verified by antihyperuricemic drugs allopurinol, as well as reported bioactive peptides, which significantly reduced uric acid production in the liver organoids (p < 0.05). The results demonstrated that it has the potential to be used as a rapid and valid in vitro model to screen antihyperuricemic compounds that mimics in vivo cell growth patterns.
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52
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Hopkins HK, Traverse EM, Barr KL. Methodologies for Generating Brain Organoids to Model Viral Pathogenesis in the CNS. Pathogens 2021; 10:1510. [PMID: 34832665 PMCID: PMC8625030 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The human brain is of interest in viral research because it is often the target of viruses. Neurological infections can result in consequences in the CNS, which can result in death or lifelong sequelae. Organoids modeling the CNS are notable because they are derived from stem cells that differentiate into specific brain cells such as neural progenitors, neurons, astrocytes, and glial cells. Numerous protocols have been developed for the generation of CNS organoids, and our goal was to describe the various CNS organoid models available for viral pathogenesis research to serve as a guide to determine which protocol might be appropriate based on research goal, timeframe, and budget. (2) Methods: Articles for this review were found in Pubmed, Scopus and EMBASE. The search terms used were "brain + organoid" and "CNS + organoid" (3) Results: There are two main methods for organoid generation, and the length of time for organoid generation varied from 28 days to over 2 months. The costs for generating a population of organoids ranged from USD 1000 to 5000. (4) Conclusions: There are numerous methods for generating organoids representing multiple regions of the brain, with several types of modifications for fine-tuning the model to a researcher's specifications. Organoid models of the CNS can serve as a platform for characterization and mechanistic studies that can reduce or eliminate the use of animals, especially for viruses that only cause disease in the human CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kelli L. Barr
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (H.K.H.); (E.M.T.)
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53
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Kang Y, Zhou Y, Li Y, Han Y, Xu J, Niu W, Li Z, Liu S, Feng H, Huang W, Duan R, Xu T, Raj N, Zhang F, Dou J, Xu C, Wu H, Bassell GJ, Warren ST, Allen EG, Jin P, Wen Z. A human forebrain organoid model of fragile X syndrome exhibits altered neurogenesis and highlights new treatment strategies. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:1377-1391. [PMID: 34413513 PMCID: PMC8484073 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by the loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), an RNA-binding protein that can regulate the translation of specific mRNAs. In this study, we developed an FXS human forebrain organoid model and observed that the loss of FMRP led to dysregulated neurogenesis, neuronal maturation and neuronal excitability. Bulk and single-cell gene expression analyses of FXS forebrain organoids revealed that the loss of FMRP altered gene expression in a cell-type-specific manner. The developmental deficits in FXS forebrain organoids could be rescued by inhibiting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway but not the metabotropic glutamate pathway disrupted in the FXS mouse model. We identified a large number of human-specific mRNAs bound by FMRP. One of these human-specific FMRP targets, CHD2, contributed to the altered gene expression in FXS organoids. Collectively, our study revealed molecular, cellular and electrophysiological abnormalities associated with the loss of FMRP during human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhee Kang
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Scieces, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yujing Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yanfei Han
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Scieces, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jie Xu
- The Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Emory University, GA 30322, USA
| | - Weibo Niu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Scieces, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ziyi Li
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Shiying Liu
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, OH 44106, USA
| | - Wen Huang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Ranhui Duan
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Tianmin Xu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Nisha Raj
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Feiran Zhang
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Juan Dou
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Scieces, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chongchong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Scieces, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gary J Bassell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Stephen T Warren
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Emily G Allen
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;,To whom correspondence should be addressed: (P.J.) and (Z.W.)
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Scieces, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;,Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;,To whom correspondence should be addressed: (P.J.) and (Z.W.)
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54
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Zheng Y, Zhang F, Xu S, Wu L. Advances in neural organoid systems and their application in neurotoxicity testing of environmental chemicals. Genes Environ 2021; 43:39. [PMID: 34551827 PMCID: PMC8456188 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the complex structure and function of central nervous system (CNS), human CNS in vitro modeling is still a great challenge. Neurotoxicity testing of environmental chemicals mainly depends on the traditional animal models, which have various limitations such as species differences, expensive and time-consuming. Meanwhile, in vitro two-dimensional (2D) cultured cells or three-dimensional (3D) cultured neurospheres cannot fully simulate complex 3D structure of neural tissues. Recent advancements in neural organoid systems provides excellent models for the testing of environmental chemicals that affect the development of human CNS. Neural organoids derived from hPSCs not only can simulate the process of CNS development, including early stage neural tube formation, neuroepithelium differentiation and regional specification, but also its 3D structure, thus can be used to evaluate the effect of chemicals on differentiation and morphogenesis. Here, we provide a review of recent progress in the methods of culturing neural organoids and their applications in neurotoxicity testing of environmental chemicals. We conclude by highlighting challenge and future directions in neurotoxicity testing based on neural organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zheng
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Fangrong Zhang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Shengmin Xu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
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55
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Hongjin W, Han C, Baoxiang J, Shiqi Y, Xiaoyu X. Reconstituting neurovascular unit based on the close relations between neural stem cells and endothelial cells: an effective method to explore neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Rev Neurosci 2021; 31:143-159. [PMID: 31539363 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of neural stem cells (NSCs) and their microenvironment, the NSC niche, brought new therapeutic strategies through neurogenesis and angiogenesis for stroke and most neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Based on the close links between NSCs and endothelial cells, the integration of neurogenesis and angiogenesis of the NSC niche is also a promising area to the neurovascular unit (NVU) modeling and is now offering a powerful tool to advance our understanding of the brain. In this review, critical aspects of the NVU and model systems are discussed. First, we briefly describe the interaction of each part in the NSC niche. Second, we introduce the co-culture system, microfluidic platforms, and stem cell-derived 3D reconstitution used in NVU modeling based on the close relations between NSCs and endothelial cells, and various characteristics of cell interactions in these systems are also described. Finally, we address the challenges in modeling the NVU that can potentially be overcome by employing strategies for advanced biomaterials and stem cell co-culture use. Based on these approaches, researchers will continue to develop predictable technologies to control the fate of stem cells, achieve accurate screening of drugs for the nervous system, and advance the clinical application of NVU models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Hongjin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening From Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China.,Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica-Key Discipline Constructed by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chen Han
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening From Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China.,Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica-Key Discipline Constructed by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiang Baoxiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening From Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China.,Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica-Key Discipline Constructed by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yu Shiqi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening From Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China.,Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica-Key Discipline Constructed by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xu Xiaoyu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening From Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China.,Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica-Key Discipline Constructed by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China
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56
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Luo Z, Zhou X, Mandal K, He N, Wennerberg W, Qu M, Jiang X, Sun W, Khademhosseini A. Reconstructing the tumor architecture into organoids. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113839. [PMID: 34153370 PMCID: PMC8560135 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading health burden worldwide. One of the challenges hindering cancer therapy development is the substantial discrepancies between the existing cancer models and the tumor microenvironment (TME) of human patients. Constructing tumor organoids represents an emerging approach to recapitulate the pathophysiological features of the TME in vitro. Over the past decade, various approaches have been demonstrated to engineer tumor organoids as in vitro cancer models, such as incorporating multiple cellular populations, reconstructing biophysical and chemical traits, and even recapitulating structural features. In this review, we focus on engineering approaches for building tumor organoids, including biomaterial-based, microfabrication-assisted, and synthetic biology-facilitated strategies. Furthermore, we summarize the applications of engineered tumor organoids in basic cancer research, cancer drug discovery, and personalized medicine. We also discuss the challenges and future opportunities in using tumor organoids for broader applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Luo
- Department of Bioengineering, California NanoSystems Institute and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xingwu Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, California NanoSystems Institute and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kalpana Mandal
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Na He
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wally Wennerberg
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Moyuan Qu
- Department of Bioengineering, California NanoSystems Institute and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, and Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xing Jiang
- Department of Bioengineering, California NanoSystems Institute and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wujin Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, California NanoSystems Institute and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA.
