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Stanisavljevic D, Popovic J, Petrovic I, Davidovic S, Atkinson MJ, Anastasov N, Stevanovic M. Radiation effects on early phase of NT2/D1 neural differentiation in vitro. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:1627-1639. [PMID: 31509479 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1665207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Widespread medical use of radiation in diagnosis, imaging and treatment of different central nervous system malignancies lead to various consequences. Aim of this study was to further elucidate mechanism of cell response to radiation and possible consequence on neural differentiation.Materials and methods: NT2/D1 cells that resemble neural progenitors were used as a model system. Undifferentiated NT2/D1 cells and NT2/D1 cells in the early phase of neural differentiation were irradiated with low (0.2 Gy) and moderate (2 Gy) doses of γ radiation. The effect was analyzed on apoptosis, cell cycle, senescence, spheroid formation and the expression of genes and miRNAs involved in the regulation of pluripotency or neural differentiation.Results: Two grays of irradiation induced apoptosis, senescence and cell cycle arrest of NT2/D1 cells, accompanied with altered expression of several genes (SOX2, OCT4, SOX3, PAX6) and miRNAs (miR-219, miR-21, miR124-a). Presented results show that 2 Gy of radiation significantly affected early phase of neural differentiation in vitro.Conclusions: These results suggest that 2 Gy of radiation significantly affected early phase of neural differentiation and affect the population of neural progenitors. These findings might help in better understanding of side effects of radiotherapy in treatments of central nervous system malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Stanisavljevic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Popovic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Isidora Petrovic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Davidovic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Michael J Atkinson
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Radiation Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nataša Anastasov
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Milena Stevanovic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia.,University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia.,Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
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52
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Bertacchi M, Gruart A, Kaimakis P, Allet C, Serra L, Giacobini P, Delgado-García JM, Bovolenta P, Studer M. Mouse Nr2f1 haploinsufficiency unveils new pathological mechanisms of a human optic atrophy syndrome. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:e10291. [PMID: 31318166 PMCID: PMC6685104 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic nerve atrophy represents the most common form of hereditary optic neuropathies leading to vision impairment. The recently described Bosch‐Boonstra‐Schaaf optic atrophy (BBSOA) syndrome denotes an autosomal dominant genetic form of neuropathy caused by mutations or deletions in the NR2F1 gene. Herein, we describe a mouse model recapitulating key features of BBSOA patients—optic nerve atrophy, optic disc anomalies, and visual deficits—thus representing the only available mouse model for this syndrome. Notably, Nr2f1‐deficient optic nerves develop an imbalance between oligodendrocytes and astrocytes leading to postnatal hypomyelination and astrogliosis. Adult heterozygous mice display a slower optic axonal conduction velocity from the retina to high‐order visual centers together with associative visual learning deficits. Importantly, some of these clinical features, such the optic nerve hypomyelination, could be rescued by chemical drug treatment in early postnatal life. Overall, our data shed new insights into the cellular mechanisms of optic nerve atrophy in BBSOA patients and open a promising avenue for future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bertacchi
- CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Agnès Gruart
- Division of Neurosciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Polynikis Kaimakis
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cécile Allet
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center (JPArc), Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, UMR-S 1172, Inserm, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1,000 Days for Health, Lille, France
| | - Linda Serra
- CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Department of Biotechnology and Biological Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center (JPArc), Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, UMR-S 1172, Inserm, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1,000 Days for Health, Lille, France
| | | | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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53
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Pinson A, Namba T, Huttner WB. Malformations of Human Neocortex in Development - Their Progenitor Cell Basis and Experimental Model Systems. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:305. [PMID: 31338027 PMCID: PMC6629864 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Malformations of the human neocortex in development constitute a heterogeneous group of complex disorders, resulting in pathologies such as intellectual disability and abnormal neurological/psychiatric conditions such as epilepsy or autism. Advances in genomic sequencing and genetic techniques have allowed major breakthroughs in the field, revealing the molecular basis of several of these malformations. Here, we focus on those malformations of the human neocortex, notably microcephaly, and macrocephaly, where an underlying basis has been established at the level of the neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) from which neurons are directly or indirectly derived. Particular emphasis is placed on NPC cell biology and NPC markers. A second focus of this review is on experimental model systems used to dissect the underlying mechanisms of malformations of the human neocortex in development at the cellular and molecular level. The most commonly used model system have been genetically modified mice. However, although basic features of neocortical development are conserved across the various mammalian species, some important differences between mouse and human exist. These pertain to the abundance of specific NPC types and/or their proliferative capacity, as exemplified in the case of basal radial glia. These differences limit the ability of mouse models to fully recapitulate the phenotypes of malformations of the human neocortex. For this reason, additional experimental model systems, notably the ferret, non-human primates and cerebral organoids, have recently emerged as alternatives and shown to be of increasing relevance. It is therefore important to consider the benefits and limitations of each of these model systems for studying malformations of the human neocortex in development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Namba
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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54
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Steevens AR, Glatzer JC, Kellogg CC, Low WC, Santi PA, Kiernan AE. SOX2 is required for inner ear growth and cochlear nonsensory formation before sensory development. Development 2019; 146:dev.170522. [PMID: 31152002 DOI: 10.1242/dev.170522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) is required for the formation of hair cells and supporting cells in the inner ear and is a widely used sensory marker. Paradoxically, we demonstrate via fate mapping that, initially, SOX2 primarily marks nonsensory progenitors in the mouse cochlea, and is not specific to all sensory regions until late otic vesicle stages. SOX2 fate mapping reveals an apical-to-basal gradient of SOX2 expression in the sensory region of the cochlea, reflecting the pattern of cell cycle exit. To understand SOX2 function, we undertook a timed-deletion approach, revealing that early loss of SOX2 severely impaired morphological development of the ear, whereas later deletions resulted in sensory disruptions. During otocyst stages, SOX2 shifted dramatically from a lateral to medial domain over 24-48 h, reflecting the nonsensory-to-sensory switch observed by fate mapping. Early loss or gain of SOX2 function led to changes in otic epithelial volume and progenitor proliferation, impacting growth and morphological development of the ear. Our study demonstrates a novel role for SOX2 in early otic morphological development, and provides insights into the temporal and spatial patterns of sensory specification in the inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleta R Steevens
