51
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Yang Y, Guo L, Wang J, Li W, Zhou X, Zhang C, Han C. Arglabin regulates microglia polarization to relieve neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23045. [PMID: 35289014 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Arglabin (Arg) is a derivative of parthenolide. At present, there are few reports on the pharmacological effects and targets of Arg. In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between Arg and NF-κB (P50) and the intervention effects of Arg on neuroinflammation. BV2 cells were cultured in vitro. LPS/IFN-γ was used to induce M1 polarization. After Arg intervention, the cytokine expression of M1 and M2 cell marker was detected, the expression of CD86 was detected by immunofluorescence (IF) staining, the levels of P50 and p-P50 were detected by Western blot and the expression of ROS was by DCFH-DA. AfterP50 knockout, we investigated the effect of P50 on the polarization of BV2 cells. Four-month-old APP/PS1 (AD) mice were treated with Arg by intragastric administration, followed by detection of the expression of CD86, CD206, and IBA-1 by IF staining, Finally, molecular-protein docking and Pull-down assays were used to validate the targeted binding relationship between P50 and Arg. Arg could inhibit the M1 polarization of BV2 cells, decrease the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and IL-12, and simultaneously inhibit the expression of P50 and p-P50. P50 knockout could inhibit the M1 polarization of BV2 cells, and P50 played an important role in the polarization of BV2 cells. Molecular docking and pull-down assays revealed that Arg and P50 had a targeted binding relationship. Animal experiments showed that Arg could regulate the polarization level of M1-M2 cells, increase the proportion of M2 cells, decrease the degree of nerve injury and suppress the expression of P50 and p-P50. In this study, we found that Arg could target P50 to regulate reprogramming of BV2 cells, inhibit M1 polarization, and increase the level of M2 cells, thereby exerting a neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Hangzhou, China
| | - WenYan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caiqun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Han
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Hangzhou, China
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52
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Tayab MA, Islam MN, Chowdhury KAA, Tasnim FM. Targeting neuroinflammation by polyphenols: A promising therapeutic approach against inflammation-associated depression. Pharmacotherapy 2022; 147:112668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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53
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Shi Y, Cui M, Ochs K, Brendel M, Strübing FL, Briel N, Eckenweber F, Zou C, Banati RB, Liu GJ, Middleton RJ, Rupprecht R, Rudolph U, Zeilhofer HU, Rammes G, Herms J, Dorostkar MM. Long-term diazepam treatment enhances microglial spine engulfment and impairs cognitive performance via the mitochondrial 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO). Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:317-329. [PMID: 35228700 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines are widely administered drugs to treat anxiety and insomnia. In addition to tolerance development and abuse liability, their chronic use may cause cognitive impairment and increase the risk for dementia. However, the mechanism by which benzodiazepines might contribute to persistent cognitive decline remains unknown. Here we report that diazepam, a widely prescribed benzodiazepine, impairs the structural plasticity of dendritic spines, causing cognitive impairment in mice. Diazepam induces these deficits via the mitochondrial 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO), rather than classical γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors, which alters microglial morphology, and phagocytosis of synaptic material. Collectively, our findings demonstrate a mechanism by which TSPO ligands alter synaptic plasticity and, as a consequence, cause cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Shi
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Munich Medical Research School, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mochen Cui
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Medical Research School, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Ochs
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix L Strübing
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Nils Briel
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Medical Research School, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Eckenweber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Chengyu Zou
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Richard B Banati
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Sydney NSW, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, Medical Imaging Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Guo-Jun Liu
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Sydney NSW, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, Medical Imaging Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Ryan J Middleton
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Rudolph
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rammes
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany. .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
| | - Mario M Dorostkar
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.
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54
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Zhuang H, Yao X, Li H, Li Q, Yang C, Wang C, Xu D, Xiao Y, Gao Y, Gao J, Bi M, Liu R, Teng G, Liu L. Long-term high-fat diet consumption by mice throughout adulthood induces neurobehavioral alterations and hippocampal neuronal remodeling accompanied by augmented microglial lipid accumulation. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 100:155-171. [PMID: 34848340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) consumption is generally associated with an increased risk of cognitive and emotional dysfunctions that constitute a sizeable worldwide health burden with profound social and economic consequences. Middle age is a critical time period that affects one's health later in life; pertinently, the prevalence of HFD consumption is increasing among mature adults. Given the growing health-related economic burden imposed globally by increasing rates of noncommunicable diseases in rapidly aging populations, along with the pervasive but insidious health impairments associated with HFD consumption, it is critically important to understand the effects of long-term HFD consumption on brain function and to gain insights into their potential underlying mechanisms. In the present study, adult male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned a control diet (CD, 10 kJ% from fat) or an HFD (60 kJ% from fat) for 6 months (6 M) or 9 months (9 M) followed by behavioral tests, serum biochemical analysis, and histological examinations of both the dorsal and ventral regions of the hippocampus. In both the 6 M and 9 M cohorts, mice that consumed an HFD exhibited poorer memory performance in the Morris water maze test (MWM) and greater depression- and anxiety-like behavior during the open field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT) and forced swim test (FST) than control mice. Compared with age-matched mice in the CD group, mice in the HFD group showed abnormal hippocampal neuronal morphology, which was particularly evident in the ventral hippocampus. Hippocampal microglia in mice in the HFD group generally had a more activated phenotype evidenced by a smaller microglial territory area and increased cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68, a marker of phagocytic activity) immunoreactivity, while the microglial density in the dentate gyrus (DG) was decreased, indicating microglial decline. The engulfment of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95, a general postsynaptic marker) puncta by microglia was increased in the HFD groups. Histological analysis of neutral lipids using a fluorescent probe (BODIPY) revealed that the total neutral lipid content in regions of interests (ROIs) and the lipid load in microglia were increased in the HFD group relative to the age-matched CD group. In summary, our results demonstrated that chronic HFD consumption from young adulthood to middle age induced anxiety- and depression-like behavior as well as memory impairment. The negative influence of chronic HFD consumption on behavioral and hippocampal neuroplasticity appears to be linked to a change in microglial phenotype that is accompanied by a remarkable increase in cellular lipid accumulation. These observations highlighting the potential to target lipid metabolism deficits to reduce the risk of HFD-associated emotional dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhuang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiuting Yao
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hong Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Chenxi Yang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Conghui Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dan Xu
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009
| | - Yu Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiayi Gao
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mingze Bi
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Gaojun Teng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Lijie Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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55
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Xu L, Wang J, Ding Y, Wang L, Zhu YJ. Current Knowledge of Microglia in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurol 2022; 12:796704. [PMID: 35087472 PMCID: PMC8787368 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.796704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). After traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), microglia undergo activation, proliferation, and changes in gene and protein expression and morphology, with detrimental and beneficial effects. Activated microglia cause secondary neuronal injury via the production of proinflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and proteases. However, activated microglia also promote neuronal repair through the secretion of anti-inflammatory growth factors and cytokines. Proinflammatory cytokines increase endothelial permeability, promote A1 astrocyte activation and axonal demyelination, and reduce neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs), leading to the exacerbation of neuronal injury. In contrast, anti-inflammatory factors facilitate angiogenesis, reduce reactive astrocytes, and promote axonal remyelination and the propagation of NSPCs, contributing to tissue repair and locomotor recovery. Due to its limited regenerative capacity, the CNS requires beneficial microglia for continuous protection against injury. Understanding and regulating microglial activation status are beneficial to reducing detrimental effects and promoting repair behaviors and to obtain more information on efficient therapies for traumatic SCI. This review discusses microglial activation and the differences between microglia and similar immune cells, microglial interactions with other cells in the spinal cord, and the progress in the development of therapies targeting microglia in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lintao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueming Ding
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, and Department of Orthopaedics of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Jian Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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56
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Paasila PJ, Aramideh JA, Sutherland GT, Graeber MB. Synapses, Microglia, and Lipids in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:778822. [PMID: 35095394 PMCID: PMC8789683 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.778822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterised by synaptic dysfunction accompanied by the microscopically visible accumulation of pathological protein deposits and cellular dystrophy involving both neurons and glia. Late-stage AD shows pronounced loss of synapses and neurons across several differentially affected brain regions. Recent studies of advanced AD using post-mortem brain samples have demonstrated the direct involvement of microglia in synaptic changes. Variants of the Apolipoprotein E and Triggering Receptors Expressed on Myeloid Cells gene represent important determinants of microglial activity but also of lipid metabolism in cells of the central nervous system. Here we review evidence that may help to explain how abnormal lipid metabolism, microglial activation, and synaptic pathophysiology are inter-related in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Paasila
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason A. Aramideh
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Greg T. Sutherland
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Manuel B. Graeber
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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57
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Yoo HJ, Kwon MS. Aged Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Microglia Lifespan and Culture Methods. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:766267. [PMID: 35069173 PMCID: PMC8766407 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.766267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia have been recognized as macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) that are regarded as a culprit of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, microglia have been considered as a cell that should be suppressed for maintaining a homeostatic CNS environment. However, microglia ontogeny, fate, heterogeneity, and their function in health and disease have been defined better with advances in single-cell and imaging technologies, and how to maintain homeostatic microglial function has become an emerging issue for targeting neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia are long-lived cells of yolk sac origin and have limited repopulating capacity. So, microglial perturbation in their lifespan is associated with not only neurodevelopmental disorders but also neurodegenerative diseases with aging. Considering that microglia are long-lived cells and may lose their functional capacity as they age, we can expect that aged microglia contribute to various neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, understanding microglial development and aging may represent an opportunity for clarifying CNS disease mechanisms and developing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Yoo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Research Institute for Basic Medical Science, CHA University, Cha Bio Complex, Seongnam-si, South Korea
- Research Competency Milestones Program (RECOMP) of School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Research Institute for Basic Medical Science, CHA University, Cha Bio Complex, Seongnam-si, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Min-Soo Kwon,
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58
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Al Omran AJ, Shao AS, Watanabe S, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Xue C, Watanabe J, Davies DL, Shao XM, Liang J. Social isolation induces neuroinflammation and microglia overactivation, while dihydromyricetin prevents and improves them. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:2. [PMID: 34983568 PMCID: PMC8724741 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental illnesses in the U.S. and are estimated to consume one-third of the country's mental health treatment cost. Although anxiolytic therapies are available, many patients still exhibit treatment resistance, relapse, or substantial side effects. Further, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and stay-at-home order, social isolation, fear of the pandemic, and unprecedented times, the incidence of anxiety has dramatically increased. Previously, we have demonstrated dihydromyricetin (DHM), the major bioactive flavonoid extracted from Ampelopsis grossedentata, exhibits anxiolytic properties in a mouse model of social isolation-induced anxiety. Because GABAergic transmission modulates the immune system in addition to the inhibitory signal transmission, we investigated the effects of short-term social isolation on the neuroimmune system. METHODS Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were housed under absolute social isolation for 4 weeks. The anxiety-like behaviors after DHM treatment were examined using elevated plus-maze and open field behavioral tests. Gephyrin protein expression, microglial profile changes, NF-κB pathway activation, cytokine level, and serum corticosterone were measured. RESULTS Socially isolated mice showed increased anxiety levels, reduced exploratory behaviors, and reduced gephyrin levels. Also, a dynamic alteration in hippocampal microglia were detected illustrated as a decline in microglia number and overactivation as determined by significant morphological changes including decreases in lacunarity, perimeter, and cell size and increase in cell density. Moreover, social isolation induced an increase in serum corticosterone level and activation in NF-κB pathway. Notably, DHM treatment counteracted these changes. CONCLUSION The results suggest that social isolation contributes to neuroinflammation, while DHM has the ability to improve neuroinflammation induced by anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzahra J Al Omran
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Amy S Shao
- Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Saki Watanabe
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Translational Research Lab, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Chen Xue
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Junji Watanabe
- Translational Research Lab, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Daryl L Davies
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Xuesi M Shao
- Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jing Liang
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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59
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Abstract
The last century was characterized by a significant scientific effort aimed at unveiling the neurobiological basis of learning and memory. Thanks to the characterization of the mechanisms regulating the long-term changes of neuronal synaptic connections, it was possible to understand how specific neural networks shape themselves during the acquisition of memory traces or complex motor tasks. In this chapter, we will summarize the mechanisms underlying the main forms of synaptic plasticity taking advantage of the studies performed in the hippocampus and in the nucleus striatum, key brain structures that play a crucial role in cognition. Moreover, we will discuss how the molecular pathways involved in the induction of physiologic synaptic long-term changes could be disrupted during neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders, highlighting the translational relevance of this intriguing research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mancini
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Antonio de Iure
- IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Picconi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, Rome, Italy; University San Raffaele, Rome, Italy.
