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Dos Santos BM, Ferreira GM, Tavares MT, De Bona JC, Hirata MH, De Paula VF, Saturnino KC, Soares AM, Mendes MM. Antiophidic activity of the secondary metabolite lupeol isolated from Zanthoxylum monogynum. Toxicon 2021; 193:38-47. [PMID: 33515571 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the potential antiophidic activity of Zanthoxylum monogynum A.St.-Hil. a tree from the Rutaceae family native to South America. In this present contribution, we demonstrate the activity of the metabolite lupeol, a triterpenoid isolated from the stem bark of Z. monogynum against the harmful effects of the Bothrops alternatus venom. We investigated the antiophidic properties of lupeol, for this purpose, and use crude venom (Pb) incubated with lupeol in different concentrations, testing in vitro experiments and inoculated in mice for inhibitory evaluations in vivo. Besides, we tried to elucidate through the molecular dynamics the mechanism of action of lupeol with the bothropic thrombin-like toxin Jararacussin-I; the acidic phospholipase A2 toxin BthA-I from Bothrops jararacussu and the metalloproteinase toxin BmooMP-I from Bothrops moojeni. In our results, we demonstrated the potential inhibitory effect upon coagulant, phospholipasic and myotoxic activities of the bothropic venom, previously incubated with lupeol. We found that lupeol triterpenoid was able to partially inhibit local and systemic damage caused by snake venom toxins. Our in silico results demonstrate that lupeol is capable of interacting and altering the activity of the thrombin-like toxin Jararacussin-I, and capable of interacting with the BthA-I acidic PLA2, both toxins present in Bothrops snakes venom, thus demonstrating the pharmacological potential of this compound for the treatment of bothropic accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedito Matheus Dos Santos
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Glaucio Monteiro Ferreira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil; Department of Oncology and Pneumonology, Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, DE72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Júlio César De Bona
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University Hospital of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mario Hiroyuki Hirata
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Vanderlúcia Fonseca De Paula
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Sciences and Technology, State University of Bahia Southwest, Jequié-Ba, 45208-091, Brazil
| | - Klaus Casaro Saturnino
- Special Academic Unit of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Jataí-GO, 75801-615, Brazil
| | - Andreimar Martins Soares
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Proteins and Bioactive Compounds in the Western Amazon (LABIOPROT), Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Health (CEBio), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ Rondônia and Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho-RO, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Mirian Machado Mendes
- Special Academic Unit of Biosciences, Federal University of Goiás, Jataí-GO, 75801-615, Brazil.
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Gutiérrez JM, Vargas M, Segura Á, Herrera M, Villalta M, Solano G, Sánchez A, Herrera C, León G. In Vitro Tests for Assessing the Neutralizing Ability of Snake Antivenoms: Toward the 3Rs Principles. Front Immunol 2021; 11:617429. [PMID: 33505403 PMCID: PMC7829219 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.617429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to strengthen the implementation of the 3Rs principle (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) in the use of experimental animals in toxinological research and in the assessment of the neutralizing efficacy of snake antivenoms. This is a challenging task owing to the inherent complexity of snake venoms. The state of the art on this topic is hereby reviewed, with emphasis on the studies in which a correlation has been observed between in vivo toxicity tests and in vitro surrogate assays, particularly in the study of lethal activity of venoms and its neutralization. Correlations have been described with some venoms-antivenoms when using: (a) enzyme immunoassays, (b) hemagglutination, (c) enzyme assays (proteinase, phospholipase A2), (d) in vitro coagulant effect on plasma, (e) cell culture assays for cytotoxicity, (f) functional assays for assessing neurotoxicity in vitro, (g) use of hens' eggs, and (h) antivenomics. Additionally, the routine introduction of analgesia in these assays and the design of more 'humane' protocols for the lethality test are being pursued. It is expected that the next years will witness a growing awareness of the relevance of the 3Rs principles in antivenom testing, and that new in vitro alternatives and more 'humane' experimental designs will emerge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariángela Vargas
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Álvaro Segura
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, San José, Costa Rica
| | - María Herrera
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mauren Villalta
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Gabriela Solano
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Andrés Sánchez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Cristina Herrera
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Guillermo León
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, San José, Costa Rica
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In-solution structural studies involving a phospholipase A 2-like myotoxin and a natural inhibitor: Plasticity of oligomeric assembly affects mechanisms of inhibition. Biochimie 2020; 181:145-153. [PMID: 33333169 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation has been categorized by World Health Organization as a category A neglected tropical disease, since it causes chronic psychological disorders, physical disablement and death. Ophidian accidents may cause local myonecrosis that cause drastic sequelae, which are not efficiently neutralized via serum therapy. Phospholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) myotoxins have a major role in the local effects caused by several snake venoms. We previously demonstrated that chicoric acid (CA) is an efficient inhibitor of the BthTX-I myotoxin and solved the X-ray structure of complex. Herein, we assess the oligomeric behavior of the BthTX-I/CA complex in solution under different physical-chemical conditions and using toxin obtained by two different biochemical methodologies to fully elucidate structural bases of inhibition of myotoxins by CA. We demonstrated the ability of PLA2-like proteins to form different oligomeric assemblies in the presence of certain inhibitors, which can also be modulated by buffer polarity change. In the presence of ethanol, BthTX-I/CA remains predominantly in a monomeric conformation, which prevents it from being in its active form (dimeric conformation). In contrast, in the absence of ethanol, the tetramer assembly was observed, which hid key regions of the protein responsible for docking and disruption of the muscle membrane. Therefore, the "plasticity" of these proteins with regard to their abilities to form oligomeric assemblies is a key issue for the future development of therapeutic agents to complement of serum therapy.
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Okafor AI, Onyike E. Inhibition of key enzymes linked to snake venom induced local tissue damage by kolaviron. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 32:1121-1130. [PMID: 34898137 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Snakebite envenoming is an important public health problem that threatens the lives of healthy individuals especially in many tropical countries like Nigeria. Antivenins, the only efficient approach for snakebite envenoming, are limited in their efficacy in the neutralization of local tissue damage. Snake venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2), protease, hyaluronidase and l-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) are the major hydrolytic enzymes involve in local tissue damage. Therefore, this study evaluates the inhibitory effect of kolaviron (KV) against Naja n. nigricollis (NNN) snake venom hydrolytic enzymes involved in local tissue damage. METHODS Kolaviron was evaluated for its ability to inhibit the hydrolytic enzyme activities of NNN venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2), protease, hyaluronidase and l-amino acid oxidase (LAAO). Present study also deals with the neutralization of NNN venom enzyme(s) induced complications such as myotoxic, edemic, hemolytic and procoagulant effects. RESULTS Kolaviron inhibited the PLA2, protease, hyaluronidase and LAAO enzyme activities of NNN venom in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, myotoxic, edemic, hemolytic and procoagulant effects induced by NNN venom enzyme were neutralized significantly (p<0.05) when different doses of KV were pre-incubated with venom before assays. CONCLUSIONS These findings clearly present kolaviron as a potent inhibitor against NNN venom hydrolytic enzymes involved in local tissue damage and may act by either forming an inhibitor-enzyme complex that restricts the substrate availability to the enzyme or direct binding to the enzyme active site that affects the enzyme activity thereby mitigating venom-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elewechi Onyike
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Xie C, Slagboom J, Albulescu LO, Somsen GW, Vonk FJ, Casewell NR, Kool J. Neutralising effects of small molecule toxin inhibitors on nanofractionated coagulopathic Crotalinae snake venoms. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1835-1845. [PMID: 33163338 PMCID: PMC7606088 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Repurposing small molecule drugs and drug candidates is considered as a promising approach to revolutionise the treatment of snakebite envenoming. In this study, we investigated the inhibiting effects of the small molecules varespladib (nonspecific phospholipase A2 inhibitor), marimastat (broad spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor) and dimercaprol (metal ion chelator) against coagulopathic toxins found in Crotalinae (pit vipers) snake venoms. Venoms from Bothrops asper, Bothrops jararaca, Calloselasma rhodostoma and Deinagkistrodon acutus were separated by liquid chromatography, followed by nanofractionation and mass spectrometry identification undertaken in parallel. Nanofractions of the venom toxins were then subjected to a high-throughput coagulation assay in the presence of different concentrations of the small molecules under study. Anticoagulant venom toxins were mostly identified as phospholipases A2, while procoagulant venom activities were mainly associated with snake venom metalloproteinases and snake venom serine proteases. Varespladib was found to effectively inhibit most anticoagulant venom effects, and also showed some inhibition against procoagulant toxins. Contrastingly, marimastat and dimercaprol were both effective inhibitors of procoagulant venom activities but showed little inhibitory capability against anticoagulant toxins. The information obtained from this study aids our understanding of the mechanisms of action of toxin inhibitor drug candidates, and highlights their potential as future snakebite treatments.
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Key Words
- ACN, acetonitrile
- Antivenom
- CTL, C-type lectins
- Chelators
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- Dimercaprol
- FA, formic acid
- HTS, high-throughput screening
- LC, liquid chromatography
- MS, mass spectrometry
- Marimastat
- NOI, no observed inhibition
- Nanofractionation
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PLA2, phospholipase A2
- PN, partly neutralised at 20 μmol/L inhibitor concentrations
- SVMP, snake venom metalloproteinase
- SVSP, snake venom serine protease
- Snakebite
- TIC, total ion current
- Varespladib
- WHO, World Health Organization
- XIC, extracted ion current
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Xie
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Slagboom
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Laura-Oana Albulescu
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Govert W. Somsen
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Freek J. Vonk
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden 2333 CR, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas R. Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Jeroen Kool
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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The allosteric activation mechanism of a phospholipase A 2-like toxin from Bothrops jararacussu venom: a dynamic description. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16252. [PMID: 33004851 PMCID: PMC7529814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation process of phospholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) toxins is a key step in their molecular mechanism, which involves oligomeric changes leading to the exposure of specific sites. Few studies have focused on the characterization of allosteric activators and the features that distinguish them from inhibitors. Herein, a comprehensive study with the BthTX-I toxin from Bothrops jararacussu venom bound or unbound to α-tocopherol (αT) was carried out. The oligomerization state of BthTX-I bound or unbound to αT in solution was studied and indicated that the toxin is predominantly monomeric but tends to oligomerize when complexed with αT. In silico molecular simulations showed the toxin presents higher conformational changes in the absence of αT,
which suggests that it is important to stabilize the structure of the toxin. The transition between the two states (active/inactive) was also studied, showing that only the unbound BthTX-I system could migrate to the inactive state. In contrast, the presence of αT induces the toxin to leave the inactive state, guiding it towards the active state, with more regions exposed to the solvent, particularly its active site. Finally, the structural determinants necessary for a molecule to be an inhibitor or activator were analyzed in light of the obtained results.