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jenna C Glatzer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Courtney C Kellogg
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Walter C Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Peter A Santi
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Amy E Kiernan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA .,Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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55
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Wollenzien H, Voigt E, Kareta MS. Somatic Pluripotent Genes in Tissue Repair, Developmental Disease, and Cancer. SPG BIOMED 2018; 1. [PMID: 31172135 DOI: 10.32392/biomed.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells possess the ability to differentiate into all cell types of the body. This pliable developmental state is achieved by the function of a series of pluripotency factors, classically identified as OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG. These pluripotency factors are responsible for activating the larger pluripotency networks and the self-renewal programs which give ES cells their unique characteristics. However, during differentiation pluripotency networks become downregulated as cells achieve greater lineage specification and exit the cell cycle. Typically the repression of pluripotency is viewed as a positive factor to ensure the fidelity of cellular identity by restricting cellular pliancy. Consistent with this view, the expression of pluripotency factors is greatly restricted in somatic cells. However, there are examples whereby cells either maintain or reactivate pluripotency factors to preserve the increased potential for the healing of wounds or tissue homeostasis. Additionally there are many examples where these pluripotency factors become reactivated in a variety of human pathologies, particularly cancer. In this review, we will summarize the somatic repression of pluripotency factors, their role in tissue homeostasis and wound repair, and the human diseases that are associated with pluripotency factor misregulation with an emphasis on their role in the etiology of multiple cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wollenzien
- Genetics and Genomics Group, Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, and the Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA.,Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark St. Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Ellen Voigt
- Genetics and Genomics Group, Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, and the Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Michael S Kareta
- Genetics and Genomics Group, Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, and the Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA.,Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark St. Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, 1400 W. 22nd St., Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, 1175 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006, USA
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56
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Shen F, Song C, Liu Y, Zhang J, Wei Song S. IGFBP2 promotes neural stem cell maintenance and proliferation differentially associated with glioblastoma subtypes. Brain Res 2018; 1704:174-186. [PMID: 30347220 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) give rise to the central nervous system (CNS) and persist in certain areas of adult brains for replenishing damaged differentiated cells. The loss of the balance between NSC self-renewal and differentiation could lead to tumor formation such as the occurrence of glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and deadly human brain tumor, which could be derived from neural stem or stem-like cells. Early studies showed that insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) mRNA levels were maintained high during the fetal brain development but decreased in the adult brains. We previously reported that IGFBP2 was frequently overexpressed in GBMs, which was correlated with GBM recurrence and poor survival and promoted glioma progression. However, the role of IGFBP2 in the CNS was not investigated yet, whose understanding will help elucidate IGFBP2 functions in GBM. In the study, we identify IGFBP2 as a critical molecule for mouse NSC maintenance. IGFBP2 is highly expressed in NSCs, and its expression exhibits an apical-basal pattern in the neural tube with a higher apical level and decreased with NSC differentiation during the CNS development. IGFBP2 promotes NSC self-renewal and proliferation but inhibits its differentiation to neurons and astrocytes. The knockdown of IGFBP2 significantly affected the expression of cell cycle, Notch pathway, and neural stemness and differentiation genes in NSCs. Further, the expression of IGFBP2-regulated cell cycle genes is significantly correlated with IGFBP2 expression in non-Mesenchymal GBM subtypes including Classical, Proneural, and Neural subtypes and of its Notch pathway genes differentially associated in the four GBM subtypes, altogether suggesting its critical and similar functions in NSCs and GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faping Shen
- Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Beijing 100069, China; Daqing Oil Field General Hospital, No. 9, Middle Kang Street, Saertu District, Daqing 163000, Heilongjiang, China; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, No. 6, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Chunyan Song
- Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, No. 6, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yunmian Liu
- Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, No. 6, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sonya Wei Song
- Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, No. 6, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
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57
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Abstract
The cadherin superfamily comprises a large, diverse collection of cell surface receptors that are expressed in the nervous system throughout development and have been shown to be essential for the proper assembly of the vertebrate nervous system. As our knowledge of each family member has grown, it has become increasingly clear that the functions of various cadherin subfamilies are intertwined: they can be present in the same protein complexes, impinge on the same developmental processes, and influence the same signaling pathways. This interconnectedness may illustrate a central way in which core developmental events are controlled to bring about the robust and precise assembly of neural circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Jontes
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Ohio 43210
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58
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Human peptidergic nociceptive sensory neurons generated from human epidermal neural crest stem cells (hEPI-NCSC). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199996. [PMID: 29953534 PMCID: PMC6023242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we provide new technology for generating human peptidergic nociceptive sensory neurons in a straightforward and efficient way. The cellular source, human epidermal neural crest stem cells (hEPI-NCSC), consists of multipotent somatic stem cells that reside in the bulge of hair follicles. hEPI-NCSC and primary sensory neurons have a common origin, the embryonic neural crest. For directed differentiation, hEPI-NCSC were exposed to pertinent growth factors and small molecules in order to modulate master signalling networks involved in differentiation of neural crest cells into postmitotic peptidergic sensory neurons during embryonic development. The neuronal populations were homogenous in regard to antibody marker expression. Cells were immunoreactive for essential master regulatory genes, including NGN1/2, SOX10, and BRN3a among others, and for the pain-mediating genes substance P (SP), calcitonin gene related protein (CGRP) and the TRPV1 channel. Approximately 30% of total cells responded to capsaicin, indicating that they expressed an active TRPV1 channel. In summary, hEPI-NCSC are a biologically relevant and easily available source of somatic stem cells for generating human peptidergic nociceptive neurons without the need for genetic manipulation and cell purification. As no analgesics exist that specifically target TRPV1, a ready supply of high-quality human peptidergic nociceptive sensory neurons could open the way for new approaches, in a biologically relevant cellular context, to drug discovery and patient-specific disease modelling that is aimed at pain control, and as such is highly desirable.