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60
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Li Q, Li H, Yao X, Wang C, Liu H, Xu D, Yang C, Zhuang H, Xiao Y, Liu R, Shen S, Zhou S, Fu C, Wang Y, Teng G, Liu L. Stress Response and Hearing Loss Differentially Contribute to Dynamic Alterations in Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Microglial Reactivity in Mice Exposed to Acute Noise Exposure. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:749925. [PMID: 34955715 PMCID: PMC8692372 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.749925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is one of the most prevalent forms of acquired hearing loss, and it is associated with aberrant microglial status and reduced hippocampal neurogenesis; however, the nature of these associations is far from being elucidated. Beyond its direct effects on the auditory system, exposure to intense noise has previously been shown to acutely activate the stress response, which has increasingly been linked to both microglial activity and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in recent years. Given the pervasiveness of noise pollution in modern society and the important implications of either microglial activity or hippocampal neurogenesis for cognitive and emotional function, this study was designed to investigate how microglial status and hippocampal neurogenesis change over time following acoustic exposure and to analyze the possible roles of the noise exposure-induced stress response and hearing loss in these changes. To accomplish this, adult male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to either a control or noise exposure (NE) group. Auditory function was assessed by measuring ABR thresholds at 20 days post noise exposure. The time-course profile of serum corticosterone levels, microglial status, and hippocampal neurogenesis during the 28 days following noise exposure were quantified by ELISA or immunofluorescence staining. Our results illustrated a permanent moderate-to-severe degree of hearing loss, an early but transient increase in serum corticosterone levels, and time-dependent dynamic alterations in microglial activation status and hippocampal neurogenesis, which both present an early but transient change and a late but enduring change. These findings provide evidence that both the stress response and hearing loss contribute to the dynamic alterations of microglia and hippocampal neurogenesis following noise exposure; moreover, noise-induced permanent hearing loss rather than noise-induced transient stress is more likely to be responsible for perpetuating the neurodegenerative process associated with many neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuting Yao
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Conghui Wang
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiqing Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Xu
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenxi Yang
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Zhuang
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sinuo Shen
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaoyang Zhou
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenge Fu
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaojun Teng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Medical School, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijie Liu
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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61
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Logiacco F, Xia P, Georgiev SV, Franconi C, Chang YJ, Ugursu B, Sporbert A, Kühn R, Kettenmann H, Semtner M. Microglia sense neuronal activity via GABA in the early postnatal hippocampus. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110128. [PMID: 34965412 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident macrophages in the central nervous system, express receptors for classical neurotransmitters, such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, suggesting that they sense synaptic activity. To detect microglial Ca2+ responses to neuronal activity, we generate transgenic mouse lines expressing the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator GCaMP6m, specifically in microglia and demonstrate that electrical stimulation of the Schaffer collateral pathway results in microglial Ca2+ responses in early postnatal but not adult hippocampus. Preceding the microglial responses, we also observe similar Ca2+ responses in astrocytes, and both are sensitive to tetrodotoxin. Blocking astrocytic glutamate uptake or GABA transport abolishes stimulation-induced microglial responses as well as antagonizing the microglial GABAB receptor. Our data, therefore, suggest that the neuronal activity-induced glutamate uptake and the release of GABA by astrocytes trigger the activation of GABAB receptors in microglia. This neuron, astrocyte, and microglia communication pathway might modulate microglial activity in developing neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Logiacco
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pengfei Xia
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Svilen Veselinov Georgiev
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Celeste Franconi
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yi-Jen Chang
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bilge Ugursu
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Experimental Ophthalmology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anje Sporbert
- Advanced Light Microscopy, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Kühn
- Transgenic Core Facility, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Marcus Semtner
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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Levi H, Bar E, Cohen-Adiv S, Sweitat S, Kanner S, Galron R, Mitiagin Y, Barzilai A. Dysfunction of cerebellar microglia in Ataxia-telangiectasia. Glia 2021; 70:536-557. [PMID: 34854502 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a multisystem autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the ATM gene and characterized by cerebellar atrophy, progressive ataxia, immunodeficiency, male and female sterility, radiosensitivity, cancer predisposition, growth retardation, insulin-resistant diabetes, and premature aging. ATM phosphorylates more than 1500 target proteins, which are involved in cell cycle control, DNA repair, apoptosis, modulation of chromatin structure, and other cytoplasmic as well as mitochondrial processes. In our quest to better understand the mechanisms by which ATM deficiency causes cerebellar degeneration, we hypothesized that specific vulnerabilities of cerebellar microglia underlie the etiology of A-T. Our hypothesis is based on the recent finding that dysfunction of glial cells affect a variety of process leading to impaired neuronal functionality (Song et al., 2019). Whereas astrocytes and neurons descend from the neural tube, microglia originate from the hematopoietic system, invade the brain at early embryonic stage, and become the innate immune cells of the central nervous system and important participants in development of synaptic plasticity. Here we demonstrate that microglia derived from Atm-/- mouse cerebellum display accelerated cell migration and are severely impaired in phagocytosis, secretion of neurotrophic factors, and mitochondrial activity, suggestive of apoptotic processes. Interestingly, no microglial impairment was detected in Atm-deficient cerebral cortex, and Atm deficiency had less impact on astroglia than microglia. Collectively, our findings validate the roles of glial cells in cerebellar attrition in A-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Levi
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ela Bar
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Stav Cohen-Adiv
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Suzan Sweitat
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sivan Kanner
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronit Galron
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yulia Mitiagin
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ari Barzilai
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Pottenger AE, Bartlett MJ, Sherman SJ, Falk T, Morrison HW. Evaluation of microglia in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease primed with L-DOPA after sub-anesthetic ketamine treatment. Neurosci Lett 2021; 765:136251. [PMID: 34536508 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), characterized by motor dysfunction. While PD symptoms are well treated with L-DOPA, continuous use can cause L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). We have previously demonstrated that sub-anesthetic ketamine attenuated LID development in rodents, measured by abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs), and reduced the density of maladaptive striatal dendritic mushroom spines. Microglia may play a role by phagocytosing maladaptive neuronal spines. In this exploratory study, we hypothesized that ketamine would prevent AIMs and change microglia ramified morphology - an indicator of a microglia response. Unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats were primed with daily injections of L-DOPA for 14 days, treated on days 0 and 7 for 10-hours with sub-anesthetic ketamine (i.p.), and we replicated that this attenuated LID development. We further extended our prior work by showing that while ketamine treatment did lead to an increase of striatal interleukin-6 in dyskinetic rats, indicating a modulation of an inflammatory response, it did not change microglia number or morphology in the dyskinetic striatum. Yet an increase of CD68 in the SNpc of 6-OHDA-lesioned hemispheres post-ketamine indicates increased microglia phagocytosis suggestive of a lingering microglial response to 6-OHDA injury in the SNpc pointing to possible anti-inflammatory action in the PD model in addition to anti-dyskinetic action. In conclusion, we provide further support for sub-anesthetic ketamine treatment of LID. The mechanisms of action for ketamine, specifically related to inflammation and microglia phagocytic functions, are emerging, and require further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi E Pottenger
- University of Arizona, College of Science, 1007 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Mitchell J Bartlett
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Scott J Sherman
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Torsten Falk
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Helena W Morrison
- University of Arizona, College of Nursing, 1305 N. Martin Ave, P.O. Box 210203, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Xavier S, Soch A, Younesi S, Malik S, Spencer SJ, Sominsky L. Maternal diet before and during pregnancy modulates microglial activation and neurogenesis in the postpartum rat brain. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 98:185-197. [PMID: 34418500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The implications of poor maternal diet on offspring metabolic and neuroimmune development are well established. Increasing evidence now suggests that maternal obesity and poor diet can also increase the risk of postpartum mood disorders, but the mechanisms are unknown. Here we investigated the effects of a poor, high-fat-high-sugar diet (HFSD) on peripheral and central inflammation, neurogenesis and postpartum anxiety-like behaviours. We hypothesised that long-term consumption of a HFSD pre- and post-conception would increase the levels of circulating cytokines and induce microglial activation, particularly in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC), as the primary brain region involved in the integration of satiety signalling; and this would lead to increased anxiety, stress responsivity and disrupted neurogenesis. We further hypothesised that these effects would be ameliorated by consumption of a healthier diet during pregnancy - specifically a diet high in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). As expected, the HFSD significantly increased pre-conception body weight, elevated circulating cytokines and activated microglia in the ARC, as well as in the basolateral amygdala. The HFSD also significantly increased the numbers of immature (doublecortin (DCX)-positive) neurons in the subgranular/granular region of the hippocampus, a neurogenic response that was, surprisingly, mimicked by consumption of a diet high in omega-3 PUFAs. Despite these effects of peri-pregnancy dietary imbalance, we detected no differences in anxiety-like behaviours or hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity between the groups. A shift to a healthier diet post-conception reversed the peripheral inflammation and alleviated the microglial activation. These novel data indicate the importance of a balanced peri-pregnancy diet and highlight the need for future research into key triggers that alter the neuroimmune balance in the maternal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soniya Xavier
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alita Soch
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simin Younesi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sajida Malik
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Luba Sominsky
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Barwon Health Laboratory, Barwon Health University Hospital, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Institute for Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Transformation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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65
