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Tripathy S, Singh S, Das SK. Potential of breastmilk in stem cell research. Cell Tissue Bank 2019; 20:467-488. [PMID: 31606767 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-019-09791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Breastmilk is a dynamic, multi-faceted, and complex fluid containing a plethora of biochemical and cellular components that execute developmental effects or differentiation program, providing nourishment and immunity to newborns. Recently, it was reported that breastmilk contains a heterogeneous population of naïve cells, including pluripotent stem cells, multipotent stem cells, immune cells, and non-immune cells. The stem cells derived from breastmilk possess immune privilege and non-tumorigenic properties. Thus, breastmilk may represent an ideal source of stem cells collected by non-perceive procedure than other available sources. Thus, this "maternally originating natural regenerative medicine" may have innumerable applications in clinical biology, cosmetics, and pharmacokinetics. This review describes the efficient integrated cellular system of mammary glands, the impressive stem cell hierarchy of breastmilk, and their possible implications in translational research and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Tripathy
- Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, 751 003, India.
| | - Shikha Singh
- Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, 751 003, India
| | - Saroj Kumar Das
- Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, 751 003, India
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52
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Human Amniotic Membrane as a Matrix for Endothelial Differentiation of VEGF-Treated Dental Stem Cells. Cell Mol Bioeng 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-019-00596-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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53
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Spannbauer A, Traxler D, Zlabinger K, Gugerell A, Winkler J, Mester-Tonczar J, Lukovic D, Müller C, Riesenhuber M, Pavo N, Gyöngyösi M. Large Animal Models of Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF). Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:117. [PMID: 31475161 PMCID: PMC6702665 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is defined by an ejection fraction (EF) below 40%. Many distinct disease processes culminate in HFrEF, among them acute and chronic ischemia, pressure overload, volume overload, cytotoxic medication, and arrhythmia. To study these different etiologies the development of accurate animal models is vital. While small animal models are generally cheaper, allow for larger sample sizes and offer a greater variety of transgenic models, they have important limitations in the context of HFrEF research. Small mammals have much higher heart rates and distinct ion channels. They also have much higher basal metabolic rates and their physiology in many ways does not reflect that of humans. The size of their organs also puts practical constraints on experiments. Therefore, large animal models have been developed to accurately simulate human HFrEF. This review aims to give a short overview of the currently established large animal models of HFrEF. The main animal models discussed are dogs, pigs, and sheep. Furthermore, multiple approaches for modeling the different etiologies of HF are discussed, namely models of acute and chronic ischemia, pressure overload, volume overload as well as cytotoxic, and tachycardic pacing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Spannbauer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Denise Traxler
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Zlabinger
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfred Gugerell
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Winkler
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Mester-Tonczar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominika Lukovic
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Müller
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Riesenhuber
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Noemi Pavo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariann Gyöngyösi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Tompkins BA, Balkan W, Winkler J, Gyöngyösi M, Goliasch G, Fernández-Avilés F, Hare JM. Preclinical Studies of Stem Cell Therapy for Heart Disease. Circ Res 2019; 122:1006-1020. [PMID: 29599277 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.312486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As part of the TACTICS (Transnational Alliance for Regenerative Therapies in Cardiovascular Syndromes) series to enhance regenerative medicine, here, we discuss the role of preclinical studies designed to advance stem cell therapies for cardiovascular disease. The quality of this research has improved over the past 10 to 15 years and overall indicates that cell therapy promotes cardiac repair. However, many issues remain, including inability to provide complete cardiac recovery. Recent studies question the need for intact cells suggesting that harnessing what the cells release is the solution. Our contribution describes important breakthroughs and current directions in a cell-based approach to alleviating cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryon A Tompkins
- From the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute (B.A.T., W.B., J.M.H.), Department of Surgery (B.A.T.), and Department of Medicine (W.B., J.M.H.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (J.W., M.G., G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (F.F.-A.); and CIBERCV, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain (F.F.-A.)
| | - Wayne Balkan
- From the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute (B.A.T., W.B., J.M.H.), Department of Surgery (B.A.T.), and Department of Medicine (W.B., J.M.H.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (J.W., M.G., G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (F.F.-A.); and CIBERCV, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain (F.F.-A.)
| | - Johannes Winkler
- From the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute (B.A.T., W.B., J.M.H.), Department of Surgery (B.A.T.), and Department of Medicine (W.B., J.M.H.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (J.W., M.G., G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (F.F.-A.); and CIBERCV, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain (F.F.-A.)
| | - Mariann Gyöngyösi
- From the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute (B.A.T., W.B., J.M.H.), Department of Surgery (B.A.T.), and Department of Medicine (W.B., J.M.H.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (J.W., M.G., G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (F.F.-A.); and CIBERCV, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain (F.F.-A.)
| | - Georg Goliasch
- From the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute (B.A.T., W.B., J.M.H.), Department of Surgery (B.A.T.), and Department of Medicine (W.B., J.M.H.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (J.W., M.G., G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (F.F.-A.); and CIBERCV, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain (F.F.-A.)
| | - Francisco Fernández-Avilés
- From the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute (B.A.T., W.B., J.M.H.), Department of Surgery (B.A.T.), and Department of Medicine (W.B., J.M.H.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (J.W., M.G., G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (F.F.-A.); and CIBERCV, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain (F.F.-A.)
| | - Joshua M Hare
- From the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute (B.A.T., W.B., J.M.H.), Department of Surgery (B.A.T.), and Department of Medicine (W.B., J.M.H.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (J.W., M.G., G.G.); Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (F.F.-A.); and CIBERCV, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain (F.F.-A.).
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Mitochondria and Female Germline Stem Cells-A Mitochondrial DNA Perspective. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080852. [PMID: 31398797 PMCID: PMC6721711 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA have important roles to play in development. In primordial germ cells, they progress from small numbers to populate the maturing oocyte with high numbers to support post-fertilization events. These processes take place under the control of significant changes in DNA methylation and other epigenetic modifiers, as well as changes to the DNA methylation status of the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial DNA replication factors. Consequently, the differentiating germ cell requires significant synchrony between the two genomes in order to ensure that they are fit for purpose. In this review, I examine these processes in the context of female germline stem cells that are isolated from the ovary and those derived from embryonic stem cells and reprogrammed somatic cells. Although our knowledge is limited in this respect, I provide predictions based on other cellular systems of what is expected and provide insight into how these cells could be used in clinical medicine.
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56
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Ozdil B, Güler G, Acikgoz E, Kocaturk DC, Aktug H. The effect of extracellular matrix on the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:269-283. [PMID: 31168838 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are promising research materials to investigate cell fate determination since they have the capability to differentiate. Stem cell differentiation has been extensively studied with various microenvironment mimicking structures to modify cellular dynamics associated with the cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions and cell-cell communications. In the current study, our aim was to determine the effect of microenvironmental proteins with different concentrations on the capacity and differentiation capability of mouse ESCs (mESCs), combining the biochemical assays, imaging techniques, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and unsupervised multivariate analysis. Based on our data, coating the surface of mESCs with Matrigel, used as an acellular matrix substrate, resulted in morphological and biochemical changes. mESCs exhibited alterations in their phenotype after growing on the Matrigel-coated surfaces, including their differentiation capacity, cell cycle phase pattern, membrane fluidity, and metabolic activities. In conclusion, mESCs can be stimulated physiologically, chemically, or mechanically to convert them a new phenotype. Thus, identification of ESCs' behavior in the acellular microenvironment could be vital to elucidate the mechanism of diseases. It might also be promising to control the cell fate in the field of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berrin Ozdil
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Günnur Güler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey.,Center for Drug Research & Development and Pharmacokinetic Applications, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Eda Acikgoz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Duygu Calik Kocaturk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Aktug
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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57