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Gagaoua M, Terlouw EMC, Mullen AM, Franco D, Warner RD, Lorenzo JM, Purslow PP, Gerrard D, Hopkins DL, Troy D, Picard B. Molecular signatures of beef tenderness: Underlying mechanisms based on integromics of protein biomarkers from multi-platform proteomics studies. Meat Sci 2020; 172:108311. [PMID: 33002652 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, proteomics have been employed to decipher the underlying factors contributing to variation in the quality of muscle foods, including beef tenderness. One such approach is the application of high-throughput protein analytical platforms in the identification of meat quality biomarkers. To broaden our understanding about the biological mechanisms underpinning meat tenderization across a large number of studies, an integromics study was performed to review the current status of protein biomarker discovery targeting beef tenderness. This meta-analysis is the first to gather and propose a comprehensive list of 124 putative protein biomarkers derived from 28 independent proteomics-based experiments, from which 33 robust candidates were identified worthy of evaluation using targeted or untargeted data-independent acquisition proteomic methods. We further provide an overview of the interconnectedness of the main biological pathways impacting tenderness determination after multistep analyses including Gene Ontology annotations, pathway and process enrichment and literature mining, and specifically discuss the major proteins and pathways most often reported in proteomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Gagaoua
- Food Quality and Sensory Science Department, Teagasc Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
| | - E M Claudia Terlouw
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Anne Maria Mullen
- Food Quality and Sensory Science Department, Teagasc Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Daniel Franco
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, rúa Galicia n° 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas 32900, Ourense, Spain
| | - Robyn D Warner
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - José M Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, rúa Galicia n° 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas 32900, Ourense, Spain; Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Peter P Purslow
- Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil B7001BBO, Argentina
| | - David Gerrard
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - David L Hopkins
- NSW DPI, Centre for Red Meat and Sheep Development, Cowra, NSW 2794, Australia
| | - Declan Troy
- Food Quality and Sensory Science Department, Teagasc Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Brigitte Picard
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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de Oliveira Carvalho H, Gonçalves DES, Picanço KRT, de Lima Teixeira Dos Santos AVT, Lucia M, Hu X, Fernandes CP, Ferreira IM, Carvalho JCT. Actions of Cannabis sativa L. fixed oil and nano-emulsion on venom-induced inflammation of Bothrops moojeni snake in rats. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 29:123-135. [PMID: 32924074 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00754-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bothrops moojeni snake venom (VBm) has toxins that cause pronounced tissue damage and exacerbated inflammatory reaction. Cannabis sativa L. is a plant species that produces an oil (CSO) rich in unsaturated fatty acids. Nano-emulsions have several advantages, such as better stability and higher penetrating power in membranes. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of a nano-emulsion based on this herbal derivative (NCS) against VBm-induced inflammation in Wistar rats. METHODS The CSO and NCS were submitted to physicochemical characterization. The inflammatory process was induced by the VBm (0.10 mg/kg) as follows: rat paw edema, peritonitis, analysis of leukocyte infiltrate in gastrocnemius muscle of rats and formation of granulomatous tissue. RESULTS No significant changes were observed when the NCS was submitted to the centrifugation and thermal stress tests. There was no phase separation, changes in density (0.978 ± 0.01 g/cm3) and viscosity (0.889 ± 0.15). The droplet diameter ranged from 119.7 ± 065 to 129.3 ± 0.15 nm and the polydispersity index ranged from 0.22 ± 0.008 to 0.23 ± 0.011. The results showed that treatments with CSO (200 and 400 mg/kg) and NCS (100 mg/kg) were able to decrease significantly (p < 0.001) the formation of edema and granulomatous tissue. The CSO and NCS groups significantly attenuated (p < 0.001) the recruitment of inflammatory cells in the tests for peritonitis and leukocyte infiltrate. The histopathological analysis of the gastrocnemius muscle showed a reduction in tissue damage caused by VBm. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this study showed anti-inflammatory activity of the CSO which may be due to a high UFA content. The nanosizing, as evidenced by the incorporation of the CSO in the NCS improved the effect and opens the perspective for the obtainment of a nanomedicine in which a kinetic stable phytotherapic can be used at low doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helison de Oliveira Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Curso de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitsheck, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68903-419, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Inovação Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Danna Emanuelle Santos Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Curso de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitsheck, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68903-419, Brazil
| | - Karyny Roberta Tavares Picanço
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Curso de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitsheck, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68903-419, Brazil
| | - Abrahão Victor Tavares de Lima Teixeira Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Curso de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitsheck, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68903-419, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia
- Serpentário do Departamento de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade José do Rosário Vellano - UNIFENAS, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Xuebo Hu
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Molecular Engineering, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan, Nanhu, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Caio Pinho Fernandes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Curso de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitsheck, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68903-419, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Inovação Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia Fitofarmacêutica, Curso de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitsheck, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Irlon Maciel Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Inovação Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biocatálise e Biotransformação em Química Orgânica, Curso de Química, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Tavares Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Curso de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitsheck, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68903-419, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Inovação Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Brazil.
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Kenzo-Kagawa B, Vieira WF, Cogo JC, da Cruz-Höfling MA. Muscle proteolysis via ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is activated by BthTx-I Lys49 PLA 2 but not by BthTx-II Asp49 PLA 2 and Bothrops jararacussu venom. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 402:115119. [PMID: 32619552 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bites by viperid snakes belonging to Bothrops genus produce fast and intense local edema, inflammation, bleeding and myonecrosis. In this study, we investigated the role of Myogenic Regulatory Factors (MRFs: MyoD; Myog), negatively regulated by GDF-8 (Myostatin), and ubiquitin-proteasome system pathway (UPS: MuRF-1; Fbx-32) in gastrocnemius muscle regeneration after Bothrops jararacussu snake venom (Bjussu) or its isolated phospholipase A2 myotoxins, BthTx-I (Lys-49 PLA2) and BthTx-II (Asp-49 PLA2) injection. Male Swiss mice received a single intra-gastrocnemius injection of crude Bjussu, at a dose/volume of 0.83 mg/kg/20 μl, and BthTx-I or BthTx-II, at a dose/volume of 2.5 mg/kg/20 μl. Control mice (Sham) received an injection of sterile saline solution (NaCl 0.9%; 20 μl). At 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post injection, right gastrocnemius was collected for protein expression analyses. Based on the temporal expressional dynamics of MyoD, Myog and GDF-8/Myostatin, it was possible to propose that the myogenesis pathway was impacted most badly by BthTx-II followed by BthTx-I and lastly by B. jararacussu venom, thus suggesting that catalytic activity has likely inhibitory role on the satellite cells-mediated reparative myogenesis pathway. Inversely, the catalytic activity seems to be not a determinant for the activation of proteins ubiquitination by MuRF-1 and Fbx-32/Atrogin-1 E3 proteasome ligases, given proteolysis pathway through UPS was activated neither after Bjussu, nor after BthTx-II, but just after the catalytically-inactive BthTx-I Lys-49 PLA2-homologue exposure. The findings of this study disclose interesting perspective for further mechanistic studies about pathways that take part in the atrophy and repair after permanent damage induced by bothropic snakebites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Kenzo-Kagawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Willians Fernando Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Cogo
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Brazil University, Itaquera, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Braga JRM, Jorge ARC, Marinho AD, Silveira JADM, Nogueira-Junior FA, Valle MB, Alagón A, de Menezes RRPPB, Martins AMC, Feijão LX, Monteiro HSA, Jorge RJB. Renal effects of venoms of Mexican coral snakes Micrurus browni and Micrurus laticollaris. Toxicon 2020; 181:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.04.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Forcina L, Cosentino M, Musarò A. Mechanisms Regulating Muscle Regeneration: Insights into the Interrelated and Time-Dependent Phases of Tissue Healing. Cells 2020; 9:E1297. [PMID: 32456017 PMCID: PMC7290814 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a massive body of knowledge which has been produced related to the mechanisms guiding muscle regeneration, great interest still moves the scientific community toward the study of different aspects of skeletal muscle homeostasis, plasticity, and regeneration. Indeed, the lack of effective therapies for several physiopathologic conditions suggests that a comprehensive knowledge of the different aspects of cellular behavior and molecular pathways, regulating each regenerative stage, has to be still devised. Hence, it is important to perform even more focused studies, taking the advantage of robust markers, reliable techniques, and reproducible protocols. Here, we provide an overview about the general aspects of muscle regeneration and discuss the different approaches to study the interrelated and time-dependent phases of muscle healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Musarò
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.F.); (M.C.)
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Boudon S, Ounaissi D, Viala D, Monteils V, Picard B, Cassar-Malek I. Label free shotgun proteomics for the identification of protein biomarkers for beef tenderness in muscle and plasma of heifers. J Proteomics 2020; 217:103685. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Differential Macrophage Subsets in Muscle Damage Induced by a K49-PLA 2 from Bothrops jararacussu Venom Modulate the Time Course of the Regeneration Process. Inflammation 2020; 42:1542-1554. [PMID: 31123944 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops snakes cause around 80% of snakebites in Brazil, with muscle tissue damage as an important consequence, which may cause dysfunction on the affected limb. Bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I) from Bothrops jararacussu is a K49-phospholipase A2, involved in the injury and envenomation's inflammatory response. Immune system components act in the resolution of tissue damage and regeneration. Thus, macrophages exert a crucial role in the elimination of dead tissue and muscle repair. Here, we studied the cellular influx and presence of classical and alternative macrophages (M1 and M2) during muscle injury induced by BthTX-I and the regeneration process. BthTX-I elicited intense inflammatory response characterized by neutrophil migration, then increased influx of M1 macrophages followed by M2 population that declined, resulting in tissue regeneration. The high expressions of TNF-α and IL6 were changed by increased TGF-β expression after BthTX-I injection, coinciding with the iNOs and arginase expression and the peaks of M1 and M2 macrophages in muscle tissue. A coordinated sequence of PAX7, MyoD, and myogenin expression involved in muscle regenerative process appeared after BthTX-I injection. Together, these results demonstrate a direct correlation between the macrophage subsets, cytokine microenvironment, and the myogenesis process. This information may be useful for new envenomation and muscular dysfunction therapies.