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Abdelzaher WY, Mohammed HH, Welson NN, Batiha GES, Baty RS, Abdel-Aziz AM. Rivaroxaban Modulates TLR4/Myd88/NF-Kβ Signaling Pathway in a Dose-Dependent Manner With Suppression of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in an Experimental Model of Depression. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:715354. [PMID: 34630092 PMCID: PMC8497790 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.715354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common mental illness leading to upset or anxiety, with a high incidence rate in the world. Depression can lead to suicidal thoughts and behavior. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the direct oral anticoagulant rivaroxaban (RVX), in the model of depression induced by chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS) in rats. Fifty-six male Wister rats were randomly divided into seven experimental groups (8 rats/group); Group 1: Control group given vehicle per oral (p.o.), Group 2: RVXL-control group (received rivaroxaban 20 mg/kg/day, p.o..), Group 3: RVXH-control group (received rivaroxaban 30 mg/kg/day, p.o.), Group 4: chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) group, Group 5: FLX-treated CUMS group (received fluoxetine 10 mg/kg/day, p.o..), Group 6: RVXL-treated CUMS group (received rivaroxaban 20 mg/kg/day, p.o.), and Group 7: RVXH-treated CUMS group (received rivaroxaban 30 mg/kg/day, p.o.). The rats received the drugs from the first day of the experiment and continued till 4 weeks-the duration of the study. The following were measured: monoamine neurotransmitters, malondialdehyde (MDA), total nitrite/nitrate (NOx), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A). A forced swimming test (FST) was done. Furthermore, histological changes and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoexpression were evaluated. CUMS showed a significant decrease in hypothalamic neurotransmitters, hippocampal GSH, SOD, BNDF, and VEGF-A with a significant increase in hippocampal MDA, NOx, NF-kβ, Myd88, TLR4, TNF-α, and GFAP immunoexpression. RVX showed significant improvement in all parameters (p -value < 0.0001). In conclusion, RVX in a dose-dependent manner possesses potent ameliorative effects against depression by reducing the oxidative stress and inflammatory process, through the regulation of the TLR4/Myd88/NF-kβ signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanaa H Mohammed
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Nermeen N Welson
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Roua S Baty
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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66
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Omran AJA, Shao AS, Watanabe S, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Xue C, Watanabe J, Davies DL, Shao XM, Liang J. Social Isolation Induces Neuroinflammation And Microglia Overactivation, While Dihydromyricetin Prevents And Improves Them. RESEARCH SQUARE 2021. [PMID: 34611661 PMCID: PMC8491854 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-923871/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental illnesses in the U.S. and are estimated to consume one-third of the country’s mental health treatment cost. Although anxiolytic therapies are available, many patients still exhibit treatment-resistance, relapse, or substantial side effects. Further, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and stay-at-home order, social isolation, fear of the pandemic, and unprecedented times, the incidence of anxiety has dramatically increased. Previously, we have demonstrated dihydromyricetin (DHM), the major bioactive flavonoid extracted from Ampelopsis grossedentata, exhibits anxiolytic properties in a mouse model of social isolation-induced anxiety. Because GABAergic transmission modulates the immune system in addition to the inhibitory signal transmission, we investigated the effects of short-term social isolation on the neuroimmune system. Methods: Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were housed under absolute social isolation for 4 weeks. The anxiety like behaviors after DHM treatment were examined using elevated plus maze and open field behavioral tests. Gephyrin protein expression, microglial profile changes, NF-κB pathway activation, cytokine level, and serum corticosterone were measured. Results: Socially isolated mice showed increased anxiety levels, reduced exploratory behaviors, and reduced gephyrin levels. Also, a dynamic alteration in hippocampal microglia were detected illustrated as a decline in microglia number and overactivation as determined by significant morphological changes including decreases in lacunarity, perimeter, and cell size and increase in cell density. Moreover, social isolation also induced an increase in serum corticosterone level and activation in NF-κB pathway. Notably, DHM treatment counteracted these changes. Conclusion: The results suggest that social isolation contributes to neuroinflammation, while DHM has the ability to restore neuroinflammatory changes induced by anxiety.
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67
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Ishikawa Y, Furuyashiki T. The impact of stress on immune systems and its relevance to mental illness. Neurosci Res 2021; 175:16-24. [PMID: 34606943 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stress due to adverse and demanding conditions alters immune functions. How innate and adaptive immune systems respond to stress and affect neural processes remains unclear. Rodent studies have demonstrated crucial roles of stress-induced immune responses for depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors. In the periphery, stress evokes the mobilization of neutrophils and monocytes to the circulation via sympathetic nerves and glucocorticoids. These myeloid cells are thought to promote depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors by infiltrating the brain's perivascular space, releasing cytokines, and affecting vascular endothelial functions. In the brain, stress activates microglia via innate immune receptors TLR2/4. The activated microglia in the medial prefrontal cortex secrete cytokines and alter neuronal morphology and activity in their vicinity. In subcortical brain areas, prostaglandin (PG) E2 released from the activated microglia attenuates the dopaminergic projection to the medial prefrontal cortex via PGE receptor EP1. These multiple actions of microglia promote depressive-like behavior in concert. These rodent findings may be translatable to depression that clinical studies have associated with brain and peripheral inflammations. Understanding causal relationships between immune and neural alterations under stress might be exploitable to develop inflammation-targeting therapeutics for mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ishikawa
- Division of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Furuyashiki
- Division of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
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68
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Abdi M, Pasbakhsh P, Shabani M, Nekoonam S, Sadeghi A, Fathi F, Abouzaripour M, Mohamed W, Zibara K, Kashani IR, Zendedel A. Metformin Therapy Attenuates Pro-inflammatory Microglia by Inhibiting NF-κB in Cuprizone Demyelinating Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1732-1746. [PMID: 34570348 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disorder characterized by reactive gliosis, inflammation, and demyelination. Microglia plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of MS and has the dynamic plasticity to polarize between pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes. Metformin, a glucose-lowering drug, attenuates inflammatory responses by activating adenosine monophosphate protein kinase (AMPK) which suppresses nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). In this study, we indirectly investigated whether metformin therapy would regulate microglia activity in the cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination mouse model of MS via measuring the markers associated with pro- and anti-inflammatory microglia. Evaluation of myelin by luxol fast blue staining revealed that metformin treatment (CPZ + Met) diminished demyelination, in comparison to CPZ mice. In addition, metformin therapy significantly alleviated reactive microgliosis and astrogliosis in the corpus callosum, as measured by Iba-1 and GFAP staining. Moreover, metformin treatment significantly downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory associated genes (iNOS, H2-Aa, and TNF-α) in the corpus callosum, whereas expression of anti-inflammatory markers (Arg1, Mrc1, and IL10) was not promoted, compared to CPZ mice. Furthermore, protein levels of iNOS (pro-inflammatory marker) were significantly decreased in the metformin group, while those of Trem2 (anti-inflammatory marker) were increased. In addition, metformin significantly increased AMPK activation in CPZ mice. Finally, metformin administration significantly reduced the activation level of NF-κB in CPZ mice. In summary, our data revealed that metformin attenuated pro-inflammatory microglia markers through suppressing NF-κB activity. The positive effects of metformin on microglia and remyelination suggest that it could be used as a promising candidate to lessen the incidence of inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdad Abdi
- Department of Anatomy, school of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parichehr Pasbakhsh
- Department of Anatomy, school of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Shabani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saied Nekoonam
- Department of Anatomy, school of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asie Sadeghi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fardin Fathi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | - Wael Mohamed
- Basic Medical Science Department, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia.,Clinical Pharmacology Department, Menoufia Medical School, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Kazem Zibara
- PRASE and Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Iraj Ragerdi Kashani
- Department of Anatomy, school of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Prowse N, Hayley S. Microglia and BDNF at the crossroads of stressor related disorders: Towards a unique trophic phenotype. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:135-163. [PMID: 34537262 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stressors ranging from psychogenic/social to neurogenic/injury to systemic/microbial can impact microglial inflammatory processes, but less is known regarding their effects on trophic properties of microglia. Recent studies do suggest that microglia can modulate neuronal plasticity, possibly through brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This is particularly important given the link between BDNF and neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative pathology. We posit that certain activated states of microglia play a role in maintaining the delicate balance of BDNF release onto neuronal synapses. This focused review will address how different "activators" influence the expression and release of microglial BDNF and address the question of tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) expression on microglia. We will then assess sex-based differences in microglial function and BDNF expression, and how microglia are involved in the stress response and related disorders such as depression. Drawing on research from a variety of other disorders, we will highlight challenges and opportunities for modulators that can shift microglia to a "trophic" phenotype with a view to potential therapeutics relevant for stressor-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Prowse
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Shawn Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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70
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Yip JL, Balasuriya GK, Spencer SJ, Hill-Yardin EL. The Role of Intestinal Macrophages in Gastrointestinal Homeostasis: Heterogeneity and Implications in Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1701-1718. [PMID: 34506953 PMCID: PMC8551786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal macrophages play a key role in the gut immune system and the regulation of gastrointestinal physiology, including gut motility and secretion. Their ability to keep the gut from chronic inflammation despite constantly facing foreign antigens has been an important focus in gastrointestinal research. However, the heterogeneity of intestinal macrophages has impeded our understanding of their specific roles. It is now becoming clear that subsets of intestinal macrophages play diverse roles in various gastrointestinal diseases. This occurs through a complex interplay between cytokine production and enteric nervous system activation that differs for each pathologic condition. Key diseases and disorders in which intestinal macrophages play a role include postoperative ileus, inflammatory bowel disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, as well as gastrointestinal disorders associated with human immunodeficiency virus and Parkinson's disease. Here, we review the identification of intestinal macrophage subsets based on their origins and functions, how specific subsets regulate gut physiology, and the potential for these heterogeneous subpopulations to contribute to disease states. Furthermore, we outline the potential for these subpopulations to provide unique targets for the development of novel therapies for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah J. Spencer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Royal Melbourne Instutite of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elisa L. Hill-Yardin
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Elisa L. Hill-Yardin, PhD, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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71
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Woo E, Sansing LH, Arnsten AFT, Datta D. Chronic Stress Weakens Connectivity in the Prefrontal Cortex: Architectural and Molecular Changes. CHRONIC STRESS 2021; 5:24705470211029254. [PMID: 34485797 PMCID: PMC8408896 DOI: 10.1177/24705470211029254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to uncontrollable stress causes loss of spines and dendrites in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a recently evolved brain region that provides top-down regulation of thought, action, and emotion. PFC neurons generate top-down goals through recurrent excitatory connections on spines. This persistent firing is the foundation for higher cognition, including working memory, and abstract thought. However, exposure to acute uncontrollable stress drives high levels of catecholamine release in the PFC, which activates feedforward calcium-cAMP signaling pathways to open nearby potassium channels, rapidly weakening synaptic connectivity to reduce persistent firing. Chronic stress exposures can further exacerbate these signaling events leading to loss of spines and resulting in marked cognitive impairment. In this review, we discuss how stress signaling mechanisms can lead to spine loss, including changes to BDNF-mTORC1 signaling, calcium homeostasis, actin dynamics, and mitochondrial actions that engage glial removal of spines through inflammatory signaling. Stress signaling events may be amplified in PFC spines due to cAMP magnification of internal calcium release. As PFC dendritic spine loss is a feature of many cognitive disorders, understanding how stress affects the structure and function of the PFC will help to inform strategies for treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Woo