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Scibetta AC, Morris ER, Liebowitz AB, Gao X, Lu A, Philippon MJ, Huard J. Characterization of the chondrogenic and osteogenic potential of male and female human muscle-derived stem cells: Implication for stem cell therapy. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:1339-1349. [PMID: 30667562 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
People of all backgrounds are susceptible to bone and cartilage damage, and these injuries can be debilitating. Current treatments for bone and cartilage injuries are less than optimal, and we are interested in developing new approaches to treat these diseases, specifically using human muscle-derived stem cells (hMDSCs). Our lab previously demonstrated that sex differences exist between male and female murine MDSCs; thus, this paper sought to investigate whether sex differences also exist in hMDSCs. In the present study, we characterized the chondrogenic and osteogenic sex differences of hMDSCs in vitro and in vivo. We performed in vitro osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation using hMDSC pellet cultures. As demonstrated by microCT, histology, and immunohistochemistry, male hMDSCs were more chondrogenic and osteogenic than their female counterparts in vitro. No differences were observed based on the sex of hMDSCs in osteogenic and chondrogenic gene expression and cell surface markers. For our in vivo study, we transduced hMDSCs with lenti-BMP2/GFP and transplanted these cells into critical-sized calvarial defects in mice. MicroCT results revealed that male hMDSCs regenerated more bone at 2 weeks and demonstrated higher bone density at 4 and 6 weeks than female hMDSCs. Histology demonstrated that both male and female hMDSCs regenerated functional bone. Clinical relevance: These studies reinforce that stem cells isolated from male and female patients differ in function, and we should disclose the sex of cells used in future studies. Considering sex differences of hMDSCs may help to improve cell-based therapies for autologous cell treatment of bone and cartilage damage. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1339-1349, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xueqin Gao
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Aiping Lu
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Johnny Huard
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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58
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Zhang M, Wang C, Jiang H, Liu M, Yang N, Zhao L, Hou D, Jin Y, Chen Q, Chen Y, Wang J, Dai Y, Li R. Derivation of novel naive-like porcine embryonic stem cells by a reprogramming factor-assisted strategy. FASEB J 2019; 33:9350-9361. [PMID: 31125263 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802809r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of ungulate embryonic stem cells (ESCs) has been notoriously difficult via a conventional approach. We combined a traditional ESC culture method with reprogramming factors to assist the establishment of porcine naive-like ESCs (nESCs). Pig embryonic fibroblasts were transfected with a tetracycline-inducible vector carrying 4 classic mouse reprogramming factors, followed by somatic cell nuclear transfer and culturing to the blastocyst stage. Then, the inner cell mass was isolated and seeded in culture medium. The naive-like ESCs had characteristic verys similar to those of mouse ESCs and showed no signs of altered morphology or differentiation, even after 130 passages. They depended on leukemia inhibitory factor signals for maintenance of pluripotency, and the female cell lines had low expression of the X-inactive specific transcript gene and no histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation spot. Notably, the ESCs differentiated into 3 germ layers in vitro and could be induced to undergo directional neural and kidney precursor differentiation under defined conditions, and the ESCs could keep proliferating after doxycycline was removed. nESCs can be established, and the well-characterized ESC lines will be useful for the research of transgenic pig models for human disease.-Zhang, M., Wang, C., Jiang, H., Liu, M., Yang, N., Zhao, L., Hou, D., Jin, Y., Chen, Q., Chen, Y., Wang, J., Dai, Y., Li, R. Derivation of novel naive-like porcine embryonic stem cells by a reprogramming factor-assisted strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haibin Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Manling Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihua Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daorong Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiaoyu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junzheng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifan Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongfeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Mutalip SSM, Rajikin MH, Rahim SA, Khan NMN. Annatto ( Bixa orellana) δ-TCT supplementation protected against embryonic DNA damages through alterations in PI3K/ Akt-Cyclin D1 pathway. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2019; 88:16-26. [PMID: 30907699 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protective action by annatto-derived delta-tocotrienol (δ-TCT) and soy-derived alpha-tocopherol (α-TOC) through the regulation of PI3K/Akt-Cyclin D1 pathway against the nicotine-induced DNA damages is the focus of the present study. Nicotine, which has been widely reported to have numerous adverse effects on the reproductive system, was used as reproductive toxicant. 48 female balb/c mice (6-8 weeks) (23-25 g) were randomly divided into 8 groups (G1-G8; n = 6) and treated with either nicotine or/and annatto δ-TCT/soy α-TOC for 7 consecutive days. On Day 8, the females were superovulated and mated before euthanized for embryo collection (46 hours post-coitum). Fifty 2-cell embryos from each group were used in gene expression analysis using Affymetrix QuantiGene Plex2.0 assay. Findings indicated that nicotine (G2) significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the number of produced 2-cell embryos compared to control (G1). Intervention with mixed annatto δ-TCT (G3) and pure annatto δ-TCT (G4) significantly increased the number of produced 2-cell embryos by 127 % and 79 % respectively compared to G2, but these were lower than G1. Concurrent treatment with soy α-TOC (G5) decreased embryo production by 7 %. Supplementations with δ-TCT and α-TOC alone (G6-G8) significantly increased (p < 0.05) the number of produced 2-cell embryos by 50 %, 36 % and 41 % respectively, compared to control (G1). These results were found to be associated with the alterations in the PI3K/Akt-Cyclin D1 gene expressions, indicating the inhibitory effects of annatto δ-TCT and soy α-TOC against the nicotinic embryonic damages. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt on studying the benefits of annatto δ-TCT on murine preimplantation 2-cell embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Syairah Mohd Mutalip
- 1 Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia.,2 Maternofetal and Embryo Research Group (MatE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hamim Rajikin
- 2 Maternofetal and Embryo Research Group (MatE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia.,3 Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sg. Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharaniza Ab Rahim
- 3 Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sg. Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norashikin Mohamed Noor Khan
- 2 Maternofetal and Embryo Research Group (MatE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia.,3 Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sg. Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
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60
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Manzo G. Similarities Between Embryo Development and Cancer Process Suggest New Strategies for Research and Therapy of Tumors: A New Point of View. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:20. [PMID: 30899759 PMCID: PMC6416183 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, I propose that cancer stem cells (CSCs) would be equivalent to para-embryonic stem cells (p-ESCs), derived from adult cells de-re-programmed to a ground state. p-ESCs would differ from ESCs by the absence of genomic homeostasis. A p-ESC would constitute the cancer cell of origin (i-CSC or CSC0), capable of generating an initial tumor, corresponding to a pre-implantation blastocyst. In a niche with proper signals, it would engraft as a primary tumor, corresponding to a post-implantation blastocyst. i-CSC progeny would form primary pluripotent and slow self-renewing CSCs (CSC1s), blocked in an undifferentiated state, corresponding to epiblast cells; CSC1s would be tumor-initiating cells (TICs). CSC1s would generate secondary CSCs (CSC2s), corresponding to hypoblast cells; CSC2s would be tumor growth cells (TGCs). CSC1s/CSC2s would generate tertiary CSCs (CSC3s), with a mesenchymal phenotype; CSC3s would be tumor migrating cells (TMCs), corresponding to mesodermal precursors at primitive streak. CSC3s with more favorable conditions (normoxia), by asymmetrical division, would differentiate into cancer progenitor cells (CPCs), and these into cancer differentiated cells (CDCs), thus generating a defined cell hierarchy and tumor progression, mimicking somito-histo-organogenesis. CSC3s with less favorable conditions (hypoxia) would delaminate and migrate as quiescent circulating micro-metastases, mimicking mesenchymal cells in gastrula morphogenetic movements. In metastatic niches, these CSC3s would install and remain dormant in the presence of epithelial/mesenchymal transition (EMT) signals and hypoxia. But, in the presence of mesenchymal/epithelial transition (MET) signals and normoxia, they would revert to self-renewing CSC1s, reproducing the same cell hierarchy of the primary tumor as macro-metastases. Further similarities between ontogenesis and oncogenesis involving crucial factors, such as ID, HSP70, HLA-G, CD44, LIF, and STAT3, are strongly evident at molecular, physiological and immunological levels. Much experimental data about these factors led to considering the cancer process as ectopic rudimentary ontogenesis, where CSCs have privileged immunological conditions. These would consent to CSC development in an adverse environment, just like an embryo, which is tolerated, accepted and favored by the maternal organism in spite of its paternal semi-allogeneicity. From all these considerations, novel research directions, potential innovative tumor therapy and prophylaxis strategies might, theoretically, result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Manzo
- General Pathology, “La Sapienza” University of Rome, Retired, Botrugno, Italy
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61