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59
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Blair JD, Hockemeyer D, Doudna JA, Bateup HS, Floor SN. Widespread Translational Remodeling during Human Neuronal Differentiation. Cell Rep 2018; 21:2005-2016. [PMID: 29141229 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Faithful cellular differentiation requires temporally precise activation of gene expression programs, which are coordinated at the transcriptional and translational levels. Neurons express the most complex set of mRNAs of any human tissue, but translational changes during neuronal differentiation remain incompletely understood. Here, we induced forebrain neuronal differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and measured genome-wide RNA and translation levels with transcript-isoform resolution. We found that thousands of genes change translation status during differentiation without a corresponding change in RNA level. Specifically, we identified mTOR signaling as a key driver for elevated translation of translation-related genes in hESCs. In contrast, translational repression in active neurons is mediated by regulatory sequences in 3' UTRs. Together, our findings identify extensive translational control changes during human neuronal differentiation and a crucial role of 3' UTRs in driving cell-type-specific translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Blair
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dirk Hockemeyer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jennifer A Doudna
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Imaging Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Helen S Bateup
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Stephen N Floor
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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60
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Makrides N, Panayiotou E, Fanis P, Karaiskos C, Lapathitis G, Malas S. Sequential Role of SOXB2 Factors in GABAergic Neuron Specification of the Dorsal Midbrain. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:152. [PMID: 29867344 PMCID: PMC5952183 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies proposed a model for embryonic neurogenesis where the expression levels of the SOXB2 and SOXB1 factors regulate the differentiation status of the neural stem cells. However, the precise role of the SOXB2 genes remains controversial. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of individual deletions of the SOX21 and SOX14 genes during the development of the dorsal midbrain. We show that SOX21 and SOX14 function distinctly during the commitment of the GABAergic lineage. More explicitly, deletion of SOX21 reduced the expression of the GABAergic precursor marker GATA3 and BHLHB5 while the expression of GAD6, which marks GABAergic terminal differentiation, was not affected. In contrast deletion of SOX14 alone was sufficient to inhibit terminal differentiation of the dorsal midbrain GABAergic neurons. Furthermore, we demonstrate through gain-of-function experiments, that despite the homology of SOX21 and SOX14, they have unique gene targets and cannot compensate for the loss of each other. Taken together, these data do not support a pan-neurogenic function for SOXB2 genes in the dorsal midbrain, but instead they influence, sequentially, the specification of GABAergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neoklis Makrides
- Developmental and Functional Genetics Group, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Elena Panayiotou
- Neurologic Clinic A, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Pavlos Fanis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function & Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christos Karaiskos
- Neuroscience Laboratory, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - George Lapathitis
- Neuroscience Laboratory, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Stavros Malas
- Developmental and Functional Genetics Group, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
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61
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Nizamudeen ZA, Chakrabarti L, Sottile V. Exposure to the ROCK inhibitor fasudil promotes gliogenesis of neural stem cells in vitro. Stem Cell Res 2018; 28:75-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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62
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Yoshimura A, Adachi N, Matsuno H, Kawamata M, Yoshioka Y, Kikuchi H, Odaka H, Numakawa T, Kunugi H, Ochiya T, Tamai Y. The Sox2 promoter-driven CD63-GFP transgenic rat model allows tracking of neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.028779. [PMID: 29208635 PMCID: PMC5818070 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.028779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can modulate microenvironments by transferring biomolecules, including RNAs and proteins derived from releasing cells, to target cells. To understand the molecular mechanisms maintaining the neural stem cell (NSC) niche through EVs, a new transgenic (Tg) rat strain that can release human CD63-GFP-expressing EVs from the NSCs was established. Human CD63-GFP expression was controlled under the rat Sox2 promoter (Sox2/human CD63-GFP), and it was expressed in undifferentiated fetal brains. GFP signals were specifically observed in in vitro cultured NSCs obtained from embryonic brains of the Tg rats. We also demonstrated that embryonic NSC (eNSC)-derived EVs were labelled by human CD63-GFP. Furthermore, when we examined the transfer of EVs, eNSC-derived EVs were found to be incorporated into astrocytes and eNSCs, thus implying an EV-mediated communication between different cell types around NSCs. This new Sox2/human CD63-GFP Tg rat strain should provide resources to analyse the cell-to-cell communication via EVs in NSC microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yoshimura
- Division of Laboratory Animals Resources, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.,Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.,Education and Research Facility of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Center for Research Promotion and Support, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Naoki Adachi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Hitomi Matsuno
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Masaki Kawamata
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute (NCC), 1-1 Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshioka
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute (NCC), 1-1 Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Hisae Kikuchi
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Haruki Odaka
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.,Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Numakawa
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.,Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute (NCC), 1-1 Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tamai
- Division of Laboratory Animals Resources, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.,Chromocenter Inc., 6-7-4 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
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Qin W, Chen S, Yang S, Xu Q, Xu C, Cai J. The Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. Aging Dis 2017; 8:792-811. [PMID: 29344417 PMCID: PMC5758352 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are special types of cells with the potential for self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation. NSCs are regulated by multiple pathways and pathway related transcription factors during the process of proliferation and differentiation. Numerous studies have shown that the compound medicinal preparations, single herbs, and herb extracts in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have specific roles in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. In this study, we investigate the markers of NSCs in various stages of differentiation, the related pathways regulating the proliferation and differentiation, and the corresponding transcription factors in the pathways. We also review the influence of TCM on NSC proliferation and differentiation, to facilitate the development of TCM in neural regeneration and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qin
- 1Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Shiya Chen
- 1Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Shasha Yang
- 1Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Qian Xu
- 2College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Chuanshan Xu
- 3School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jing Cai
- 2College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
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64
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Review: adult neurogenesis contributes to hippocampal plasticity. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 373:693-709. [PMID: 29185071 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2735-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is the process by which new functional neurons are added to the adult dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Animal studies have shown that the degree of adult hippocampal neurogenesis is regulated by local environmental cues as well as neural network activities. Furthermore, accumulating evidence has suggested that adult hippocampal neurogenesis plays prominent roles in hippocampus-dependent brain functions. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis at various developmental stages and propose how adult-born neurons contribute to structural and functional hippocampal plasticity.
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65
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Kesidou E, Touloumi O, Lagoudaki R, Nousiopoulou E, Theotokis P, Poulatsidou KN, Boziki M, Kofidou E, Delivanoglou N, Minti F, Hadjigeorgiou G, Grigoriadis N, Simeonidou C. Humoral response in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis targets neural precursor cells in the central nervous system of naive rodents. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:227. [PMID: 29162133 PMCID: PMC5697419 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0995-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neural precursor cells (NPCs) located in the subventricular zone (SVZ), a well-defined NPC niche, play a crucial role in central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Moreover, NPCs are involved in the endogenous reparative process both in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the possibility that NPCs may be vulnerable to immune-related components may not be ruled out. Therefore, we investigated the potential affinity of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced humoral response(s) to NPCs. Methods MOG35–55-EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice; blood-sampling was performed on days 17–21 (acute phase) along with a naive group and corresponding antisera (AS) were collected (EAE-AS, NAIVE-AS). The presence of anti-CNS autoantibodies was examined with western blotting. Furthermore, using the collected antisera and anti-MOG antibody (as positive control), immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence were implemented on normal neonatal, postnatal, and adult mouse brain sections. Targeted NPCs were identified with confocal microscopy. In vitro immunoreactivity assessment on NPCs challenged with autoantibodies was evaluated for apoptotic/autophagic activity. Results Western blotting verified the existence of autoantibodies in EAE mice and demonstrated bands corresponding to yet unidentified NPC surface epitopes. A dominant selective binding of EAE-AS in the subventricular zone in all age groups compared to NAIVE-AS (p < 0.001) was observed. Additionally, anti-BrdU+/EAE-AS+ colocalization was significantly higher than anti-BrdU+/anti-MOG+, a finding suggesting that the EAE humoral response colocalized with NPCs(BrdU+), cells that do not express MOG. Well-established NPC markers (Nestin, m-Musashi-1, Sox2, DCX, GFAP, NG2) were used to identify the distinct cell types which exhibited selective binding with EAE-AS. The findings verified that EAE-AS exerts cross-reactivity with NPCs which varies throughout the neonatal to adult stage, with a preference to cells of early developmental stages. Finally, increased expressions of Caspase 3 and Beclin 1 on NPCs were detected. Conclusion We provide evidence for the first time that MOG35–55 EAE induces production of antibodies with affinity to SVZ of naive mice in three different age groups. These autoantibodies target lineage-specific NPCs as brain develops and have the potential to trigger apoptotic pathways. Thus, our findings provide indication that cross-talk between immunity and NPCs may lead to functional alteration of NPCs regarding their viability and potentially oligodendrogenesis and effective remyelination. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-0995-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Kesidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga Touloumi
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Roza Lagoudaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Nousiopoulou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kyriaki-Nepheli Poulatsidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marina Boziki
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Kofidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nickoleta Delivanoglou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fani Minti
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantina Simeonidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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66
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Canine dorsal root ganglia satellite glial cells represent an exceptional cell population with astrocytic and oligodendrocytic properties. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13915. [PMID: 29066783 PMCID: PMC5654978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs can be used as a translational animal model to close the gap between basic discoveries in rodents and clinical trials in humans. The present study compared the species-specific properties of satellite glial cells (SGCs) of canine and murine dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in situ and in vitro using light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunostainings. The in situ expression of CNPase, GFAP, and glutamine synthetase (GS) has also been investigated in simian SGCs. In situ, most canine SGCs (>80%) expressed the neural progenitor cell markers nestin and Sox2. CNPase and GFAP were found in most canine and simian but not murine SGCs. GS was detected in 94% of simian and 71% of murine SGCs, whereas only 44% of canine SGCs expressed GS. In vitro, most canine (>84%) and murine (>96%) SGCs expressed CNPase, whereas GFAP expression was differentially affected by culture conditions and varied between 10% and 40%. However, GFAP expression was induced by bone morphogenetic protein 4 in SGCs of both species. Interestingly, canine SGCs also stimulated neurite formation of DRG neurons. These findings indicate that SGCs represent an exceptional, intermediate glial cell population with phenotypical characteristics of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes and might possess intrinsic regenerative capabilities in vivo.