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurology, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lauren H Sansing
- Department of Neurology, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amy F T Arnsten
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dibyadeep Datta
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
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Beneficial effects of running exercise on hippocampal microglia and neuroinflammation in chronic unpredictable stress-induced depression model rats. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:461. [PMID: 34489395 PMCID: PMC8421357 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01571-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Running exercise has been shown to relieve symptoms of depression, but the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects are unclear. Microglia and concomitant dysregulated neuroinflammation play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of depression. However, the effects of running exercise on hippocampal neuroinflammation and the number and activation of microglia in depression have not been studied. In this study, rats were subjected to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) for 5 weeks followed by treadmill running for 6 weeks. The depressive-like symptoms of the rats were assessed with a sucrose preference test (SPT). Immunohistochemistry and stereology were performed to quantify the total number of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)+ microglia, and immunofluorescence was used to quantify the density of Iba1+/cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68)+ in subregions of the hippocampus. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus were measured by qRT-PCR and ELISA. The results showed that running exercise reversed the decreased sucrose preference of rats with CUS-induced depression. In addition, CUS increased the number of hippocampal microglia and microglial activation in rats, but running exercise attenuated the CUS-induced increases in the number of microglia in the hippocampus and microglial activation in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. Furthermore, CUS significantly increased the hippocampal levels of inflammatory factors, and the increases in inflammatory factors in the hippocampus were suppressed by running exercise. These results suggest that the antidepressant effects of exercise may be mediated by reducing the number of microglia and inhibiting microglial activation and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus.
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73
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Van Steenbergen V, Bareyre FM. Chemogenetic approaches to unravel circuit wiring and related behavior after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 345:113839. [PMID: 34389362 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A critical shortcoming of the central nervous system is its limited ability to repair injured nerve connections. Trying to overcome this limitation is not only relevant to understand basic neurobiological principles but also holds great promise to advance therapeutic strategies related, in particular, to spinal cord injury (SCI). With barely any SCI patients re-gaining complete neurological function, there is a high need to understand how we could target and improve spinal plasticity to re-establish neuronal connections into a functional network. The development of chemogenetic tools has proven to be of great value to understand functional circuit wiring before and after injury and to correlate novel circuit formation with behavioral outcomes. This review covers commonly used chemogenetic approaches based on metabotropic receptors and their use to improve our understanding of circuit wiring following spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Van Steenbergen
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Florence M Bareyre
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany.
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74
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Delahaye-Duriez A, Dufour A, Bokobza C, Gressens P, Van Steenwinckel J. Targeting Microglial Disturbances to Protect the Brain From Neurodevelopmental Disorders Associated With Prematurity. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:634-648. [PMID: 34363661 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation during critical phases of brain development can result in short- and long-term consequences for neurological and psychiatric health. Several studies in humans and rodents have shown that microglial activation, leading to a transition from the homeostatic state toward a proinflammatory phenotype, has adverse effects on the developing brain and neurodevelopmental disorders. Targeting proinflammatory microglia may be an effective strategy for protecting the brain and attenuating neurodevelopmental disorders induced by inflammation. In this review we focus on the role of inflammation and the activation of immature microglia (pre-microglia) soon after birth in prematurity-associated neurodevelopmental disorders, and the specific features of pre-microglia during development. We also highlight the relevance of immunomodulatory strategies for regulating activated microglia in a rodent model of perinatal brain injury. An original neuroprotective approach involving a nanoparticle-based therapy and targeting microglia, with the aim of improving myelination and protecting the developing brain, is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée Delahaye-Duriez
- From the NeuroDiderot, UMR 1141, Inserm, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,UFR SMBH, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France.,Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Bondy, France
| | - Adrien Dufour
- From the NeuroDiderot, UMR 1141, Inserm, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Cindy Bokobza
- From the NeuroDiderot, UMR 1141, Inserm, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- From the NeuroDiderot, UMR 1141, Inserm, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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75
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Dominguini D, Steckert AV, Michels M, Spies MB, Ritter C, Barichello T, Thompson J, Dal-Pizzol F. The effects of anaesthetics and sedatives on brain inflammation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:504-513. [PMID: 33992694 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are involved in many dynamic processes in the central nervous system (CNS) including the development of inflammatory processes and neuromodulation. Several sedative, analgesic or anaesthetic drugs, such as opioids, ∝2-adrenergic agonists, ketamine, benzodiazepines and propofol can cause both neuroprotective and harmful effects on the brain. The purpose of this review is to present the main findings on the use of these drugs and the mechanisms involved in microglial activation. Alpha 2-adrenergic agonists, propofol and benzodiazepines have several pro- or anti-inflammatory effects on microglia. Long-term use of benzodiazepines and propofol causes neuroapoptotic effects and α2-adrenergic agonists may attenuate these effects. Conversely, morphine and fentanyl may have proinflammatory effects, causing behavioural changes in patients and changes in cell viability in vitro. Conversely, chronic administration of morphine induces CCL5 chemokine expression in microglial cells that promotes their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Dominguini
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Amanda V Steckert
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Monique Michels
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariana B Spies
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Ritter
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Thompson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Anaesthesia Critical Care and Pain Management Group, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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76
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Kalafatakis I, Karagogeos D. Oligodendrocytes and Microglia: Key Players in Myelin Development, Damage and Repair. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1058. [PMID: 34356682 PMCID: PMC8301746 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes, the myelin-making cells of the CNS, regulate the complex process of myelination under physiological and pathological conditions, significantly aided by other glial cell types such as microglia, the brain-resident, macrophage-like innate immune cells. In this review, we summarize how oligodendrocytes orchestrate myelination, and especially myelin repair after damage, and present novel aspects of oligodendroglial functions. We emphasize the contribution of microglia in the generation and regeneration of myelin by discussing their beneficial and detrimental roles, especially in remyelination, underlining the cellular and molecular components involved. Finally, we present recent findings towards human stem cell-derived preclinical models for the study of microglia in human pathologies and on the role of microbiome on glial cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Kalafatakis
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Basic Science, University of Crete Medical School, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- IMBB FORTH, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Basic Science, University of Crete Medical School, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- IMBB FORTH, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
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77
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Wu C, Bendriem RM, Freed WJ, Lee CT. Transcriptome analysis of human dorsal striatum implicates attenuated canonical WNT signaling in neuroinflammation and in age-related impairment of striatal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2021; 39:247-266. [PMID: 34275915 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-211161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor and cognitive decline as part of the normal aging process is linked to alterations in synaptic plasticity and reduction of adult neurogenesis in the dorsal striatum. Neuroinflammation, particularly in the form of microglial activation, is suggested to contribute to these age-associated changes. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS To explore the molecular basis of alterations in striatal function during aging we analyzed RNA-Seq data for 117 postmortem human dorsal caudate samples and 97 putamen samples acquired through GTEx. RESULTS Increased expression of neuroinflammatory transcripts including TREM2, MHC II molecules HLA-DMB, HLA-DQA2, HLA-DPA1, HLA-DPB1, HLA-DMA and HLA-DRA, complement genes C1QA, C1QB, CIQC and C3AR1, and MHCI molecules HLA-B and HLA-F was identified. We also identified down-regulation of transcripts involved in neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and synaptic pruning, including DCX, CX3CL1, and CD200, and the canonical WNTs WNT7A, WNT7B, and WNT8A. The canonical WNT signaling pathway has previously been shown to mediate adult neurogenesis and synapse formation and growth. Recent findings also highlight the link between WNT/β-catenin signaling and inflammation pathways. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that age-dependent attenuation of canonical WNT signaling plays a pivotal role in regulating striatal plasticity during aging. Dysregulation of WNT/β-catenin signaling via astrocyte-microglial interactions is suggested to be a novel mechanism that drives the decline of striatal neurogenesis and altered synaptic connectivity and plasticity, leading to a subsequent decrease in motor and cognitive performance with age. These findings may aid in the development of therapies targeting WNT/β-catenin signaling to combat cognitive and motor impairments associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Raphael M Bendriem
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - William J Freed
- Department of Biology, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA, USA
| | - Chun-Ting Lee
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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78
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Huang Z, Tan S. P2X7 Receptor as a Potential Target for Major Depressive Disorder. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:1108-1120. [PMID: 33494675 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210120141908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mental disorder. Although the genetic, biochemical, and psychological factors have been related to the development of MDD, it is generally believed that a series of pathological changes in the brain caused by chronic stress is the main cause of MDD. However, the specific mechanisms underlying chronic stress-induced MDD are largely undermined. Recent investigations have found that increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and changes in the inflammatory pathway in the microglia cells in the brain are the potential pathophysiological mechanism of MDD. P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) and its mediated signaling pathway play a key role in microglia activation. The present review aimed to present and discuss the accumulating data on the role of P2X7R in MDD. Firstly, we summarized the research progress in the correlation between P2X7R and MDD. Subsequently, we presented the P2X7R mediated microglia activation in MDD and the role of P2X7R in increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability caused by chronic stress. Lastly, we also discussed the potential mechanism underlying-P2X7R expression changes after chronic stress. In conclusion, P2X7R is a key molecule regulating the activation of microglia. Chronic stress activates microglia in the hippocampus by secreting interleukin- 1β (IL-1β) and other inflammatory cytokines, and increasing the BBB permeability, thus promoting the occurrence and development of MDD, which indicated that P2X7R might be a promising therapeutic target for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyi Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Sijie Tan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, 421001, Hunan, China