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Fu H, Wang L, Wang J, Bennett BD, Li JL, Zhao B, Hu G. Dioxin and AHR impairs mesoderm gene expression and cardiac differentiation in human embryonic stem cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:1038-1046. [PMID: 30266049 PMCID: PMC6547817 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dioxin and dioxin-related polychlorinated biphenyls are potent toxicants with association with developmental heart defects and congenital heart diseases. However, the underlying mechanism of their developmental toxicity is not fully understood. Further, different animals show distinct susceptibility and phenotypes after exposure, suggesting possible species-specific effects. Using a human embryonic stem cell (ESC) cardiomyocyte differentiation model, we examined the impact, susceptible window, and dosage of 2,3,7,8‑tetrachlorodibenzo‑p‑dioxin (TCDD) on human cardiac development. We showed that treatment of human ESCs with TCDD at the ESC stage inhibits cardiomyocyte differentiation, and the effect is largely mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). We further identified genes that are differentially expressed after TCDD treatment by RNA-sequencing, and genomic regions that are occupied by AHR by chromatin immunoprecipitation and high-throughput sequencing. Our results support the model that TCDD impairs human ESC cardiac differentiation by promoting AHR binding and repression of key mesoderm genes. More importantly, our study demonstrates the toxicity of dioxin in human embryonic development and uncovered a novel mechanism by which dioxin and AHR regulates lineage commitment. It also illustrates the power of ESC-based models in the systematic study of developmental toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Brian D Bennett
- Integrative Bioinformatics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- Integrative Bioinformatics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Guang Hu
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Olova N, Simpson DJ, Marioni RE, Chandra T. Partial reprogramming induces a steady decline in epigenetic age before loss of somatic identity. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12877. [PMID: 30450724 PMCID: PMC6351826 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs), with their unlimited regenerative capacity, carry the promise for tissue replacement to counter age-related decline. However, attempts to realize in vivo iPSC have invariably resulted in the formation of teratomas. Partial reprogramming in prematurely aged mice has shown promising results in alleviating age-related symptoms without teratoma formation. Does partial reprogramming lead to rejuvenation (i.e., "younger" cells), rather than dedifferentiation, which bears the risk of cancer? Here, we analyse the dynamics of cellular age during human iPSC reprogramming and find that partial reprogramming leads to a reduction in the epigenetic age of cells. We also find that the loss of somatic gene expression and epigenetic age follows different kinetics, suggesting that they can be uncoupled and there could be a safe window where rejuvenation can be achieved with a minimized risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Olova
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Daniel J. Simpson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Riccardo E. Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Tamir Chandra
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
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63
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Guo YL. The underdeveloped innate immunity in embryonic stem cells: The molecular basis and biological perspectives from early embryogenesis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 81:e13089. [PMID: 30614149 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been intensively studied as a promising cell source for regenerative medicine. The rapid advancements in the field have not only proven the feasibility of ESC-based cell therapy, but also led to a better understanding of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) as a unique cell population at an early stage of embryogenesis. Recent studies have revealed that both human and mouse ESCs have attenuated innate immune responses to infectious agents and inflammatory cytokines. These findings raise interesting questions about the rationale for ESCs, the PSCs experimentally derived from preimplantation stage embryos, to not have an innate defense mechanism that has been adapted so well in somatic cells. All somatic cells have innate immune systems that can be activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or cellular damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), leading to production of cytokines. The underdeveloped innate immunity represents a unique property of PSCs that may have important implications. This review discusses the immunological properties of PSCs, the molecular basis underlying their diminished innate immune responses, and the hypothesis that the attenuated innate immune responses could be an adaptive mechanism that allows PSCs to avoid cytotoxicity associated with inflammation and immune responses during early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Lin Guo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi
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Mohd Mutalip SS, Rajikin MH, Ab Rahim S, Mohamed Noor Khan N. Annatto ( Bixa orellana) δ-TCT Supplementation Protection against Embryonic Malformations through Alterations in PI3K/Akt-Cyclin D1 Pathway. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E19. [PMID: 30634632 PMCID: PMC6358786 DOI: 10.3390/biom9010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective action by annatto-derived delta-tocotrienol (δ-TCT) and soy-derived alpha-tocopherol (α-TOC) through the regulation of the PI3K/Akt-cyclin D1 pathway against nicotine-induced DNA damage is the focus of the present study. Nicotine, which has been widely reported to have numerous adverse effects on the reproductive system, was used as a reproductive toxicant. 48 female balb/c mice (6⁻8 weeks) (23⁻25 g) were randomly divided into eight groups (Grp.1⁻Grp.8; n = 6) and treated with either nicotine or/and annatto δ-TCT/soy α-TOC for seven consecutive days. On Day 8, the females were superovulated and mated before euthanization for embryo collection (46 h post-coitum). Fifty 2-cell embryos from each group were used in gene expression analysis using Affymetrix QuantiGene Plex2.0 assay. Findings indicated that nicotine (Grp.2) significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the number of produced 2-cell embryos compared to the control (Grp.1). Intervention with mixed annatto δ-TCT (Grp.3) and pure annatto δ-TCT (Grp.4) significantly increased the number of produced 2-cell embryos by 127% and 79%, respectively compared to Grp.2, but these were lower than Grp.1. Concurrent treatment with soy α-TOC (Grp.5) decreased embryo production by 7%. Supplementations with δ-TCT and α-TOC alone (Grp.6-Grp.8) significantly increased (p < 0.05) the number of produced 2-cell embryos by 50%, 36%, and 41%, respectively, compared to control (Grp.1). These results were found to be associated with alterations in the PI3K/Akt-Cyclin D1 genes expressions, indicating the inhibitory effects of annatto δ-TCT and soy α-TOC against nicotinic embryonic damage. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt in studying the benefits of annatto δ-TCT on murine preimplantation 2-cell embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Syairah Mohd Mutalip
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor 42300, Malaysia.
- Maternofetal and Embryo Research Group (MatE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor 40450, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Hamim Rajikin
- Maternofetal and Embryo Research Group (MatE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor 40450, Malaysia.
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sg. Buloh Campus, Selangor 47000, Malaysia.
| | - Sharaniza Ab Rahim
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sg. Buloh Campus, Selangor 47000, Malaysia.
| | - Norashikin Mohamed Noor Khan
- Maternofetal and Embryo Research Group (MatE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor 40450, Malaysia.
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sg. Buloh Campus, Selangor 47000, Malaysia.
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Setthawong P, Phakdeedindan P, Tiptanavattana N, Rungarunlert S, Techakumphu M, Tharasanit T. Generation of porcine induced-pluripotent stem cells from Sertoli cells. Theriogenology 2018; 127:32-40. [PMID: 30639694 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are generated by reprogramming of somatic cells using four transcription factors: OCT4, SOX2, KLF-4, and c-MYC (OSKM). However, reprogramming efficiency of iPSCs is currently poor. In this study, we used the Sertoli line as a novel cell source for somatic cell reprogramming. Neonatal testes were collected from 1-week-old piglets. The testes were digested by a two-step enzymatic method to isolate Sertoli cells. The latter were transfected with retroviral vectors expressing OSKM. The Sertoli iPSC-like colonies were subjected to morphological analysis, alkaline phosphatase staining, RT-PCR, G-banding karyotyping, in vitro differentiation, and in vivo differentiation. Primary Sertoli cells had polygon-shaped morphology and manifested phagocytic activity as determined by a fluorescent bead assay. Sertoli cells also expressed the anti-Müllerian hormone protein in the cytoplasm. According to RT-PCR results, these cells expressed Sertoli cell markers (FSHR, KRT18, and GATA6) and endogenous transcription factors genes (KLF4 and c-MYC). A total of 240 colonies (0.3% efficiency) were detected by day 7 after viral transduction of 72500 cells. The Sertoli iPSC-like colonies contained small cells with a high nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio. These colonies tested positive for alkaline phosphatase staining, expressed endogenous pluripotency genes, and had a normal karyotype. All these cell lines could form in vitro three-dimensional aggregates that represented three germ layers of embryonic-like cells. A total of two cell lines used for in vivo differentiation produced high-efficiency teratoma. In conclusion, Sertoli cells can efficiently serve as a novel cell source for iPSC reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyathip Setthawong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Praopilas Phakdeedindan
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Narong Tiptanavattana
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Sasitorn Rungarunlert
- Department of Preclinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73710, Thailand
| | - Mongkol Techakumphu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Theerawat Tharasanit
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Locatelli P, Giménez CS, Vega MU, Crottogini A, Belaich MN. Targeting the Cardiomyocyte Cell Cycle for Heart Regeneration. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 20:241-254. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180801122551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adult mammalian cardiomyocytes (CMs) exhibit limited proliferative capacity, as cell cycle
activity leads to an increase in DNA content, but mitosis and cytokinesis are infrequent. This
makes the heart highly inefficient in replacing with neoformed cardiomyocytes lost contractile cells as
occurs in diseases such as myocardial infarction and dilated cardiomyopathy. Regenerative therapies
based on the implant of stem cells of diverse origin do not warrant engraftment and electromechanical
connection of the new cells with the resident ones, a fundamental condition to restore the physiology
of the cardiac syncytium. Consequently, there is a growing interest in identifying factors playing relevant
roles in the regulation of the CM cell cycle to be targeted in order to induce the resident cardiomyocytes
to divide into daughter cells and thus achieve myocardial regeneration with preservation of
physiologic syncytial performance.
Despite the scientific progress achieved over the last decades, many questions remain unanswered, including
how cardiomyocyte proliferation is regulated during heart development in gestation and neonatal
life. This can reveal unknown cell cycle regulation mechanisms and molecules that may be manipulated
to achieve cardiac self-regeneration.