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67
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Wu Q, Tang W, Luo Z, Li Y, Shu Y, Yue Z, Xiao B, Feng L. DISC1 Regulates the Proliferation and Migration of Mouse Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells through Pax5, Sox2, Dll1 and Neurog2. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:261. [PMID: 28900388 PMCID: PMC5581844 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) regulates neurogenesis and is a genetic risk factor for major psychiatric disorders. However, how DISC1 dysfunction affects neurogenesis and cell cycle progression at the molecular level is still unknown. Here, we investigated the role of DISC1 in regulating proliferation, migration, cell cycle progression and apoptosis in mouse neural stem/progenitor cells (MNSPCs) in vitro. Methods: MNSPCs were isolated and cultured from mouse fetal hippocampi. Retroviral vectors or siRNAs were used to manipulate DISC1 expression in MNSPCs. Proliferation, migration, cell cycle progression and apoptosis of altered MNSPCs were analyzed in cell proliferation assays (MTS), transwell system and flow cytometry. A neurogenesis specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array was used to identify genes downstream of DISC1, and functional analysis was performed through transfection of expression plasmids and siRNAs. Results: Loss of DISC1 reduced proliferation and migration of MNSPCs, while an increase in DISC1 led to increased proliferation and migration. Meanwhile, an increase in the proportion of cells in G0/G1 phase was concomitant with reduced levels of DISC1, but significant changes were not observed in the number MNSPCs undergoing apoptosis. Paired box gene 5 (Pax5), sex determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2), delta-like1 (Dll1) and Neurogenin2 (Neurog2) emerged as candidate molecules downstream of DISC1, and rescue experiments demonstrated that increased or decreased expression of either molecule regulated proliferation and migration in DISC1-altered MNSPCs. Conclusion: These results suggest that Pax5, Sox2, Dll1 and Neurog2 mediate DISC1 activity in MNSPC proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical UniversityKunming, China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Weiting Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Zhaohui Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcester, MA, United States
| | - Yi Shu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Zongwei Yue
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, United States
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, United States
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68
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Hong N, Kim MH, Min CK, Kim HJ, Lee JH. The co-expression of Neogenin with SOX2 in hippocampal neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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69
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Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-Dependent Phosphorylation of Sox2 at Serine 39 Regulates Neurogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00201-17. [PMID: 28584195 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00201-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sox2 is known to be important for neuron formation, but the precise mechanism through which it activates a neurogenic program and how this differs from its well-established function in self-renewal of stem cells remain elusive. In this study, we identified a highly conserved cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) phosphorylation site on serine 39 (S39) in Sox2. In neural stem cells (NSCs), phosphorylation of S39 enhances the ability of Sox2 to negatively regulate neuronal differentiation, while loss of phosphorylation is necessary for chromatin retention of a truncated form of Sox2 generated during neurogenesis. We further demonstrated that nonphosphorylated cleaved Sox2 specifically induces the expression of proneural genes and promotes neurogenic commitment in vivo Our present study sheds light on how the level of Cdk kinase activity directly regulates Sox2 to tip the balance between self-renewal and differentiation in NSCs.
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70
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Bouschet T, Dubois E, Reynès C, Kota SK, Rialle S, Maupetit-Méhouas S, Pezet M, Le Digarcher A, Nidelet S, Demolombe V, Cavelier P, Meusnier C, Maurizy C, Sabatier R, Feil R, Arnaud P, Journot L, Varrault A. In Vitro Corticogenesis from Embryonic Stem Cells Recapitulates the In Vivo Epigenetic Control of Imprinted Gene Expression. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:2418-2433. [PMID: 27095822 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro corticogenesis from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is an attractive model of cortical development and a promising tool for cortical therapy. It is unknown to which extent epigenetic mechanisms crucial for cortex development and function, such as parental genomic imprinting, are recapitulated by in vitro corticogenesis. Here, using genome-wide transcriptomic and methylation analyses on hybrid mouse tissues and cells, we find a high concordance of imprinting status between in vivo and ESC-derived cortices. Notably, in vitro corticogenesis strictly reproduced the in vivo parent-of-origin-dependent expression of 41 imprinted genes (IGs), including Mest and Cdkn1c known to control corticogenesis. Parent-of-origin-dependent DNA methylation was also conserved at 14 of 18 imprinted differentially methylated regions. The least concordant imprinted locus was Gpr1-Zdbf2, where the aberrant bi-allelic expression of Zdbf2 and Adam23 was concomitant with a gain of methylation on the maternal allele in vitro. Combined, our data argue for a broad conservation of the epigenetic mechanisms at imprinted loci in cortical cells derived from ESCs. We propose that in vitro corticogenesis helps to define the still poorly understood mechanisms that regulate imprinting in the brain and the roles of IGs in cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Bouschet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U1191, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emeric Dubois
- Montpellier GenomiX, BioCampus Montpellier, CNRS UMS3426, INSERM US009, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christelle Reynès
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U1191, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Satya K Kota
- Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGMM), CNRS UMR 5535, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Rialle
- Montpellier GenomiX, BioCampus Montpellier, CNRS UMS3426, INSERM US009, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Maupetit-Méhouas
- GReD (Genetics, Reproduction and Development), CNRS UMR6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mikael Pezet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U1191, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Le Digarcher
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U1191, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sabine Nidelet
- Montpellier GenomiX, BioCampus Montpellier, CNRS UMS3426, INSERM US009, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Demolombe
- Montpellier GenomiX, BioCampus Montpellier, CNRS UMS3426, INSERM US009, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Patricia Cavelier
- Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGMM), CNRS UMR 5535, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Meusnier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U1191, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Chloé Maurizy
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U1191, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGMM), CNRS UMR 5535, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert Sabatier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U1191, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert Feil
- Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGMM), CNRS UMR 5535, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Arnaud
- GReD (Genetics, Reproduction and Development), CNRS UMR6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurent Journot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U1191, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Montpellier GenomiX, BioCampus Montpellier, CNRS UMS3426, INSERM US009, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Annie Varrault