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79
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Zengeler KE, Lukens JR. Innate immunity at the crossroads of healthy brain maturation and neurodevelopmental disorders. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:454-468. [PMID: 33479477 PMCID: PMC9213174 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-00487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The immune and nervous systems have unique developmental trajectories that individually build intricate networks of cells with highly specialized functions. These two systems have extensive mechanistic overlap and frequently coordinate to accomplish the proper growth and maturation of an organism. Brain resident innate immune cells - microglia - have the capacity to sculpt neural circuitry and coordinate copious and diverse neurodevelopmental processes. Moreover, many immune cells and immune-related signalling molecules are found in the developing nervous system and contribute to healthy neurodevelopment. In particular, many components of the innate immune system, including Toll-like receptors, cytokines, inflammasomes and phagocytic signals, are critical contributors to healthy brain development. Accordingly, dysfunction in innate immune signalling pathways has been functionally linked to many neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism and schizophrenia. This review discusses the essential roles of microglia and innate immune signalling in the assembly and maintenance of a properly functioning nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine E Zengeler
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Cell and Molecular Biology Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - John R Lukens
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Cell and Molecular Biology Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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80
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Shao S, Xu CB, Chen CJ, Shi GN, Guo QL, Zhou Y, Wei YZ, Wu L, Shi JG, Zhang TT. Divanillyl sulfone suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation via inducing mitophagy to ameliorate chronic neuropathic pain in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:142. [PMID: 34162415 PMCID: PMC8223331 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic neuropathic pain is a frequent sequel to peripheral nerve injury and maladaptive nervous system function. Divanillyl sulfone (DS), a novel structural derivative of 4,4′-dihydroxydibenzyl sulfoxide from a traditional Chinese medicine Gastrodia elata with anti-nociceptive effects, significantly alleviated neuropathic pain following intrathecal injection. Here, we aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of DS against neuropathic pain. Methods A chronic constrictive injury (CCI) mouse model of neuropathic pain induced by sciatic nerve ligation was performed to evaluate the effect of DS by measuring the limb withdrawal using Von Frey filament test. Immunofluorescence staining was used to assess the cell localizations and expressions of Iba-1, ASC, NLRP3, and ROS, the formation of autolysosome. The levels of NLRP3-related proteins (caspase-1, NLRP3, and IL-1β), mitophagy-related proteins (LC3, Beclin-1, and p62), and apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-XL and Bax) were detected by Western blotting. The apoptosis of BV-2 cell and caspase activity were evaluated by flow cytometry. Results DS significantly alleviated the neuropathic pain by increasing the mechanical withdrawal threshold and inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 in CCI-induced model mice. Our findings indicated that DS promoted the mitophagy by increasing the LC3II and Beclin 1 and decreasing the levels of p62 protein in BV-2 cell. This is accompanied by the inhibition of NLRP3 activation, which was shown as inhibited the expression of NLRP3 in lysates as well as the secretion of mature caspase-1 p10 and IL-1β p17 in supernatants in cultured BV-2 microglia. In addition, DS could promote mitophagy-induced improvement of dysfunctional mitochondria by clearing intracellular ROS and restoring mitochondrial membrane potential. Conclusion Together, our findings demonstrated that DS ameliorate chronic neuropathic pain in mice by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation induced by mitophagy in microglia. DS may be a promising therapeutic agent for chronic neuropathic pain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02178-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Cheng-Bo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Cheng-Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Gao-Na Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qing-Lan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ya-Zi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jian-Gong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Tian-Tai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Jacob J, Kent M, Benson-Amram S, Herculano-Houzel S, Raghanti MA, Ploppert E, Drake J, Hindi B, Natale NR, Daniels S, Fanelli R, Miller A, Landis T, Gilbert A, Johnson S, Lai A, Hyer M, Rzucidlo A, Anchor C, Gehrt S, Lambert K. Cytoarchitectural characteristics associated with cognitive flexibility in raccoons. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:3375-3388. [PMID: 34076254 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
With rates of psychiatric illnesses such as depression continuing to rise, additional preclinical models are needed to facilitate translational neuroscience research. In the current study, the raccoon (Procyon lotor) was investigated due to its similarities with primate brains, including comparable proportional neuronal densities, cortical magnification of the forepaw area, and cortical gyrification. Specifically, we report on the cytoarchitectural characteristics of raccoons profiled as high, intermediate, or low solvers in a multiaccess problem-solving task. Isotropic fractionation indicated that high-solvers had significantly more cells in the hippocampus (HC) than the other solving groups; further, a nonsignificant trend suggested that this increase in cell profile density was due to increased nonneuronal (e.g., glial) cells. Group differences were not observed in the cellular density of the somatosensory cortex. Thionin-based staining confirmed the presence of von Economo neurons (VENs) in the frontoinsular cortex, although no impact of solving ability on VEN cell profile density levels was observed. Elongated fusiform cells were quantified in the HC dentate gyrus where high-solvers were observed to have higher levels of this cell type than the other solving groups. In sum, the current findings suggest that varying cytoarchitectural phenotypes contribute to cognitive flexibility. Additional research is necessary to determine the translational value of cytoarchitectural distribution patterns on adaptive behavioral outcomes associated with cognitive performance and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jacob
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Molly Kent
- Department of Biology, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Virginia, USA
| | - Sarah Benson-Amram
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Mary Ann Raghanti
- Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, and Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily Ploppert
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jack Drake
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Bilal Hindi
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Nick R Natale
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sarah Daniels
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Rachel Fanelli
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Anderson Miller
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tim Landis
- Department of Psychology, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Virginia, USA
| | - Amy Gilbert
- USDA-APHIS-WS National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Shylo Johnson
- USDA-APHIS-WS National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Annie Lai
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Molly Hyer
- Department of Psychology, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Virginia, USA
| | - Amanda Rzucidlo
- Forest Preserve District of Cook County, River Forest, Illinois, USA
| | - Chris Anchor
- Forest Preserve District of Cook County, River Forest, Illinois, USA
| | - Stan Gehrt
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kelly Lambert
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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82
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Maccioni RB, Navarrete LP, González A, González-Canacer A, Guzmán-Martínez L, Cortés N. Inflammation: A Major Target for Compounds to Control Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 76:1199-1213. [PMID: 32597798 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several hypotheses have been postulated to explain how Alzheimer's disease is triggered, but none of them provide a unified view of its pathogenesis. The dominant hypothesis based on build-ups of the amyloid-β peptide has been around for longer than three decades; however, up to today, numerous clinical trials based on the amyloid postulates have been attempted, but all of them have failed. Clearly, the revisited tau hypothesis provides a better explanation of the clinical observations of patients, but it needs to integrate the cumulative observations on the onset of this disease. In this context, the neuroimmuno modulation theory, based on the involvement of inflammatory events in the central nervous system, accounts for all these observations. In this review we intend to emphasize the idea that neuroinflammation is a main target for the search of new therapeutic strategies to control Alzheimer's disease. Beyond mono-targeting approaches using synthetic drugs that control only specific pathophysiological events, emerging therapeutics views based on multi targeting compounds appear to provide a new pathway for Alzheimer's disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo B Maccioni
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Functional Medicine, International Center for Biomedicine, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile, and Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo P Navarrete
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Functional Medicine, International Center for Biomedicine, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile, and Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea González
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Functional Medicine, International Center for Biomedicine, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile, and Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra González-Canacer
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Functional Medicine, International Center for Biomedicine, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile, and Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo Guzmán-Martínez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Functional Medicine, International Center for Biomedicine, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile, and Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Cortés
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Functional Medicine, International Center for Biomedicine, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile, and Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
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83
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Lin Z, Kim E, Ahmed M, Han G, Simmons C, Redhead Y, Bartlett J, Pena Altamira LE, Callaghan I, White MA, Singh N, Sawiak S, Spires-Jones T, Vernon AC, Coleman MP, Green J, Henstridge C, Davies JS, Cash D, Sreedharan J. MRI-guided histology of TDP-43 knock-in mice implicates parvalbumin interneuron loss, impaired neurogenesis and aberrant neurodevelopment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal dementia. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab114. [PMID: 34136812 PMCID: PMC8204366 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia are overlapping diseases in which MRI reveals brain structural changes in advance of symptom onset. Recapitulating these changes in preclinical models would help to improve our understanding of the molecular causes underlying regionally selective brain atrophy in early disease. We therefore investigated the translational potential of the TDP-43Q331K knock-in mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal dementia using MRI. We performed in vivo MRI of TDP-43Q331K knock-in mice. Regions of significant volume change were chosen for post-mortem brain tissue analyses. Ex vivo computed tomography was performed to investigate skull shape. Parvalbumin neuron density was quantified in post-mortem amyotrophic lateral sclerosis frontal cortex. Adult mutants demonstrated parenchymal volume reductions affecting the frontal lobe and entorhinal cortex in a manner reminiscent of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal dementia. Subcortical, cerebellar and brain stem regions were also affected in line with observations in pre-symptomatic carriers of mutations in C9orf72, the commonest genetic cause of both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Volume loss was also observed in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, along with ventricular enlargement. Immunohistochemistry revealed reduced parvalbumin interneurons as a potential cellular correlate of MRI changes in mutant mice. By contrast, microglia was in a disease activated state even in the absence of brain volume loss. A reduction in immature neurons was found in the dentate gyrus, indicative of impaired adult neurogenesis, while a paucity of parvalbumin interneurons in P14 mutant mice suggests that TDP-43Q331K disrupts neurodevelopment. Computerized tomography imaging showed altered skull morphology in mutants, further suggesting a role for TDP-43Q331K in development. Finally, analysis of human post-mortem brains confirmed a paucity of parvalbumin interneurons in the prefrontal cortex in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis linked to C9orf72 mutations. Regional brain MRI changes seen in human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal dementia are recapitulated in TDP-43Q331K knock-in mice. By marrying in vivo imaging with targeted histology, we can unravel cellular and molecular processes underlying selective brain vulnerability in human disease. As well as helping to understand the earliest causes of disease, our MRI and histological markers will be valuable in assessing the efficacy of putative therapeutics in TDP-43Q331K knock-in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Lin