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Cardoso FF, Gomes AAS, Dreyer TR, Cavalcante WLG, Dal Pai M, Gallacci M, Fontes MRM. Neutralization of a bothropic PLA 2-like protein by caftaric acid, a novel potent inhibitor of ophidian myotoxicity. Biochimie 2020; 170:163-172. [PMID: 31978419 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Envenoming by snakebite is an important global health issue that has received little attention, leading the World Health Organization to naming it as neglected tropical disease. Several snakebites present serious local symptoms manifested on victims that may not be efficiently neutralized by serum therapy. Phospholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) toxins are present in Viperidae venoms and are responsible for local myotoxic activity. Herein, we investigated the association between BthTX-I toxin and caftaric acid (CFT), a molecule present in plants. CFT neutralized neuromuscular blocking and muscle-damaging activities promoted by BthTX-I. Calorimetric and light-scattering assays demonstrated that CFT inhibitor interacted with dimeric BthTX-I. Bioinformatics simulations indicated that CFT inhibitor binds to the toxin's hydrophobic channel (HCh). According to the current myotoxic mechanism, three different regions of PLA2-like toxins have specific tasks: protein allosteric activation (HCh), membrane dockage (MDoS), and membrane rupture (MDiS). We propose CFT inhibitor interferes with the allosteric activation, which is related to the conformation change leading to the exposure/alignment of MDoS/MDiS region. This is the first report of a PLA2-like toxin fully inhibited by a compound that interacts only with its HCh region. Thus, CFT is a novel candidate to complement serum therapy and improve the treatment of snakebite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio F Cardoso
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Antoniel A S Gomes
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago R Dreyer
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Walter L G Cavalcante
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Maeli Dal Pai
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Gallacci
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Boeno CN, Paloschi MV, Lopes JA, Pires WL, Setúbal SDS, Evangelista JR, Soares AM, Zuliani JP. Inflammasome Activation Induced by a Snake Venom Lys49-Phospholipase A 2 Homologue. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 12:toxins12010022. [PMID: 31906173 PMCID: PMC7020408 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Snake venom phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) have hemolytic, anticoagulant, myotoxic, oedematogenic, bactericidal, and inflammatory actions. BthTX-I, a Lys49-PLA2 isolated from Bothrops jararacussu venom, is an example of Lys49-PLA2 that presents such actions. NLRP3 is a cytosolic receptor from the NLR family responsible for inflammasome activation via caspase-1 activation and IL-1β liberation. The study of NLRs that recognize tissue damage and activate the inflammasome is relevant in envenomation. Methods: Male mice (18–20 g) received an intramuscular injection of BthTX-I or sterile saline. The serum was collected for creatine-kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) assays, and muscle was removed for inflammasome activation immunoblotting and qRT-PCR expression for nucleotide and oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing protein family, pyrin-containing domain 3 receptor (NLRP3) inflammasome components. Results: BthTX-I-induced inflammation and myonecrosis, shown by intravital microscope, and LDH and CK release, respectively. Mouse treatment with A438079, a P2X7 receptor antagonist, did not modify these effects. BthTX-I induced inflammasome activation in muscle, but P2X7R participation in this effect was not observed. Conclusion: Together, the results showed for the first time that BthTX-I in gastrocnemius muscle induces inflammation and consequently, inflammasome activation via NLRP3 with caspase-1 activation and IL-1β liberation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Nunes Boeno
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, 76812-245 Porto Velho-RO, Brazil; (C.N.B.); (M.V.P.); (J.A.L.); (W.L.P.); (S.d.S.S.); (J.R.E.)
| | - Mauro Valentino Paloschi
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, 76812-245 Porto Velho-RO, Brazil; (C.N.B.); (M.V.P.); (J.A.L.); (W.L.P.); (S.d.S.S.); (J.R.E.)
| | - Jéssica Amaral Lopes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, 76812-245 Porto Velho-RO, Brazil; (C.N.B.); (M.V.P.); (J.A.L.); (W.L.P.); (S.d.S.S.); (J.R.E.)
| | - Weverson Luciano Pires
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, 76812-245 Porto Velho-RO, Brazil; (C.N.B.); (M.V.P.); (J.A.L.); (W.L.P.); (S.d.S.S.); (J.R.E.)
| | - Sulamita da Silva Setúbal
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, 76812-245 Porto Velho-RO, Brazil; (C.N.B.); (M.V.P.); (J.A.L.); (W.L.P.); (S.d.S.S.); (J.R.E.)
| | - Jaína Rodrigues Evangelista
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, 76812-245 Porto Velho-RO, Brazil; (C.N.B.); (M.V.P.); (J.A.L.); (W.L.P.); (S.d.S.S.); (J.R.E.)
| | - Andreimar Martins Soares
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, 76812-245 Porto Velho-RO, Brazil;
- Centro Universitário São Lucas, UniSL, 76805-846 Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pavan Zuliani
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, 76812-245 Porto Velho-RO, Brazil; (C.N.B.); (M.V.P.); (J.A.L.); (W.L.P.); (S.d.S.S.); (J.R.E.)
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, 76812-245 Porto Velho-RO, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-69-3219-6010; Fax: +55-69-3219-6000
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Garcia Denegri ME, Bustillo S, Gay CC, Van De Velde A, Gomez G, Echeverría S, Gauna Pereira MDC, Maruñak S, Nuñez S, Bogado F, Sanchez M, Teibler GP, Fusco L, Leiva LCA. Venoms and Isolated Toxins from Snakes of Medical Impact in the Northeast Argentina: State of the Art. Potential Pharmacological Applications. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1962-1980. [PMID: 31345151 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190725094851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Among the ophidians that inhabit the Northeast of Argentina, the genus Bothrops such as B. alternatus and B. diporus species (also known as yararás) and Crotalus durisus terrificus (named cascabel), represent the most studied snake venom for more than thirty years. These two genera of venomous snakes account for the majority of poisonous snake envenomations and therefore, constitute a medical emergency in this region. This review presents a broad description of the compiled knowledge about venomous snakebite: its pathophysiological action, protein composition, isolated toxins, toxin synergism, toxin-antitoxin cross-reaction assays. Properties of some isolated toxins support a potential pharmacological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Emilia Garcia Denegri
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Soledad Bustillo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Claudia Carolina Gay
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Andrea Van De Velde
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Gomez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Silvina Echeverría
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - María Del Carmen Gauna Pereira
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Silvana Maruñak
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Veterinaria dependiente de la Cátedra de Farmacología y Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Sandra Nuñez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Veterinaria dependiente de la Cátedra de Farmacología y Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Fabián Bogado
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Veterinaria dependiente de la Cátedra de Farmacología y Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Matías Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Veterinaria dependiente de la Cátedra de Farmacología y Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Gladys Pamela Teibler
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Veterinaria dependiente de la Cátedra de Farmacología y Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Luciano Fusco
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Laura Cristina Ana Leiva
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
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Costa-Leonardo AM, da Silva IB, Poiani SB, Dos Santos-Pinto JRA, Esteves FG, da Silva LHB, Palma MS. Proteomic-components provide insights into the defensive secretion in termite workers of the soldierless genus Ruptitermes. J Proteomics 2019; 213:103622. [PMID: 31863930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Termite soldiers constitute the defensive frontline of the colonies, despite workers also perform such tasks, especially within the Neotropical Apicotermitinae, in which all species are soldierless. Workers of the genus Ruptitermes display an extreme form of defense, characterized by body rupture and release of a sticky secretion. Previous observations suggested that such behavior may be advantageous against enemies, but the chemical composition of this secretion has been neglected. Here we firstly provide the proteomic profile of the defensive secretion of Ruptitermes reconditus and Ruptitermes pitan workers. Additionally, the mechanisms of action of this behavior was evaluated through different bioassays. A total of 446 proteins were identified in R. reconditus and 391 proteins in R. pitan, which were classified into: toxins, defensins and proteolytic enzymes; sticky components/ alarm communication; proteins related to detoxification processes; proteins involved in folding/conformation and post-translational modifications; housekeeping proteins; and uncharacterized/hypothetical proteins. According to the bioassays, the self-sacrifice is triggered by a physical stimulus, and the defensive secretion may cause immobility and death of the opponents. Assuming that termites are abundant in the tropics and therefore exposed to predators, suicidal behaviors seem to be advantageous, since the loss of an individual benefit the whole colony. SIGNIFICANCE: Although recent studies have reported the biochemical composition of different weapons in soldiered species of termites, such efforts had not been applied to sordierless taxa up until now. Thus, this is the first report of the defensive mechanisms in soldierless termite species based on proteomic analysis. The diversity of compounds, which included toxin-like and mucin-like proteins, reflect the mechanisms of action of the defensive secretion released by termite workers, which may cause immobility and death of the opponents. Our findings may contribute to the knowledge regarding the development of defensive strategies in termites, especially in groups which lost the soldier caste during the evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Costa-Leonardo
- Laboratório de Cupins, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Campus Rio Claro, Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil; Center for the Study of Social Insects, Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Iago Bueno da Silva
- Laboratório de Cupins, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Campus Rio Claro, Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Silvana Beani Poiani
- Center for the Study of Social Insects, Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Aparecido Dos Santos-Pinto
- Center for the Study of Social Insects, Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Franciele Grego Esteves
- Center for the Study of Social Insects, Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiza Helena Bueno da Silva
- Laboratório de Cupins, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Campus Rio Claro, Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Mario Sergio Palma
- Center for the Study of Social Insects, Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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Structural basis for phospholipase A 2-like toxin inhibition by the synthetic compound Varespladib (LY315920). Sci Rep 2019; 9:17203. [PMID: 31748642 PMCID: PMC6868273 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53755-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization recently listed snakebite envenoming as a Neglected Tropical Disease, proposing strategies to significantly reduce the global burden of this complex pathology by 2030. In this context, effective adjuvant treatments to complement conventional antivenom therapy based on inhibitory molecules for specific venom toxins have gained renewed interest. Varespladib (LY315920) is a synthetic molecule clinically tested to block inflammatory cascades of several diseases associated with elevated levels of secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2). Most recently, Varespladib was tested against several whole snake venoms and isolated PLA2 toxins, demonstrating potent inhibitory activity. Herein, we describe the first structural and functional study of the complex between Varespladib and a PLA2-like snake venom toxin (MjTX-II). In vitro and in vivo experiments showed this compound’s capacity to inhibit the cytotoxic and myotoxic effects of MjTX-II from the medically important South American snake, Bothrops moojeni. Crystallographic and bioinformatics analyses revealed interactions of Varespladib with two specific regions of the toxin, suggesting inhibition occurs by physical blockage of its allosteric activation, preventing the alignment of its functional sites and, consequently, impairing its ability to disrupt membranes. Furthermore, based on the analysis of several crystallographic structures, a distinction between toxin activators and inhibitors is proposed.