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U1191, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Moreno N, González A. Pattern of Neurogenesis and Identification of Neuronal Progenitor Subtypes during Pallial Development in Xenopus laevis. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:24. [PMID: 28396626 PMCID: PMC5366753 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the pallium during evolution has increased dramatically in many different respects. The highest level of complexity is found in mammals, where most of the pallium (cortex) shows a layered organization and neurons are generated during development following an inside-out order, a sequence not observed in other amniotes (birds and reptiles). Species-differences may be related to major neurogenetic events, from the neural progenitors that divide and produce all pallial cells. In mammals, two main types of precursors have been described, primary precursor cells in the ventricular zone (vz; also called radial glial cells or apical progenitors) and secondary precursor cells (called basal or intermediate progenitors) separated from the ventricle surface. Previous studies suggested that pallial neurogenetic cells, and especially the intermediate progenitors, evolved independently in mammalian and sauropsid lineages. In the present study, we examined pallial neurogenesis in the amphibian Xenopus laevis, a representative species of the only group of tetrapods that are anamniotes. The pattern of pallial proliferation during embryonic and larval development was studied, together with a multiple immunohistochemical analysis of putative progenitor cells. We found that there are two phases of progenitor divisions in the developing pallium that, following the radial unit concept from the ventricle to the mantle, finally result in an outside-in order of mature neurons, what seems to be the primitive condition of vertebrates. Gene expressions of key transcription factors that characterize radial glial cells in the vz were demonstrated in Xenopus. In addition, although mitotic cells were corroborated outside the vz, the expression pattern of markers for intermediate progenitors differed from mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Moreno
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín González
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid Madrid, Spain
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72
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Furchtgott LA, Melton S, Menon V, Ramanathan S. Discovering sparse transcription factor codes for cell states and state transitions during development. eLife 2017; 6:e20488. [PMID: 28296636 PMCID: PMC5352226 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational analysis of gene expression to determine both the sequence of lineage choices made by multipotent cells and to identify the genes influencing these decisions is challenging. Here we discover a pattern in the expression levels of a sparse subset of genes among cell types in B- and T-cell developmental lineages that correlates with developmental topologies. We develop a statistical framework using this pattern to simultaneously infer lineage transitions and the genes that determine these relationships. We use this technique to reconstruct the early hematopoietic and intestinal developmental trees. We extend this framework to analyze single-cell RNA-seq data from early human cortical development, inferring a neocortical-hindbrain split in early progenitor cells and the key genes that could control this lineage decision. Our work allows us to simultaneously infer both the identity and lineage of cell types as well as a small set of key genes whose expression patterns reflect these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon A Furchtgott
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
- Biophysics Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Samuel Melton
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Vilas Menon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Sharad Ramanathan
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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73
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Marinaro F, Marzi MJ, Hoffmann N, Amin H, Pelizzoli R, Niola F, Nicassio F, De Pietri Tonelli D. MicroRNA-independent functions of DGCR8 are essential for neocortical development and TBR1 expression. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:603-618. [PMID: 28232627 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201642800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that the miRNA biogenesis factors DROSHA, DGCR8, and DICER exert non-overlapping functions, and have also roles in miRNA-independent regulatory mechanisms. However, it is currently unknown whether miRNA-independent functions of DGCR8 play any role in the maintenance of neuronal progenitors and during corticogenesis. Here, by phenotypic comparison of cortices from conditional Dgcr8 and Dicer knockout mice, we show that Dgcr8 deletion, in contrast to Dicer depletion, leads to premature differentiation of neural progenitor cells and overproduction of TBR1-positive neurons. Remarkably, depletion of miRNAs upon DCGR8 loss is reduced compared to DICER loss, indicating that these phenotypic differences are mediated by miRNA-independent functions of DGCR8. We show that Dgcr8 mutations induce an earlier and stronger phenotype in the developing nervous system compared to Dicer mutants and that miRNA-independent functions of DGCR8 are critical for corticogenesis. Finally, our data also suggest that the Microprocessor complex, with DROSHA and DGCR8 as core components, directly regulates the Tbr1 transcript, containing evolutionarily conserved hairpins that resemble miRNA precursors, independently of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Marinaro
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo J Marzi
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadin Hoffmann
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Hayder Amin
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberta Pelizzoli
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Niola
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Nicassio
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
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Adak A, Das G, Barman S, Mohapatra S, Bhunia D, Jana B, Ghosh S. Biodegradable Neuro-Compatible Peptide Hydrogel Promotes Neurite Outgrowth, Shows Significant Neuroprotection, and Delivers Anti-Alzheimer Drug. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:5067-5076. [PMID: 28090777 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel neuro-compatible peptide-based hydrogel has been designed and developed, which contains microtubule stabilizing and neuroprotective short peptide. This hydrogel shows strong three-dimensional cross-linked fibrillary networks, which can capture water molecules. Interestingly, this hydrogel serves as excellent biocompatible soft material for 2D and 3D (neurosphere) neuron cell culture and provides stability of key cytoskeleton filaments such as microtubule and actin. Remarkably, it was observed that this hydrogel slowly enzymatically degrades and releases neuroprotective peptide, which promotes neurite outgrowth of neuron cell as well as exhibits excellent neuroprotection against anti-NGF-induced toxicity in neuron cells. Further, it can encapsulate anti-Alzheimer and anticancer hydrophobic drug curcumin, releases slowly, and inhibits significantly the growth of a 3D spheroid of neuron cancer cells. Thus, this novel neuroprotective hydrogel can be used for both neuronal cell transplantation for repairing brain damage as well as a delivery vehicle for neuroprotective agents, anti-Alzheimer, and anticancer molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindyasundar Adak
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal India
| | - Gaurav Das
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal India
| | - Surajit Barman
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal India
| | - Saswat Mohapatra
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Campus , 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Debmalya Bhunia
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal India
| | - Batakrishna Jana
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal India
| | - Surajit Ghosh
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Campus , 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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75