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Eugene Kim
- BRAIN Centre (Biomarker Research And Imaging for Neuroscience), Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Mohi Ahmed
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Floor 27 Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Gang Han
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Camilla Simmons
- BRAIN Centre (Biomarker Research And Imaging for Neuroscience), Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Yushi Redhead
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Floor 27 Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jack Bartlett
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Luis Emiliano Pena Altamira
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Isobel Callaghan
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Matthew A White
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Nisha Singh
- BRAIN Centre (Biomarker Research And Imaging for Neuroscience), Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, 4th floor Lambeth Wing, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Stephen Sawiak
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tara Spires-Jones
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Anthony C Vernon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | | | - Jeremy Green
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Floor 27 Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Christopher Henstridge
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Jeffrey S Davies
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Diana Cash
- BRAIN Centre (Biomarker Research And Imaging for Neuroscience), Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Jemeen Sreedharan
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
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84
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The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and Alzheimer Disease. From Dysbiosis to Neurodegeneration: Focus on the Central Nervous System Glial Cells. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112358. [PMID: 34072107 PMCID: PMC8199461 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiota-gut system can be thought of as a single unit that interacts with the brain via the "two-way" microbiota-gut-brain axis. Through this axis, a constant interplay mediated by the several products originating from the microbiota guarantees the physiological development and shaping of the gut and the brain. In the present review will be described the modalities through which the microbiota and gut control each other, and the main microbiota products conditioning both local and brain homeostasis. Much evidence has accumulated over the past decade in favor of a significant association between dysbiosis, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Presently, the pathogenetic mechanisms triggered by molecules produced by the altered microbiota, also responsible for the onset and evolution of Alzheimer disease, will be described. Our attention will be focused on the role of astrocytes and microglia. Numerous studies have progressively demonstrated how these glial cells are important to ensure an adequate environment for neuronal activity in healthy conditions. Furthermore, it is becoming evident how both cell types can mediate the onset of neuroinflammation and lead to neurodegeneration when subjected to pathological stimuli. Based on this information, the role of the major microbiota products in shifting the activation profiles of astrocytes and microglia from a healthy to a diseased state will be discussed, focusing on Alzheimer disease pathogenesis.
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85
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Gisabella B, Babu J, Valeri J, Rexrode L, Pantazopoulos H. Sleep and Memory Consolidation Dysfunction in Psychiatric Disorders: Evidence for the Involvement of Extracellular Matrix Molecules. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:646678. [PMID: 34054408 PMCID: PMC8160443 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.646678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbances and memory dysfunction are key characteristics across psychiatric disorders. Recent advances have revealed insight into the role of sleep in memory consolidation, pointing to key overlap between memory consolidation processes and structural and molecular abnormalities in psychiatric disorders. Ongoing research regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in memory consolidation has the potential to identify therapeutic targets for memory dysfunction in psychiatric disorders and aging. Recent evidence from our group and others points to extracellular matrix molecules, including chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and their endogenous proteases, as molecules that may underlie synaptic dysfunction in psychiatric disorders and memory consolidation during sleep. These molecules may provide a therapeutic targets for decreasing strength of reward memories in addiction and traumatic memories in PTSD, as well as restoring deficits in memory consolidation in schizophrenia and aging. We review the evidence for sleep and memory consolidation dysfunction in psychiatric disorders and aging in the context of current evidence pointing to the involvement of extracellular matrix molecules in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Harry Pantazopoulos
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
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86
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Edler MK, Mhatre-Winters I, Richardson JR. Microglia in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: A Comparative Species Review. Cells 2021; 10:1138. [PMID: 34066847 PMCID: PMC8150617 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immune cells of the central nervous system that help nourish and support neurons, clear debris, and respond to foreign stimuli. Greatly impacted by their environment, microglia go through rapid changes in cell shape, gene expression, and functional behavior during states of infection, trauma, and neurodegeneration. Aging also has a profound effect on microglia, leading to chronic inflammation and an increase in the brain's susceptibility to neurodegenerative processes that occur in Alzheimer's disease. Despite the scientific community's growing knowledge in the field of neuroinflammation, the overall success rate of drug treatment for age-related and neurodegenerative diseases remains incredibly low. Potential reasons for the lack of translation from animal models to the clinic include the use of a single species model, an assumption of similarity in humans, and ignoring contradictory data or information from other species. To aid in the selection of validated and predictive animal models and to bridge the translational gap, this review evaluates similarities and differences among species in microglial activation and density, morphology and phenotype, cytokine expression, phagocytosis, and production of oxidative species in aging and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K. Edler
- Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA;
| | - Isha Mhatre-Winters
- School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA;
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Jason R. Richardson
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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87
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Sanguino‐Gómez J, Buurstede JC, Abiega O, Fitzsimons CP, Lucassen PJ, Eggen BJL, Lesuis SL, Meijer OC, Krugers HJ. An emerging role for microglia in stress‐effects on memory. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:2491-2518. [PMID: 33724565 PMCID: PMC9373920 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stressful experiences evoke, among others, a rapid increase in brain (nor)epinephrine (NE) levels and a slower increase in glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) in the brain. Microglia are key regulators of neuronal function and contain receptors for NE and GCs. These brain cells may therefore potentially be involved in modulating stress effects on neuronal function and learning and memory. In this review, we discuss that stress induces (1) an increase in microglial numbers as well as (2) a shift toward a pro‐inflammatory profile. These microglia have (3) impaired crosstalk with neurons and (4) disrupted glutamate signaling. Moreover, microglial immune responses after stress (5) alter the kynurenine pathway through metabolites that impair glutamatergic transmission. All these effects could be involved in the impairments in memory and in synaptic plasticity caused by (prolonged) stress, implicating microglia as a potential novel target in stress‐related memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacobus C. Buurstede
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Oihane Abiega
- Brain Plasticity Group SILS‐CNS University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Carlos P. Fitzsimons
- Brain Plasticity Group SILS‐CNS University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Paul J. Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity Group SILS‐CNS University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bart J. L. Eggen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems Section Molecular Neurobiology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Sylvie L. Lesuis
- Brain Plasticity Group SILS‐CNS University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health Hospital for Sick Children Toronto ON Canada
| | - Onno C. Meijer
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Harm J. Krugers
- Brain Plasticity Group SILS‐CNS University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
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88
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Osafo N, Yeboah OK, Antwi AO. Endocannabinoid system and its modulation of brain, gut, joint and skin inflammation. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3665-3680. [PMID: 33909195 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of endogenous cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 and their endogenous ligands has generated interest in the endocannabinoid system and has contributed to the understanding of the role of the endocannabinoid system. Its role in the normal physiology of the body and its implication in pathological states such as cardiovascular diseases, neoplasm, depression and pain have been subjects of scientific interest. In this review the authors focus on the endogenous cannabinoids, and the critical role of cannabinoid receptor signaling in neurodegeneration and other inflammatory responses such as gut, joint and skin inflammation. This review also discusses the potential of endocannabinoid pathways as drug targets in the amelioration of some inflammatory conditions. Though the exact role of the endocannabinoid system is not fully understood, the evidence found much clearly points to a great potential in exploiting both its central and peripheral pathways in disease management. Cannabinoid therapy has proven promising in several preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Newman Osafo
- Department of Pharmacology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Oduro K Yeboah
- Department of Pharmacology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Aaron O Antwi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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89
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Noda M, Liu J, Long J. Neuroprotective and Preventative Effects of Molecular Hydrogen. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:585-591. [PMID: 33076798 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201019103020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the beneficial effects of molecular hydrogen (H2, hydrogen gas) is neuroprotection and prevention of neurological disorders. It is important and useful if taking H2 every day can prevent or ameliorate the progression of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease, both lacking specific therapeutic drugs. There are several mechanisms of how H2 protects neuronal damage. Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and the regulation of the endocrine system via stomach-brain connection seem to play an important role. At the cellular and tissue level, H2 appears to prevent the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and not only hydroxy radical (•OH) but also superoxide. In Parkinson's disease model mice, chronic intake of H2 causes the release of ghrelin from the stomach. In Alzheimer's disease model mice, sex-different neuroprotection is observed by chronic intake of H2. In female mice, declines of estrogen and estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) are prevented by H2, upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB). The question of how drinking H2 upregulates the release of ghrelin or attenuates the decline of estrogen remains to be investigated and the mechanism of how H2 modulates endocrine systems and the fundamental question of what or where is the target of H2 needs to be elucidated for a better understanding of the effects of H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Noda
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine and Center for Translational Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jiangang Long
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine and Center for Translational Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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90
