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Serowoky MA, Kuwahara ST, Liu S, Vakhshori V, Lieberman JR, Mariani FV. A murine model of large-scale bone regeneration reveals a selective requirement for Sonic Hedgehog. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:30. [PMID: 35581202 PMCID: PMC9114339 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Building and maintaining skeletal tissue requires the activity of skeletal stem and progenitor cells (SSPCs). Following injury, local pools of these SSPCs become active and coordinate to build new cartilage and bone tissues. While recent studies have identified specific markers for these SSPCs, how they become activated in different injury contexts is not well-understood. Here, using a model of large-scale rib bone regeneration in mice, we demonstrate that the growth factor, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), is an early and essential driver of large-scale bone healing. Shh expression is broadly upregulated in the first few days following rib bone resection, and conditional knockout of Shh at early but not late post-injury stages severely inhibits cartilage callus formation and later bone regeneration. Whereas Smoothened (Smo), a key transmembrane component of the Hh pathway, is required in Sox9+ lineage cells for rib regeneration, we find that Shh is required in a Prrx1-expressing, Sox9-negative mesenchymal population. Intriguingly, upregulation of Shh expression and requirements for Shh and Smo may be unique to large-scale injuries, as they are dispensable for both complete rib and femur fracture repair. In addition, single-cell RNA sequencing of callus tissue from animals with deficient Hedgehog signaling reveals a depletion of Cxcl12-expressing cells, which may indicate failed recruitment of Cxcl12-expressing SSPCs during the regenerative response. These results reveal a mechanism by which Shh expression in the local injury environment unleashes large-scale regenerative abilities in the murine rib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell A Serowoky
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Stephanie T Kuwahara
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Shuwan Liu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Venus Vakhshori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1520 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Jay R Lieberman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1520 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Francesca V Mariani
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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Abstract
Over the past decade, CRISPR has become as much a verb as it is an acronym, transforming biomedical research and providing entirely new approaches for dissecting all facets of cell biology. In cancer research, CRISPR and related tools have offered a window into previously intractable problems in our understanding of cancer genetics, the noncoding genome and tumour heterogeneity, and provided new insights into therapeutic vulnerabilities. Here, we review the progress made in the development of CRISPR systems as a tool to study cancer, and the emerging adaptation of these technologies to improve diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyna Katti
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Science, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bianca J Diaz
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Science, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina M Caragine
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Neville E Sanjana
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Lukas E Dow
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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53
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Yao M, Ren T, Pan Y, Xue X, Li R, Zhang L, Li Y, Huang K. A New Generation of Lineage Tracing Dynamically Records Cell Fate Choices. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095021. [PMID: 35563412 PMCID: PMC9105840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstructing the development of lineage relationships and cell fate mapping has been a fundamental problem in biology. Using advanced molecular biology and single-cell RNA sequencing, we have profiled transcriptomes at the single-cell level and mapped cell fates during development. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 barcode editing for large-scale lineage tracing has been used to reconstruct the pseudotime trajectory of cells and improve lineage tracing accuracy. This review presents the progress of the latest CbLT (CRISPR-based Lineage Tracing) and discusses the current limitations and potential technical pitfalls in their application and other emerging concepts.
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Wang H, He L, Li Y, Pu W, Zhang S, Han X, Lui KO, Zhou B. Dual Cre and Dre recombinases mediate synchronized lineage tracing and cell subset ablation in vivo. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101965. [PMID: 35461809 PMCID: PMC9127367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic technology using site-specific recombinases (SSR), such as the Cre-loxP system, has been widely employed for labelling specific cell populations and for studying their functions in vivo. To enhance the precision of cell lineage tracing and functional study, a similar SSR system termed Dre-rox has been recently used in combination with Cre-loxP. To enable more specific cell lineage tracing and ablation through dual recombinase activity, we generated two mouse lines that render Dre- or Dre+Cre-mediated recombination to excise a stop codon sequence that prevents the expression of diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) knocked into the ubiquitously expressed and safe Rosa26 locus. Using different Dre- and Cre-expressing mouse lines, we showed that the surrogate gene reporter tdTomato and DTR were simultaneously expressed in target cells and in their descendants, and observed efficient ablation of tdTomato+ cells after diphtheria toxin administration. These mouse lines were used to simultaneously trace and deplete target cells of interest through the inducible expression of a reporter and DTR using dual Cre and Dre recombinases, allowing more precise and efficient study of the role of specific cell subsets within a heterogeneous population in pathophysiological conditions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingjuan He
- School of Life Science, Westlake University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ximeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kathy O Lui
- Department of Chemical Pathology; and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China; School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
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55
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Jin H, Liu K, Huang X, Huo H, Mou J, Qiao Z, He B, Zhou B. Genetic Lineage Tracing of Pericardial Cavity Macrophages in the Injured Heart. Circ Res 2022; 130:1682-1697. [PMID: 35440174 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.320567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages play an important role in cardiac repair after myocardial infarction (MI). In addition to the resident macrophages and blood-derived monocytes, Gata6+ cavity macrophages located in the pericardial space were recently reported to relocate to the injured myocardium and prevent cardiac fibrosis. However, there is no direct genetic evidence to support it. METHODS We used dual recombinases (Cre and Dre) to specifically label Gata6+ pericardial macrophages (GPCMs) in vivo. For functional study, we generated genetic systems to specifically ablate GPCMs by induced expression of diphtheria toxin receptor or knockout of Gata6 (GATA binding protein 6) gene in GPCMs. We used these genetic systems to study GPCMs in pericardium intact MI model. RESULTS Dual recombinases-mediated genetic system targeted GPCMs specifically and efficiently. Lineage tracing study revealed accumulation of GPCMs on the surface of MI heart without deep penetration into the myocardium. We did not detect significant change of cardiac fibrosis or function of MI hearts after cell ablation or Gata6 knockout in GPCMs. CONCLUSIONS GPCMs minimally invade the injured heart after MI. Nor do they prevent cardiac fibrosis and exhibit reparative function on injured heart. This study also underlines the importance of using specific genetic tool for studying in vivo cell fates and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. (H.J., X.H., J.M., B.Z.)