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Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition with loss of motor and sensory functions below the injury level. Cell based therapies are experimented in pre-clinical studies around the world. Neural stem cells are located intra-cranially in subventricular zone and hippocampus which are highly invasive sources. The olfactory epithelium is a neurogenic tissue where neurogenesis takes place throughout the adult life by a population of stem/progenitor cells. Easily accessible olfactory neuroepithelial stem/progenitor cells are an attractive cell source for transplantation in SCI. Globose basal cells (GBCs) were isolated from rat olfactory epithelium, characterized by flow cytometry and immunohistochemically. These cells were further studied for neurosphere formation and neuronal induction. T10 laminectomy was done to create drop-weight SCI in rats. On the 9th day following SCI, 5 × 105 cells were transplanted into injured rat spinal cord. The outcome of transplantation was assessed by the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale, motor evoked potential and histological observation. GBCs expressed neural stem cell markers nestin, SOX2, NCAM and also mesenchymal stem cell markers (CD29, CD54, CD90, CD73, CD105). These cells formed neurosphere, a culture characteristics of NSCs and on induction, differentiated cells expressed neuronal markers βIII tubulin, microtubule-associated protein 2, neuronal nuclei, and neurofilament. GBCs transplanted rats exhibited hindlimb motor recovery as confirmed by BBB score and gastrocnemius muscle electromyography amplitude was increased compared to controls. Green fluorescent protein labelled GBCs survived around the injury epicenter and differentiated into βIII tubulin-immunoreactive neuron-like cells. GBCs could be an alternative to NSCs from an accessible source for autologous neurotransplantation after SCI without ethical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durai Murugan Muniswami
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - George Tharion
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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76
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Nierode GJ, Perea BC, McFarland SK, Pascoal JF, Clark DS, Schaffer DV, Dordick JS. High-Throughput Toxicity and Phenotypic Screening of 3D Human Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures on a Microarray Chip Platform. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:970-982. [PMID: 28157485 PMCID: PMC5106528 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A 3D cell culture chip was used for high-throughput screening of a human neural progenitor cell line. The differential toxicity of 24 compounds was determined on undifferentiated and differentiating NPCs. Five compounds led to significant differences in IC50 values between undifferentiated and differentiating cultures. This platform has potential use in phenotypic screening to elucidate molecular toxicology on human stem cells. Demonstrated chip platform for HTS of protein expression and toxicity of 3D cultures Dose-response viability and proliferation of a 24-compound library on human NPC lines Assessed differential toxicity between progenitors and differentiating progeny Identified five compounds more toxic to undifferentiated progenitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Nierode
- Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Brian C Perea
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sean K McFarland
- Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jorge F Pascoal
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Douglas S Clark
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David V Schaffer
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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77
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Liu W, Song H, Li A, Du X, Liu Y, He Y, Zhang Q, Qi J. Functional characterization of the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Sox2 gene promoter. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:1275-1285. [PMID: 26961126 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sox2 has essential roles in early embryogenesis and the development of the central nervous system. Sox2 is also necessary in maintaining the identity of progenitor cells. In our study, a 1.8-kb fragment of the 5' flanking region of Paralichthys olivaceus Sox2 (Po-Sox2) gene was cloned and functionally characterized. The activity and specificity of Po-Sox2 promoter were analyzed by comparing various deletion mutants for their ability to direct luciferase and GFP expression in flounder brain cell line. Results indicated that the basal promoter is located between -978 and -442 bp, and the region from -1370 to -978 bp enhances the promoter activity. The regulatory elements in the -1370 to -442 bp fragment were further investigated. Many binding sites of transcription factors closely related to neurogenesis and stem cell properties were found in this region. Mutational analysis indicated that Nanog, Pax6, p53, and POU binding sites play functional roles in the transcription of Po-Sox2 gene, whereas NF-Y binding sites did not affect this gene. In vivo studies using transient transgenic zebrafish embryos showed that the Po-Sox2 promoter region can drive GFP expression in brain, yolk syncytial layer, and notochord. Our results provide valuable information in understanding the molecular regulatory mechanisms of Po-Sox2 gene during neurogenesis and embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Huayu Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Aoyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xinxin Du
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yuezhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yan He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Quanqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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78
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Pibiri V, Ravarino A, Gerosa C, Pintus MC, Fanos V, Faa G. Stem/progenitor cells in the developing human cerebellum: an immunohistochemical study. Eur J Histochem 2016; 60:2686. [PMID: 27734996 PMCID: PMC5062635 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2016.2686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze, by immunohistochemistry, the occurrence of stem/progenitor cells localized in the different niches of the developing human cerebellum. To this end, cerebellar samples were obtained from 3 fetuses and 3 newborns ranging, respectively, from 11 to 24 and from 30 to 38 weeks of gestation. Specimens were 10% formalin-fixed, routinely processed and paraffin-embedded; 3 μm-tick sections were immunostained with anti-SOX2 and PAX6 antibodies. Our study evidenced SOX2 and PAX6 immunoreactivity in precursors cells in all six developing human cerebella. SOX2 was expressed in precursors of different neural cell types, including Purkinje neurons, stellate cells, basket cells and Golgi cells. In the cerebellar cortex, SOX2 expression changed during gestation, being highly expressed from the 20th up to the 24th week, whereas at the 30th and at the 34th week SOX2 immunoreactivity was restricted to the Purkinje cell layer and the inner zone. Cerebellar human cortex was negative at the 38th week of gestation. PAX6 immunoreactivity was restricted to granule cell precursors in the external granule layer (EGL), being detected at all gestational ages. Our study indicates SOX2 and PAX6 as two useful markers of stem/progenitor cells that highlight the different germinative zones in the developing human cerebellum.
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79
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Gene Expression Profiling of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28623. [PMID: 27340107 PMCID: PMC4919653 DOI: 10.1038/srep28623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology of breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) is poorly understood. We aimed to explore genes that are implicated in the process of brain metastasis of primary breast cancer (BC). NanoString nCounter Analysis covering 252 target genes was used for comparison of gene expression levels between 20 primary BCs that relapsed to brain and 41 BCBM samples. PAM50-based intrinsic subtypes such as HER2-enriched and basal-like were clearly over-represented in BCBM. A panel of 22 genes was found to be significantly differentially expressed between primary BC and BCBM. Five of these genes, CXCL12, MMP2, MMP11, VCAM1, and MME, which have previously been associated with tumor progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis, clearly discriminated between primary BC and BCBM. Notably, the five genes were significantly upregulated in primary BC compared to BCBM. Conversely, SOX2 and OLIG2 genes were upregulated in BCBM. These genes may participate in metastatic colonization but not in primary tumor development. Among patient-matched paired samples (n = 17), a PAM50 molecular subtype conversion was observed in eight cases (47.1%), with a trend toward unfavorable subtypes in patients with the distinct gene expression. Our findings, although not conclusive, reveal differentially expressed genes that might mediate the brain metastasis process.