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, California NanoSystems Institute and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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57
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Wang YF, Liu C, Xu PF. Deciphering and reconstitution of positional information in the human brain development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 10:29. [PMID: 34467458 PMCID: PMC8408296 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-021-00091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Organoid has become a novel in vitro model to research human development and relevant disorders in recent years. With many improvements on the culture protocols, current brain organoids could self-organize into a complicated three-dimensional organization that mimics most of the features of the real human brain at the molecular, cellular, and further physiological level. However, lacking positional information, an important characteristic conveyed by gradients of signaling molecules called morphogens, leads to the deficiency of spatiotemporally regulated cell arrangements and cell–cell interactions in the brain organoid development. In this review, we will overview the role of morphogen both in the vertebrate neural development in vivo as well as the brain organoid culture in vitro, the strategies to apply morphogen concentration gradients in the organoid system and future perspectives of the brain organoid technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Wang
- Women's Hospital, and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Zhejiang University and University of Edinburgh, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Dr, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Cong Liu
- Women's Hospital, and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- Women's Hospital, and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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58
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Pan FC, Evans T, Chen S. Modeling endodermal organ development and diseases using human pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 12:580-592. [PMID: 32652003 PMCID: PMC7683020 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in development of protocols for directed differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to defined lineages, in combination with 3D organoid technology, have facilitated the generation of various endoderm-derived organoids for in vitro modeling of human gastrointestinal development and associated diseases. In this review, we discuss current state-of-the-art strategies for generating hPSC-derived endodermal organoids including stomach, liver, pancreatic, small intestine, and colonic organoids. We also review the advantages of using this system to model various human diseases and evaluate the shortcomings of this technology. Finally, we emphasize how other technologies, such as genome editing and bioengineering, can be incorporated into the 3D hPSC-organoid models to generate even more robust and powerful platforms for understanding human organ development and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong Cheng Pan
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shuibing Chen
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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59
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Günther C, Rothhammer V, Karow M, Neurath M, Winner B. The Gut-Brain Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Current and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168870. [PMID: 34445575 PMCID: PMC8396333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system driven by neural, hormonal, metabolic, immunological, and microbial signals. Signaling events from the gut can modulate brain function and recent evidence suggests that the gut–brain axis may play a pivotal role in linking gastrointestinal and neurological diseases. Accordingly, accumulating evidence has suggested a link between inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and neurodegenerative, as well as neuroinflammatory diseases. In this context, clinical, epidemiological and experimental data have demonstrated that IBD predisposes a person to pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS). Likewise, a number of neurological disorders are associated with changes in the intestinal environment, which are indicative for disease-mediated gut–brain inter-organ communication. Although this axis was identified more than 20 years ago, the sequence of events and underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly defined. The emergence of precision medicine has uncovered the need to take into account non-intestinal symptoms in the context of IBD that could offer the opportunity to tailor therapies to individual patients. The aim of this review is to highlight recent findings supporting the clinical and biological link between the gut and brain, as well as its clinical significance for IBD as well as neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Finally, we focus on novel human-specific preclinical models that will help uncover disease mechanisms to better understand and modulate the function of this complex system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Günther
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (B.W.); Tel.: +49-(0)9131-85-45240 (C.G.); +49-(0)9131-85-39301 (B.W.)
| | - Veit Rothhammer
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Marisa Karow
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Markus Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (B.W.); Tel.: +49-(0)9131-85-45240 (C.G.); +49-(0)9131-85-39301 (B.W.)
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60
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Velasco S, Paulsen B, Arlotta P. 3D Brain Organoids: Studying Brain Development and Disease Outside the Embryo. Annu Rev Neurosci 2021; 43:375-389. [PMID: 32640930 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Scientists have been fascinated by the human brain for centuries, yet knowledge of the cellular and molecular events that build the human brain during embryogenesis and of how abnormalities in this process lead to neurological disease remains very superficial. In particular, the lack of experimental models for a process that largely occurs during human in utero development, and is therefore poorly accessible for study, has hindered progress in mechanistic understanding. Advances in stem cell-derived models of human organogenesis, in the form of three-dimensional organoid cultures, and transformative new analytic technologies have opened new experimental pathways for investigation of aspects of development, evolution, and pathology of the human brain. Here, we consider the biology of brain organoids, compared and contrasted with the endogenous human brain, and highlight experimental strategies to use organoids to pioneer new understanding of human brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Velasco
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA; .,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Bruna Paulsen
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA; .,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Paola Arlotta
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA; .,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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61
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Chen KG, Park K, Spence JR. Studying SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and therapeutic responses with complex organoids. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:822-833. [PMID: 34341531 PMCID: PMC8355201 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00721-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Clinical management of patients with severe complications of COVID-19 has been hindered by a lack of effective drugs and a failure to capture the extensive heterogeneity of the disease with conventional methods. Here we review the emerging roles of complex organoids in the study of SARS-CoV-2 infection, modelling of COVID-19 disease pathology and in drug, antibody and vaccine development. We discuss opportunities for COVID-19 research and remaining challenges in the application of organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Chen
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Kyeyoon Park
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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62
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Shcheglovitov A, Peterson RT. Screening Platforms for Genetic Epilepsies-Zebrafish, iPSC-Derived Neurons, and Organoids. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1478-1489. [PMID: 34595731 PMCID: PMC8608971 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular and cellular engineering, such as human cell reprogramming, genome editing, and patient-specific organoids, have provided unprecedented opportunities for investigating human disorders in both animals and human-based models at an improved pace and precision. This progress will inevitably lead to the development of innovative drug-screening platforms and new patient-specific therapeutics. In this review, we discuss recent advances that have been made using zebrafish and human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons and organoids for modeling genetic epilepsies. We also provide our prospective on how these models can potentially be combined to build new screening platforms for antiseizure and antiepileptogenic drug discovery that harness the robustness and tractability of zebrafish models as well as the patient-specific genetics and biology of iPSC-derived neurons and organoids.