| | - Kuo Liu
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. (K.L., B.Z.)
| | - Xiuzhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. (H.J., X.H., J.M., B.Z.)
| | - Huanhuan Huo
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China (H.H., B.H.)
| | - Jialing Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. (H.J., X.H., J.M., B.Z.)
| | - Zengyong Qiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China (Z.Q.)
| | - Ben He
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China (H.H., B.H.)
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. (H.J., X.H., J.M., B.Z.).,School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. (K.L., B.Z.).,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China (B.Z.)
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56
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Wang F, Xu S, Chen T, Ling S, Zhang W, Wang S, Zhou R, Xia X, Yao Z, Li P, Zhao X, Wang J, Guo X. FOXP4 differentially controls cold-induced beige adipocyte differentiation and thermogenesis. Development 2022; 149:274748. [PMID: 35297993 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Beige adipocytes have a discrete developmental origin and possess notable plasticity in their thermogenic capacity in response to various environmental cues, but the transcriptional machinery controlling beige adipocyte development and thermogenesis remains largely unknown. By analyzing beige adipocyte-specific knockout mice, we identified a transcription factor, forkhead box P4 (FOXP4), that differentially governs beige adipocyte differentiation and activation. Depletion of Foxp4 in progenitor cells impaired beige cell early differentiation. However, we observed that ablation of Foxp4 in differentiated adipocytes profoundly potentiated their thermogenesis capacity upon cold exposure. Of note, the outcome of Foxp4 deficiency on UCP1-mediated thermogenesis was confined to beige adipocytes, rather than to brown adipocytes. Taken together, we suggest that FOXP4 primes beige adipocyte early differentiation, but attenuates their activation by potent transcriptional repression of the thermogenic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhua Wang
- Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shuqin Xu
- Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tienan Chen
- Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shifeng Ling
- Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shaojiao Wang
- Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Rujiang Zhou
- Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xuechun Xia
- Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhengju Yao
- Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Pengxiao Li
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiqiu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xizhi Guo
- Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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57
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In Vivo Methods to Monitor Cardiomyocyte Proliferation. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9030073. [PMID: 35323621 PMCID: PMC8950582 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult mammalian cardiomyocytes demonstrate scarce cycling and even lower proliferation rates in response to injury. Signals that enhance cardiomyocyte proliferation after injury will be groundbreaking, address unmet clinical needs, and represent new strategies to treat cardiovascular diseases. In vivo methods to monitor cardiomyocyte proliferation are critical to addressing this challenge. Fortunately, advances in transgenic approaches provide sophisticated techniques to quantify cardiomyocyte cycling and proliferation.
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58
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Liao X, Zhou H, Deng T. The composition, function, and regulation of adipose stem and progenitor cells. J Genet Genomics 2022; 49:308-315. [PMID: 35240306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is a highly plastic organ that plays a central role in regulating whole-body energy metabolism. Adipose stem and progenitor cells (ASPCs) are essential components of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of adipose tissue. They give rise to mature adipocytes and play a critical role in maintaining adipose tissue function. However, the molecular heterogeneity and functional diversity of ASPCs are still poorly understood. Recently, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis has identified distinct subtypes of ASPCs in murine and human adipose tissues, providing new insights into the cellular complexity of ASPCs among multiple fat depots. This review summarizes the current knowledge on ASPC populations, including their markers, functions, and regulatory mechanisms. Targeting one or several of these cell populations may ameliorate metabolic disorders by promoting adaptive hyperplastic adipose growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyan Liao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Tuo Deng
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Clinical Immunology Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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59
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On the horizon: Hedgehog signaling to heal broken bones. Bone Res 2022; 10:13. [PMID: 35165260 PMCID: PMC8844053 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncovering the molecular pathways that drive skeletal repair has been an ongoing challenge. Initial efforts have relied on in vitro assays to identify the key signaling pathways that drive cartilage and bone differentiation. While these assays can provide some clues, assessing specific pathways in animal models is critical. Furthermore, definitive proof that a pathway is required for skeletal repair is best provided using genetic tests. Stimulating the Hh (Hedgehog) pathway can promote cartilage and bone differentiation in cell culture assays. In addition, the application of HH protein or various pathway agonists in vivo has a positive influence on bone healing. Until recently, however, genetic proof that the Hh pathway is involved in bone repair has been lacking. Here, we consider both in vitro and in vivo studies that examine the role of Hh in repair and discuss some of the challenges inherent in their interpretation. We also identify needed areas of study considering a new appreciation for the role of cartilage during repair, the variety of cell types that may have differing roles in repair, and the recent availability of powerful lineage tracing techniques. We are optimistic that emerging genetic tools will make it possible to precisely define when and in which cells promoting Hh signaling can best promote skeletal repair, and thus, the clinical potential for targeting the Hh pathway can be realized.