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80
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Puligilla C, Kelley MW. Dual role for Sox2 in specification of sensory competence and regulation of Atoh1 function. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:3-13. [PMID: 27203669 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The formation of inner ear sensory epithelia is believed to occur in two steps, initial specification of sensory competent (prosensory) regions followed by determination of specific cell-types, such as hair cells (HCs) and supporting cells. However, studies in which the HC determination factor Atoh1 was ectopically expressed in nonprosensory regions indicated that expression of Atoh1 alone is sufficient to induce HC formation suggesting that prosensory formation may not be a prerequisite for HC development. To test this hypothesis, interactions between Sox2 and Atoh1, which are required for prosensory and HC formation respectively, were examined. Forced expression of Atoh1 in nonprosensory cells resulted in transient expression of Sox2 prior to HC formation, suggesting that expression of Sox2 is required for formation of ectopic HCs. Moreover, Atoh1 overexpression failed to induce HC formation in Sox2 mutants, confirming that Sox2 is required for prosensory competence. To determine whether expression of Sox2 alone is sufficient to induce prosensory identity, Sox2 was transiently activated in a manner that mimicked endogenous expression. Following transient Sox2 activation, nonprosensory cells developed as HCs, a result that was never observed in response to persistent expression of Sox2. These results, suggest a dual role for Sox2 in inner ear formation. Initially, Sox2 is required to specify prosensory competence, but subsequent down-regulation of Sox2 must occur to allow Atoh1 expression, most likely through a direct interaction with the Atoh1 promoter. These results implicate Sox2-mediated changes in prosensory cells as an essential step in their ability to develop as HCs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 3-13, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrakala Puligilla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425
| | - Matthew W Kelley
- Laboratory of Cochlear Development, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20982
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81
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Sox2 and Pax6 Play Counteracting Roles in Regulating Neurogenesis within the Murine Olfactory Epithelium. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155167. [PMID: 27171428 PMCID: PMC4865097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult olfactory epithelium, the transcription factors Pax6 and Sox2 are co-expressed in sustentacular cells, horizontal basal cells (HBCs), and less-differentiated globose basal cells (GBCs)–both multipotent and transit amplifying categories—but are absent from immediate neuronal precursor GBCs and olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). We used retroviral-vector transduction to over-express Pax6 and Sox2 individually and together during post-lesion recovery to determine how they regulate neuronal differentiation. Both Pax6 and Sox2, separately and together, can suppress the production of OSNs, as fewer clones contain neurons than with empty vector (EV), although this effect is not absolute. In this regard, Pax6 has the strongest effect when acting alone. In clones where neurons form, Pax6 reduces neuron numbers by comparison with EV, while Sox2 expands their numbers. Co-transduction with Pax6 and Sox2 produces an intermediate result. The increased production of OSNs driven by Sox2 is due to the expansion of neuronal progenitors, since proliferation and the numbers of Ascl1, Neurog1, and NeuroD1-expressing GBCs are increased. Conversely, Pax6 seems to accelerate neuronal differentiation, since Ascl1 labeling is reduced, while Neurog1- and NeuroD1-labeled GBCs are enriched. As a complement to the over-expression experiments, elimination of Sox2 in spared cells of floxed Sox2 mice, by retroviral Cre or by K5-driven CreERT2, reduces the production of OSNs and non-neuronal cells during OE regeneration. These data suggest that Pax6 and Sox2 have counteracting roles in regulating neurogenesis, in which Pax6 accelerates neuronal production, while Sox2 retards it and expands the pool of neuronal progenitors.
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82
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Kempfle JS, Turban JL, Edge ASB. Sox2 in the differentiation of cochlear progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23293. [PMID: 26988140 PMCID: PMC4796895 DOI: 10.1038/srep23293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HMG domain transcription factor, Sox2, is a critical gene for the development of cochlear hair cells, the receptor cells for hearing, but this has been ascribed to expansion of the progenitors that become hair cells. Here, we show that Sox2 activated Atoh1, a transcription factor important for hair cell differentiation, through an interaction with the 3′ enhancer of Atoh1. Binding to consensus sequences in the Atoh1 enhancer was dependent on the level of Sox2, and the extent of enhancer binding correlated to the extent of activation. Atoh1 activation by Sox2 was required for embryonic hair cell development: deletion of Sox2 in an inducible mutant, even after progenitor cells were fully established, halted development of hair cells, and silencing also inhibited postnatal differentiation of hair cells induced by inhibition of γ-secretase. Sox2 is thus required in the cochlea to both expand the progenitor cells and initiate their differentiation to hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith S Kempfle
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jack L Turban
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Albert S B Edge
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Division of Health Science and Technology, Harvard &MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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83
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Li Y, Wei Z, Dong B, Lian Z, Xu Y. Silencing of phosphoglucose isomerase/autocrine motility factor decreases U87 human glioblastoma cell migration. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:998-1004. [PMID: 26936801 PMCID: PMC4790702 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoglucose isomerase/autocrine motility factor (PGI/AMF) is secreted by tumors and influences tumor growth and metastasis. In order to investigate the effects of silencing PGI/AMF on the migration and the sphere forming abilities of human glioblastoma U87 cells, as well as on the side population cells (SPCs), PGI/AMF was silenced using siRNA. Western blot analysis and RT-qPCR were used to assess the expression of PGI/AMF, Akt and SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2). Wound healing, migration and tumorsphere formation assays were performed to assess invasion and metastatic potential. The proportion of SPCs was determined using Hoechst 33342 dye and flow cytometric analysis. PGI/AMF silencing inhibited the wound healing capacity and migration ability of U87 cells by 52.6 and 80.4%, respectively, compared with the scrambled siRNA (both P<0.001). Silencing of PGI/AMF decreased the proportion of SPCs in the U87 cells by 80.9% (P<0.01). The silencing of PGI/AMF decreased the number and size of tumorspheres by 53.1 and 39.9%, respectively, compared with the scrambled siRNA (both P<0.01). The silencing of PGI/AMF decreased the levels of phosphorylated Akt (−71.9%, P<0.001) compared with the scrambled siRNA, as well as the levels of the stemness marker, SOX2 (−61.7%, P<0.01). Taken together, these findings suggest that PGI/AMF silencing decreases migration, tumorsphere formation as well as the proportion of SPCs in glioblastoma U87 cells. We suggest that the Akt pathway is involved, and our results provide a potential new target for the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Zhenqing Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Bin Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Lian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Yinghui Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
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84
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Vinci L, Ravarino A, Fanos V, Naccarato AG, Senes G, Gerosa C, Bevilacqua G, Faa G, Ambu R. Immunohistochemical markers of neural progenitor cells in the early embryonic human cerebral cortex. Eur J Histochem 2016; 60:2563. [PMID: 26972711 PMCID: PMC4800247 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2016.2563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the human central nervous system represents a delicate moment of embryogenesis. The purpose of this study was to analyze the expression of multiple immunohistochemical markers in the stem/progenitor cells in the human cerebral cortex during the early phases of development. To this end, samples from cerebral cortex were obtained from 4 human embryos of 11 weeks of gestation. Each sample was formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded and immunostained with several markers including GFAP, WT1, Nestin, Vimentin, CD117, S100B, Sox2, PAX2, PAX5, Tβ4, Neurofilament, CD44, CD133, Synaptophysin and Cyclin D1. Our study shows the ability of the different immunohistochemical markers to evidence different zones of the developing human cerebral cortex, allowing the identification of the multiple stages of differentiation of neuronal and glial precursors. Three important markers of radial glial cells are evidenced in this early gestational age: Vimentin, Nestin and WT1. Sox2 was expressed by the stem/progenitor cells of the ventricular zone, whereas the postmitotic neurons of the cortical plate were immunostained by PAX2 and NSE. Future studies are needed to test other important stem/progenitor cells markers and to better analyze differences in the immunohistochemical expression of these markers during gestation.