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Huancahuire-Vega S, Hollanda LM, Gomes-Heleno M, Newball-Noriega EE, Marangoni S. ACP-TX-I and ACP-TX-II, Two Novel Phospholipases A 2 Isolated from Trans-Pecos Copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster Venom: Biochemical and Functional Characterization. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110661. [PMID: 31739403 PMCID: PMC6891687 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reports the purification and biochemical and functional characterization of ACP-TX-I and ACP-TX-II, two phospholipases A2 (PLA2) from Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster venom. Both PLA2s were highly purified by a single chromatographic step on a C18 reverse phase HPLC column. Various peptide sequences from these two toxins showed similarity to those of other PLA2 toxins from viperid snake venoms. ACP-TX-I belongs to the catalytically inactive K49 PLA2 class, while ACP-TX-II is a D49 PLA2, and is enzymatically active. ACP-TX-I PLA2 is monomeric, which results in markedly diminished myotoxic and inflammatory activities when compared with dimeric K49 PLA2s, confirming the hypothesis that dimeric structure contributes heavily to the profound myotoxicity of the most active viperid K49 PLA2s. ACP-TX-II exhibits the main pharmacological actions reported for this protein family, including in vivo local myotoxicity, edema-forming activity, and in vitro cytotoxicity. ACP-TX-I PLA2 is cytotoxic to A549 lung carcinoma cells, indicating that cytotoxicity to these tumor cells does not require enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomón Huancahuire-Vega
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina Humana, Universidad Peruana Unión (UPeU), Lima 15, Peru;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +51-9-9757-4011
| | - Luciana M. Hollanda
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa, Universidade Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju 49032-490, SE, Brazil;
| | - Mauricio Gomes-Heleno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil; (M.G.-H.); (S.M.)
| | - Edda E. Newball-Noriega
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina Humana, Universidad Peruana Unión (UPeU), Lima 15, Peru;
| | - Sergio Marangoni
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil; (M.G.-H.); (S.M.)
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Snake Venoms in Drug Discovery: Valuable Therapeutic Tools for Life Saving. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100564. [PMID: 31557973 PMCID: PMC6832721 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal venoms are used as defense mechanisms or to immobilize and digest prey. In fact, venoms are complex mixtures of enzymatic and non-enzymatic components with specific pathophysiological functions. Peptide toxins isolated from animal venoms target mainly ion channels, membrane receptors and components of the hemostatic system with high selectivity and affinity. The present review shows an up-to-date survey on the pharmacology of snake-venom bioactive components and evaluates their therapeutic perspectives against a wide range of pathophysiological conditions. Snake venoms have also been used as medical tools for thousands of years especially in tradition Chinese medicine. Consequently, snake venoms can be considered as mini-drug libraries in which each drug is pharmacologically active. However, less than 0.01% of these toxins have been identified and characterized. For instance, Captopril® (Enalapril), Integrilin® (Eptifibatide) and Aggrastat® (Tirofiban) are drugs based on snake venoms, which have been approved by the FDA. In addition to these approved drugs, many other snake venom components are now involved in preclinical or clinical trials for a variety of therapeutic applications. These examples show that snake venoms can be a valuable source of new principle components in drug discovery.
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Ibiapina HNS, Costa AG, Sachett JAG, Silva IM, Tarragô AM, Neves JCF, Kerr MWA, Santana MF, Martins-Filho OA, Lacerda MVG, Ferreira LCL, Malheiro A, Monteiro WM. An Immunological Stairway to Severe Tissue Complication Assembly in Bothrops atrox Snakebites. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1882. [PMID: 31474982 PMCID: PMC6705225 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebites are a serious public health problem and, in the Amazon, the Bothrops atrox snake is the most frequent cause of envenomation. B. atrox venom (BaV) causes pathophysiological changes with intense, local inflammatory processes, such as severe tissue complication (STC). However, mechanisms associated with the inflammatory process in humans are still poorly understood. Thus, in this study, we sought to describe the profile of local and systemic immunological soluble molecules in Bothrops envenomation patients treated at a specialist tertiary healthcare unit in the Brazilian Amazon. An analytical and prospective study was performed with patients who had snakebites with different clinical outcomes (STC and Mild Tissue Complication-MTC) using venous blood and blister exudate in order to measure immunological soluble molecules present in the response process. Twenty STC patients and 20 MTC patients were eligible for the study. In addition, 20 healthy donors (HD) who had never been bitten by a snake were used as controls. The biomarkers CXCL-8, CCL-5, CXCL-9, CCL-2 and CXCL-10; C3a, C4a, and C5a; IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, TNF, IFN-γ and IL-17A were quantified using flow cytometry and ELISA. The circulating response profile differs between the studied groups, with MTC patients presenting a mixed profile and STC patients presenting a more polarized profile for Th1 response. In addition, individuals who develop STC have a more intense local immune response, because the tissue response differs from the circulating immunological soluble molecules and presents Th1/Th2/Th17 response polarization. Furthermore, these results suggest that CCL-2 and CXCL-10 are biomarkers for STC and the response profile they assume against Bothrops snakebite should reflect in the clinical practice for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiochelson Najibe Santos Ibiapina
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Allyson Guimarães Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Brazil.,Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Almeida Gonçalves Sachett
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Iran Mendonça Silva
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Andréa Monteiro Tarragô
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Brazil.,Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Juliana Costa Ferreira Neves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marllon Wendell Athaydes Kerr
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Monique Freire Santana
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Guimarães Lacerda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisas Leônidas & Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ-Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Lima Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Adriana Malheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Brazil.,Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
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72
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Inhibition of snake venom induced sterile inflammation and PLA2 activity by Titanium dioxide Nanoparticles in experimental animals. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11175. [PMID: 31371738 PMCID: PMC6671979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47557-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile inflammation (SI) is an essential process in response to snakebite and injury. The venom induced pathophysiological response to sterile inflammation results into many harmful and deleterious effects that ultimately leads to death. The available treatment for snakebite is antiserum which does not provide enough protection against venom-induced pathophysiological changes like haemorrhage, necrosis, nephrotoxicity and often develop hypersensitive reactions. In order to overcome these hindrances, scientists around the globe are searching for an alternative therapy to provide better treatment to the snake envenomation patients. In the present study TiO2 (Titanium dioxide)-NPs (Nanoparticles) has been assessed for antisnake venom activity and its potential to be used as an antidote. In this study, the synthesis of TiO2-NPs arrays has been demonstrated on p-type Silicon Si < 100 > substrate (∼30 ohm-cm) and the surface topography has been detected by Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The TiO2-NPs successfully neutralized the Daboia russelii venom (DRV) and Naja kaouthia venom (NKV)-induced lethal activity. Viper venom induced haemorrhagic, coagulant and anticoagulant activities were effectively neutralized both in in-vitro and in vivo studies. The cobra and viper venoms-induced sterile inflammatory molecules (IL-6, HMGB1, HSP70, HSP90, S100B and vWF) were effectively neutralised by the TiO2-NPs in experimental animals.