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60
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Sakers A, De Siqueira MK, Seale P, Villanueva CJ. Adipose-tissue plasticity in health and disease. Cell 2022; 185:419-446. [PMID: 35120662 PMCID: PMC11152570 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue, colloquially known as "fat," is an extraordinarily flexible and heterogeneous organ. While historically viewed as a passive site for energy storage, we now appreciate that adipose tissue regulates many aspects of whole-body physiology, including food intake, maintenance of energy levels, insulin sensitivity, body temperature, and immune responses. A crucial property of adipose tissue is its high degree of plasticity. Physiologic stimuli induce dramatic alterations in adipose-tissue metabolism, structure, and phenotype to meet the needs of the organism. Limitations to this plasticity cause diminished or aberrant responses to physiologic cues and drive the progression of cardiometabolic disease along with other pathological consequences of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sakers
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Mirian Krystel De Siqueira
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7070 USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7070 USA
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
| | - Claudio J Villanueva
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7070 USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7070 USA.
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Dalod M, Scheu S. Dendritic cell functions in vivo: a user's guide to current and next generation mutant mouse models. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1712-1749. [PMID: 35099816 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) do not just excel in antigen presentation. They orchestrate information transfer from innate to adaptive immunity, by sensing and integrating a variety of danger signals, and translating them to naïve T cells, to mount specifically tailored immune responses. This is accomplished by distinct DC types specialized in different functions and because each DC is functionally plastic, assuming different activation states depending on the input signals received. Mouse models hold the key to untangle this complexity and determine which DC types and activation states contribute to which functions. Here, we aim to provide comprehensive information for selecting the most appropriate mutant mouse strains to address specific research questions on DCs, considering three in vivo experimental approaches: (i) interrogating the roles of DC types through their depletion; (ii) determining the underlying mechanisms by specific genetic manipulations; (iii) deciphering the spatiotemporal dynamics of DC responses. We summarize the advantages, caveats, suggested use and perspectives for a variety of mutant mouse strains, discussing in more detail the most widely used or accurate models. Finally, we discuss innovative strategies to improve targeting specificity, for the next generation mutant mouse models, and briefly address how humanized mouse models can accelerate translation into the clinic. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Dalod
- CNRS, Inserm, Aix Marseille Univ, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Stefanie Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Lusk SJ, McKinney A, Hunt PJ, Fahey PG, Patel J, Chang A, Sun JJ, Martinez VK, Zhu PJ, Egbert JR, Allen G, Jiang X, Arenkiel BR, Tolias AS, Costa-Mattioli M, Ray RS. A CRISPR toolbox for generating intersectional genetic mouse models for functional, molecular, and anatomical circuit mapping. BMC Biol 2022; 20:28. [PMID: 35086530 PMCID: PMC8796356 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The functional understanding of genetic interaction networks and cellular mechanisms governing health and disease requires the dissection, and multifaceted study, of discrete cell subtypes in developing and adult animal models. Recombinase-driven expression of transgenic effector alleles represents a significant and powerful approach to delineate cell populations for functional, molecular, and anatomical studies. In addition to single recombinase systems, the expression of two recombinases in distinct, but partially overlapping, populations allows for more defined target expression. Although the application of this method is becoming increasingly popular, its experimental implementation has been broadly restricted to manipulations of a limited set of common alleles that are often commercially produced at great expense, with costs and technical challenges associated with production of intersectional mouse lines hindering customized approaches to many researchers. Here, we present a simplified CRISPR toolkit for rapid, inexpensive, and facile intersectional allele production. RESULTS Briefly, we produced 7 intersectional mouse lines using a dual recombinase system, one mouse line with a single recombinase system, and three embryonic stem (ES) cell lines that are designed to study the way functional, molecular, and anatomical features relate to each other in building circuits that underlie physiology and behavior. As a proof-of-principle, we applied three of these lines to different neuronal populations for anatomical mapping and functional in vivo investigation of respiratory control. We also generated a mouse line with a single recombinase-responsive allele that controls the expression of the calcium sensor Twitch-2B. This mouse line was applied globally to study the effects of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) on calcium release in the ovarian follicle. CONCLUSIONS The lines presented here are representative examples of outcomes possible with the successful application of our genetic toolkit for the facile development of diverse, modifiable animal models. This toolkit will allow labs to create single or dual recombinase effector lines easily for any cell population or subpopulation of interest when paired with the appropriate Cre and FLP recombinase mouse lines or viral vectors. We have made our tools and derivative intersectional mouse and ES cell lines openly available for non-commercial use through publicly curated repositories for plasmid DNA, ES cells, and transgenic mouse lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah J Lusk
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew McKinney
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patrick J Hunt
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul G Fahey
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jay Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andersen Chang
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jenny J Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vena K Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ping Jun Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeremy R Egbert
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Genevera Allen
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science, and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Neurological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaolong Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin R Arenkiel
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- McNair Medical Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andreas S Tolias
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Russell S Ray
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- McNair Medical Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
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63
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Hou S, Li Z, Dong J, Gao Y, Chang Z, Ding X, Li S, Li Y, Zeng Y, Xin Q, Wang B, Ni Y, Ning X, Hu Y, Fan X, Hou Y, Li X, Wen L, Zhou B, Liu B, Tang F, Lan Y. Heterogeneity in endothelial cells and widespread venous arterialization during early vascular development in mammals. Cell Res 2022; 32:333-348. [PMID: 35079138 PMCID: PMC8975889 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00615-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractArteriogenesis rather than unspecialized capillary expansion is critical for restoring effective circulation to compromised tissues in patients. Deciphering the origin and specification of arterial endothelial cells during embryonic development will shed light on the understanding of adult arteriogenesis. However, during early embryonic angiogenesis, the process of endothelial diversification and molecular events underlying arteriovenous fate settling remain largely unresolved in mammals. Here, we constructed the single-cell transcriptomic landscape of vascular endothelial cells (VECs) during the time window for the occurrence of key vasculogenic and angiogenic events in both mouse and human embryos. We uncovered two distinct arterial VEC types, the major artery VECs and arterial plexus VECs, and unexpectedly divergent arteriovenous characteristics among VECs that are located in morphologically undistinguishable vascular plexus intra-embryonically. Using computational prediction and further lineage tracing of venous-featured VECs with a newly developed Nr2f2CrexER mouse model and a dual recombinase-mediated intersectional genetic approach, we revealed early and widespread arterialization from the capillaries with considerable venous characteristics. Altogether, our findings provide unprecedented and comprehensive details of endothelial heterogeneity and lineage relationships at early angiogenesis stages, and establish a new model regarding the arteriogenesis behaviors of early intra-embryonic vasculatures.