We hereby revise updated data on CM cell cycle regulation, participating molecules and pathways recently
linked with the cell cycle, as well as experimental therapies involving them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Locatelli
- Laboratorio de Regeneracion Cardiovascular, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingenieria (IMETTYB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Favaloro, Solis 453, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Sebastián Giménez
- Laboratorio de Regeneracion Cardiovascular, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingenieria (IMETTYB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Favaloro, Solis 453, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Uranga Vega
- Laboratorio de Regeneracion Cardiovascular, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingenieria (IMETTYB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Favaloro, Solis 453, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto Crottogini
- Laboratorio de Regeneracion Cardiovascular, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingenieria (IMETTYB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Favaloro, Solis 453, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Nicolás Belaich
- Laboratorio de Ingenieria Genetica y Biologia Celular y Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional de Quilmes (UNQ), Roque Saenz Pena 352, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Apáti Á, Varga N, Berecz T, Erdei Z, Homolya L, Sarkadi B. Application of human pluripotent stem cells and pluripotent stem cell-derived cellular models for assessing drug toxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 15:61-75. [PMID: 30526128 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1558207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are capable of differentiating into all types of cells in the body and so provide suitable toxicology screening systems even for hard-to-obtain human tissues. Since hPSCs can also be generated from differentiated cells and current gene editing technologies allow targeted genome modifications, hPSCs can be applied for drug toxicity screening both in normal and disease-specific models. Targeted hPSC differentiation is still a challenge but cardiac, neuronal or liver cells, and complex cellular models are already available for practical applications. Areas covered: The authors review new gene-editing and cell-biology technologies to generate sensitive toxicity screening systems based on hPSCs. Then the authors present the use of undifferentiated hPSCs for examining embryonic toxicity and discuss drug screening possibilities in hPSC-derived models. The authors focus on the application of human cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, and neural cultures in toxicity testing, and discuss the recent possibilities for drug screening in a 'body-on-a-chip' model system. Expert opinion: hPSCs and their genetically engineered derivatives provide new possibilities to investigate drug toxicity in human tissues. The key issues in this regard are still the selection and generation of proper model systems, and the interpretation of the results in understanding in vivo drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágota Apáti
- a Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Nóra Varga
- a Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Tünde Berecz
- a Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Erdei
- a Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - László Homolya
- a Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Balázs Sarkadi
- a Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
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Dakhore S, Nayer B, Hasegawa K. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Culture: Current Status, Challenges, and Advancement. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:7396905. [PMID: 30595701 PMCID: PMC6282144 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7396905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have gained attention due to their pluripotent and proliferative ability which enables production of almost all cell types in the human body in vitro and makes them an excellent tool to study human embryogenesis and disease, as well as for drug discovery and cell transplantation therapies. Discovery of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) further expanded therapeutic applications of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). hPSCs provide a stable and unlimited original cell source for producing suitable cells and tissues for downstream applications. Therefore, engineering the environment in which these cells are grown, for stable and quality-controlled hPSC maintenance and production, is one of the key factors governing the success of these applications. hPSCs are maintained in a particular niche using specific cell culture components. Ideally, the culture should be free of xenobiotic components to render hPSCs suitable for therapeutic applications. Substantial efforts have been put to identify effective components, and develop culture conditions and protocols, for their large-scale expansion without compromising on quality. In this review, we discuss different media, their components and functions, including specific requirements to maintain the pluripotent and proliferative ability of hPSCs. Understanding the role of culture components would enable the development of appropriate conditions to promote large-scale, quality-controlled expansion of hPSCs thereby increasing their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushrut Dakhore
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, India
| | - Bhavana Nayer
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, India
| | - Kouichi Hasegawa
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, India
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Japan
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Guerrero-Robles CI, Vazquez-Zapien GJ, Mata-Miranda MM, Noriega-Gonzalez JE, Gonzalez-Diaz CA. Electrical bioimpedance spectroscopy as biosensor technique to identify cells lineages and cell differentiation process. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2018; 2017:3568-3571. [PMID: 29060669 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2017.8037628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The identification and characterization of diverse cells types and cell differentiation process requires complex techniques as flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry and the exploration of molecular markers; such techniques require infrastructure and qualified personnel. The objective of this study was to analyze the use of Electrical Bioimpedance Spectroscopy (EBIS) measurements as a non-complex alternative technique to identify populations of undifferentiated mouse Pluripotent Stem Cells (mPSCs), Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts (MEFs) and the differentiation process from preadipocytes (3T3-L1) to mature adipocytes. EBIS measurements were compared in populations of cells which were characterized previously using microscopy. The results indicate that EBIS technique has a potential sensitivity at certain frequency range to discriminate between both evaluated cell populations and some differentiation process. Additional studies with different concentrations to evaluate quantitatively the sensitivity and specificity of the proposed technique are recommended.
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71
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Rico-Varela J, Ho D, Wan LQ. In Vitro Microscale Models for Embryogenesis. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 2:1700235. [PMID: 30533517 PMCID: PMC6286056 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Embryogenesis is a highly regulated developmental process requiring complex mechanical and biochemical microenvironments to give rise to a fully developed and functional embryo. Significant efforts have been taken to recapitulate specific features of embryogenesis by presenting the cells with developmentally relevant signals. The outcomes, however, are limited partly due to the complexity of this biological process. Microtechnologies such as micropatterned and microfluidic systems, along with new emerging embryonic stem cell-based models, could potentially serve as powerful tools to study embryogenesis. The aim of this article is to review major studies involving the culturing of pluripotent stem cells using different geometrical patterns, microfluidic platforms, and embryo/embryoid body-on-a-chip modalities. Indeed, new research opportunities have emerged for establishing in vitro culture for studying human embryogenesis and for high-throughput pharmacological testing platforms and disease models to prevent defects in early stages of human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rico-Varela
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180
| | - Dominic Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180
| | - Leo Q. Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180
- Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180
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Huttala O, Palmroth M, Hemminki P, Toimela T, Heinonen T, Ylikomi T, Sarkanen JR. Development of Versatile HumanIn VitroVascularized Adipose Tissue Model with Serum-Free Angiogenesis and Natural Adipogenesis Induction. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 123 Suppl 5:62-71. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Outi Huttala
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences; FICAM; University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
| | - Maaria Palmroth
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences; FICAM; University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
| | - Pauliina Hemminki
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences; FICAM; University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
| | - Tarja Toimela
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences; FICAM; University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
| | - Tuula Heinonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences; FICAM; University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
| | - Timo Ylikomi
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences; FICAM; University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
- Cell Biology; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences; University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
| | - Jertta-Riina Sarkanen
- Cell Biology; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences; University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
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Tarasewicz E, Oakes RS, Aviles MO, Straehla J, Chilton KM, Decker JT, Wu J, Shea LD, Jeruss JS. Embryonic stem cell secreted factors decrease invasiveness of triple-negative breast cancer cells through regulome modulation. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:271-281. [PMID: 29053396 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1385681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell microenvironments decrease the invasiveness of cancer cells, and elucidating the mechanisms associated with disease regression could further the development of targeted therapies for aggressive cancer subtypes. To this end, we applied an emerging technology, TRanscriptional Activity CEll aRray (TRACER), to investigate the reprogramming of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells in conditions that promoted a less aggressive phenotype. The repressive environment was established through exposure to mouse embryonic stem cell conditioned media (mESC CM). Assessment of carcinogenic phenotypes indicated that mESC CM exposure decreased proliferation, invasion, migration, and stemness in TNBC cells. Protein expression analysis revealed that mESC CM exposure increased expression of the epithelial protein E-cadherin and decreased the mesenchymal protein MMP9. Gene expression analysis showed that mESC CM decreased epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers fibronectin, vimentin, and Snail. Over a period of 6 d, TRACER quantified changes in activity of 11 transcription factors (TFs) associated with oncogenic progression. The EMT profile was decreased in association with the activity of 7 TFs (Smad3, NF-κΒ, MEF2, GATA, Hif1, Sp1, and RXR). Further examination of Smad3 and GATA expression and phosphorylation revealed that mESC CM exposure decreased noncanonical Smad3 phosphorylation and Smad3-mediated gene expression, increased GATA3 expression and phosphorylation, and resulted in a synergistic decrease in migration of GATA3 overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cells. Collectively, the application of TRACER to examine TF activity associated with the transition of cancer cells to a less aggressive phenotype, as directed by mESC CM, identified novel mechanistic events linking the embryonic microenvironment to both favorable changes and cellular plasticity in TNBC cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Tarasewicz
- a Department of Surgery , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Robert S Oakes
- b Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Misael O Aviles
- c Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL , USA
| | - Joelle Straehla
- a Department of Surgery , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Kathryn M Chilton
- a Department of Surgery , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Joseph T Decker
- b Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Jia Wu
- c Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL , USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- b Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,c Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL , USA
| | - Jacqueline S Jeruss
- b Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,d Department of Surgery , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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Human ISL1 + Ventricular Progenitors Self-Assemble into an In Vivo Functional Heart Patch and Preserve Cardiac Function Post Infarction. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1644-1659. [PMID: 29606507 PMCID: PMC6035340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived ventricular progenitors and their assembly into a 3-dimensional in vivo functional ventricular heart patch has remained an elusive goal. Herein, we report the generation of an enriched pool of hPSC-derived ventricular progenitors (HVPs), which can expand, differentiate, self-assemble, and mature into a functional ventricular patch in vivo without the aid of any gel or matrix. We documented a specific temporal window, in which the HVPs will engraft in vivo. On day 6 of differentiation, HVPs were enriched by depleting cells positive for pluripotency marker TRA-1-60 with magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS), and 3 million sorted cells were sub-capsularly transplanted onto kidneys of NSG mice where, after 2 months, they formed a 7 mm × 3 mm × 4 mm myocardial patch resembling the ventricular wall. The graft acquired several features of maturation: expression of ventricular marker (MLC2v), desmosomes, appearance of T-tubule-like structures, and electrophysiological action potential signature consistent with maturation, all this in a non-cardiac environment. We further demonstrated that HVPs transplanted into un-injured hearts of NSG mice remain viable for up to 8 months. Moreover, transplantation of 2 million HVPs largely preserved myocardial contractile function following myocardial infarction. Taken together, our study reaffirms the promising idea of using progenitor cells for regenerative therapy.