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63
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Ogoke O, Yousef O, Ott C, Kalinousky A, Lin W, Shamul C, Ross S, Parashurama N. Modeling Liver Organogenesis by Recreating Three-Dimensional Collective Cell Migration: A Role for TGFβ Pathway. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:621286. [PMID: 34211963 PMCID: PMC8239196 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.621286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) collective cell migration (CCM) is critical for improving liver cell therapies, eliciting mechanisms of liver disease, and modeling human liver development and organogenesis. Mechanisms of CCM differ in 2D vs. 3D systems, and existing models are limited to 2D or transwell-based systems, suggesting there is a need for improved 3D models of CCM. To recreate liver 3D CCM, we engineered in vitro 3D models based upon a morphogenetic transition that occurs during liver organogenesis, which occurs rapidly between E8.5 and E9.5 (mouse). During this morphogenetic transition, 3D CCM exhibits co-migration (multiple cell types), thick-strand interactions with surrounding septum transversum mesenchyme (STM), branching morphogenesis, and 3D interstitial migration. Here, we engineer several 3D in vitro culture systems, each of which mimics one of these processes in vitro. In mixed spheroids bearing both liver cells and uniquely MRC-5 (fetal lung) fibroblasts, we observed evidence of co-migration, and a significant increase in length and number of liver spheroid protrusions, which was highly sensitive to transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) stimulation. In MRC-5-conditioned medium (M-CM) experiments, we observed dose-dependent branching morphogenesis associated with an upregulation of Twist1, which was inhibited by a broad TGFβ inhibitor. In models in which liver spheroids and MRC-5 spheroids were co-cultured, we observed complex strand morphogenesis, whereby thin, linear, 3D liver cell strands attach to the MRC-5 spheroid, anchor and thicken to form permanent and thick anchoring contacts between the two spheroids. In these spheroid co-culture models, we also observed spheroid fusion and strong evidence for interstitial migration. In conclusion, we present several novel cultivation systems that recreate distinct features of liver 3D CCM. These methodologies will greatly improve our molecular, cellular, and tissue-scale understanding of liver organogenesis, liver diseases like cancer, and liver cell therapy, and will also serve as a tool to bridge conventional 2D studies and preclinical in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogechi Ogoke
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Osama Yousef
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Cortney Ott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Allison Kalinousky
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Wayne Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Claire Shamul
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Shatoni Ross
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Natesh Parashurama
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, United States.,Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, United States
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64
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Hermsen J, Brown ME. Humanized Mouse Models for Evaluation of PSC Immunogenicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 54:e113. [PMID: 32588980 DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
New human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived therapies are advancing to clinical trials at an increasingly rapid pace. In addition to ensuring that the therapies function properly, there is a critical need to investigate the human immune response to these cell products. A robust allogeneic (or autologous) immune response could swiftly eliminate an otherwise promising cell therapy, even in immunosuppressed patients. In coming years, researchers in the regenerative medicine field will need to utilize a number of in vitro and in vivo assays and models to evaluate and better understand hPSC immunogenicity. Humanized mouse models-mice engrafted with functional human immune cell types-are an important research tool for investigating the mechanisms of the adaptive immune response to hPSC therapies. This article provides an overview of humanized mouse models relevant to the study of hPSC immunogenicity and explores central considerations for investigators seeking to utilize these powerful models in their research. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Hermsen
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Western Clinical Campus, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Matthew E Brown
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Western Clinical Campus, Madison, Wisconsin
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65
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Retinal Ganglion Cell Transplantation: Approaches for Overcoming Challenges to Functional Integration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061426. [PMID: 34200991 PMCID: PMC8228580 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the central nervous system, mammalian retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) lack significant regenerative capacity. Glaucoma causes progressive and irreversible vision loss by damaging RGCs and their axons, which compose the optic nerve. To functionally restore vision, lost RGCs must be replaced. Despite tremendous advancements in experimental models of optic neuropathy that have elucidated pathways to induce endogenous RGC neuroprotection and axon regeneration, obstacles to achieving functional visual recovery through exogenous RGC transplantation remain. Key challenges include poor graft survival, low donor neuron localization to the host retina, and inadequate dendritogenesis and synaptogenesis with afferent amacrine and bipolar cells. In this review, we summarize the current state of experimental RGC transplantation, and we propose a set of standard approaches to quantifying and reporting experimental outcomes in order to guide a collective effort to advance the field toward functional RGC replacement and optic nerve regeneration.
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66
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Rosado-Olivieri EA, Brivanlou AH. Synthetic by design: Exploiting tissue self-organization to explore early human embryology. Dev Biol 2021; 474:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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67
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Kawaguchi H, Sakamoto T, Koya T, Togi M, Date I, Watanabe A, Yoshida K, Kato T, Nakamura Y, Ishigaki Y, Shimodaira S. Quality Verification with a Cluster-Controlled Manufacturing System to Generate Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050533. [PMID: 34065520 PMCID: PMC8160655 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines for cancer immunotherapy have been actively developed to improve clinical efficacy. In our previous report, monocyte−derived DCs induced by interleukin (IL)−4 with a low−adherence dish (low−adherent IL-4−DCs: la−IL-4−DCs) improved the yield and viability, as well as relatively prolonged survival in vitro, compared to IL-4−DCs developed using an adherent culture protocol. However, la−IL-4−DCs exhibit remarkable cluster formation and display heterogeneous immature phenotypes. Therefore, cluster formation in la−IL-4−DCs needs to be optimized for the clinical development of DC vaccines. In this study, we examined the effects of cluster control in the generation of mature IL-4−DCs, using cell culture vessels and measuring spheroid formation, survival, cytokine secretion, and gene expression of IL-4−DCs. Mature IL-4−DCs in cell culture vessels (cluster−controlled IL-4−DCs: cc−IL-4−DCs) displayed increased levels of CD80, CD86, and CD40 compared with that of la−IL-4−DCs. cc−IL-4−DCs induced antigen−specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) with a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)−restricted melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 (MART−1) peptide. Additionally, cc−IL-4−DCs produced higher levels of IFN−γ, possessing the CTL induction. Furthermore, DNA microarrays revealed the upregulation of BCL2A1, a pro−survival gene. According to these findings, the cc−IL-4−DCs are useful for generating homogeneous and functional IL-4−DCs that would be expected to promote long−lasting effects in DC vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Kawaguchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (H.K.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (I.D.); (A.W.)
| | - Takuya Sakamoto
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (H.K.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (I.D.); (A.W.)
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan;
| | - Terutsugu Koya
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (H.K.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (I.D.); (A.W.)
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan;
| | - Misa Togi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (H.K.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (I.D.); (A.W.)
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan;
| | - Ippei Date
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (H.K.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (I.D.); (A.W.)
| | - Asuka Watanabe
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (H.K.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (I.D.); (A.W.)
| | - Kenichi Yoshida
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan;
| | - Tomohisa Kato
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (T.K.J.); (Y.N.); (Y.I.)
| | - Yuka Nakamura
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (T.K.J.); (Y.N.); (Y.I.)
| | - Yasuhito Ishigaki
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (T.K.J.); (Y.N.); (Y.I.)
| | - Shigetaka Shimodaira
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (H.K.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (I.D.); (A.W.)
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-76-218-8304
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68
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Naticchia MR, Laubach LK, Honigfort DJ, Purcell SC, Godula K. Spatially controlled glycocalyx engineering for growth factor patterning in embryoid bodies. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:1652-1659. [PMID: 33409513 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01434f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Growth factor (GF) patterning in stem cell spheroids, such as embryoid bodies (EBs), has been sought to guide their differentiation and organization into functional 3D tissue models and organoids. Current approaches relying on exposure of EBs to gradients of GFs suffer from poor molecular transport in the spheroid microenvironment and from high cost of production and low stability of recombinant GFs. We have developed an alternative method for establishing GF gradients in EBs utilizing stem cell surface engineering with membrane-targeting heparan sulfate-glycomimetic co-receptors for GFs. We have capitalized on the ability of amphiphilic lipid-functionalized glycopolymers with affinity for FGF2 to assemble into nanoscale vesicles with tunable dimensions and extracellular matrix penetrance. Upon size-dependent diffusion into EBs, the vesicles fused with the plasma membranes of stem cells, giving rise to concentric gradients of cells with enhanced FGF2-binding. The extracellular matrix-assisted cell surface remodeling process described is the first example of spatially-targeted glycocalyx engineering in multicellular systems to control GF localization. The glycopolymer structure, vesicle dimensions, and remodeling conditions determine the level of FGF2 adhesion and gradient slope. The increased chemical and thermal stability of the synthetic glycomimetics and the tunability of their GF-binding profile, which is defined by their glycosylation and may be extended to other recombinant or endogenous morphogens beyond FGF2, further increase the versatility of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Naticchia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA.
| | - Logan K Laubach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA.
| | - Daniel J Honigfort
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA.
| | - Sean C Purcell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA.
| | - Kamil Godula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA. and Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
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69
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Yao X, Dani C. A Simple Method for Generating, Clearing, and Imaging Pre-vascularized 3D Adipospheres Derived from Human iPS Cells. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2454:495-507. [PMID: 33982274 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Beige/brite/brown-like adipocytes (BAs), dispersed in white adipose tissue, represent promising cell targets to counteract obesity and associated diseases. However, there are major limitations for a BA-based treatment of obesity, among which the main ones are the rareness of BAs in adult humans and the lack of a relevant cell culture condition for modeling the development of BAs. We describe in this chapter the capacity of human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived BA progenitors (hiPSC-BAPs) to self-organize in spheroids and a method for their differentiation at a high efficiency in hiPSC-derived 3D adipospheres containing UCP1-expressing cells. Enrichment of adipospheres with human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) allows to better mimic native adipose tissue. To observe the accumulation of lipid droplets, organization of the extracellular matrix and expression of adipogenic markers on the surface of hiPSC-adipospheres, we detail how to combine Oil Red O staining with immunostaining both imaged by fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, to have a global view of pre-vascularized network formed by HDMECs inside of hiPSC-adipospheres, we describe a method which consists of the whole adipospheres fixation, multicolor immunostaining, clearing, and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yao
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, iBV, Nice, France
| | - Christian Dani
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, iBV, Nice, France.