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Abstract
Adipose tissue, once thought to be an inert receptacle for energy storage, is now recognized as a complex tissue with multiple resident cell populations that actively collaborate in response to diverse local and systemic metabolic, thermal, and inflammatory signals. A key participant in adipose tissue homeostasis that has only recently captured broad scientific attention is the lymphatic vasculature. The lymphatic system's role in lipid trafficking and mediating inflammation makes it a natural partner in regulating adipose tissue, and evidence supporting a bidirectional relationship between lymphatics and adipose tissue has accumulated in recent years. Obesity is now understood to impair lymphatic function, whereas altered lymphatic function results in aberrant adipose tissue deposition, though the molecular mechanisms governing these phenomena have yet to be fully elucidated. We will review our current understanding of the relationship between adipose tissue and the lymphatic system here, focusing on known mechanisms of lymphatic-adipose crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Westcott
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Evan D Rosen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Correspondence: Evan D. Rosen, MD, PhD, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Zeng Z, Guo R, Wang Z, Yan H, Lv X, Zhao Q, Jiang X, Zhang C, Zhang D, Yang C, Li W, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Huang R, Li B, Hu X, Gao L. Circulating Monocytes Act as a Common Trigger for the Calcification Paradox of Osteoporosis and Carotid Atherosclerosis via TGFB1-SP1 and TNFSF10-NFKB1 Axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:944751. [PMID: 35937796 PMCID: PMC9354531 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.944751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis often occurs with carotid atherosclerosis and causes contradictory calcification across tissue in the same patient, which is called the "calcification paradox". Circulating monocytes may be responsible for this unbalanced ectopic calcification. Here, we aimed to show how CD14+ monocytes contribute to the pathophysiology of coexisting postmenopausal osteoporosis and carotid atherosclerosis. METHODS We comprehensively analyzed osteoporosis data from the mRNA array dataset GSE56814 and the scRNA-seq dataset GSM4423510. Carotid atherosclerosis data were obtained from the GSE23746 mRNA dataset and GSM4705591 scRNA-seq dataset. First, osteoblast and vascular SMC lineages were annotated based on their functional expression using gene set enrichment analysis and AUCell scoring. Next, pseudotime analysis was applied to draw their differentiated trajectory and identify the key gene expression changes in crossroads. Then, ligand-receptor interactions between CD14+ monocytes and osteoblast and vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) lineages were annotated with iTALK. Finally, we selected calcification paradox-related expression in circulating monocytes with LASSO analysis. RESULTS First, we found a large proportion of delayed premature osteoblasts in osteoporosis and osteogenic SMCs in atherosclerosis. Second, CD14+ monocytes interacted with the intermediate cells of the premature osteoblast and osteogenic SMC lineage by delivering TGFB1 and TNFSF10. This interaction served as a trigger activating the transcription factors (TF) SP1 and NFKB1 to upregulate the inflammatory response and cell senescence and led to a retarded premature state in the osteoblast lineage and osteogenic transition in the SMC lineage. Then, 76.49% of common monocyte markers were upregulated in the circulating monocytes between the two diseases, which were related to chemotaxis and inflammatory responses. Finally, we identified 7 calcification paradox-related genes on circulating monocytes, which were upregulated in aging cells and downregulated in DNA repair cells, indicating that the aging monocytes contributed to the development of the two diseases. CONCLUSIONS Our work provides a perspective for understanding the triggering roles of CD14+ monocytes in the development of the calcification paradox in osteoporosis- and atherosclerosis-related cells based on combined scRNA and mRNA data. This study provided us with an elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the calcification paradox and could help in developing preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bo Li
- *Correspondence: Liangbin Gao, ; Xumin Hu, ; Bo Li,
| | - Xumin Hu
- *Correspondence: Liangbin Gao, ; Xumin Hu, ; Bo Li,
| | - Liangbin Gao
- *Correspondence: Liangbin Gao, ; Xumin Hu, ; Bo Li,
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Ni H, Liu C, Chen Y, Lu Y, Ji Y, Xiang M, Xie Y. MGP Regulates Perivascular Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Differentiation Toward Smooth Muscle Cells Via BMP2/SMAD Pathway Enhancing Neointimal Formation. Cell Transplant 2022; 31:9636897221075747. [PMID: 35168405 PMCID: PMC8855449 DOI: 10.1177/09636897221075747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose-derived stem cells (PV-ADSCs) could differentiate into smooth muscle cells (SMCs), participating in vascular remodeling. However, its underlying mechanism is not well explored. Our previous single-cell RNA-sequencing dataset identified a unique expression of matrix Gla protein (MGP) in PV-ADSCs compared with subcutaneous ADSCs. MGP involves in regulating SMC behaviors in vascular calcification and atherosclerosis. In this study, we investigated MGP's role in PV-ADSCs differentiation toward SMCs in vitro and in vascular remodeling in vivo. PV-ADSCs were isolated from perivascular regions of mouse aortas. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blot, and immunofluorescence confirmed higher MGP expression in PV-ADSCs. The MGP secretion increased along PV-ADSCs differentiation toward SMCs in response to transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1). Lentivirus knockdown of MGP markedly promoted the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) expression and phosphorylation of SMAD1/5/8 in PV-ADSCs, subsequently inhibiting its differentiation toward SMCs. Such inhibition could be partially reversed by further application of BMP2 inhibitors. On the contrary, exogenous MGP inhibited BMP2 expression and SMAD1/5/8 phosphorylation in PV-ADSCs, thereby promoting its differentiation toward SMCs. Transplantation of cultured PV-ADSCs, which was pretreated by MGP knockdown, in mouse femoral artery guide-wire injury model significantly alleviated neointimal hyperplasia. In conclusion, MGP promoted the differentiation of PV-ADSCs toward SMCs through BMP2/SMAD-mediated signaling pathway. This study offers a supplement to the society of perivascular tissues and PV-ADSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ni
- Department of Cardiology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuwen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunrui Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongli Ji
- Department of Cardiology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Itkin T, Rafii S. Cardiovascular diseases disrupt the bone-marrow niche. Nature 2022; 601:515-517. [PMID: 34949859 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-021-03550-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Stefkovich M, Traynor S, Cheng L, Merrick D, Seale P. Dpp4+ interstitial progenitor cells contribute to basal and high fat diet-induced adipogenesis. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101357. [PMID: 34662714 PMCID: PMC8581370 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The capacity to generate new adipocytes from precursor cells is critical for maintaining metabolic health. Adipocyte precursor cells (APCs) constitute a heterogenous collection of cell types; however, the contribution of these various cell types to adipose tissue expansion in vivo remains unknown. The aim of the current study is to investigate the contribution of Dpp4+ progenitors to de novo adipogenesis. METHODS Single cell analysis has identified several transcriptionally distinct subpopulations of APCs, including Dpp4+ progenitor cells concentrated in the connective tissue surrounding many organs, including white adipose tissue (WAT). Here, we generated a Dpp4CreER mouse model for in vivo lineage tracing of these cells and their downstream progeny in the setting of basal or high fat diet (HFD)-stimulated adipogenesis. RESULTS Dpp4CreER mice enabled specific temporal labeling of Dpp4+ progenitor cells within their native connective tissue niche. Following a dietary chase period consisting of chow or HFD feeding for 18 weeks, Dpp4+ progenitors differentiated into mature adipocytes within the gonadal and subcutaneous WAT. HFD stimulated adipogenic contribution from Dpp4+ cells in the gonadal but not the subcutaneous depot. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that Dpp4+ progenitors give rise to DPP4(-)/ICAM1+ preadipocytes in vivo. HFD feeding did not perturb the flux of Dpp4+ cell conversion into ICAM1+ preadipocytes in gonadal WAT. Conversely, in subcutaneous WAT, HFD feeding/obesity led to an accumulation of ICAM1+ preadipocytes without a corresponding increase in mature adipocyte differentiation. Examination of non-classical murine visceral depots with relevance to humans, including omentum and retroperitoneal WAT, revealed robust contribution of Dpp4+ progenitors to de novo adipogenesis, which was further stimulated by HFD. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that Dpp4+ interstitial progenitor cells contribute to basal adipogenesis in all fat depots and are recruited to support de novo adipogenic expansion of visceral WAT in the setting of HFD-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Stefkovich
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Sarah Traynor
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Lan Cheng
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - David Merrick
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Chen Y, McAndrews KM, Kalluri R. Clinical and therapeutic relevance of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 18:792-804. [PMID: 34489603 PMCID: PMC8791784 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-021-00546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) found in primary and metastatic tumours are highly versatile, plastic and resilient cells that are actively involved in cancer progression through complex interactions with other cell types in the tumour microenvironment. As well as generating extracellular matrix components that contribute to the structure and function of the tumour stroma, CAFs undergo epigenetic changes to produce secreted factors, exosomes and metabolites that influence tumour angiogenesis, immunology and metabolism. Because of their putative pro-oncogenic functions, CAFs have long been considered an attractive therapeutic target; however, clinical trials of treatment strategies targeting CAFs have mostly ended in failure and, in some cases, accelerated cancer progression and resulted in inferior survival outcomes. Importantly, CAFs are heterogeneous cells and their characteristics and interactions with other cell types might change dynamically as cancers evolve. Studies involving