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73
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Albulescu LO, Kazandjian T, Slagboom J, Bruyneel B, Ainsworth S, Alsolaiss J, Wagstaff SC, Whiteley G, Harrison RA, Ulens C, Kool J, Casewell NR. A Decoy-Receptor Approach Using Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Mimics Reveals Their Potential as Novel Therapeutics Against Neurotoxic Snakebite. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:848. [PMID: 31417406 PMCID: PMC6683245 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite is a neglected tropical disease that causes 138,000 deaths each year. Neurotoxic snake venoms contain small neurotoxins, including three-finger toxins (3FTxs), which can cause rapid paralysis in snakebite victims by blocking postsynaptic transmission via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). These toxins are typically weakly immunogenic and thus are often not effectively targeted by current polyclonal antivenom therapies. We investigated whether nAChR mimics, also known as acetylcholine binding proteins (AChBPs), could effectively capture 3FTxs and therefore be developed as a novel class of snake-generic therapeutics for combatting neurotoxic envenoming. First, we identified the binding specificities of 3FTx from various medically important elapid snake venoms to nAChR using two recombinant nAChR mimics: the AChBP from Lymnaea stagnalis and a humanized neuronal α7 version (α7-AChBP). We next characterized these AChBP-bound and unbound fractions using SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry. Interestingly, both mimics effectively captured long-chain 3FTxs from multiple snake species but largely failed to capture the highly related short-chain 3FTxs, suggesting a high level of binding specificity. We next investigated whether nAChR mimics could be used as snakebite therapeutics. We showed that while α7-AChBP alone did not protect against Naja haje (Egyptian cobra) venom lethality in vivo, it significantly prolonged survival times when coadministered with a nonprotective dose of antivenom. Thus, nAChR mimics are capable of neutralizing specific venom toxins and may be useful adjunct therapeutics for improving the safety and affordability of existing snakebite treatments by reducing therapeutic doses. Our findings justify exploring the future development of AChBPs as potential snakebite treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Oana Albulescu
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Taline Kazandjian
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Slagboom
- AIMMS Division of BioMolecular Analysis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ben Bruyneel
- AIMMS Division of BioMolecular Analysis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stuart Ainsworth
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jaffer Alsolaiss
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C Wagstaff
- Bioinformatics Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Whiteley
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Harrison
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Ulens
- Laboratory of Structural Neurobiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Kool
- AIMMS Division of BioMolecular Analysis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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74
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Janardhan B, Shrikanth VM, More VS, Melappa G, Zameer F, More SS. Bungarus caeruleus venom neutralization activity of Azima tetracantha Lam. Extract. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02163. [PMID: 31388588 PMCID: PMC6667930 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Azima tetracantha Lam. is native to Africa and India. The plant and its parts are used for treating various ailments including snake bites. The different concentrations of ethyl acetate leaf extract of A. tetracantha were used to neutralize the toxic effect of venom through dose dependent enzyme studies and in vivo studies. The extract was able to neutralize the 5’ nucleotidase, phospholipase A2, Phosphodiesterae, phosphomonoesterase, acetylcholinesterase and hyaluronidase in a dose dependent manner with concentrations ranging from 43.98 –340.1 μg/mL of extract. The extract could retain the lysis of fibrinogen at the concentration of 1:10 (venom: extract, w/w) and also the lysis of lecithin was reduced at a concentration of 1:25 (venom: extract, w/w). The extract was able to neutralize the LD50 of venom in both mice and embryo and also reduce the myotoxic and edema properties of the venom in mice models. The venom did not show any procoagulant and hemorrhagic effect. The leaf extract possess adequate compounds/phytochemicals that could neutralize the toxic properties/activity of the B. caeruleus venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavya Janardhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Post Graduate Studies, Jain University, India
| | - Vineetha M Shrikanth
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Post Graduate Studies, Jain University, India
| | - Veena S More
- Department of Biotechnology, Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bangalore, 57, India
| | - Govindappa Melappa
- Department of Botany Dhavangere University, Shivagangothri, Davangere-577007, India
| | - Farhan Zameer
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bangalore, India
| | - Sunil S More
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bangalore, India
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75
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Biotoxins in muscle regeneration research. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2019; 40:291-297. [PMID: 31359301 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-019-09548-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles are characterized by their unique regenerative capacity following injury due to the presence of muscle precursor cells, satellite cells. This characteristic allows researchers to study muscle regeneration using experimental injury models. These injury models should be stable and reproducible. Variety of injury models have been used, among which the intramuscular injection of myotoxic biotoxins is considered the most common and widespread method in muscle regeneration research. By using isolated biotoxins, researchers could induce acute muscle damage and regeneration in a controlled and reproducible manner. Therefore, it is considered an easy method for inducing muscle injury in order to understand the different mechanisms involved in muscle injuries and tissue response following injury. However, different toxins and venoms have different compositions and subsequently the possible effects of these toxins on skeletal muscle vary according to their composition. Moreover, regeneration of injured muscle by venoms and toxins varies according to the target of toxin or venom. Therefore, it is essential for researcher to be aware of the mechanism and possible target of toxin-induced injury. The current paper provides an overview of the biotoxins used in skeletal muscle research.
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76
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Williams HF, Layfield HJ, Vallance T, Patel K, Bicknell AB, Trim SA, Vaiyapuri S. The Urgent Need to Develop Novel Strategies for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Snakebites. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E363. [PMID: 31226842 PMCID: PMC6628419 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming (SBE) is a priority neglected tropical disease, which kills in excess of 100,000 people per year. Additionally, many millions of survivors also suffer through disabilities and long-term health consequences. The only treatment for SBE, antivenom, has a number of major associated problems, not least, adverse reactions and limited availability. This emphasises the necessity for urgent improvements to the management of this disease. Administration of antivenom is too frequently based on symptomatology, which results in wasting crucial time. The majority of SBE-affected regions rely on broad-spectrum polyvalent antivenoms that have a low content of case-specific efficacious immunoglobulins. Research into small molecular therapeutics such as varespladib/methyl-varespladib (PLA2 inhibitors) and batimastat/marimastat (metalloprotease inhibitors) suggest that such adjunctive treatments could be hugely beneficial to victims. Progress into toxin-specific monoclonal antibodies as well as alternative binding scaffolds such as aptamers hold much promise for future treatment strategies. SBE is not implicit during snakebite, due to venom metering. Thus, the delay between bite and symptom presentation is critical and when symptoms appear it may often already be too late to effectively treat SBE. The development of reliable diagnostical tools could therefore initiate a paradigm shift in the treatment of SBE. While the complete eradication of SBE is an impossibility, mitigation is in the pipeline, with new treatments and diagnostics rapidly emerging. Here we critically review the urgent necessity for the development of diagnostic tools and improved therapeutics to mitigate the deaths and disabilities caused by SBE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Vallance
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AH, UK.
| | - Ketan Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AH, UK.
| | - Andrew B Bicknell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AH, UK.
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77
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Ferraz CR, Arrahman A, Xie C, Casewell NR, Lewis RJ, Kool J, Cardoso FC. Multifunctional Toxins in Snake Venoms and Therapeutic Implications: From Pain to Hemorrhage and Necrosis. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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78
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Nascimento TL, Conte TC, Rissato TS, Luna MS, Soares AG, Moriscot AS, Yamanouye N, Miyabara EH. Radicicol enhances the regeneration of skeletal muscle injured by crotoxin via decrease of NF-kB activation. Toxicon 2019; 167:6-9. [PMID: 31173791 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated cellular and molecular effects of radicicol, a heat shock protein (HSP) inducer, on the regeneration of skeletal muscle injured by crotoxin, the main toxin isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. Regenerating muscles treated with radicicol had decreased NF-kB activation. Differentiating myoblasts treated with radicicol showed reduced number of NF-kB positive nuclei and increased fusion index. The results suggest that radicicol enhances regeneration of muscle by attenuating NF-kB activation and increasing myogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Nascimento
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo. Av. Lineu Prestes 2415, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - T C Conte
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo. Av. Lineu Prestes 2415, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - T S Rissato
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo. Av. Lineu Prestes 2415, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M S Luna
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A G Soares
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo. Av Lineu Prestes 1524, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A S Moriscot
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo. Av. Lineu Prestes 2415, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - N Yamanouye
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - E H Miyabara
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo. Av. Lineu Prestes 2415, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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79
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Malange KF, Dos Santos GG, Kato NN, Toffoli-Kadri MC, Carollo CA, Silva DB, Portugal LC, Alves FM, Rita PHS, Parada CA, Rondon ES. Tabebuia aurea decreases hyperalgesia and neuronal injury induced by snake venom. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 233:131-140. [PMID: 30590196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth. & Hook. f. ex S. Moore is used as anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antiophidic in traditional medicine, though its pharmacological proprieties are still underexplored. In the bothropic envenoming, pain is a key symptom drove by an intense local inflammatory and neurotoxic event. The antivenom serum therapy is still the main treatment despite its poor local effects against pain and tissue injury. Furthermore, it is limited to ambulatorial niches, giving space for the search of new and more inclusive pharmacological approaches. AIM OF THE STUDY evaluation of Tabebuia aurea hydroethanolic extract (HEETa) in hyperalgesia and neuronal injury induced by Bothrops mattogrossensis venom (VBm). MATERIALS AND METHODS Stem barks from Tabebuia aurea were extracted with ethanol and water (7:3, v/v) to yield the extract HEETa. Then, HEETa was analyzed by LC-DAD-MS and its constituents were identified. Snake venoms were extracted from adult specimens of Bothrops mattogrossensis, lyophilized and kept at -20 °C until use. Male Swiss mice, weighting 20-25 g, were used to hyperalgesia (electronic von Frey), motor impairment (Rotarod test) and tissue injury evaluation (histopatology and ATF-3 immunohistochemistry). Therefore, three experimental groups were formed: VBm (1 pg, 1 ng, 0.3 μg, 1 μg, 3 and 6 μg/paw), HEETa orally (180, 540, 720, 810 or 1080 mg/kg; 10 mL/kg, 30 min prior VBm inoculation) and VBm neutralized (VBm: HEETa, 1:100 parts, respectively). In all set of experiments a control (saline group) was used. First, we made a dose-time-response course curve of VBm's induced hyperalgesia. Next, VBm maximum hyperalgesic dose was employed to perform HEETa orally dose-time-response course curve and analyses of VBm neutralized. Paw tissues for histopathology and DRGs were collected from animals inoculated with VBm maximum dose and treated with HEETa antihyperalgesic effective dose or neutralized VBm. Paws were extract two or 72 h after VBm inoculation and DRGs, in the maximum expected time expression of ATF-3 (72 h). RESULTS From HEETa extract, glycosylated iridoids were identified, such as catalpol, minecoside, verminoside and specioside. VBm induced a time and dose dependent hyperalgesia with its highest effect seen with 3 µg/paw, 2 h after venom inoculation. HEETa effective dose (720 mg/kg) decreased significantly VBm induced hyperalgesia (3 µg/paw) with no motor impairment and signs of acute toxicity. HEETa antihyperalgesic action starts 1.5 h after VBm inoculation and lasted up until 2 h after VBm. Hyperalgesia wasn't reduced by VBm: HEETa neutralization. Histopathology revealed a large hemorragic field 2 h after VBm inoculation and an intense inflammatory infiltrate of polymorphonuclear cells at 72 h. Both HEETa orally and VBm: HEETa groups had a reduced inflammation at 72 h after VBm. Also, the venom significantly induced ATF-3 expression (35.37 ± 3.25%) compared with saline group (4.18 ± 0.68%) which was reduced in HEETa orally (25.87 ± 2.57%) and VBm: HEETa (19.84 ± 2.15%) groups. CONCLUSION HEETa reduced the hyperalgesia and neuronal injury induced by VBm. These effects could be related to iridoid glycosides detected in HEETa and their intrinsic reported mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kauê Franco Malange
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food, and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gilson Gonçalves Dos Santos
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália Naomi Kato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food, and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mônica Cristina Toffoli-Kadri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food, and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Carollo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food, and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Denise Brentan Silva
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food, and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciane Candeloro Portugal
- Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Flávio Macedo Alves
- Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Amílcar Parada
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eric Schmidt Rondon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (FAMEZ), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
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80
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Dutta S, Sinha A, Dasgupta S, Mukherjee AK. Binding of a Naja naja venom acidic phospholipase A 2 cognate complex to membrane-bound vimentin of rat L6 cells: Implications in cobra venom-induced cytotoxicity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:958-977. [PMID: 30776333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An acidic phospholipase A2 enzyme (NnPLA2-I) interacts with three finger toxins (cytotoxin and neurotoxin) from Naja naja venom to form cognate complexes to enhance its cytotoxicity towards rat L6 myogenic cells. The cytotoxicity was further enhanced in presence of trace quantity of venom nerve growth factor. The purified rat myoblast cell membrane protein showing interaction with NnPLA2-I was identified as vimentin by LC-MS/MS analysis. The ELISA, immunoblot and spectrofluorometric analyses showed greater binding of NnPLA2-I cognate complex to vimentin as compared to the binding of individual NnPLA2-I. The immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy studies evidenced the internalization of NnPLA2-I to partially differentiated myoblasts post binding with vimentin in a time-dependent manner. Pre-incubation of polyvalent antivenom with NnPLA2-I cognate complex demonstrated better neutralization of cytotoxicity towards L6 cells as compared to exogenous addition of polyvalent antivenom 60-240 min post treatment of L6 cells with cognate complex suggesting clinical advantage of early antivenom treatment to prevent cobra venom-induced cytotoxicity. The in silico analysis showed that 19-22 residues, inclusive of Asp48 residue, of NnPLA2-I preferentially binds with the rod domain (99-189 and 261-335 regions) of vimentin with a predicted free binding energy (ΔG) and dissociation constant (KD) values of -12.86 kcal/mol and 3.67 × 10-10 M, respectively; however, NnPLA2-I cognate complex showed greater binding with the same regions of vimentin indicating the pathophysiological significance of cognate complex in cobra venom-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Dutta
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Archana Sinha
- Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Suman Dasgupta
- Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India.