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Hall S, Deurveilher S, Robertson GS, Semba K. Homeostatic state of microglia in a rat model of chronic sleep restriction. Sleep 2021; 43:5849344. [PMID: 32474610 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic sleep restriction (CSR) negatively impacts brain functions. Whether microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, play any role is unknown. We studied microglia responses to CSR using a rat model featuring slowly rotating wheels (3 h on/1 h off), which was previously shown to induce both homeostatic and adaptive responses in sleep and attention. Adult male rats were sleep restricted for 27 or 99 h. Control rats were housed in locked wheels. After 27 and/or 99 h of CSR, the number of cells immunoreactive for the microglia marker ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba1) and the density of Iba1 immunoreactivity were increased in 4/10 brain regions involved in sleep/wake regulation and cognition, including the prelimbic cortex, central amygdala, perifornical lateral hypothalamic area, and dorsal raphe nucleus. CSR neither induced mitosis in microglia (assessed with bromodeoxyuridine) nor impaired blood-brain barrier permeability (assessed with Evans Blue). Microglia appeared ramified in all treatment groups and, when examined quantitatively in the prelimbic cortex, their morphology was not affected by CSR. After 27 h, but not 99 h, of CSR, mRNA levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 were increased in the frontal cortex. Pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6) were unchanged. Furthermore, cortical microglia were not immunoreactive for several pro- and anti-inflammatory markers tested, but were immunoreactive for the purinergic P2Y12 receptor. These results suggest that microglia respond to CSR while remaining in a physiological state and may contribute to the previously reported homeostatic and adaptive responses to CSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Hall
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Samüel Deurveilher
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - George S Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kazue Semba
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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91
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Dual Roles of Microglia in the Basal Ganglia in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083907. [PMID: 33918947 PMCID: PMC8070536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing age of the population, the incidence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) has increased exponentially. The development of novel therapeutic interventions requires an understanding of the involvement of senescent brain cells in the pathogenesis of PD. In this review, we highlight the roles played by microglia in the basal ganglia in the pathophysiological processes of PD. In PD, dopaminergic (DAergic) neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) activates the microglia, which then promote DAergic neuronal degeneration by releasing potentially neurotoxic factors, including nitric oxide, cytokines, and reactive oxygen species. On the other hand, microglia are also activated in the basal ganglia outputs (the substantia nigra pars reticulata and the globus pallidus) in response to excess glutamate released from hyperactive subthalamic nuclei-derived synapses. The activated microglia then eliminate the hyperactive glutamatergic synapses. Synapse elimination may be the mechanism underlying the compensation that masks the appearance of PD symptoms despite substantial DAergic neuronal loss. Microglial senescence may correlate with their enhanced neurotoxicity in the SNc and the reduced compensatory actions in the basal ganglia outputs. The dual roles of microglia in different basal ganglia regions make it difficult to develop interventions targeting microglia for PD treatment.
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92
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Qiu X, Ping S, Kyle M, Chin L, Zhao LR. SCF + G-CSF treatment in the chronic phase of severe TBI enhances axonal sprouting in the spinal cord and synaptic pruning in the hippocampus. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:63. [PMID: 33832542 PMCID: PMC8028149 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of long-term disability in young adults. An evidence-based treatment for TBI recovery, especially in the chronic phase, is not yet available. Using a severe TBI mouse model, we demonstrate that the neurorestorative efficacy of repeated treatments with stem cell factor (SCF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) (SCF + G-CSF) in the chronic phase is superior to SCF + G-CSF single treatment. SCF + G-CSF treatment initiated at 3 months post-TBI enhances contralesional corticospinal tract sprouting into the denervated side of the cervical spinal cord and re-balances the TBI-induced overgrown synapses in the hippocampus by enhancing microglial function of synaptic pruning. These neurorestorative changes are associated with SCF + G-CSF-improved somatosensory-motor function and spatial learning. In the chronic phase of TBI, severe TBI-caused microglial degeneration in the cortex and hippocampus is ameliorated by SCF + G-CSF treatment. These findings reveal the therapeutic potential and possible mechanism of SCF + G-CSF treatment in brain repair during the chronic phase of severe TBI.
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93
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Fujita Y, Yamashita T. Mechanisms and significance of microglia-axon interactions in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3907-3919. [PMID: 33507328 PMCID: PMC11072252 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, and are important for cellular processes. In addition to their classical roles in pathophysiological conditions, these immune cells also dynamically interact with neurons and influence their structure and function in physiological conditions. Microglia have been shown to contact neurons at various points, including the dendrites, cell bodies, synapses, and axons, and support various developmental functions, such as neuronal survival, axon elongation, and maturation of the synaptic circuit. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the roles of microglia in brain development, with particular emphasis on microglia-axon interactions. We will review recent findings regarding the functions and signaling pathways involved in the reciprocal interactions between microglia and neurons. Moreover, as these interactions are altered in disease and injury conditions, we also discuss the effect and alteration of microglia-axon interactions in disease progression and the potential role of microglia in developmental brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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94
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Lomeli N, Lepe J, Gupta K, Bota DA. Cognitive complications of cancer and cancer-related treatments - Novel paradigms. Neurosci Lett 2021; 749:135720. [PMID: 33582187 PMCID: PMC8423125 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As advances in diagnostics and therapeutic strategies in oncology have increased the number of cancer survivors, the investigation of the mechanisms associated with long-term cognitive complications of cancer treatment has become an important topic of interest. The neurotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents have been described in pre-clinical and clinical research. In vitro and rodent studies have identified some underlying mechanisms contributing to chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment for various chemotherapy drugs and other cancer treatments. However, investigation of the direct biological effects of cancer and other potential contributing factors in the pathogenesis of cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) has only recently come into focus. This review will highlight evidence from pre-clinical tumor-bearing rodent models suggesting that cancer influences the cognitive and behavioral changes reported in human cancer populations through direct or indirect pathways that alter the normal neuroinflammatory responses, induce structural brain deficits, and decrease neurogenesis. We reflect on human clinical cancer research indicating that cognitive and behavioral changes precede cancer treatment in some malignancies. We also highlight implications for future areas of CRCI research based on novel findings on the interplay between cancer, chemotherapy, inflammation, tau pathology, and dysregulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Lomeli
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Javier Lepe
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Kalpna Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Daniela A Bota
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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95
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Marques DA, Gargaglioni LH, Joseph V, Bretzner F, Bícego KC, Fournier S, Kinkead R. Impact of ovariectomy and CO 2 inhalation on microglia morphology in select brainstem and hypothalamic areas regulating breathing in female rats. Brain Res 2021; 1756:147276. [PMID: 33422531 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The neural network that regulates breathing shows a significant sexual dimorphism. Ovarian hormones contribute to this distinction as, in rats, ovariectomy reduces the ventilatory response to CO2. Microglia are neuroimmune cells that are sensitive to neuroendocrine changes in their environment. When reacting to challenging conditions, these cells show changes in their morphology that reflect an augmented capacity for producing pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Based on evidence suggesting that microglia contribute to sex-based differences in reflexive responses to hypercapnia, we hypothesized that ovariectomy and hypercapnia promote microglial reactivity in selected brain areas that regulate breathing. We used ionized calcium-binding-adapter molecule-1 (Iba1) immunolabeling to compare the density and morphology of microglia in the locus coeruleus (LC), the caudal medullary raphe, the caudal part of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (cNTS), and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Tissue was obtained from SHAM (metaestrus) female rats or following ovariectomy. Rats were exposed to normocapnia or hypercapnia (5% CO2, 20 min). Ovariectomy and hypercapnia did not affect microglial density in any of the structures studied. Ovariectomy promoted a reactive phenotype in the cNTS and LC, as indicated by a larger morphological index. In these structures, hypercapnia had a relatively modest opposing effect; the medullary raphe or the PVN were not affected. We conclude that ovarian hormones attenuate microglial reactivity in CO2/H+ sensing structures. These data suggest that microglia may contribute to neurological diseases in which anomalies of respiratory control are associated with cyclic fluctuations of ovarian hormones or menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuzia A Marques
- Département de Pédiatrie, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP/FCAV at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Vincent Joseph
- Département de Pédiatrie, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Bretzner
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Kênia C Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP/FCAV at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Stéphanie Fournier
- Département de Pédiatrie, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Richard Kinkead
- Département de Pédiatrie, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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96
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Li J, Seidlitz J, Suckling J, Fan F, Ji GJ, Meng Y, Yang S, Wang K, Qiu J, Chen H, Liao W. Cortical structural differences in major depressive disorder correlate with cell type-specific transcriptional signatures. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1647. [PMID: 33712584 PMCID: PMC7955076 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been shown to be associated with structural abnormalities in a variety of spatially diverse brain regions. However, the correlation between brain structural changes in MDD and gene expression is unclear. Here, we examine the link between brain-wide gene expression and morphometric changes in individuals with MDD, using neuroimaging data from two independent cohorts and a publicly available transcriptomic dataset. Morphometric similarity network (MSN) analysis shows replicable cortical structural differences in individuals with MDD compared to control subjects. Using human brain gene expression data, we observe that the expression of MDD-associated genes spatially correlates with MSN differences. Analysis of cell type-specific signature genes suggests that microglia and neuronal specific transcriptional changes account for most of the observed correlation with MDD-specific MSN differences. Collectively, our findings link molecular and structural changes relevant for MDD. The correlation between brain structural changes in major depressive disorder (MDD) and gene expression is unclear. Here, the authors explore the correlation between cell type-specific gene expression changes and cortical structural difference in individuals with major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China.,MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jakob Seidlitz
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Suckling
- University of Cambridge, Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge, UK
| | - Feiyang Fan
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China.,MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Gong-Jun Ji
- Department of Medical Psychology, Chaohu Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Yao Meng
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China.,MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Siqi Yang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China.,MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Medical Psychology, Chaohu Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Huafu Chen
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China. .,MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China.