single-cell RNA sequencing and novel mouse models have increased our understanding of CAF diversity, although the context-dependent roles of different CAF populations and their interchangeable plasticity remain largely unknown. Comprehensive characterization of the tumour-promoting and tumour-restraining activities of CAF subtypes, including how these complex bimodal functions evolve and are subjugated by neoplastic cells during cancer progression, might facilitate the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this Review, the clinical relevance of CAFs is summarized with an emphasis on their value as prognosis factors and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Muto Y, Humphreys BD. Recent advances in lineage tracing for the kidney. Kidney Int 2021; 100:1179-1184. [PMID: 34217781 PMCID: PMC8608712 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lineage tracing was originally developed by developmental biologists to identify all progeny of a single cell during morphogenesis. More recently this approach has been applied to other fields, including organ homeostasis and recovery from injury. Modern lineage tracing techniques typically rely on reporter gene expression induced by cell-specific DNA recombination. There have been important scientific advances in the last 10 years that have impacted lineage tracing approaches, including intersectional genetics, optical clearing techniques, and the use of sequencing-based genomic lineage tracing. The latter combines CRISPR-Cas9-based genetic scarring with single-cell RNA-sequencing that, in theory, could allow comprehensive reconstruction of a lineage tree for an entire organism. This review summarizes recent advances in lineage tracing technologies and outlines potential applications for kidney research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Muto
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Rondini EA, Ramseyer VD, Burl RB, Pique-Regi R, Granneman JG. Single cell functional genomics reveals plasticity of subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) during early postnatal development. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101307. [PMID: 34298199 PMCID: PMC8385178 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study addresses the cellular complexity and plasticity of subcutaneous (inguinal) white adipose tissue (iWAT) in mice during the critical periods of perinatal growth and establishment. METHODS We performed a large-scale single cell transcriptomic (scRNA-seq) and epigenomic (snATAC-seq) characterization of cellular subtypes (adipose stromal cells (ASC) and adipocyte nuclei) during inguinal WAT (subcutaneous; iWAT) development in mice, capturing the early postnatal period (postnatal days (PND) 06 and 18) through adulthood (PND56). RESULTS Perinatal and adult iWAT contain 3 major ASC subtypes that can be independently identified by RNA expression profiles and DNA transposase accessibility. Furthermore, the transcriptomes and enhancer landscapes of both ASC and adipocytes dynamically change during postnatal development. Perinatal ASC (PND06) are highly enriched for several imprinted genes (IGs; e.g., Mest, H19, Igf2) and extracellular matrix proteins whose expression then declines prior to weaning (PND18). By comparison, adult ASC (PND56) are more enriched for transcripts associated with immunoregulation, oxidative stress, and integrin signaling. Two clusters of mature adipocytes, identified through single nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq), were distinctive for proinflammatory/immune or metabolic gene expression patterns that became more transcriptionally diverse in adult animals. Single nuclei assay for transposase-accessible chromatin (snATAC-seq) revealed that differences in gene expression were associated with developmental changes in chromatin accessibility and predicted transcription factor motifs (e.g., Plagl1, Ar) in both stromal cells and adipocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide new insights into transcriptional and epigenomic signaling networks important during iWAT establishment at a single cell resolution, with important implications for the field of metabolic programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Rondini
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Vanesa D Ramseyer
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Rayanne B Burl
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Roger Pique-Regi
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - James G Granneman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Harnessing orthogonal recombinases to decipher cell fate with enhanced precision. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 32:324-337. [PMID: 34657762 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Precisely deciphering the cellular plasticity in vivo is essential in understanding many key biological processes. Site-specific recombinases are genetic tools used for in vivo lineage tracing and gene manipulation. Conventional Cre-loxP, Dre-rox, and Flp-frt technologies form the orthogonal recombination systems that can also be used in combination to increase the precision. As such, more than one marker gene can be targeted for lineage tracing, studying cellular heterogeneity, recording cellular activities, or even genome editing. Their combinatory use has recently resolved some controversies in defining cellular fate plasticity. Focusing on cell fate studies, we introduce the design principles of orthogonal recombinases-based strategies, describe some working examples in resolving cell fate-related controversies, and discuss some of their technical strengths and limits.