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70
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Ho C, Morsut L. Novel synthetic biology approaches for developmental systems. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1051-1064. [PMID: 33979593 PMCID: PMC8185972 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, developmental systems are investigated with increasing technological power. Still, open questions remain, especially concerning self-organization capacity and its control. Here, we present three areas where synthetic biology tools are used in top-down and bottom-up approaches for studying and constructing developmental systems. First, we discuss how synthetic biology tools can improve stem cell-based organoid models. Second, we discuss recent studies employing user-defined perturbations to study embryonic patterning in model species. Third, we present "toy models" of patterning and morphogenesis using synthetic genetic circuits in non-developmental systems. Finally, we discuss how these tools and approaches can specifically benefit the field of embryo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ho
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leonardo Morsut
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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71
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Silva TP, Sousa-Luís R, Fernandes TG, Bekman EP, Rodrigues CAV, Vaz SH, Moreira LM, Hashimura Y, Jung S, Lee B, Carmo-Fonseca M, Cabral JMS. Transcriptome profiling of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebellar organoids reveals faster commitment under dynamic conditions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2781-2803. [PMID: 33871054 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have great potential for disease modeling. However, generating iPSC-derived models to study brain diseases remains a challenge. In particular, the ability to recapitulate cerebellar development in vitro is still limited. We presented a reproducible and scalable production of cerebellar organoids by using the novel single-use Vertical-Wheel bioreactors, in which functional cerebellar neurons were obtained. Here, we evaluate the global gene expression profiles by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) across cerebellar differentiation, demonstrating a faster cerebellar commitment in this novel dynamic differentiation protocol. Furthermore, transcriptomic profiles suggest a significant enrichment of extracellular matrix (ECM) in dynamic-derived cerebellar organoids, which can better mimic the neural microenvironment and support a consistent neuronal network. Thus, an efficient generation of organoids with cerebellar identity was achieved for the first time in a continuous process using a dynamic system without the need of organoids encapsulation in ECM-based hydrogels, allowing the possibility of large-scale production and application in high-throughput processes. The presence of factors that favors angiogenesis onset was also detected in dynamic conditions, which can enhance functional maturation of cerebellar organoids. We anticipate that large-scale production of cerebellar organoids may help developing models for drug screening, toxicological tests, and studying pathological pathways involved in cerebellar degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa P Silva
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Sousa-Luís
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago G Fernandes
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Evguenia P Bekman
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos A V Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra H Vaz
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, Portugal
| | - Leonilde M Moreira
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | - Brian Lee
- PBS Biotech, Camarillo, California, USA
| | - Maria Carmo-Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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72
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Tanaka J, Mishima K. Application of regenerative medicine to salivary gland hypofunction. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2021; 57:54-59. [PMID: 33995711 PMCID: PMC8102160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry mouth results from hypofunction of the salivary glands due to Sjögren's syndrome (SS), various medications, and radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. In severe cases of salivary gland hypofunction, sialagogues are not always effective due to the loss of salivary parenchyma. Therefore, regenerative medicine using stem cell therapy is a promising treatment for severe cases. Stem cells are classified into three groups: tissue stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Tissue stem cells, such as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and salivary stem/progenitor cells, could rescue irradiation-induced salivary gland hypofunction. Both HSCs and MSCs can rescue salivary gland hypofunction through soluble factors in a paracrine manner, while salivary stem/progenitor cells can reconstitute the damaged salivary glands. In fact, we clarified that CD133-positive cells in mouse submandibular glands showed stem cell features, which reconstituted the damaged salivary glands. Furthermore, we focused on the challenge of producing functional salivary glands that are three-dimensionally induced from mouse ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Tanaka
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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73
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Ishikawa J, Takeo M, Iwadate A, Koya J, Kihira M, Oshima M, Suzuki Y, Taniguchi K, Kobayashi A, Tsuji T. Mechanical homeostasis of liver sinusoid is involved in the initiation and termination of liver regeneration. Commun Biol 2021; 4:409. [PMID: 33828226 PMCID: PMC8027462 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01936-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organogenesis and regeneration are fundamental for developmental progress and are associated with morphogenesis, size control and functional properties for whole-body homeostasis. The liver plays an essential role in maintaining homeostasis of the entire body through various functions, including metabolic functions, detoxification, and production of bile, via the three-dimensional spatial arrangement of hepatic lobules and has high regenerative capacity. The regeneration occurs as hypertrophy, which strictly controls the size and lobule structure. In this study, we established a three-dimensional sinusoidal network analysis method and determined valuable parameters after partial hepatectomy by comparison to the static phase of the liver. We found that mechanical homeostasis, which is crucial for organ morphogenesis and functions in various phenomena, plays essential roles in liver regeneration for both initiation and termination of liver regeneration, which is regulated by cytokine networks. Mechanical homeostasis plays critical roles in the initiation and termination of organogenesis, tissue repair and organ regeneration in coordination with cytokine networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ishikawa
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) and RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeo
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) and RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ayako Iwadate
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Junko Koya
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miho Kihira
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Oshima
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) and RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuki Suzuki
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazushi Taniguchi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuji
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) and RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.
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74
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Wu Y, Peng S, Finnell RH, Zheng Y. Organoids as a new model system to study neural tube defects. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21545. [PMID: 33729606 PMCID: PMC9189980 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002348r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The neural tube is the first critically important structure that develops in the embryo. It serves as the primordium of the central nervous system; therefore, the proper formation of the neural tube is essential to the developing organism. Neural tube defects (NTDs) are severe congenital defects caused by failed neural tube closure during early embryogenesis. The pathogenesis of NTDs is complicated and still not fully understood even after decades of research. While it is an ethically impossible proposition to investigate the in vivo formation process of the neural tube in human embryos, a newly developed technology involving the creation of neural tube organoids serves as an excellent model system with which to study human neural tube formation and the occurrence of NTDs. Herein we reviewed the recent literature on the process of neural tube formation, the progress of NTDs investigations, and particularly the exciting potential to use neural tube organoids to model the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the etiology of NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, School of life sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, The institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sisi Peng
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, School of life sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, The institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Richard H. Finnell
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Molecular and Human Genetics and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TA, USA
| | - Yufang Zheng
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, School of life sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, The institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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75
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Culture and differentiation of rabbit intestinal organoids and organoid-derived cell monolayers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5401. [PMID: 33686141 PMCID: PMC7940483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84774-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids emulate many aspects of their parental tissue and are therefore used to study pathogen-host interactions and other complex biological processes. Here, we report a robust protocol for the isolation, maintenance and differentiation of rabbit small intestinal organoids and organoid-derived cell monolayers. Our rabbit intestinal spheroid and monolayer cultures grew most efficiently in L-WRN-conditioned medium that contained Wnt, R-spondin and Noggin, and that had been supplemented with ROCK and TGF-β inhibitors. Organoid and monolayer differentiation was initiated by reducing the concentration of the L-WRN-conditioned medium and by adding ROCK and Notch signalling inhibitors. Immunofluorescence staining and RT-qPCR demonstrated that our organoids contained enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells, goblet cells and Paneth cells. Finally, we infected rabbit organoids with Rabbit calicivirus Australia-1, an enterotropic lagovirus that—like many other caliciviruses—does not grow in conventional cell culture. Despite testing various conditions for inoculation, we did not detect any evidence of virus replication, suggesting either that our organoids do not contain suitable host cell types or that additional co-factors are required for a productive infection of rabbit organoids with Rabbit calicivirus Australia-1.