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81
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Salvador GHM, Cardoso FF, Gomes AA, Cavalcante WLG, Gallacci M, Fontes MRM. Search for efficient inhibitors of myotoxic activity induced by ophidian phospholipase A 2-like proteins using functional, structural and bioinformatics approaches. Sci Rep 2019; 9:510. [PMID: 30679550 PMCID: PMC6346006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36839-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophidian accidents are considered an important neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. Particularly in Latin America, Bothrops snakes are responsible for the majority of the snakebite envenomings that are not efficiently treated by conventional serum therapy. Thus, the search for simple and efficient inhibitors to complement this therapy is a promising research area, and a combination of functional and structural assays have been used to test candidate ligands against specific ophidian venom compounds. Herein, we tested a commercial drug (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA) and a plant compound with antiophidian properties (rosmarinic acid, RA) using myographic, crystallographic and bioinformatics experiments with a phospholipase A2-like toxin, MjTX-II. MjTX-II/RA and MjTX-II/ASA crystal structures were solved at high resolution and revealed the presence of ligands bound to different regions of the toxin. However, in vitro myographic assays showed that only RA is able to prevent the myotoxic effects of MjTX-II. In agreement with functional results, molecular dynamics simulations showed that the RA molecule remains tightly bound to the toxin throughout the calculations, whereas ASA molecules tend to dissociate. This approach aids the design of effective inhibitors of PLA2-like toxins and, eventually, may complement serum therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme H M Salvador
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Florença Cardoso
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Antoniel A Gomes
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Walter L G Cavalcante
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Depto. de Farmacologia, UFMG - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Márcia Gallacci
- Depto. de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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82
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Effects of Two Fractions of Swietenia macrophylla and Catechin on Muscle Damage Induced by BothropsVenom and PLA₂. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11010040. [PMID: 30646591 PMCID: PMC6356255 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant natural products can attenuate the myonecrosis caused by Bothrops snake venom and their phospholipases A₂ (PLA₂). In this study, we evaluated the effects of two fractions (F4 and F6) from Swietenia macrophylla and purified catechin on the muscle damage caused by a myotoxic PLA₂ from Colombian Bothrops asper venom (BaColPLA₂) in mice and by Bothrops marmoratus venom from Brazil in mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscle (PND) preparations in vitro. Male mice were injected with PLA₂ (50 µg) in the absence or presence of F4, F6, and catechin, in the gastrocnemius muscle and then killed 3, 7, 14, and 28 h later for histopathological analysis of myonecrosis, leukocyte infiltration, and the presence of collagen. Fractions F4 and F6 (500 µg) and catechin (90 µg) significantly reduced the extent of necrosis at all-time intervals. These two fractions and catechin also attenuated the leukocyte infiltration on day 3, as did catechin on day 14. There was medium-to-moderate collagen deposition in all groups up to day 7, but greater deposition on days 14 and 28 in the presence of F6 and catechin. Bothrops marmoratus venom (100 µg/mL) caused slight (~25%) muscle facilitation after 10 minutes and weak neuromuscular blockade (~64% decrease in contractile activity after a 120-minute incubation). Pre-incubation of venom with F4 or F6 abolished the facilitation, whereas catechin, which was itself facilitatory, did not. All three fractions attenuated the venom-induced decrease in muscle contractions. These findings indicate that fractions and catechin from S. macrophylla can reduce the muscle damage caused by Bothrops venom and PLA₂. These fractions or their components could be useful for treating venom-induced local damage.
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83
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Carvalho LHD, Teixeira LF, Zaqueo KD, Bastos JF, Nery NM, Setúbal SS, Pontes AS, Butzke D, Cavalcante W, Gallacci M, Fernandes CFC, Stabeli RG, Soares AM, Zuliani JP. Local and systemic effects caused by Crotalus durissus terrificus, Crotalus durissus collilineatus, and Crotalus durissus cascavella snake venoms in swiss mice. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20180526. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0526-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kayena Delaix Zaqueo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Diana Butzke
- Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Brazil; Centro Universitário São Lucas, Brasil
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84
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Williams HF, Mellows BA, Mitchell R, Sfyri P, Layfield HJ, Salamah M, Vaiyapuri R, Collins-Hooper H, Bicknell AB, Matsakas A, Patel K, Vaiyapuri S. Mechanisms underpinning the permanent muscle damage induced by snake venom metalloprotease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007041. [PMID: 30695027 PMCID: PMC6368331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite is a major neglected tropical health issue that affects over 5 million people worldwide resulting in around 1.8 million envenomations and 100,000 deaths each year. Snakebite envenomation also causes innumerable morbidities, specifically loss of limbs as a result of excessive tissue/muscle damage. Snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) are a predominant component of viper venoms, and are involved in the degradation of basement membrane proteins (particularly collagen) surrounding the tissues around the bite site. Although their collagenolytic properties have been established, the molecular mechanisms through which SVMPs induce permanent muscle damage are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate the purification and characterisation of an SVMP from a viper (Crotalus atrox) venom. Mass spectrometry analysis confirmed that this protein is most likely to be a group III metalloprotease (showing high similarity to VAP2A) and has been referred to as CAMP (Crotalus atrox metalloprotease). CAMP displays both collagenolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities and inhibits CRP-XL-induced platelet aggregation. To determine its effects on muscle damage, CAMP was administered into the tibialis anterior muscle of mice and its actions were compared with cardiotoxin I (a three-finger toxin) from an elapid snake (Naja pallida) venom. Extensive immunohistochemistry analyses revealed that CAMP significantly damages skeletal muscles by attacking the collagen scaffold and other important basement membrane proteins, and prevents their regeneration through disrupting the functions of satellite cells. In contrast, cardiotoxin I destroys skeletal muscle by damaging the plasma membrane, but does not impact regeneration due to its inability to affect the extracellular matrix. Overall, this study provides novel insights into the mechanisms through which SVMPs induce permanent muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben A. Mellows
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Peggy Sfyri
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Atherothrombotic and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, Hull, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maryam Salamah
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Andrew B. Bicknell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Antonios Matsakas
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Atherothrombotic and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Ketan Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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85
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Costa KCT, de Sousa BB, Dias EHV, Pereira DFDC, Matias MS, Oliveira WJ, Mundim AV, Mamede CCN, Izidoro LFM, Costa JDO, de Oliveira F. Systemic alterations induced by phospholipase A 2 , BmooTX-I, isolated from Bothrops moojeni snake venom. Int J Exp Pathol 2018; 99:226-235. [PMID: 30456925 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophidic accidents are among the problems of public health in Brazil. The components from bothropic venom are responsible for many systemic clinical complications resulting from envenomation. The present work aimed to analyse the systemic changes induced in mice after intraperitoneal administration of BmooTX-I, a myotoxic acidic phospholipase A2 isolated from Bothrops moojeni venom. Urinalysis was performed and the following plasma biochemical markers were documented: urea, creatinine and uric acid (renal function); glucose and amylase (pancreatic function); alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-GT (intra- and extrahepatic function); creatine kinase and enzymatic lactate (muscle function). Our results showed that after the intraperitoneal injection of BmooTX-I the urine of these animals showed glycosuria, proteinuria, haematuria, bacteriuria, bilirubinuria, polyuria and nitrite. The plasma biochemical analysis showed alterations in levels of urea, creatinine and uric acid. Amylase concentration was not altered significantly, but the plasma glucose increased significantly compared to controls. The plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase decreased and increased, respectively, in these same animals. On the other hand, the plasma γGT concentration did not undergo significant modification compared to the control group. The plasma concentration of CK increased, while the enzymatic lactate concentration decreased after the injection of the BmooTX-I. Therefore, in mice BmooTX-I is capable of causing systemic alterations which manifest as renal, muscular, hepatic and pancreatic impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen Cristina Torres Costa
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.,Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Barbosa de Sousa
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mariana Santos Matias
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Wilson Júnior Oliveira
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Vicente Mundim
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Carla Cristine Neves Mamede
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Monte Carmelo, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Júnia de Oliveira Costa
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Triângulo Mineiro, Campus Ituiutaba, Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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86
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Lewin MR, Gilliam LL, Gilliam J, Samuel SP, Bulfone TC, Bickler PE, Gutiérrez JM. Delayed LY333013 (Oral) and LY315920 (Intravenous) Reverse Severe Neurotoxicity and Rescue Juvenile Pigs from Lethal Doses of Micrurus fulvius (Eastern Coral Snake) Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E479. [PMID: 30453607 PMCID: PMC6265968 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a clear, unmet need for effective, lightweight, shelf-stable and economical snakebite envenoming therapies that can be given rapidly after the time of a snake's bite and as adjuncts to antivenom therapies in the hospital setting. The sPLA2 inhibitor, LY315920, and its orally bioavailable prodrug, LY333013, demonstrate surprising efficacy and have the characteristics of an antidote with potential for both field and hospital use. METHODS The efficacy of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (LY315920) and its prodrug (LY333013) to treat experimental, lethal envenoming by Micrurus fulvius (Eastern coral snake) venom was tested using a porcine model. Inhibitors were administered by either intravenous or oral routes at different time intervals after venom injection. In some experiments, antivenom was also administered alone or in conjunction with LY333013. RESULTS 14 of 14 animals (100%) receiving either LY315920 (intravenous) and/or LY333013 (oral) survived to the 120 h endpoint despite, in some protocols, the presence of severe neurotoxic signs. The study drugs demonstrated the ability to treat, rescue, and re-rescue animals with advanced manifestations of envenoming. CONCLUSIONS Low molecular mass sPLA2 inhibitors were highly effective in preventing lethality following experimental envenoming by M. fulvius. These findings suggest the plausibility of a new therapeutic approach to snakebite envenoming, in this example, for the treatment of a coral snake species for which there are limitations in the availability of effective antivenom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Lewin
- Ophirex, Inc., Corte Madera, CA 94925, USA.
- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
| | - Lyndi L Gilliam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - John Gilliam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Stephen P Samuel
- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kings Lynn, Norfolk PE30 4ET, UK.
| | - Tommaso C Bulfone
- Ophirex, Inc., Corte Madera, CA 94925, USA.
- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
| | - Philip E Bickler
- Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
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87
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Torres-Bonilla KA, Andrade-Silva D, Serrano SMT, Hyslop S. Biochemical characterization of venom from Pseudoboa neuwiedii (Neuwied's false boa; Xenodontinae; Pseudoboini). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 213:27-38. [PMID: 29966733 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we examined the proteolytic and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activities of venom from the opisthoglyphous colubrid Pseudoboa neuwiedii. Proteolytic activity (3 and 10 μg of venom) was comparable to that of Bothrops neuwiedii venom but less than Bothrops atrox. This activity was inhibited by EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline but only slightly affected (≤30% inhibition) by PMSF and AEBSF, indicating it was mediated by snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). The pH and temperature optima for proteolytic activity were 8.0 and 37 °C, respectively. The venom had no esterase activity, whereas PLA2 activity was similar to B. atrox, greater than B. neuwiedii but less than B. jararacussu. SDS-PAGE revealed venom proteins >100 kDa, 45-70 kDa, 21-24 kDa and ~15 kDa, and mass spectrometry of protein bands revealed SVMPs, cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs) and PLA2, but no serine proteinases. In gelatin zymography, the most active bands occurred at 65-68 kDa (seen with 0.05-0.25 μg of venom). Caseinolytic activity occurred at 50-66 kDa and was generally weaker than gelatinolytic activity. RP-HPLC of venom yielded 15 peaks, five of which showed gelatinolytic activity; peak 7 was the most active and apparently contained a P-III class SVMP. The venom showed α-fibrinogenase activity, without affecting the β and γ chains; this activity was inhibited by EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline. The venom did not clot rat citrated plasma but reduced the rate and extent of coagulation after plasma recalcification. In conclusion, P. neuwiedii venom is highly proteolytic and could potentially affect coagulation in vivo by degrading fibrinogen via SVMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian A Torres-Bonilla
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora Andrade-Silva
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, Avenida Brazil 1500, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Solange M T Serrano
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, Avenida Brazil 1500, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Stephen Hyslop
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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88
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Silva-Neto A, Santos W, Botelho A, Diamantino G, Soto-Blanco B, Melo M. Use of EDTA in the treatment of local tissue damage caused by the Bothrops alternatus venom. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Twelve adult rabbits were distributed in three groups and received on the femoral biceps region, via intradermal injection (ID), 25µg of Bothrops alternatus venom dissolved in NaCl 0.9% and diluted in 0.25mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Thirty minutes later, the group G1 received 0.25mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) ID while to G2 and G3 25mg of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) dissolved in 0.25mL of PBS were administered via intramuscular (IM) and intravenous (IV) injection, respectively. Evaluations included local lesion and blood profile of all animals, before (time zero) and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 18 and 24h after venom administration. All animal treated with PBS (G1) and EDTA IV (G3) presented increase of nociceptive stimuli at the site of inoculation of the venom, followed by moderate edema that persisted for 24h. Animals treated with IM EDTA (G2) only manifested increase of nociceptive stimuli at the site of injection 1h after treatment with discrete local edema between 12 and 24h. In relation to the local hemorrhagic halo no differences were found amongst the studied groups. Blood profile revealed significant decrease of segmented neutrophils in all groups. There was also increase in triglycerides and decrease in total protein and albumin in all groups. The local lesion was not altered by the treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W.G. Santos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - M.M. Melo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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89
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Lewin MR, Gutiérrez JM, Samuel SP, Herrera M, Bryan-Quirós W, Lomonte B, Bickler PE, Bulfone TC, Williams DJ. Delayed Oral LY333013 Rescues Mice from Highly Neurotoxic, Lethal Doses of Papuan Taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E380. [PMID: 30241297 PMCID: PMC6215158 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet need for economical snakebite therapies with long shelf lives that are effective even with delays in treatment. The orally bioavailable, heat-stable, secretory phospholipase A₂ (sPLA₂) inhibitor, LY333013, demonstrates antidotal characteristics for severe snakebite envenoming in both field and hospital use. A murine model of lethal envenoming by a Papuan taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) demonstrates that LY333013, even with delayed oral administration, improves the chances of survival. Furthermore, LY333013 improves the performance of antivenom even after it no longer reverses neurotoxic signs. Our study is the first demonstration that neurotoxicity from presynaptic venom sPLA2S can be treated successfully, even after the window of therapeutic antivenom has closed. These results suggest that sPLA₂ inhibitors have the potential to reduce death and disability and should be considered for the initial and adjunct treatment of snakebite envenoming. The scope and capacity of the sPLA2 inhibitors ability to achieve these endpoints requires further investigation and development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Lewin
- Ophirex, Inc., Corte Madera, CA 94925, USA.
- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Microbiología, Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Universidad de Costa Rica, an José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Stephen P Samuel
- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kings Lynn, Norfolk PE30 4ET, UK.
| | - María Herrera
- Facultad de Microbiología, Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Universidad de Costa Rica, an José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Wendy Bryan-Quirós
- Facultad de Microbiología, Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Universidad de Costa Rica, an José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Facultad de Microbiología, Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Universidad de Costa Rica, an José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Philip E Bickler
- Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Tommaso C Bulfone
- Ophirex, Inc., Corte Madera, CA 94925, USA.
- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
| | - David J Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Australian Venom Research Unit, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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90
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Silva LMG, Zamuner LF, David AC, dos Santos SA, de Carvalho PDTC, Zamuner SR. Photobiomodulation therapy on bothrops snake venom-induced local pathological effects: A systematic review. Toxicon 2018; 152:23-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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91
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Nanobodies as novel therapeutic agents in envenomation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2955-2965. [PMID: 30309831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An effective therapy against envenoming should be a priority in view of the high number scorpion stings and snakebites. Serum therapy is still widely applied to treat the envenomation victims; however this approach suffers from several shortcomings. The employment of monoclonal antibodies might be an outcome as these molecules are at the core of a variety of applications from protein structure determination to cancer treatment. The progress of activities in the twilight zone between genetic and antibody engineering have led to the development of a unique class of antibody fragments. These molecules possess several benefits and lack many possible disadvantages over classical antibodies. Within recombinant antibody formats, nanobodies or single domain antigen binding fragments derived from heavy chain only antibodies in camelids occupy a privileged position. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this paper we will briefly review the common methods of envenomation treatment and focus on details of various in vivo research activities that investigate the performance of recombinant, monoclonal nanobodies in venom neutralization. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Nanobodies bind to their cognate target with high specificity and affinity, they can be produced in large quantities from microbial expression systems and are very robust even when challenged with harsh environmental conditions. Upon administering, they rapidly distribute throughout the body and seem to be well tolerated in humans posing low immunogenicity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Scorpion and snake envenomation is a major issue in developing countries and nanobodies as a venom-neutralizing agent can be considered as a valuable and promising candidate in envenomation therapy.