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75
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Lee EM, Kim AY, Lee EJ, Park JK, Park SI, Cho SG, Kim HK, Kim SY, Jeong KS. Generation of Equine-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Analysis of Their Therapeutic Potential for Muscle Injuries. Cell Transplant 2018; 25:2003-2016. [PMID: 27226077 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x691691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Horse health has become a major concern with the expansion of horse-related industries and sports; the importance of healthy muscles for horse performance and daily activities is undisputed. Here we generated equine-induced pluripotent stem cells (E-iPSCs) by reprogramming equine adipose-derived stem cells (E-ADSCs) into iPSCs using a polycistronic lentiviral vector encoding four transcription factors (i.e., Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) and then examined their pluripotent characteristics. Subsequently, established E-iPSCs were transplanted into muscle-injured Rag/ mdx mice. The histopathology results showed that E-iPSC-transplanted mice exhibited enhanced muscle regeneration compared to controls. In addition, E-iPSC-derived myofibers were observed in the injured muscles. In conclusion, we show that E-iPSCs could be successfully generated from equine ADSCs and transplanted into injured muscles and that E-iPSCs have the capacity to induce regeneration of injured muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mi Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Young Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Il Park
- Cardiovascular Product Evaluation Center, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Kyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Yoon Kim
- Skeletal Diseases Genome Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Shik Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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76
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Doğan A. Embryonic Stem Cells in Development and Regenerative Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1079:1-15. [PMID: 29464659 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
After progressive improvement in embryonic stem (ES) cell field, several studies have been conducted to explore the usage of ES cells in regenerative medicine. Unlimited self renewal and pluripoteny properties, combined with encouraging preclinical trials, remark that ES cell technology might be promising for clinical practice. ES cells, which can form three germ layers in vitro, are potential candidates to study development at the cellular and molecular level. Understanding the cell fate decision and differentiation processes during development might enable generating functional progenitor cells for tissue restoration. Progression in gene modifications and tissue engineering technology has facilitated the derivation of desired cells for therapy. Success in differentiation protocols and identification the regulatory pathways simplify the research for clinical applications. Although there are established protocols for cell differentiation in vitro and promising preclinical studies in vivo, many challenges need to be adressed before clinical translation. In this review, ES cells are discussed as a model of development in vitro and as a potential candidate for regenerative medicine. This review also dissusses current challenges for ES cell based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşegül Doğan
- National Cancer Institute, CDBL, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA.
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77
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Abstract
Angiogenesis plays an important role not only in the growth and regeneration of tissues in humans but also in pathological conditions such as inflammation, degenerative disease and the formation of tumors. Angiogenesis is also vital in thick engineered tissues and constructs, such as those for the heart and bone, as these can face difficulties in successful implantation if they are insufficiently vascularized or unable to connect to the host vasculature. Considerable research has been carried out on angiogenic processes using a variety of approaches. Pathological angiogenesis has been analyzed at the cellular level through investigation of cell migration and interactions, modeling tissue level interactions between engineered blood vessels and whole organs, and elucidating signaling pathways involved in different angiogenic stimuli. Approaches to regenerative angiogenesis in ischemic tissues or wound repair focus on the vascularization of tissues, which can be broadly classified into two categories: scaffolds to direct and facilitate tissue growth and targeted delivery of genes, cells, growth factors or drugs that promote the regeneration. With technological advancement, models have been designed and fabricated to recapitulate the innate microenvironment. Moreover, engineered constructs provide not only a scaffold for tissue ingrowth but a reservoir of agents that can be controllably released for therapeutic purposes. This review summarizes the current approaches for modeling pathological and regenerative angiogenesis in the context of micro-/nanotechnology and seeks to bridge these two seemingly distant aspects of angiogenesis. The ultimate aim is to provide insights and advances from various models in the realm of angiogenesis studies that can be applied to clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jiun Chen
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
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78
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Wu L, Luthringer BJC, Feyerabend F, Zhang Z, Machens HG, Maeda M, Taipaleenmäki H, Hesse E, Willumeit-Römer R, Schilling AF. Increased levels of sodium chloride directly increase osteoclastic differentiation and resorption in mice and men. Osteoporos Int 2017; 28:3215-3228. [PMID: 28849275 PMCID: PMC5635092 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-4163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To better understand the association between high salt intake and osteoporosis, we investigated the effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) on mice and human osteoclastogenesis. The results suggest a direct, activating role of NaCl supplementation on bone resorption. INTRODUCTION High NaCl intake is associated with increased urinary calcium elimination and parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion which in turn stimulates the release of calcium from the bone, resulting in increased bone resorption. However, while calciuria after NaCl loading could be shown repeatedly, several studies failed to reveal a significant increase in PTH in response to a high-sodium diet. Another possible explanation that we investigated here could be a direct effect of high-sodium concentration on bone resorption. METHODS Mouse bone marrow macrophage and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) driven towards an osteoclastogenesis pathway were cultivated under culture conditions mimicking hypernatremia environments. RESULTS In this study, a direct effect of increased NaCl concentrations on mouse osteoclast differentiation and function was observed. Surprisingly, in a human osteoclast culture system, significant increases in the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclasts, calcitonin receptor (CTR)-positive osteoclasts, nuclear factor-activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) gene expression, and areal and volumetric resorptions were observed for increasing concentrations of NaCl. This suggests a direct, activating, cell-mediated effect of increased concentrations of NaCl on osteoclasts. CONCLUSIONS The reported that enhanced bone resorption after high-sodium diets may not only be secondary to the urinary calcium loss but may also be a direct, cell-mediated effect on osteoclastic resorption. These findings allow us to suggest an explanation for the clinical findings independent of a PTH-mediated regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wu
- Department of Biological Characterisation, Institute for Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - B J C Luthringer
- Department of Biological Characterisation, Institute for Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - F Feyerabend
- Department of Biological Characterisation, Institute for Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Orthopedics, Hand Surgery Division, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - H G Machens
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M Maeda
- Heisenberg Group for Molecular Skeletal Biology, Department of Trauma, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - H Taipaleenmäki
- Heisenberg Group for Molecular Skeletal Biology, Department of Trauma, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - E Hesse
- Heisenberg Group for Molecular Skeletal Biology, Department of Trauma, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - R Willumeit-Römer
- Department of Biological Characterisation, Institute for Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - A F Schilling
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Clinic for Trauma Surgery, Orthopedic Surgery, and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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79
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Abstract
The development of stem cell biology has revolutionized regenerative medicine and its clinical applications. Another aspect through which stem cells would benefit human health is their use in toxicology. In fact, owing to their ability to differentiate into all the lineages of the human body, including germ cells, stem cells, and, in particular, pluripotent stem cells, can be utilized for the assessment, in vitro, of embryonic, developmental, reproductive, organ, and functional toxicities, relevant to human physiology, without employing live animal tests and with the possibility of high throughput applications. Thus, stem cell toxicology would tremendously assist in the toxicological evaluation of the increasing number of synthetic chemicals that we are exposed to, of which toxicity information is limited. In this review, we introduce stem cell toxicology, as an emerging branch of in vitro toxicology, which offers quick and efficient alternatives to traditional toxicology assessments. We first discuss the development of stem cell toxicology, and we then emphasize its advantages and highlight the achievements of human pluripotent stem cell-based toxicity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Liu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China .,2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Nuoya Yin
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China .,2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Francesco Faiola
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China .,2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, P.R. China
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80
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Choi SK, Pandiyan K, Eun JW, Yang X, Hong SH, Nam SW, Jones PA, Liang G, You JS. Epigenetic landscape change analysis during human EMT sheds light on a key EMT mediator TRIM29. Oncotarget 2017; 8:98322-98335. [PMID: 29228692 PMCID: PMC5716732 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key trans-differentiation process, which plays a critical role in physiology and pathology. Although gene expression changes in EMT have been scrutinized, study of epigenome is in its infancy. To understand epigenetic changes during TWIST-driven EMT, we used the AcceSssIble assay to study DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility in human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). The DNA methylation changes were found to have functional significance in EMT - i.e. methylated genes were enriched for E-box motifs that can be recognized by TWIST, at the promoters suggesting a potential targeting phenomenon, whereas the demethylated regions were enriched for pro-metastatic genes, supporting the role of EMT in metastasis. TWIST-induced EMT triggers alterations in chromatin accessibility both independent of and dependent on DNA methylation changes, primarily resulting in closed chromatin conformation. By overlapping the genes, whose chromatin structure is changed during early EMT and a known "core EMT signature", we identified 18 driver candidate genes during EMT, 14 upregulated and 4 downregulated genes with corresponding chromatin structure changes. Among 18 genes, we focused on TRIM29 as a novel marker of EMT. Although loss of TRIM29 is insufficient to suppress CDH, it is enough to induce CDH2 and VIM. Gene functional annotation analysis shows the involvement of TRIM29 in epidermal development, cell differentiation and cell migration. Taken together, our results provide a robust snapshot of chromatin state during human EMT and identify TRIM29 as a core mediator of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Kyung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kurinji Pandiyan
- Departments of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jung Woo Eun
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Departments of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Seong Hwi Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Gangning Liang
- Departments of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jueng Soo You
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Science, KonKuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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81
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Comparative glycoproteomics of stem cells identifies new players in ricin toxicity. Nature 2017; 549:538-542. [PMID: 28959962 DOI: 10.1038/nature24015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation, the covalent attachment of carbohydrate structures onto proteins, is the most abundant post-translational modification. Over 50% of human proteins are glycosylated, which alters their activities in diverse fundamental biological processes. Despite the importance of glycosylation in biology, the identification and functional validation of complex glycoproteins has remained largely unexplored. Here we develop a novel quantitative approach to identify intact glycopeptides from comparative proteomic data sets, allowing us not only to infer complex glycan structures but also to directly map them to sites within the associated proteins at the proteome scale. We apply this method to human and mouse embryonic stem cells to illuminate the stem cell glycoproteome. This analysis nearly doubles the number of experimentally confirmed glycoproteins, identifies previously unknown glycosylation sites and multiple glycosylated stemness factors, and uncovers evolutionarily conserved as well as species-specific glycoproteins in embryonic stem cells. The specificity of our method is confirmed using sister stem cells carrying repairable mutations in enzymes required for fucosylation, Fut9 and Slc35c1. Ablation of fucosylation confers resistance to the bioweapon ricin, and we discover proteins that carry a fucosylation-dependent sugar code for ricin toxicity. Mutations disrupting a subset of these proteins render cells ricin resistant, revealing new players that orchestrate ricin toxicity. Our comparative glycoproteomics platform, SugarQb, enables genome-wide insights into protein glycosylation and glycan modifications in complex biological systems.