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76
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Li L, Zhao H, Xie H, Akhtar T, Yao Y, Cai Y, Dong K, Gu Y, Bao J, Chen J, Zhang M, Zhong K, Xu W, Xue T. Electrophysiological characterization of photoreceptor-like cells in human inducible pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal organoids during in vitro maturation. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2021; 39:959-974. [PMID: 33662144 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Retinal organoids (ROs) derived from human inducible pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) exhibit considerable therapeutic potential. However, current quality control of ROs during in vitro differentiation is largely limited to the detection of molecular markers, often by immunostaining, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and sequencing, often without proper functional assessments. As such, in the current study, we systemically characterized the physiological maturation of photoreceptor-like cells in hiPSC-derived ROs. By performing patch-clamp recordings from photoreceptor-like cells in ROs at distinct differentiation stages (ie, Differentiation Day [D]90, D150, and D200), we determined the electrophysiological properties of the plasma membrane and several characteristic ion channels closely associated with the physiological functions of the photoreceptors. Ionic hallmarks, such as hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels and cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels, matured progressively during differentiation. After D200 in culture, these characteristic currents closely resembled those in macaque or human native photoreceptors. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the hyperpolarization-activated inward current/depolarization-activated outward current ratio (I-120 /I+40 ), termed as the inward-outward current (IOC) ratio hereon, accurately represented the maturity of photoreceptors and could serve as a sensitive indicator of pathological state. Thus, this study provides a comprehensive dataset describing the electrophysiological maturation of photoreceptor-like cells in hiPSC-derived ROs for precise and sensitive quality control during RO differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Li
- Eye Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhao
- School of Biology, Food, and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Haohuan Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tasneem Akhtar
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichuan Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Cai
- Eye Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Dong
- Eye Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghao Gu
- Eye Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jutao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhong
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Anhui Province for High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Xu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Xue
- Eye Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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77
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Park Y, Huh KM, Kang SW. Applications of Biomaterials in 3D Cell Culture and Contributions of 3D Cell Culture to Drug Development and Basic Biomedical Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2491. [PMID: 33801273 PMCID: PMC7958286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of evaluating the efficacy and toxicity of drugs is important in the production of new drugs to treat diseases. Testing in humans is the most accurate method, but there are technical and ethical limitations. To overcome these limitations, various models have been developed in which responses to various external stimuli can be observed to help guide future trials. In particular, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture has a great advantage in simulating the physical and biological functions of tissues in the human body. This article reviews the biomaterials currently used to improve cellular functions in 3D culture and the contributions of 3D culture to cancer research, stem cell culture and drug and toxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Park
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering & Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
- Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Kang Moo Huh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering & Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Sun-Woong Kang
- Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Human and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
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78
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Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) and Cerebral Organoids for Drug Screening and Development in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Opportunities and Challenges. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020280. [PMID: 33669772 PMCID: PMC7922555 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represents a group of neurodevelopmental diseases characterized by persistent deficits in social communication, interaction, and repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, and activities. The etiopathogenesis is multifactorial with complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The clinical heterogeneity and complex etiology of this pediatric disorder have limited the development of pharmacological therapies. The major limit to ASD research remains a lack of relevant human disease models which can faithfully recapitulate key features of the human pathology and represent its genetic heterogeneity. Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), reprogrammed from somatic cells of patients into all types of patient-specific neural cells, have provided a promising cellular tool for disease modeling and development of novel drug treatments. The iPSCs technology allowed not only a better investigation of the disease etiopathogenesis but also opened up the potential for personalized therapies and offered new opportunities for drug discovery, pharmacological screening, and toxicity assessment. Moreover, iPSCs can be differentiated and organized into three-dimensional (3D) organoids, providing a model which mimics the complexity of the brain’s architecture and more accurately recapitulates tissue- and organ-level disease pathophysiology. The aims of this review were to describe the current state of the art of the use of human patient-derived iPSCs and brain organoids in modeling ASD and developing novel therapeutic strategies and to discuss the opportunities and major challenges in this rapidly moving field.
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79
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Pintacuda G, Martín JM, Eggan KC. Mind the translational gap: using iPS cell models to bridge from genetic discoveries to perturbed pathways and therapeutic targets. Mol Autism 2021; 12:10. [PMID: 33557935 PMCID: PMC7869517 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-021-00417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interactions as well as the presentation of restrictive and repetitive behaviors. ASD is highly heritable but genetically heterogenous with both common and rare genetic variants collaborating to predispose individuals to the disorder. In this review, we synthesize recent efforts to develop human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived models of ASD-related phenotypes. We firstly address concerns regarding the relevance and validity of available neuronal iPSC-derived models. We then critically evaluate the robustness of various differentiation and cell culture protocols used for producing cell types of relevance to ASD. By exploring iPSC models of ASD reported thus far, we examine to what extent cellular and neuronal phenotypes with potential relevance to ASD can be linked to genetic variants found to underlie it. Lastly, we outline promising strategies by which iPSC technology can both enhance the power of genetic studies to identify ASD risk factors and nominate pathways that are disrupted across groups of ASD patients that might serve as common points for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Pintacuda
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Jacqueline M Martín
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Kevin C Eggan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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80
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Xing Y, Liu J, Guo X, Liu H, Zeng W, Wang Y, Zhang C, Lu Y, He D, Ma S, He Y, Xing XH. Engineering organoid microfluidic system for biomedical and health engineering: A review. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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81
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Gómez-Oliva R, Domínguez-García S, Carrascal L, Abalos-Martínez J, Pardillo-Díaz R, Verástegui C, Castro C, Nunez-Abades P, Geribaldi-Doldán N. Evolution of Experimental Models in the Study of Glioblastoma: Toward Finding Efficient Treatments. Front Oncol 2021; 10:614295. [PMID: 33585240 PMCID: PMC7878535 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.614295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common form of brain tumor characterized by its resistance to conventional therapies, including temozolomide, the most widely used chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of GBM. Within the tumor, the presence of glioma stem cells (GSC) seems to be the reason for drug resistance. The discovery of GSC has boosted the search for new experimental models to study GBM, which allow the development of new GBM treatments targeting these cells. In here, we describe different strategies currently in use to study GBM. Initial GBM investigations were focused in the development of xenograft assays. Thereafter, techniques advanced to dissociate tumor cells into single-cell suspensions, which generate aggregates referred to as neurospheres, thus facilitating their selective expansion. Concomitantly, the finding of genes involved in the initiation and progression of GBM tumors, led to the generation of mice models for the GBM. The latest advances have been the use of GBM organoids or 3D-bioprinted mini-brains. 3D bio-printing mimics tissue cytoarchitecture by combining different types of cells interacting with each other and with extracellular matrix components. These in vivo models faithfully replicate human diseases in which the effect of new drugs can easily be tested. Based on recent data from human glioblastoma, this review critically evaluates the different experimental models used in the study of GB, including cell cultures, mouse models, brain organoids, and 3D bioprinting focusing in the advantages and disadvantages of each approach to understand the mechanisms involved in the progression and treatment response of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gómez-Oliva
- Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Samuel Domínguez-García
- Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Livia Carrascal
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBICA), Cádiz, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Ricardo Pardillo-Díaz
- Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cristina Verástegui