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Massimino ML, Simonato M, Spolaore B, Franchin C, Arrigoni G, Marin O, Monturiol-Gross L, Fernández J, Lomonte B, Tonello F. Cell surface nucleolin interacts with and internalizes Bothrops asper Lys49 phospholipase A 2 and mediates its toxic activity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10619. [PMID: 30006575 PMCID: PMC6045611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 are a major component of snake venoms. Some of them cause severe muscle necrosis through an unknown mechanism. Phospholipid hydrolysis is a possible explanation of their toxic action, but catalytic and toxic properties of PLA2s are not directly connected. In addition, viperid venoms contain PLA2-like proteins, which are very toxic even if they lack catalytic activity due to a critical mutation in position 49. In this work, the PLA2-like Bothrops asper myotoxin-II, conjugated with the fluorophore TAMRA, was found to be internalized in mouse myotubes, and in RAW264.7 cells. Through experiments of protein fishing and mass spectrometry analysis, using biotinylated Mt-II as bait, we found fifteen proteins interacting with the toxin and among them nucleolin, a nucleolar protein present also on cell surface. By means of confocal microscopy, Mt-II and nucleolin were shown to colocalise, at 4 °C, on cell membrane where they form Congo-red sensitive assemblies, while at 37 °C, 20 minutes after the intoxication, they colocalise in intracellular spots going from plasmatic membrane to paranuclear and nuclear area. Finally, nucleolin antagonists were found to inhibit the Mt-II internalization and toxic activity and were used to identify the nucleolin regions involved in the interaction with the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morena Simonato
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, CNR, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara Spolaore
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Cinzia Franchin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
- Centro di Proteomica, Università di Padova e Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Via G. Orus 2/B, 35129, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
- Centro di Proteomica, Università di Padova e Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Via G. Orus 2/B, 35129, Padova, Italy
| | - Oriano Marin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Monturiol-Gross
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Julián Fernández
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Fiorella Tonello
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, CNR, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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93
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Structural and functional characterization of suramin-bound MjTX-I from Bothrops moojeni suggests a particular myotoxic mechanism. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10317. [PMID: 29985425 PMCID: PMC6037679 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Local myonecrosis is the main event resulting from snakebite envenomation by the Bothrops genus and, frequently, it is not efficiently neutralized by antivenom administration. Proteases, phospholipases A2 (PLA2) and PLA2-like toxins are found in venom related to muscle damage. Functional sites responsible for PLA2-like toxins activity have been proposed recently; they consist of a membrane docking-site and a membrane rupture-site. Herein, a combination of functional, biophysical and crystallographic techniques was used to characterize the interaction between suramin and MjTX-I (a PLA2-like toxin from Bothrops moojeni venom). Functional in vitro neuromuscular assays were performed to study the biological effects of the protein-ligand interaction, demonstrating that suramin neutralizes the myotoxic effect of MjTX-I. Calorimetric assays showed two different binding events: (i) inhibitor-protein interactions and (ii) toxin oligomerization processes. These hypotheses were also corroborated with dynamic light and small angle X-ray scattering assays. The crystal structure of the MjTX-I/suramin showed a totally different interaction mode compared to other PLA2-like/suramin complexes. Thus, we suggested a novel myotoxic mechanism for MjTX-I that may be inhibited by suramin. These results can further contribute to the search for inhibitors that will efficiently counteract local myonecrosis in order to be used as an adjuvant of conventional serum therapy.
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94
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Why is Skeletal Muscle Regeneration Impaired after Myonecrosis Induced by Viperid Snake Venoms? Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10050182. [PMID: 29723952 PMCID: PMC5983238 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10050182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration after myonecrosis involves the activation, proliferation and fusion of myogenic cells, and a coordinated inflammatory response encompassing phagocytosis of necrotic cell debris, and the concerted synthesis of cytokines and growth factors. Myonecrosis often occurs in snakebite envenomings. In the case of venoms that cause myotoxicity without affecting the vasculature, such as those of many elapid snakes, regeneration proceeds successfully. In contrast, in envenomings by most viperid snakes, which affect the vasculature and extracellular matrix in addition to muscle fibers, regeneration is largely impaired and, therefore, the muscle mass is reduced and replaced by fibro-adipose tissue. This review discusses possible causes for such poor regenerative outcome including: (a) damage to muscle microvasculature, which causes tissue hypoxia and affects the inflammatory response and the timely removal of necrotic tissue; (b) damage to intramuscular nerves, which results in atrophy of regenerating fibers; (c) degradation of muscle cell basement membrane, compromising the spatial niche for proliferating myoblasts; (d) widespread degradation of the extracellular matrix; and (e) persistence of venom components in the damaged tissue, which may affect myogenic cells at critical points in the regenerative process. Understanding the causes of poor muscle regeneration may pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic interventions aimed at fostering the regenerative process in envenomed patients.
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95
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Unresolved issues in the understanding of the pathogenesis of local tissue damage induced by snake venoms. Toxicon 2018; 148:123-131. [PMID: 29698755 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming by viperid species, and by some elapids, is characterized by a complex pattern of tissue damage at the anatomical site of venom injection. In severe cases, tissue destruction may be so extensive as to lead to permanent sequelae, with serious pathophysiological, social and psychological consequences. Significant advances have been performed in the study of venom-induced tissue damage, including identification and characterization of the toxins involved, insights into the mechanisms of action of venoms and toxins, and study of tissue responses to venom-induced injury. Nevertheless, much remains to be known and understood on the pathogenesis of these alterations. This review focuses on some of the pending issues in the topic of snake venom-induced local tissue damage. The traditional 'reductionist' approach, which has predominated in the study of snake venoms and their actions, needs to be complemented by more integrative and holistic perspectives aimed at capturing the complexity of these pathological alterations. Future advances in the study of these topics will certainly pave the way for innovative therapeutic interventions, with the goal of reducing the impact of this aspect of snakebite envenoming.
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96
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Resiere D, Arias AS, Villalta M, Rucavado A, Brouste Y, Cabié A, Névière R, Césaire R, Kallel H, Mégarbane B, Mehdaoui H, Gutiérrez JM. Preclinical evaluation of the neutralizing ability of a monospecific antivenom for the treatment of envenomings by Bothrops lanceolatus in Martinique. Toxicon 2018; 148:50-55. [PMID: 29654867 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops lanceolatus is an endemic viperid species in the Lesser Caribbean island of Martinique. Envenomings by this species are characterized by local and systemic effects, among which the development of thrombosis in various organs is the most severe complication. An experimental toxicological characterization of this venom was performed using in vivo mouse tests and various in vitro assays. The venom induced lethal, local and systemic hemorrhagic, edema-forming, myotoxic, thrombocytopenic, proteinase and phospholipase A2 activities. The preclinical efficacy of a batch of monospecific Bothrofav® antivenom currently in use in Martinique was assessed. The antivenom was highly effective in the neutralization of all activities tested, in agreement with its described clinical efficacy. This batch of antivenom showed a higher preclinical efficacy as compared to a previous batch used in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabor Resiere
- Service des Urgences et de Reanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Fort-de-France, Martinique, France
| | - Ana Silvia Arias
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mauren Villalta
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Yannick Brouste
- Service des Urgences et de Reanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Fort-de-France, Martinique, France
| | - André Cabié
- Service des Urgences et de Reanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Fort-de-France, Martinique, France
| | - Rémi Névière
- Service des Urgences et de Reanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Fort-de-France, Martinique, France
| | - Raymond Césaire
- Service des Urgences et de Reanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Fort-de-France, Martinique, France
| | - Hatem Kallel
- Intensive Care Unit, Cayenne General Hospital, French Guiana
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris-Diderot University, INSERM 1144, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Hossein Mehdaoui
- Service des Urgences et de Reanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Fort-de-France, Martinique, France
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
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97
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Gowda R, Rajaiah R, Angaswamy N, Krishna S, Bannikuppe Sannanayak V. Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of Trimersurus malabaricus snake venom. J Cell Biochem 2018. [PMID: 29528146 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Trimeresurus malabaricus is a venomous pit viper species endemic to southwestern part of India. In earlier reports, we have shown that envenomation by T. malabaricus venom leading to strong local tissue damage but the mechanism of action is not clearly revealed. Local tissue damage affected by T. malabaricus venom is of great importance since the poison has serious systemic effects including death in the case of multiple attacks. The present study details the major manifestations of T. malabaricus venom and the induction of local tissue damage, which suggests that most toxins are present in the form of hydrolytic enzymes. Hydrolytic activity of the enzymes was measured and the data indicated that protease and phospholipase A2 activity was high which is responsible for local tissue damage. Furthermore, the role of hydrolytic enzymes in the induction of pathological events such as hemorrhage, edema, myotoxicity, and blood coagulation examination were assessed through animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Gowda
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Rajesh Rajaiah
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Nataraj Angaswamy
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Sharath Krishna
- Department of Natural Sciences, Central State University, Wilberforce, Ohio
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98
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Neale V, Smout MJ, Seymour JE. Spine-bellied sea snake (Hydrophis curtus) venom shows greater skeletal myotoxicity compared with cardiac myotoxicity. Toxicon 2018; 143:108-117. [PMID: 29355573 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
For the first time the impedance-based xCELLigence real-time cell analysis system was used to measure the myotoxicity of sea snake venom. With a focus on the spine-bellied sea snake (Hydrophis curtus), the venom of four sea snake species and three terrestrial snake species were compared for myotoxicity against a human skeletal muscle cell line (HSkMC). Hydrophis curtus venom was also tested on a human cardiac muscle cell line (HCM). Surprisingly, all four sea snake venoms tested on HSkMC produced an initial 100-280% rise in xCELLigence cell index that peaked within the first two hours before falling. The cell index rise of H. curtus venom was correlated with the WST-1 cell proliferation assay, which demonstrated an increase in mitochondrial metabolism. The myotoxicity of H. curtus was 4.7-8.2 fold less potent than the other sea snakes tested, the Australian beaked sea snake (Hydrophis zweifeli), the elegant sea snake (Hydrophis elegans) and the olive sea snake (Aipysurus laevis). If our cell-based results translate to H. curtus envenomations, this implies that H. curtus would be less myotoxic than the other three. Yet the myotoxicity of H. curtus venom to cardiac muscle cells was nine times weaker than for skeletal muscle cells, providing evidence that the venom has a selective effect on skeletal muscle cells. This evidence, combined with the slow-acting nature of the venom, supports a digestive role for sea snake myotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Neale
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, McGregor Road, Smithfield, Cairns 4878, Australia; Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM) and Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics (CBMDT), James Cook University, McGregor Road, Smithfield, Cairns 4878, Australia.
| | - Michael J Smout
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM) and Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics (CBMDT), James Cook University, McGregor Road, Smithfield, Cairns 4878, Australia.
| | - Jamie E Seymour
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM) and Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics (CBMDT), James Cook University, McGregor Road, Smithfield, Cairns 4878, Australia.
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99
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Santos ASD, Guimarães-Sousa L, Costa MS, Zamuner LF, Sousa NC, Hyslop S, Soares AM, Chavantes MC, Cogo JC, Zamuner SR. Photobiomodulation of local alterations induced by BthTX-I, a phospholipase A2 myotoxin from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom: In vivo and in vitro evaluation. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:2020-2025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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100
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Baghdadi MB, Tajbakhsh S. Regulation and phylogeny of skeletal muscle regeneration. Dev Biol 2018; 433:200-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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