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82
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Memon A, Song KD, Lee WK. Characterization of the porcine Nanog 5'-flanking region. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 31:449-456. [PMID: 28823121 PMCID: PMC5838351 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective Nanog, a homeodomain protein, has been investigated in humans and mice using embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Because of the limited availability of ESCs, few studies have reported the function and role of Nanog in porcine ESCs. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the location of the porcine Nanog chromosome and its basal promoter activity, which might have potential applications in development of ESCs specific marker as well as understanding its operating systems in the porcine. Methods To characterize the porcine Nanog promoter, the 5′-flanking region of Nanog was isolated from cells of mini-pig ears. BLAST database search showed that there are two porcine Nanog genomic loci, chromosome 1 and 5, both of which contain an exon with a start codon. Deletion mutants from the 5′-flanking region of both loci were measured using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System, and a fluorescence marker, green fluorescence protein. Results Promoter activity was detected in the sequences of chromosome 5, but not in those of chromosome 1. We identified the sequences from –99 to +194 that possessed promoter activity and contained transcription factor binding sites from deletion fragment analysis. Among the transcription factor binding sites, a Sp1 was found to play a crucial role in basal promoter activity, and point mutation of this site abolished its activity, confirming its role in promoter activity. Furthermore, gel shift analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed that Sp1 transcription factor binds to the Sp1 binding site in the porcine Nanog promoter. Taken together, these results show that Sp1 transcription factor is an essential element for porcine Nanog basal activity the same as in human and mouse. Conclusion We showed that the porcine Nanog gene is located on porcine chromosome 5 and its basal transcriptional activity is controlled by Sp1 transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Memon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Ki-Duk Song
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Woon Kyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
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83
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Chhabra A. Inherent Immunogenicity or Lack Thereof of Pluripotent Stem Cells: Implications for Cell Replacement Therapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:993. [PMID: 28868053 PMCID: PMC5563324 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Donor-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer opportunities for personalized cell replacement therapeutic approaches due to their unlimited self-renewal potential and ability to differentiate into different somatic cells. A significant progress has been made toward generating iPSC lines that are free of integrating viral vectors, development of xeno-free culture conditions, and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into functional somatic cell lineages. Since donor-specific iPSC lines are genetically identical to the individual, they are expected to be immunologically matched and these iPSC lines and their cellular derivatives are not expected to be immunologically rejected. However, studies in mouse models, utilizing rejection of teratomas as a model, have claimed that syngenic iPSC lines, especially the iPSC lines derived with integrating viral vectors, could be inherently immunogenic. This manuscript reviews current understanding of inherent immunogenicity of PSC lines, especially that of the human iPSC lines and their cellular derivatives, and strategies to overcome it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Chhabra
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center (UCONN Health), Farmington, CT, United States
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84
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Zeng S, Liu L, Sun Y, Lu G, Lin G. Role of telomeric repeat-containing RNA in telomeric chromatin remodeling during the early expansion of human embryonic stem cells. FASEB J 2017; 31:4783-4795. [PMID: 28765174 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600939rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the role of telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) in telomeric chromatin remodeling during the early expansion of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). During the derivation of hESCs, histone demethylation in the telomeric region facilitates telomerase-mediated telomere elongation. An adequate telomere repeat is essential for hESCs to acquire and/or maintain the unlimited symmetric division, which suggests that there is a link between pluripotency and telomere maintenance. The present study found that the gradual decrease in TERRA levels and related TERRA foci were correlated with telomeric length elongation in the early expansion of hESCs. In addition, TERRA participated in telomeric chromatin remodeling by cooperating with SUV39H1 (suppressor of variegation 3-9 homolog 1/2) to propagate telomeric heterochromatin marker, histone H3 trimethylation of lysine 9. Moreover, the fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway, which is activated in hESCs, could suppress TERRA levels via telomeric repeat factor 1, which results in reduced SUV39H1 recruitment by TERRA at the telomere. Taken together, these results highlight the role of TERRA in hESC telomere elongation and homeostasis in the acquisition and/or maintenance of stem cell pluripotency.-Zeng, S., Liu, L., Sun, Y., Lu, G., Lin, G. Role of telomeric repeat-containing RNA in telomeric chromatin remodeling during the early expansion of human embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Zeng
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cell, Changsha, China
| | - Lvjun Liu
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cell, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cell, Changsha, China
| | - Guangxiu Lu
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cell, Changsha, China
| | - Ge Lin
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China; .,National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cell, Changsha, China
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85
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Parasar P, Sacha CR, Ng N, McGuirk ER, Chinthala S, Ozcan P, Lindsey J, Salas S, Laufer MR, Missmer SA, Anchan RM. Differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells express markers of human endometrium. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2017; 15:52. [PMID: 28716123 PMCID: PMC5514487 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-017-0273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modeling early endometrial differentiation is a crucial step towards understanding the divergent pathways between normal and ectopic endometrial development as seen in endometriosis. METHODS To investigate these pathways, mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and embryoid bodies (EBs) were differentiated in standard EB medium (EBM). Immunofluorescence (IF) staining and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to detect expression of human endometrial cell markers on differentiating cells, which were sorted into distinct populations using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). RESULTS A subpopulation (50%) of early differentiating mESCs expressed both glandular (CD9) and stromal (CD13) markers of human endometrium, suggestive of a novel endometrial precursor cell population. We further isolated a small population of endometrial mesenchymal stem cells, CD45-/CD146+/PDGFR-β+, from differentiating EBs, representing 0.7% of total cells. Finally, quantitative PCR demonstrated significantly amplified expression of transcription factors Hoxa10 and Foxa2 in CD13+ EBs isolated by FACS (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that mESCs have the capacity to express human endometrial cell markers and demonstrate potential differentiation pathways of endometrial precursor and mesenchymal stem cells, providing an in vitro system to model early endometrial tissue development. This model represents a key step in elucidating the mechanisms of ectopic endometrial tissue growth. Such a system could enable the development of strategies to prevent endometriosis and identify approaches for non-invasive monitoring of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Parasar
- Boston Center for Endometriosis, Boston Children’s and Brigham and Women’s Hospitals, 333 and 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Center for Infertility and Reproductive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - C. R. Sacha
- Center for Infertility and Reproductive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - N. Ng
- Center for Infertility and Reproductive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - E. R. McGuirk
- Center for Infertility and Reproductive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - S. Chinthala
- Center for Infertility and Reproductive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Department of OB/GYN, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - P. Ozcan
- Center for Infertility and Reproductive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - J. Lindsey
- Center for Infertility and Reproductive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - S. Salas
- Center for Infertility and Reproductive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - M. R. Laufer
- Boston Center for Endometriosis, Boston Children’s and Brigham and Women’s Hospitals, 333 and 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Center for Infertility and Reproductive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Division of Gynecology, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - S. A. Missmer
- Boston Center for Endometriosis, Boston Children’s and Brigham and Women’s Hospitals, 333 and 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - R. M. Anchan
- Boston Center for Endometriosis, Boston Children’s and Brigham and Women’s Hospitals, 333 and 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Center for Infertility and Reproductive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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86
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Kugler J, Huhse B, Tralau T, Luch A. Embryonic stem cells and the next generation of developmental toxicity testing. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:833-841. [PMID: 28675072 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1351548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The advent of stem cell technology has seen the establishment of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) as molecular model systems and screening tools. Although ESCs are nowadays widely used in research, regulatory implementation for developmental toxicity testing is pending. Areas Covered: This review evaluates the performance of current ESC, including human (h)ESC testing systems, trying to elucidate their potential for developmental toxicity testing. It shall discuss defining parameters and mechanisms, their relevance and contemplate what can realistically be expected. Crucially this includes the question of how to ascertain the quality of currently employed cell lines and tests based thereon. Finally, the use of hESCs will raise ethical concerns which should be addressed early on. Expert Opinion: While the suitability of (h)ESCs as tools for research and development goes undisputed, any routine use for developmental toxicity testing currently still seems premature. The reasons for this comprise inherent biological deficiencies as well as cell line quality and system validation. Overcoming these issues will require collaboration of scientists, test developers and regulators. Also, validation needs to be made worthwhile for academia. Finally we have to continuously rethink existing strategies, making room for improved testing and innovative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Kugler
- a Department of Chemical & Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Berlin , Germany
| | - Bettina Huhse
- a Department of Chemical & Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Berlin , Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- a Department of Chemical & Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Berlin , Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- a Department of Chemical & Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Berlin , Germany
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87
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Paterson YZ, Kafarnik C, Guest DJ. Characterization of companion animal pluripotent stem cells. Cytometry A 2017; 93:137-148. [PMID: 28678404 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells have the capacity to grow indefinitely in culture and differentiate into derivatives of the three germ layers. These properties underpin their potential to be used in regenerative medicine. Originally derived from early embryos, pluripotent stem cells can now be derived by reprogramming an adult cell back to a pluripotent state. Companion animals such as horses, dogs, and cats suffer from many injuries and diseases for which regenerative medicine may offer new treatments. As many of the injuries and diseases are similar to conditions in humans the use of companion animals for the experimental and clinical testing of stem cell and regenerative medicine products would provide relevant animal models for the translation of therapies to the human field. In order to fully utilize companion animal pluripotent stem cells robust, standardized methods of characterization must be developed to ensure that safe and effective treatments can be delivered. In this review we discuss the methods that are available for characterizing pluripotent stem cells and the techniques that have been applied in cells from companion animals. We describe characteristics which have been described consistently across reports as well as highlighting discrepant results. Significant steps have been made to define the in vitro culture requirements and drive lineage specific differentiation of pluripotent stem cells in companion animal species. However, additional basic research to compare pluripotent stem cell types and define characteristics of pluripotency in companion animal species is still required. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Z Paterson