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBICA), Cádiz, Spain.,Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humanas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Carmen Castro
- Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Pedro Nunez-Abades
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBICA), Cádiz, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Noelia Geribaldi-Doldán
- Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humanas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBICA), Cádiz, Spain
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82
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Blue R, Miranda SP, Gu BJ, Chen HI. A Primer on Human Brain Organoids for the Neurosurgeon. Neurosurgery 2021; 87:620-629. [PMID: 32421821 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyaa171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brain organoids emerged in 2013 as a technology that, unlike prior in Vitro neural models, recapitulates brain development with a high degree of spatial and temporal fidelity. As the platform matured with more accurate reproduction of cerebral architecture, brain organoids became increasingly valuable for studying both normal cortical neurogenesis and a variety of congenital human brain disorders. While the majority of research utilizing human brain organoids has been in the realm of basic science, clinical applications are forthcoming. These present and future translational efforts have the potential to make a considerable impact on the field of neurosurgery. For example, glioma organoids are already being used to study tumor biology and drug responses, and adaptation for the investigation of other neurosurgery-relevant diseases is underway. Moreover, organoids are being explored as a structured neural substrate for repairing brain circuitry. Thus, we believe it is important for our field to be aware and have an accurate understanding of this emerging technology. In this review, we describe the key characteristics of human brain organoids, review their relevant translational applications, and discuss the ethical implications of their use through a neurosurgical lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Blue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen P Miranda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ben Jiahe Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - H Isaac Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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83
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Response of Pluripotent Stem Cells to Environmental Stress and Its Application for Directed Differentiation. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020084. [PMID: 33498611 PMCID: PMC7912122 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Environmental changes in oxygen concentration, temperature, and mechanical stimulation lead to the activation of specific transcriptional factors and induce the expression of each downstream gene. In general, these responses are protective machinery against such environmental stresses, while these transcriptional factors also regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and organ development in mammals. In the case of pluripotent stem cells, similar response mechanisms normally work and sometimes stimulate the differentiation cues. Up to now, differentiation protocols utilizing such environmental stresses have been reported to obtain various types of somatic cells from pluripotent stem cells. Basically, environmental stresses as hypoxia (low oxygen), hyperoxia, (high oxygen) and mechanical stress from cell culture plates are relatively safer than chemicals and gene transfers, which affect the genome irreversibly. Therefore, protocols designed with such environments in mind could be useful for the technology development of cell therapy and regenerative medicine. In this manuscript, we summarize recent findings of environmental stress-induced differentiation protocols and discuss their mechanisms. Abstract Pluripotent stem cells have unique characteristics compared to somatic cells. In this review, we summarize the response to environmental stresses (hypoxic, oxidative, thermal, and mechanical stresses) in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and their applications in the differentiation methods directed to specific lineages. Those stresses lead to activation of each specific transcription factor followed by the induction of downstream genes, and one of them regulates lineage specification. In short, hypoxic stress promotes the differentiation of ESCs to mesodermal lineages via HIF-1α activation. Concerning mechanical stress, high stiffness tends to promote mesodermal differentiation, while low stiffness promotes ectodermal differentiation via the modulation of YAP1. Furthermore, each step in the same lineage differentiation favors each appropriate stiffness of culture plate; for example, definitive endoderm favors high stiffness, while pancreatic progenitor favors low stiffness during pancreatic differentiation of human ESCs. Overall, treatments utilizing those stresses have no genotoxic or carcinogenic effects except oxidative stress; therefore, the differentiated cells are safe and could be useful for cell replacement therapy. In particular, the effect of mechanical stress on differentiation is becoming attractive for the field of regenerative medicine. Therefore, the development of a stress-mediated differentiation protocol is an important matter for the future.
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84
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Gong J, Meng T, Yang J, Hu N, Zhao H, Tian T. Three-dimensional in vitro tissue culture models of brain organoids. Exp Neurol 2021; 339:113619. [PMID: 33497645 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain organoids are three-dimensional self-assembled structures that are derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). They can recapitulate the spatiotemporal organization and function of the brain, presenting a robust system for in vitro modeling of brain development, evolution, and diseases. Significant advances in biomaterials, microscale technologies, gene editing technologies, and stem cell biology have enabled the construction of human specific brain structures in vitro. However, the limitations of long-term culture, necrosis, and hypoxic cores in different culture models obstruct brain organoid growth and survival. The in vitro models should facilitate oxygen and nutrient absorption, which is essential to generate complex organoids and provides a biomimetic microenvironment for modeling human brain organogenesis and human diseases. This review aims to highlight the progress in the culture devices of brain organoids, including dish, bioreactor, and organ-on-a-chip models. With the modulation of bioactive molecules and biomaterials, the generated organoids recapitulate the key features of the human brain in a more reproducible and hyperoxic fashion. Furthermore, an outlook for future preclinical studies and the genetic modifications of brain organoids is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gong
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Tianyue Meng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Ning Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hezhao Zhao
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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85
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Mathew A, Babu AS, Keepanasseril A. Biomimetic Properties of Engineered Periodontal Ligament/Cementum in Dental Implants. Contemp Clin Dent 2020; 11:301-310. [PMID: 33850394 PMCID: PMC8035849 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_196_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The conventional concept of osseointegrated dental implants based on direct connection to alveolar bone lacks a structured periodontal ligament (PDL) as in natural tooth. This limits the physiologic and functional efficiency of the implant in cushioning occlusal overload, orthodontic tooth movement, and proprioception. Development of bio-mimetic implants that can satisfy the bio-functional requirements of the natural tooth will be an innovative approach and preliminary researches in this area has been reported. This review includes in vivo studies which reported structural features and functional efficiency of an artificial PDL or cementum developed around dental implants. The electronic search identified 12 animal studies and one human trial which utilized retained or adjacent natural tooth roots, exogenous scaffold materials, dental progenitor cells derived from PDL of extracted tooth root as PDL substitutes. The result of the review is dominated by bio-hybrid implants that used dental follicles separated on the particular embryonic day and cell sheets from immortalized human cells. A summary of the currently available research on artificial PDL/cementum around dental implants highlights the potential need of autologous cell-derived tissues to bioengineer a fully functional implant design
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Mathew
- Department of Prosthodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Anna Serene Babu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Arun Keepanasseril
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
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86
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Prasad MS, Charney RM, Patel LJ, García-Castro MI. Distinct molecular profile and restricted stem cell potential defines the prospective human cranial neural crest from embryonic stem cell state. Stem Cell Res 2020; 49:102086. [PMID: 33370869 PMCID: PMC7932500 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells are an embryonic multipotent stem cell population. Recent studies in model organisms have suggested that neural crest cells are specified earlier than previously thought, at blastula stages. However, the molecular dynamics of early neural crest specification, and functional changes from pluripotent precursors to early specified NC, remain to be elucidated. In this report, we utilized a robust human model of cranial neural crest formation to address the distinct molecular character of the earliest stages of neural crest specification and assess the functional differences from its embryonic stem cell precursor. Our human neural crest model reveals a rapid change in the epigenetic state of neural crest and pluripotency genes, accompanied by changes in gene expression upon Wnt-based induction from embryonic stem cells. These changes in gene expression are directly regulated by the transcriptional activity of β-catenin. Furthermore, prospective cranial neural crest cells are characterized by restricted stem cell potential compared to embryonic stem cells. Our results suggest that human neural crest induced by Wnt/β-catenin signaling from human embryonic stem cells rapidly acquire a prospective neural crest cell state defined by a unique molecular signature and endowed with limited potential compared to pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneeshi S Prasad
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, USA.
| | - Rebekah M Charney
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Lipsa J Patel
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Martín I García-Castro
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, USA.