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Andrews LP, Vignali KM, Szymczak-Workman AL, Burton AR, Brunazzi EA, Ngiow SF, Harusato A, Sharpe AH, Wherry EJ, Taniuchi I, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. A Cre-driven allele-conditioning line to interrogate CD4 + conventional T cells. Immunity 2021; 54:2209-2217.e6. [PMID: 34551314 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells share common developmental pathways with CD8+ T cells, and upon maturation, CD4+ T conventional T (Tconv) cells lack phenotypic markers that distinguish these cells from FoxP3+ T regulatory cells. We developed a tamoxifen-inducible ThPOKCreERT2.hCD2 line with Frt sites inserted on either side of the CreERT2-hCD2 cassette, and a Foxp3Ametrine-FlpO strain, expressing Ametrine and FlpO in Foxp3+ cells. Breeding these mice resulted in a CD4conviCreERT2-hCD2 line that allows for the specific manipulation of a gene in CD4+ Tconv cells. As FlpO removes the CreERT2-hCD2 cassette, CD4+ Treg cells are spared from Cre activity, which we refer to as allele conditioning. Comparison with an E8IiCreERT2.GFP mouse that enables inducible targeting of CD8+ T cells, and deletion of two inhibitory receptors, PD-1 and LAG-3, in a melanoma model, support the fidelity of these lines. These engineered mouse strains present a resource for the temporal manipulation of genes in CD4+ T cells and CD4+ Tconv cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence P Andrews
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Kate M Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | | | - Amanda R Burton
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Erin A Brunazzi
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Shin Foong Ngiow
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Akihito Harusato
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ichiro Taniuchi
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
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Bilal M, Nawaz A, Kado T, Aslam MR, Igarashi Y, Nishimura A, Watanabe Y, Kuwano T, Liu J, Miwa H, Era T, Ikuta K, Imura J, Yagi K, Nakagawa T, Fujisaka S, Tobe K. Fate of adipocyte progenitors during adipogenesis in mice fed a high-fat diet. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101328. [PMID: 34562641 PMCID: PMC8495176 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Expansion of adipose tissue during obesity through the recruitment of newly generated adipocytes (hyperplasia) is metabolically healthy, whereas that through the enlargement of pre-existing adipocytes (hypertrophy) leads to metabolic complications. Accumulating evidence from genetic fate mapping studies suggests that in animal models receiving a high-fat diet (HFD), only adipocyte progenitors (APs) in gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT) have proliferative potential. However, the proliferative potential and differentiating capacity of APs in the inguinal WAT (iWAT) of male mice remains controversial. The objective of this study was to investigate the proliferative and adipogenic potential of APs in the iWAT of HFD-fed male mice. Methods We generated PDGFRα-GFP-Cre-ERT2/tdTomato (KI/td) mice and traced PDGFRα-positive APs in male mice fed HFD for 8 weeks. We performed a comprehensive phenotypic analysis, including the histology, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and gene expression analysis, of KI/td mice fed HFD. Results Contrary to the findings of others, we found an increased number of newly generated tdTomato+ adipocytes in the iWAT of male mice, which was smaller than that observed in the gWAT. We found that in male mice, the iWAT has more proliferating tdTomato+ APs than the gWAT. We also found that tdTomato+ APs showed a higher expression of Dpp4 and Pi16 than tdTomato− APs, and the expression of these genes was significantly higher in the iWAT than in the gWAT of mice fed HFD for 8 weeks. Collectively, our results reveal that HFD feeding induces the proliferation of tdTomato+ APs in the iWAT of male mice. Conclusion In male mice, compared with gWAT, iWAT undergoes hyperplasia in response to 8 weeks of HFD feeding through the recruitment of newly generated adipocytes due to an abundance of APs with a high potential for proliferation and differentiation. High-fat diet (HFD) increases proliferative APs in iWAT of male mice. HFD promotes the recruitment of smaller adipocytes in the iWAT of male mice. iWAT expands by recruiting newly-generated adipocytes (hyperplasia) in male mice. gWAT expands by enlargement of pre-existing adipocytes (hypertrophy) in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Allah Nawaz
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Tomonobu Kado
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Muhammad Rahil Aslam
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Igarashi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ayumi Nishimura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Watanabe
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takahide Kuwano
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Jianhui Liu
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miwa
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Takumi Era
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Koichi Ikuta
- Department of Virus Research, Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Johji Imura
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kunimasa Yagi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shiho Fujisaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Tobe
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
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75
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Ortsäter H, Hernández-Vásquez MN, Ulvmar MH, Gow A, Mäkinen T. An inducible Cldn11-CreER T2 mouse line for selective targeting of lymphatic valves. Genesis 2021; 59:e23439. [PMID: 34338433 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Luminal valves of collecting lymphatic vessels are critical for maintaining unidirectional flow of lymph and their dysfunction underlies several forms of primary lymphedema. Here, we report on the generation of a transgenic mouse expressing the tamoxifen inducible CreERT2 under the control of Cldn11 promoter that allows, for the first time, selective and temporally controlled targeting of lymphatic valve endothelial cells. We show that within the vasculature CLDN11 is specifically expressed in lymphatic valves but is not required for their development as mice with a global loss of Cldn11 display normal valves in the mesentery. Tamoxifen treated Cldn11-CreERT2 mice also carrying a fluorescent Cre-reporter displayed reporter protein expression selectively in lymphatic valves and, to a lower degree, in venous valves. Analysis of developing vasculature further showed that Cldn11-CreERT2 -mediated recombination is induced during valve leaflet formation, and efficient labeling of valve endothelial cells was observed in mature valves. The Cldn11-CreERT2 mouse thus provides a valuable tool for functional studies of valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Ortsäter
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Maria H Ulvmar
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexander Gow
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Taija Mäkinen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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76
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Giacobbe A, Abate-Shen C. Modeling metastasis in mice: a closer look. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:916-929. [PMID: 34303648 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Unraveling the multifaceted cellular and physiological processes associated with metastasis is best achieved by using in vivo models that recapitulate the requisite tumor cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms at the organismal level. We discuss the current status of mouse models of metastasis. We consider how mouse models can refine our understanding of the underlying biological and molecular processes that promote metastasis, and we envisage how the application of new technologies will further enhance investigations of metastasis at single-cell resolution in the context of the whole organism. Our view is that investigations based on state-of-the-art mouse models can propel a holistic understanding of the biology of metastasis, which will ultimately lead to the discovery of new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Giacobbe
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Cory Abate-Shen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1130 Saint Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1130 Saint Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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77
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Mesothelial cells are not a source of adipocytes in mice. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109388. [PMID: 34260927 PMCID: PMC8317472 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) depots are associated with the adverse metabolic consequences of obesity, such as insulin resistance. The developmental origin of VAT depots and the identity and regulation of adipocyte progenitor cells have been active areas of investigation. In recent years, a paradigm of mesothelial cells as a source of VAT adipocyte progenitor cells has emerged based on lineage tracing studies using the Wilms’ tumor gene, Wt1, as a marker for cells of mesothelial origin. Here, we show that Wt1 expression in adipose tissue is not limited to the mesothelium but is also expressed by a distinct preadipocyte population in mice and humans. We identify keratin 19 (Krt19) as a highly specific marker for the adult mouse mesothelium and demonstrate that Krt19-expressing mesothelial cells do not differentiate into visceral adipocytes. These results contradict the assertion that the VAT mesothelium can serve as a source of adipocytes. Mesothelial differentiation into adipocytes has been proposed based on fate mapping experiments using Wt1 as a marker. Westcott et al. show that Wt1 is expressed in stromal preadipocytes in addition to mesothelium and that fate mapping using a specific mesothelial marker, Krt19, does not support adipocyte differentiation.