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - C Kafarnik
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK.,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - D J Guest
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK
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88
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Tsai TS, Johnson J, White Y, John JC. The molecular characterization of porcine egg precursor cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:63484-63505. [PMID: 28969006 PMCID: PMC5609938 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Female-factor infertility can be caused by poor oocyte quality and depleted ovarian reserves. Egg precursor cells (EPCs), isolated from the ovarian cortex, have the potential to be used to overcome female infertility. We aimed to define the origins of EPCs by analyzing their gene expression profiles and mtDNA content using a mini-pig model. We characterized FAC-sorted DDX4+-derived porcine EPCs by performing RNA-sequencing and determined that they utilize pathways important for cell cycle and proliferation, which supports the existence of adult mitotically active oogonial cells. Expression of the pluripotent markers Sox2 and Oct4, and the primitive germ cell markers Blimp1 and Stella were not detected. However, Nanog and Ddx4 were expressed, as were the primitive germ cell markers Fragilis, c-Kit and Tert. Moreover, porcine EPCs expressed self-renewal and proliferation markers including Myc, Esrrb, Id2, Klf4, Klf5, Stat3, Fgfr1, Fgfr2 and Il6st. The presence of Zp1, Zp2, Zp3 and Nobox were not detected, indicating that porcine EPCs are not indicative of mature primordial oocytes. We performed mitochondrial DNA Next Generation Sequencing and determined that one mtDNA variant harbored by EPCs was present in oocytes, preimplantation embryos and somatic tissues over three generations in our mini-pig model indicating the potential germline origin of EPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Sha Tsai
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Centre for Genetic Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Johnson
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | | | - Justin C John
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Centre for Genetic Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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89
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Zimmerlin L, Park TS, Zambidis ET. Capturing Human Naïve Pluripotency in the Embryo and in the Dish. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1141-1161. [PMID: 28537488 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) were first derived almost 20 years ago, it was only recently acknowledged that they share closer molecular and functional identity to postimplantation lineage-primed murine epiblast stem cells than to naïve preimplantation inner cell mass-derived mouse ESCs (mESCs). A myriad of transcriptional, epigenetic, biochemical, and metabolic attributes have now been described that distinguish naïve and primed pluripotent states in both rodents and humans. Conventional hESCs and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) appear to lack many of the defining hallmarks of naïve mESCs. These include important features of the naïve ground state murine epiblast, such as an open epigenetic architecture, reduced lineage-primed gene expression, and chimera and germline competence following injection into a recipient blastocyst-stage embryo. Several transgenic and chemical methods were recently reported that appear to revert conventional human PSCs to mESC-like ground states. However, it remains unclear if subtle deviations in global transcription, cell signaling dependencies, and extent of epigenetic/metabolic shifts in these various human naïve-reverted pluripotent states represent true functional differences or alternatively the existence of distinct human pluripotent states along a spectrum. In this study, we review the current understanding and developmental features of various human pluripotency-associated phenotypes and discuss potential biological mechanisms that may support stable maintenance of an authentic epiblast-like ground state of human pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Zimmerlin
- 1 Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tea Soon Park
- 1 Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elias T Zambidis
- 1 Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins , Baltimore, Maryland
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90
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Kim DS, Kim JY, Kang M, Cho MS, Kim DW. Derivation of Functional Dopamine Neurons from Embryonic Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/000000007783464650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the selective degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. Pharmacological treatment of PD has been a prevailing strategy. However, it has some limitations because its effectiveness gradually decreases and side effects develop. As an alternative, cell transplantation therapy has been tried. Although transplantation of fetal ventral mesencephalic cells looks promising for the treatment of PD in some cases, ethical and technical problems in obtaining large numbers of human fetal brain tissues also lead to difficulty in its clinical application. Our recent studies showed that a high yield of DA neurons could be derived from embryonic stem (ES) cells and they efficiently induced behavioral recovery in a PD animal model. Here we summarize methods for generation of functional DA neurons from ES cells for application to PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Sung Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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91
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Tesarova L, Simara P, Stejskal S, Koutna I. Hematopoietic Developmental Potential of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines Is Accompanied by the Morphology of Embryoid Bodies and the Expression of Endodermal and Hematopoietic Markers. Cell Reprogram 2017. [PMID: 28632430 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2016.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential clinical applications of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are limited by the difficulty of recapitulating embryoid hematopoiesis and by the unknown differentiation potential of hPSC lines. To evaluate their hematopoietic developmental potential, available hPSC lines were differentiated by an embryoid body (EB) suspension culture in serum-free medium supplemented with three different cytokine mixes (CMs). The hPSC differentiation status was investigated by the flow cytometry expression profiles of cell surface molecules, and the gene expression of pluripotency and differentiation markers over time was evaluated by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). hPSC lines differed in several aspects of the differentiation process, including the absolute yield of hematopoietic progenitors, the proportion of hematopoietic progenitor populations, and the effect of various CMs. The ability to generate hematopoietic progenitors was then associated with the morphology of the developing EBs, the expression of the endodermal markers AFP and SOX17, and the hematopoietic transcription factor RUNX1. These findings deepen the knowledge about the hematopoietic propensity of hPSCs and identify its variability as an aspect that must be taken into account before the usage of hPSC-derived HSCs in downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Tesarova
- 1 Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis, Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic .,2 International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Simara
- 1 Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis, Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic .,2 International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Stejskal
- 1 Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis, Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Koutna
- 1 Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis, Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic .,2 International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno , Brno, Czech Republic
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92
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Wang L, Huang D, Jiang Z, Luo Y, Norris C, Zhang M, Tian X, Tang Y. Akt3 is responsible for the survival and proliferation of embryonic stem cells. Biol Open 2017; 6:850-861. [PMID: 28483982 PMCID: PMC5483023 DOI: 10.1242/bio.024505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) pathway plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation, metabolism, and survival. However, the distinct roles of Akt isoforms (Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3) in pluripotent stem cell maintenance are not fully defined. Using mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), we show that direct inhibition of Akt activity leads to ESC apoptosis. The Akt3, but not Akt1 or Akt2, activity specifically regulates this effect. Inhibiting Akt3 also leads to a cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. These regulatory roles of Akt3 are dependent on its kinase activity. Blocking the expression of Akt1 plus Akt2 in ESCs does not affect cell survival or proliferation, although blocking Akt1 aggravates the apoptotic effect induced by depletion of Akt3. We further show that blocking Akt3 in ESCs results in significant nuclear accumulation of p53, as well as the activation of its downstream targets, such as Mdm2, p21, and Fas. Inhibiting p53 and its downstream targets partially rescued the effects caused by Akt3-depletion. Our results revealed an Akt3 isoform-specific mechanism for ESC survival and proliferation involving the control of p53 activity. Summary: We identified that Akt isoform 3, but not Akt1 or Akt2, specifically regulates embryonic stem cell survival and proliferation. Mechanistically, this is achieved partially through controlling the p53 pathway activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Delun Huang
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.,Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongliang Jiang
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Carol Norris
- Center for Open Research Resources and Equipment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Ming Zhang
- Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuchun Tian
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Young Tang
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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93
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Närvä E, Stubb A, Guzmán C, Blomqvist M, Balboa D, Lerche M, Saari M, Otonkoski T, Ivaska J. A Strong Contractile Actin Fence and Large Adhesions Direct Human Pluripotent Colony Morphology and Adhesion. Stem Cell Reports 2017. [PMID: 28625538 PMCID: PMC5511101 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-type-specific functions and identity are tightly regulated by interactions between the cell cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have ultimate differentiation capacity and exceptionally low-strength ECM contact, yet the organization and function of adhesion sites and associated actin cytoskeleton remain poorly defined. We imaged hPSCs at the cell-ECM interface with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and discovered that adhesions at the colony edge were exceptionally large and connected by thick ventral stress fibers. The actin fence encircling the colony was found to exert extensive Rho-ROCK-myosin-dependent mechanical stress to enforce colony morphology, compaction, and pluripotency and to define mitotic spindle orientation. Remarkably, differentiation altered adhesion organization and signaling characterized by a switch from ventral to dorsal stress fibers, reduced mechanical stress, and increased integrin activity and cell-ECM adhesion strength. Thus, pluripotency appears to be linked to unique colony organization and adhesion structure. Human pluripotent colonies have exceptional actin structure and focal adhesions Contraction-dependent tight colony compaction enforces pluripotency Colony morphology is maintained by edge-oriented cell divisions Differentiation alters actin orientation, integrin activity, and adhesion strength
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Närvä
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Aki Stubb
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Camilo Guzmán
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Matias Blomqvist
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Diego Balboa
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Martina Lerche
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Markku Saari
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland; Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland.