| | - Wei Liao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China. .,MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China.
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97
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Goins J, Henkel N, Coulibaly AP, Isaacson LG. Activated Microglia in the Rat Spinal Cord Following Peripheral Axon Injury Promote Glial and Neuronal Plasticity Which is Necessary for Long-Term Neuronal Survival. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:309-326. [PMID: 32335774 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00853-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Following the transection of peripheral sympathetic preganglionic axons comprising the cervical sympathetic trunk (CST), we observe robust glial and neuronal plasticity at 1 week post-injury in the rat spinal cord intermediolateral cell column (IML), which houses the injured parent neuronal cell bodies. This plasticity contributes to neuroprotection, as no neuronal loss in the IML is present at 16 weeks post-injury. Here, we administered the antibiotic minocycline or vehicle (VEH) daily for 1 week after CST transection to investigate the role of activated microglia in IML glial and neuronal plasticity and subsequent neuronal survival. At 1 week post-injury, minocycline treatment did not alter microglia number in the IML, but led to a dampened microglia activation state. In addition, the increases in oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage cells and activated astrocytes following injury in VEH rats were attenuated in the minocycline-treated rats. Further, the normal downregulation of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the injured neurons was blunted. At 16 weeks post-injury, fewer ChAT+ neurons were present in the minocycline-treated rats, suggesting that activated microglia together with the glial and neuronal plasticity at 1 week post-injury contribute to the long-term survival of the injured neurons. These results provide evidence for beneficial crosstalk between activated microglia and neurons as well as other glial cells in the cord following peripheral axon injury, which ultimately leads to neuroprotection. The influences of microglia activation in promoting neuronal survival should be considered when developing therapies to administer minocycline for the treatment of neurological pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Goins
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Nicholas Henkel
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Aminata P Coulibaly
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Lori G Isaacson
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.
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98
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Ni J, Wu Z. Inflammation Spreading: Negative Spiral Linking Systemic Inflammatory Disorders and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:638686. [PMID: 33716675 PMCID: PMC7947253 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.638686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As a physiological response to injury in the internal body organs, inflammation is responsible for removing dangerous stimuli and initiating healing. However, persistent and exaggerative chronic inflammation causes undesirable negative effects in the organs. Inflammation occurring in the brain and spinal cord is known as neuroinflammation, with microglia acting as the central cellular player. There is increasing evidence suggesting that chronic neuroinflammation is the most relevant pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), regulating other pathological features, such as the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylation of Tau. Systemic inflammatory signals caused by systemic disorders are known to strongly influence neuroinflammation as a consequence of microglial activation, inflammatory mediator production, and the recruitment of peripheral immune cells to the brain, resulting in neuronal dysfunction. However, the neuroinflammation-accelerated neuronal dysfunction in AD also influences the functions of peripheral organs. In the present review, we highlight the link between systemic inflammatory disorders and AD, with inflammation serving as the common explosion. We discuss the molecular mechanisms that govern the crosstalk between systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation. In our view, inflammation spreading indicates a negative spiral between systemic diseases and AD. Therefore, “dampening inflammation” through the inhibition of cathepsin (Cat)B or CatS may be a novel therapeutic approach for delaying the onset of and enacting early intervention for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Wu
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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99
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Young KF, Gardner R, Sariana V, Whitman SA, Bartlett MJ, Falk T, Morrison HW. Can quantifying morphology and TMEM119 expression distinguish between microglia and infiltrating macrophages after ischemic stroke and reperfusion in male and female mice? J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:58. [PMID: 33618737 PMCID: PMC7901206 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic stroke is an acquired brain injury with gender-dependent outcomes. A persistent obstacle in understanding the sex-specific neuroinflammatory contributions to ischemic brain injury is distinguishing between resident microglia and infiltrating macrophages—both phagocytes—and determining cell population-specific contributions to injury evolution and recovery processes. Our purpose was to identify microglial and macrophage populations regulated by ischemic stroke using morphology analysis and the presence of microglia transmembrane protein 119 (TMEM119). Second, we examined sex and menopause differences in microglia/macrophage cell populations after an ischemic stroke. Methods Male and female, premenopausal and postmenopausal, mice underwent either 60 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion and 24 h of reperfusion or sham surgery. The accelerated ovarian failure model was used to model postmenopause. Brain tissue was collected to quantify the infarct area and for immunohistochemistry and western blot methods. Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule, TMEM119, and confocal microscopy were used to analyze the microglia morphology and TMEM119 area in the ipsilateral brain regions. Western blot was used to quantify protein quantity. Results Post-stroke injury is increased in male and postmenopause female mice vs. premenopause female mice (p < 0.05) with differences primarily occurring in the caudal sections. After stroke, the microglia underwent a region, but not sex group, dependent transformation into less ramified cells (p < 0.0001). However, the number of phagocytic microglia was increased in distal ipsilateral regions of postmenopausal mice vs. the other sex groups (p < 0.05). The number of TMEM119-positive cells was decreased in proximity to the infarct (p < 0.0001) but without a sex group effect. Two key findings prevented distinguishing microglia from systemic macrophages. First, morphological data were not congruent with TMEM119 immunofluorescence data. Cells with severely decreased TMEM119 immunofluorescence were ramified, a distinguishing microglia characteristic. Second, whereas the TMEM119 immunofluorescence area decreased in proximity to the infarcted area, the TMEM119 protein quantity was unchanged in the ipsilateral hemisphere regions using western blot methods. Conclusions Our findings suggest that TMEM119 is not a stable microglia marker in male and female mice in the context of ischemic stroke. Until TMEM119 function in the brain is elucidated, its use to distinguish between cell populations following brain injury with cell infiltration is cautioned. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02105-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly F Young
- College of Nursing, University of Arizona, 1305 N. Martin Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,Current affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, USA.,University of Arizona Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, 1333 N. Martin Ave., Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rebeca Gardner
- College of Science, University of Arizona, 1040 4th St., Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Victoria Sariana
- College of Nursing, University of Arizona, 1305 N. Martin Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Susan A Whitman
- College of Nursing, University of Arizona, 1305 N. Martin Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Mitchell J Bartlett
- College of Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Torsten Falk
- College of Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, USA.,College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Helena W Morrison
- College of Nursing, University of Arizona, 1305 N. Martin Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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100
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Epigenetics and Communication Mechanisms in Microglia Activation with a View on Technological Approaches. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020306. [PMID: 33670563 PMCID: PMC7923060 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells, the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play a crucial role for the proper brain development and function and in CNS homeostasis. While in physiological conditions, microglia continuously check the state of brain parenchyma, in pathological conditions, microglia can show different activated phenotypes: In the early phases, microglia acquire the M2 phenotype, increasing phagocytosis and releasing neurotrophic and neuroprotective factors. In advanced phases, they acquire the M1 phenotype, becoming neurotoxic and contributing to neurodegeneration. Underlying this phenotypic change, there is a switch in the expression of specific microglial genes, in turn modulated by epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, histones post-translational modifications and activity of miRNAs. New roles are attributed to microglial cells, including specific communication with neurons, both through direct cell–cell contact and by release of many different molecules, either directly or indirectly, through extracellular vesicles. In this review, recent findings on the bidirectional interaction between neurons and microglia, in both physiological and pathological conditions, are highlighted, with a focus on the complex field of microglia immunomodulation through epigenetic mechanisms and/or released factors. In addition, advanced technologies used to study these mechanisms, such as microfluidic, 3D culture and in vivo imaging, are presented.
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