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87
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Sekine K, Ogawa S, Tsuzuki S, Kobayashi T, Ikeda K, Nakanishi N, Takeuchi K, Kanai E, Otake Y, Okamoto S, Kobayashi T, Takebe T, Taniguchi H. Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived liver buds with chemically defined and animal origin-free media. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17937. [PMID: 33087763 PMCID: PMC7578079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73908-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in organoid technology have broadened the number of target diseases and conditions in which human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based regenerative medicine can be applied; however, mass production of organoids and the development of chemically defined, animal origin-free (CD-AOF) media and supplements are unresolved issues that hamper the clinical applicability of these approaches. CD-AOF media and supplements ensure the quality and reproducibility of culture systems by lowering lot-to-lot variations and the risk of contamination with viruses or toxins. We previously generated liver organoids from iPSCs, namely iPSC-liver buds (iPSC-LBs), by mimicking the organogenic interactions among hepatocytes, endothelial cells (ECs), and mesenchymal cells (MCs) and recently reported the mass production of iPSC-LBs derived entirely from iPSCs (all iPSC-LBs), which should facilitate their large-scale production for the treatment of liver failure. However, in previous studies we used media originating from animals for differentiation except for the maintenance of undifferentiated iPSCs. Therefore, we developed a CD-AOF medium to generate all iPSC-LBs. We first developed a CD-AOF medium for hepatocytes, ECs, and stage-matched MCs, i.e., septum transversum mesenchyme (STM), in 2D cultures. We next generated all iPSC-LBs by incubating individual cell types in ultra-low attachment micro-dimple plates. The hepatic functions of all iPSC-LBs generated using the CD-AOF medium were equivalent to those of all iPSC-LBs generated using the conventional medium both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we found that this CD-AOF medium could be used in several cell culture settings. Taken together, these results demonstrate the successful development of a CD-AOF medium suitable for all iPSC-LBs. The protocol developed in this study will facilitate the clinical applicability of all iPSC-LBs in the treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Sekine
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan. .,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Shimpei Ogawa
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Syusaku Tsuzuki
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kobayashi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ikeda
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakanishi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kenta Takeuchi
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Eriko Kanai
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yugo Otake
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okamoto
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.,Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Developmental Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA
| | - Hideki Taniguchi
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan. .,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan. .,Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
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88
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Zhao S, Duan K, Ai Z, Niu B, Chen Y, Kong R, Li T. Generation of cortical neurons through large-scale expanding neuroepithelial stem cell from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:431. [PMID: 33008480 PMCID: PMC7532602 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Considerable progress has been made in converting human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into cortical neurons for disease modeling and regenerative medicine. However, these procedures are hard to provide sufficient cells for their applications. Using a combination of small-molecules and growth factors, we previously identified one condition which can rapidly induce hPSCs into neuroepithelial stem cells (NESCs). Here, we developed a scalable suspension culture system, which largely yields high-quality NESC-spheres and subsequent cortical neurons. Methods The NESC medium was first optimized, and the suspension culture system was then enlarged from plates to stirred bioreactors for large-scale production of NESC-spheres by a stirring speed of 60 rpm. During the expansion, the quality of NESC-spheres was evaluated. The differentiation potential of NESC-spheres into cortical neurons was demonstrated by removing bFGF and two pathway inhibitors from the NESC medium. Cellular immunofluorescence staining, global transcriptome, and single-cell RNA sequencing analysis were used to identify the characteristics, identities, purities, or homogeneities of NESC-spheres or their differentiated cells, respectively. Results The optimized culture system is more conducive to large-scale suspension production of NESCs. These largely expanded NESC-spheres maintain unlimited self-renewal ability and NESC state by retaining their uniform sizes, high cell vitalities, and robust expansion abilities. After long-term expansion, NESC-spheres preserve high purity, homogeneity, and normal diploid karyotype. These expanded NESC-spheres on a large scale have strong differentiation potential and effectively produce mature cortical neurons. Conclusions We developed a serum-free, defined, and low-cost culture system for large-scale expansion of NESCs in stirred suspension bioreactors. The stable and controllable 3D system supports long-term expansion of high-quality and homogeneous NESC-spheres. These NESC-spheres can be used to efficiently give rise to cortical neurons for cell therapy, disease modeling, and drug screening in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Kui Duan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zongyong Ai
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Baohua Niu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yanying Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Ruize Kong
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Tianqing Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China. .,Xi'an ChaoYue Stem Cell Co, Ltd, Xi'an, China.
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89
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Wang Y, Wang H, Deng P, Tao T, Liu H, Wu S, Chen W, Qin J. Modeling Human Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) with an Organoids-on-a-Chip System. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:5734-5743. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Wang
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of SSAC, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of SSAC, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengwei Deng
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of SSAC, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Tao
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of SSAC, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of SSAC, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of SSAC, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Qin
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of SSAC, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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90
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91
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Liu Y, Li Z, Li J, Yang S, Zhang Y, Yao B, Song W, Fu X, Huang S. Stiffness-mediated mesenchymal stem cell fate decision in 3D-bioprinted hydrogels. BURNS & TRAUMA 2020; 8:tkaa029. [PMID: 32733974 PMCID: PMC7382973 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Hydrogels with tuneable mechanical properties are an attractive material platform for 3D bioprinting. Thus far, numerous studies have confirmed that the biophysical cues of hydrogels, such as stiffness, are known to have a profound impact on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation; however, their differentiation potential within 3D-bioprinted hydrogels is not completely understood. Here, we propose a protocol for the exploration of how the stiffness of alginate-gelatin (Alg-Gel) composite hydrogels (the widely used bioink) affects the differentiation of MSCs in the presence or absence of differentiation inducing factors. Methods Two types of Alg-Gel composite hydrogels (Young's modulus: 50 kPa vs. 225 kPa) were bioprinted independently of porosity. Then, stiffness-induced biases towards adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of the embedded MSCs were analysed by co-staining with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and oil red O. The expression of specific markers at the gene level was detected after a 3-day culture. Results Confocal microscopy indicated that all tested hydrogels supported MSC growth and viability during the culture period. Higher expression of adipogenic and osteogenic markers (ALP and lipoprotein lipase (LPL)) in stiffer 3D-bioprinted matrices demonstrated a more significant response of MSCs to stiffer hydrogels with respect to differentiation, which was more robust in differentiation-inducing medium. However, the LPL expression in stiffer 3D-bioprinted constructs was reduced at day 3 regardless of the presence of differentiation-inducing factors. Although MSCs embedded in softer hydrogels to some extent proceeded toward adipogenic and osteogenic lineages within a few days, their differentiation seemed to be slower and more limited. Interestingly, the hydrogel itself (without differentiation-inducing factors) exhibited a slight effect on whether MSCs differentiated towards an adipogenic or an osteogenic fate. Considering that the mechano-regulated protein Yes-associated protein (YAP) is involved in MSC fate decisions, we further found that inhibition of YAP significantly downregulated the expression of ALP and LPL in MSCs in stiffer constructs regardless of the induced growth factors present. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the differentiation of MSCs in 3D-bioprinted matrices is dependent on hydrogel stiffness, which emphasizes the importance of biophysical cues as a determinant of cellular behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Liu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, P. R. China.,PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, 51 Fu Cheng Road, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Li
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, P. R. China.,PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, 51 Fu Cheng Road, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, P. R. China.,PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, 51 Fu Cheng Road, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Siming Yang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, P. R. China.,PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, 51 Fu Cheng Road, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Yijie Zhang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, P. R. China.,PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, 51 Fu Cheng Road, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yao
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, P. R. China.,PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, 51 Fu Cheng Road, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Wei Song
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, P. R. China.,PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, 51 Fu Cheng Road, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, P. R. China.,PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, 51 Fu Cheng Road, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Sha Huang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, P. R. China.,PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, 51 Fu Cheng Road, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
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92
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Investigating developmental and disease mechanisms of the cerebellum with pluripotent stem cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 107:103530. [PMID: 32693017 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is a brain region located in the dorsal part of the anterior hindbrain, composed of a highly stereotyped neural circuit structure with small sets of neurons. The cerebellum is involved in a wide variety of functions such as motor control, learning, cognition and others. Damage to the cerebellum often leads to impairments in motor skills (cerebellar ataxia). Cerebellar ataxia can occur as a result of neurodegenerative diseases such as spinocerebellar ataxia. Recent advances in technologies related to pluripotent stem cells and their neural differentiation has enabled researchers to investigate the mechanisms of development and of disease in the human brain. Here, we review recent applications of leading-edge stem cell technologies to the mechanistic investigation of human cerebellar development and neurological diseases affecting the cerebellum.
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93
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Abstract
Organoids form through self-organization processes in which initially homogeneous populations of stem cells spontaneously break symmetry and undergo in-vivo-like pattern formation and morphogenesis, though the processes controlling this are poorly characterized. While these in vitro self-organized tissues far exceed the microscopic and functional complexity obtained by current tissue engineering technologies, they are non-physiological in shape and size and have limited function and lifespan. Here, we discuss how engineering efforts for guiding stem-cell-based development at multiple stages can form the basis for the assembly of highly complex and rationally designed self-organizing multicellular systems with increased robustness and physiological relevance.