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94
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C9ORF135 encodes a membrane protein whose expression is related to pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45311. [PMID: 28345668 PMCID: PMC5366912 DOI: 10.1038/srep45311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are a unique population of cells defined by their capacity for self-renewal and pluripotency. Here, we identified a previously uncharacterized gene in hESCs, C9ORF135, which is sharply downregulated during gastrulation and gametogenesis, along with the pluripotency factors OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG. Human ESCs express two C9ORF135 isoforms, the longer of which encodes a membrane-associated protein, as determined by immunostaining and western blotting of fractionated cell lysates. Moreover, the results of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), mass spectrometry (MS), and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) analyses demonstrated that C9ORF135 expression is regulated by OCT4 and SOX2 and that C9ORF135 interacts with non-muscle myosin IIA and myosin IIB. Collectively, these data indicated that C9ORF135 encodes a membrane-associated protein that may serve as a surface marker for undifferentiated hESCs.
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95
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Younis AJ, Lerer-Serfaty G, Stav D, Sabbah B, Shochat T, Kessler-Icekson G, Zahalka MA, Shachar-Goldenberg M, Ben-Haroush A, Fisch B, Abir R. Extracellular-like matrices and leukaemia inhibitory factor for in vitro culture of human primordial follicles. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 29:1982-1994. [DOI: 10.1071/rd16233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The possibility of maturing human primordial follicles in vitro would assist fertility restoration without the danger of reseeding malignancies. Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and certain culture matrices may promote human follicular growth. The present study compared human primordial follicular growth on novel culture matrices, namely human recombinant vitronectin (hrVit), small intestine submucosa (SIS), alginate scaffolds and human recombinant virgin collagen bioengineered in tobacco plant lines (CollPlant). The frozen–thawed ovarian samples that were used had been obtained from girls or young women undergoing fertility preservation. In the first part of the study, 20 samples were cultured for 6 days on hrVit or SIS with basic culture medium alone or supplemented with one of two concentrations of LIF (10 ng mL–1 and 100 ng mL–1), with and without LIF-neutralising antibody. In the second part of the study, 15 samples were cultured for 6 days on alginate scaffolds or CollPlant matrices with basic culture medium. Follicular development was assessed by follicular counts and classification, Ki67 immunohistochemistry and 17β-oestradiol and anti-Müllerian hormone measurements in spent media samples. Primordial follicular growth was not enhanced by LIF. Despite some significant differences among the four matrices, none appeared to have a clear advantage, apart from significantly more Ki67-stained follicles on alginate and CollPlant matrices. Further studies of other culture matrices and medium supplements are needed to obtain an optimal system.
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96
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Baines K, Renaud S. Transcription Factors That Regulate Trophoblast Development and Function. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 145:39-88. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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97
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Abstract
The translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is a highly conserved protein that is regulated due to a high number of extracellular stimuli. TCTP has an important role for cell cycle and normal development. On the other side, tumor reversion and malignant transformation have been associated with TCTP. TCTP has been found among the 12 genes that are differentially expressed during mouse oocyte maturation, and an overexpression of this gene was reported in a wide variety of different cancer types. Its antiapoptotic effect is indicated by the interaction with several proapoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family and the p53 tumor suppressor protein. In this article, we draw attention to the role of TCTP in cancer, especially, focusing on cell differentiation and tumor reversion, a biological process by which highly tumorigenic cells lose their malignant phenotype. This protein has been shown to be the most strongly downregulated protein in revertant cells compared to the parental cancer cells. Decreased expression of TCTP results either in the reprogramming of cancer cells into reversion or apoptosis. As conventional chemotherapy is frequently associated with the development of drug resistance and high toxicity, the urge for the development of new or additional scientific approaches falls into place. Differentiation therapy aims at reinducing differentiation backward to the nonmalignant cellular state. Here, different approaches have been reported such as the induction of retinoid pathways and the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors. Also, PPARγ agonists and the activation of the vitamin D receptor have been reported as potential targets in differentiation therapy. As TCTP is known as the histamine-releasing factor, antihistaminic drugs have been shown to target this protein. Antihistaminic compounds, hydroxyzine and promethazine, inhibited cell growth of cancer cells and decreased TCTP expression of breast cancer and leukemia cells. Recently, we found that two antihistaminics, levomepromazine and buclizine, inhibited cancer cell growth by direct binding to TCTP and induction of cell differentiation. These data confirmed that TCTP is an exquisite target for anticancer differentiation therapy and antihistaminics have potential to be lead compounds for the direct interaction with TCTP as new inhibitors of human TCTP and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ean-Jeong Seo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicolas Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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98
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Kurum E, Benayoun BA, Malhotra A, George J, Ucar D. Computational inference of a genomic pluripotency signature in human and mouse stem cells. Biol Direct 2016; 11:47. [PMID: 27639379 PMCID: PMC5027095 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-016-0148-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent analyses of next-generation sequencing datasets have shown that cell-specific regulatory elements in stem cells are marked with distinguishable patterns of transcription factor (TF) binding and epigenetic marks. For example, we recently demonstrated that promoters of cell-specific genes are covered with expanded trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me3) marks (i.e., broad H3K4me3 domains). Moreover, binding of specific TFs, such as OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2, have been shown to play a critical role in maintaining the pluripotency of stem cells. Despite these observations, a systematic exploration of genomic and epigenomic features of stem-cell-specific gene promoters has not been conducted. Advanced machine-learning models can capture distinguishable genomic and epigenomic characteristics of stem-cell-specific promoters by taking advantage of the wealth of publicly available datasets. Here, we propose a three-step framework to discover novel data characteristics of high-throughput next generation sequencing datasets that distinguish pluripotency genes in human and mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Our framework involves: i) feature extraction to identify novel features of genomic datasets; ii) feature selection using a logistic regression model combined with the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) method to find the most critical datasets and features; and iii) cross validation with features selected using LASSO method to assess the predictive power of selected data features in distinguishing pluripotency genes. We show that specific epigenetic marks, and specific features of these marks, are enriched at pluripotency gene promoters. Moreover, we also assess both the individual and combined effect of TF binding, epigenetic mark deposition, gene expression datasets for marking pluripotency genes. Our findings are consistent with the existence of a conserved, complex and integrative genomic signature in ESCs that can be exploited to flag important candidate pluripotency genes. They also validate our computational framework for fostering a deeper understanding of genomic datasets in stem cells, in the future, could be extended to study cell-type-specific genomic landscapes in other cell types. REVIEWERS This article was reviewed by Zoltan Gaspari and Piotr Zielenkiewicz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Kurum
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Ankit Malhotra
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Joshy George
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Duygu Ucar
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA.
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99
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Utilization of different anti-viral mechanisms by mammalian embryonic stem cells and differentiated cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:17-23. [PMID: 27485807 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have received tremendous attention because of their potential applications in regenerative medicine. Over the past two decades, intensive research has not only led to the generation of various types of cells from ESCs that can be potentially used for the treatment of human diseases but also led to the formation of new concepts and breakthroughs that have significantly impacted our understanding of basic cell biology and developmental biology. Recent studies have revealed that ESCs and other types of pluripotent cells do not have a functional interferon (IFN)-based anti-viral mechanism, challenging the idea that the IFN system is developed as the central component of anti-viral innate immunity in all types of cells in vertebrates. This finding also provided important insight into a question that has been uncertain for a long time: whether or not the RNA interference (RNAi) anti-viral mechanism operates in mammalian cells. An emerging paradigm is that mammals may have adapted distinct anti-viral mechanisms at different stages of organismal development; the IFN-based system is mainly used by differentiated somatic cells, while the RNAi anti-viral mechanism may be used in ESCs. This paper discusses the molecular basis and biological implications for mammals to have different anti-viral mechanisms during development.
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Chen G, Chen J, Yang J, Chen L, Qu X, Shi C, Ning B, Shi L, Tong W, Zhao Y, Zhang M, Shi T. Significant variations in alternative splicing patterns and expression profiles between human-mouse orthologs in early embryos. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 60:178-188. [PMID: 27378339 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-0348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human and mouse orthologs are expected to have similar biological functions; however, many discrepancies have also been reported. We systematically compared human and mouse orthologs in terms of alternative splicing patterns and expression profiles. Human-mouse orthologs are divergent in alternative splicing, as human orthologs could generally encode more isoforms than their mouse orthologs. In early embryos, exon skipping is far more common with human orthologs, whereas constitutive exons are more prevalent with mouse orthologs. This may correlate with divergence in expression of splicing regulators. Orthologous expression similarities are different in distinct embryonic stages, with the highest in morula. Expression differences for orthologous transcription factor genes could play an important role in orthologous expression discordance. We further detected largely orthologous divergence in differential expression between distinct embryonic stages. Collectively, our study uncovers significant orthologous divergence from multiple aspects, which may result in functional differences and dynamics between human-mouse orthologs during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Chen
- The Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,Center for Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jiwei Chen
- The Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- The Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Long Chen
- The Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiongfei Qu
- The Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Caiping Shi
- The Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Baitang Ning
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Leming Shi
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.,National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Weida Tong
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Meixia Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Tieliu Shi
- The Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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