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78
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Woods JP, Srinivasan RS, Olson LE. Sweet Dre-ams about intersectional genetics. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:989-990. [PMID: 34087159 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Specific cell targeting with one site-specific recombinase is challenging. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Han et al. (2021) released a collection of Dre drivers and demonstrate how two recombinases can be combined to improve the cell specificity of lineage tracing and gene inactivation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Woods
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Lorin E Olson
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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79
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Li W, Shen MM. Prostate cancer cell heterogeneity and plasticity: Insights from studies of genetically-engineered mouse models. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 82:60-67. [PMID: 34147640 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although prostate adenocarcinoma lacks distinguishable histopathological subtypes, prostate cancer displays significant inter- and intratumor heterogeneity at the molecular level and with respect to disease prognosis and treatment response. In principle, understanding the basis for prostate cancer heterogeneity can help distinguish aggressive from indolent disease, and help overcome castration-resistance in advanced prostate cancer. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in understanding the cell types of origin, putative cancer stem cells, and tumor plasticity in prostate cancer, focusing on insights from studies of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs). We will also outline future directions for investigating tumor heterogeneity using mouse models of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Li
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Michael M Shen
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032 USA.
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80
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Jafree DJ, Long DA, Scambler PJ, Ruhrberg C. Mechanisms and cell lineages in lymphatic vascular development. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:271-288. [PMID: 33825109 PMCID: PMC8205918 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels have critical roles in both health and disease and their study is a rapidly evolving area of vascular biology. The consensus on how the first lymphatic vessels arise in the developing embryo has recently shifted. Originally, they were thought to solely derive by sprouting from veins. Since then, several studies have uncovered novel cellular mechanisms and a diversity of contributing cell lineages in the formation of organ lymphatic vasculature. Here, we review the key mechanisms and cell lineages contributing to lymphatic development, discuss the advantages and limitations of experimental techniques used for their study and highlight remaining knowledge gaps that require urgent attention. Emerging technologies should accelerate our understanding of how lymphatic vessels develop normally and how they contribute to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniyal J Jafree
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - David A Long
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Peter J Scambler
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The use of genetic models has facilitated the study of the origins and mechanisms of vascular disease. Mouse models have been developed to specifically target endothelial cell populations, with the goal of pinpointing when and where causative mutations wreck their devastating effects. Together, these approaches have propelled the development of therapies by providing an in-vivo platform to evaluate diagnoses and treatment options. This review summarizes the most widely used mouse models that have facilitated the study of vascular disease, with a focus on mouse models of vascular malformations and the road ahead. RECENT FINDINGS Over the past 3 decades, the vascular biology scientific community has been steadily generating a powerful toolkit of useful mouse lines that can be used to tightly regulate gene ablation, or to express transgenic genes, in the murine endothelium. Some of these models inducibly (constitutively) alter gene expression across all endothelial cells, or within distinct subsets, by expressing either Cre recombinase (or inducible versions such as CreERT), or the tetracycline controlled transactivator protein tTA (or rtTA). This now relatively standard technology has been used to gain cutting edge insights into vascular disorders, by allowing in-vivo modeling of key molecular pathways identified as dysregulated across the vast spectrum of vascular anomalies, malformations and dysplasias. However, as sequencing of human patient samples expands, the number of interesting candidate molecular culprits keeps increasing. Consequently, there is now a pressing need to create new genetic mouse models to test hypotheses and to query mechanisms underlying vascular disease. SUMMARY The current review assesses the collection of mouse driver lines that have been instrumental is identifying genes required for blood vessel formation, remodeling, maintenance/quiescence and disease. In addition, the usefulness of these driver lines is underscored here by cataloguing mouse lines developed to experimentally assess the role of key candidate genes in vascular malformations. Despite this solid and steady progress, numerous new candidate vascular malformation genes have recently been identified for which no mouse model yet exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Tian X, Zhou B. Strategies for site-specific recombination with high efficiency and precise spatiotemporal resolution. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100509. [PMID: 33676891 PMCID: PMC8050033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Site-specific recombinases (SSRs) are invaluable genome engineering tools that have enormously boosted our understanding of gene functions and cell lineage relationships in developmental biology, stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and multiple diseases. However, the ever-increasing complexity of biomedical research requires the development of novel site-specific genetic recombination technologies that can manipulate genomic DNA with high efficiency and fine spatiotemporal control. Here, we review the latest innovative strategies of the commonly used Cre-loxP recombination system and its combinatorial strategies with other site-specific recombinase systems. We also highlight recent progress with a focus on the new generation of chemical- and light-inducible genetic systems and discuss the merits and limitations of each new and established system. Finally, we provide the future perspectives of combining various recombination systems or improving well-established site-specific genetic tools to achieve more efficient and precise spatiotemporal genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Tian
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China; School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
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