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94
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Mariani J, Vaccarino FM. Breakthrough Moments: Yoshiki Sasai's Discoveries in the Third Dimension. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 24:837-838. [PMID: 31173711 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Yoshiki Sasai pioneered the organoid field with his idea of mimicking embryonic development in 3D. We shine a spotlight on his seminal work describing how the innate ability of embryonic stem cells to self-organize into layers and grow in a polarized fashion fosters their appropriate differentiation and response to morphogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mariani
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Flora M Vaccarino
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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95
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Self-Organized Liver Microtissue on a Bio-Functional Surface: The Role of Human Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells in Hepatic Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134605. [PMID: 32610471 PMCID: PMC7369942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of hepatocyte function is a critical research topic in liver tissue engineering. Although an increasing number of strategies have been developed, liver tissue engineering using hepatocytes as a therapeutic alternative remains challenging owing to its poor efficacy. In this study, we developed a multicellular hepatic microtissue to enhance the function of induced hepatic precursor cells. Mouse induced hepatic precursor cells (miHeps) were self-organized in 3D with human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) on a bio-functional matrix. We found that hepatic phenotypes, such as levels of albumin, asialoglycoprotein receptor-1, and cytochrome P450, were enhanced in miHeps-hASC microtissue comprising miHeps and hASCs relative to two-dimensional-cultured miHeps-hASCs. Additionally, the secretome of 3D-cultured hASCs increased the hepatic function of mature miHeps. Furthermore, hepatic gene expression was reduced in mature miHeps treated with conditioned media of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α)-depleted hASCs relative to that with conditioned media of control hASCs. Our results suggested that the hepatic function of 3D-co-cultured miHeps could be enhanced by HIF1α-dependent factors secreted from stromal cells. This study provides an insight into the factors regulating hepatic function and shows that self-organized hepatic microtissue could act as liver spheroids for liver regenerative medicine and liver toxicity tests.
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96
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Robust detection of undifferentiated iPSC among differentiated cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10293. [PMID: 32581272 PMCID: PMC7314783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) technologies suggest that iPSC application in regenerative medicine is a closer reality. Numerous challenges prevent iPSC application in the development of numerous tissues and for the treatment of various diseases. A key concern in therapeutic applications is the safety of the cell products to be transplanted into patients. Here, we present novel method for detecting residual undifferentiated iPSCs amongst directed differentiated cells of all three germ lineages. Marker genes, which are expressed specifically and highly in undifferentiated iPSC, were selected from single cell RNA sequence data to perform robust and sensitive detection of residual undifferentiated cells in differentiated cell products. ESRG (Embryonic Stem Cell Related), CNMD (Chondromodulin), and SFRP2 (Secreted Frizzled Related Protein 2) were well-correlated with the actual amounts of residual undifferentiated cells and could be used to detect residual cells in a highly sensitive manner using qPCR. In addition, such markers could be used to detect residual undifferentiated cells from various differentiated cells, including hepatic cells and pancreatic cells for the endodermal lineage, endothelial cells and mesenchymal cells for the mesodermal lineage, and neural cells for the ectodermal lineage. Our method facilitates robust validation and could enhance the safety of the cell products through the exclusion of undifferentiated iPSC.
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97
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Jgamadze D, Johnson VE, Wolf JA, Cullen DK, Song H, Ming GL, Smith DH, Chen HI. Modeling traumatic brain injury with human brain organoids. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 14:52-58. [PMID: 35434439 PMCID: PMC9009274 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a prominent public health concern despite several decades of attempts to develop therapies for the associated neurological and cognitive deficits. Effective models of this condition are imperative for better defining its pathophysiology and testing therapeutics. Human brain organoids are stem cell-derived neural tissues that recapitulate many of the steps of normal neurodevelopment, resulting in the reproduction of a substantial degree of brain architecture. Organoids are highly relevant to clinical conditions because of their human nature and three-dimensional tissue structure, yet they are easier to manipulate and interrogate experimentally than animals. Thus, they have the potential to serve as a novel platform for studying TBI. In this article, we discuss available in vitro models of TBI, active areas of inquiry on brain organoids, and how these two concepts could be merged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Jgamadze
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Victoria E Johnson
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John A Wolf
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D Kacy Cullen
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Douglas H Smith
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H Isaac Chen
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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The mutational impact of culturing human pluripotent and adult stem cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2493. [PMID: 32427826 PMCID: PMC7237696 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic changes acquired during in vitro culture pose a risk for the successful application of stem cells in regenerative medicine. To assess the genetic risks induced by culturing, we determined all mutations in individual human stem cells by whole genome sequencing. Individual pluripotent, intestinal, and liver stem cells accumulate 3.5 ± 0.5, 7.2 ± 1.1 and 8.3 ± 3.6 base substitutions per population doubling, respectively. The annual in vitro mutation accumulation rate of adult stem cells is nearly 40-fold higher than the in vivo mutation accumulation rate. Mutational signature analysis reveals that in vitro induced mutations are caused by oxidative stress. Reducing oxygen tension in culture lowers the mutational load. We use the mutation rates, spectra, and genomic distribution to model the accumulation of oncogenic mutations during typical in vitro expansion, manipulation or screening experiments using human stem cells. Our study provides empirically defined parameters to assess the mutational risk of stem cell based therapies. Genetic changes acquired during in vitro culture pose a challenge to application of stem cells. Here the authors use whole genome sequencing to show that cultured human adult and pluripotent stem cells have a high mutational load caused by oxidative stress and reduced oxygen tension in culture lowers mutation rates.
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Tanaka J, Mishima K. In vitro three-dimensional culture systems of salivary glands. Pathol Int 2020; 70:493-501. [PMID: 32367629 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dry mouth can be caused by salivary gland hypofunction due to Sjögren's syndrome (SS) or radiation therapy for head and neck cancer, and it can also be a side effect of medications. The use of sialagogues effectively increases saliva secretion in patients with dry mouth. However, the application of sialagogues is not always satisfactory because of their side effects, such as sweating, nausea, runny nose and diarrhea. Two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures have been used not only for drug screening and discovery but also to clarify disease mechanisms. However, three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures are expected to be even more advantageous than 2D cell cultures. Therefore, we have tried to develop an in vitro cell culture system that can reconstitute 3D salivary glands. Sox9 and Foxc1 were identified as important genes that differentiate mouse embryonic stem cell-derived oral ectoderm into salivary gland placode. Using these genes and organoid culture systems, we succeeded in generating salivary gland organoids that exhibited a morphology and gene expression profile that were similar to those of the embryonic rudiment from which salivary glands arise in normal mice. These organoids are expected to be a promising tool for disease modeling, drug discovery and regenerative medicine in salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Tanaka
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Bai J, Wang C. Organoids and Microphysiological Systems: New Tools for Ophthalmic Drug Discovery. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:407. [PMID: 32317971 PMCID: PMC7147294 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids are adept at preserving the inherent complexity of a given cellular environment and when integrated with engineered micro-physiological systems (MPS) present distinct advantages for simulating a precisely controlled geometrical, physical, and biochemical micro-environment. This then allows for real-time monitoring of cell-cell interactions. As a result, the two aforementioned technologies hold significant promise and potential in studying ocular physiology and diseases by replicating specific eye tissue microstructures in vitro. This miniaturized review begins with defining the science behind organoids/MPS and subsequently introducing methods for generating organoids and engineering MPS. Furthermore, we will discuss the current state of organoids and MPS models in retina, cornea surrogates, and other ocular tissue, in regards to physiological/disease conditions. Finally, future prospective on organoid/MPS will be covered here. Organoids and MPS technologies closely recapture the in vivo microenvironment and thusly will continue to provide new understandings in organ functions and novel approaches to drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
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