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85
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Klajn A, Drakulic D, Tosic M, Pavkovic Z, Schwirtlich M, Stevanovic M. SOX2 overexpression affects neural differentiation of human pluripotent NT2/D1 cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:1172-82. [PMID: 25540002 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914110042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SOX2 is one of the key transcription factors involved in maintenance of neural progenitor identity. However, its function during the process of neural differentiation, including phases of lineage-specification and terminal differentiation, is still poorly understood. Considering growing evidence indicating that SOX2 expression level must be tightly controlled for proper neural development, the aim of this research was to analyze the effects of constitutive SOX2 overexpression on outcome of retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of pluripotent NT2/D1 cells. We demonstrated that in spite of constitutive SOX2 overexpression, NT2/D1 cells were able to reach final phases of neural differentiation yielding both neuronal and glial cells. However, SOX2 overexpression reduced the number of mature MAP2-positive neurons while no difference in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes was detected. In-depth analysis at single-cell level showed that SOX2 downregulation was in correlation with both neuronal and glial phenotype acquisitions. Interestingly, while in mature neurons SOX2 was completely downregulated, astrocytes with low level of SOX2 expression were detected. Nevertheless, cells with high level of SOX2 expression were incapable of entering in either of two differentiation pathways, neurogenesis or gliogenesis. Accordingly, our results indicate that fine balance between undifferentiated state and neural differentiation depends on SOX2 expression level. Unlike neurons, astrocytes could maintain low level of SOX2 expression after they acquired glial fate. Further studies are needed to determine whether differences in the level of SOX2 expression in GFAP-positive astrocytes are in correlation with their self-renewal capacity, differentiation status, and/or their phenotypic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Klajn
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 11010, Serbia.
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86
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Zhao C, Ma D, Zawadzka M, Fancy SPJ, Elis-Williams L, Bouvier G, Stockley JH, de Castro GM, Wang B, Jacobs S, Casaccia P, Franklin RJM. Sox2 Sustains Recruitment of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells following CNS Demyelination and Primes Them for Differentiation during Remyelination. J Neurosci 2015; 35:11482-99. [PMID: 26290228 PMCID: PMC6605237 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3655-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sox family of transcription factors have been widely studied in the context of oligodendrocyte development. However, comparatively little is known about the role of Sox2, especially during CNS remyelination. Here we show that the expression of Sox2 occurs in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in rodent models during myelination and in activated adult OPCs responding to demyelination, and is also detected in multiple sclerosis lesions. In normal adult white matter of both mice and rats, it is neither expressed by adult OPCs nor by oligodendrocytes (although it is expressed by a subpopulation of adult astrocytes). Overexpression of Sox2 in rat OPCs in vitro maintains the cells in a proliferative state and inhibits differentiation, while Sox2 knockout results in decreased OPC proliferation and survival, suggesting that Sox2 contributes to the expansion of OPCs during the recruitment phase of remyelination. Loss of function in cultured mouse OPCs also results in an impaired ability to undergo normal differentiation in response to differentiation signals, suggesting that Sox2 expression in activated OPCs also primes these cells to eventually undergo differentiation. In vivo studies on remyelination following experimental toxin-induced demyelination in mice with inducible loss of Sox2 revealed impaired remyelination, which was largely due to a profound attenuation of OPC recruitment and likely also due to impaired differentiation. Our results reveal a key role of Sox2 expression in OPCs responding to demyelination, enabling them to effectively contribute to remyelination. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Understanding the mechanisms of CNS remyelination is central to developing effective means by which this process can be therapeutically enhanced in chronic demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. In this study, we describe the role of Sox2, a transcription factor widely implicated in stem cell biology, in CNS myelination and remyelination. We show how Sox2 is expressed in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) preparing to undergo differentiation, allowing them to undergo proliferation and priming them for subsequent differentiation. Although Sox2 is unlikely to be a direct therapeutic target, these data nevertheless provide more information on how OPC differentiation is controlled and therefore enriches our understanding of this important CNS regenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Dan Ma
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Malgorzata Zawadzka
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Stephen P J Fancy
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Lowri Elis-Williams
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Guy Bouvier
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AH, United Kingdom, and
| | - John H Stockley
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Glaucia Monteiro de Castro
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Bowei Wang
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Sabrina Jacobs
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029-6574
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AH, United Kingdom, and
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87
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Lebkuechner I, Wilhelmsson U, Möllerström E, Pekna M, Pekny M. Heterogeneity of Notch signaling in astrocytes and the effects of GFAP and vimentin deficiency. J Neurochem 2015; 135:234-48. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Lebkuechner
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Elin Möllerström
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Parkville Victoria Australia
- University of Newcastle; New South Wales Australia
| | - Milos Pekny
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Parkville Victoria Australia
- University of Newcastle; New South Wales Australia
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88
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Notch1-STAT3-ETBR signaling axis controls reactive astrocyte proliferation after brain injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:8726-31. [PMID: 26124113 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1501029112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the signaling network that controls reactive astrogliosis may provide novel treatment targets for patients with diverse CNS injuries and pathologies. We report that the radial glial cell antigen RC2 identifies the majority of proliferating glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive (GFAP(+)) reactive astrocytes after stroke. These cells highly expressed endothelin receptor type B (ETB(R)) and Jagged1, a Notch1 receptor ligand. To study signaling in adult reactive astrocytes, we developed a model based on reactive astrocyte-derived neural stem cells isolated from GFAP-CreER-Notch1 conditional knockout (cKO) mice. By loss- and gain-of-function studies and promoter activity assays, we found that Jagged1/Notch1 signaling increased ETB(R) expression indirectly by raising the level of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a previously unidentified EDNRB transcriptional activator. Similar to inducible transgenic GFAP-CreER-Notch1-cKO mice, GFAP-CreER-ETB(R)-cKO mice exhibited a defect in reactive astrocyte proliferation after cerebral ischemia. Our results indicate that the Notch1-STAT3-ETB(R) axis connects a signaling network that promotes reactive astrocyte proliferation after brain injury.
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89
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Suzuki J, Sakurai K, Yamazaki M, Abe M, Inada H, Sakimura K, Katori Y, Osumi N. Horizontal Basal Cell-Specific Deletion of Pax6 Impedes Recovery of the Olfactory Neuroepithelium Following Severe Injury. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1923-33. [PMID: 25808240 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian olfactory epithelium (OE), olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are continuously regenerated throughout the animal's lifetime. Horizontal basal cells (HBCs) in the OE express the epithelial marker keratin 5 (K5) and the stem cell marker Pax6 and are considered relatively quiescent tissue stem cells in the OE. Pax6 is a key regulator of several developmental processes in the central nervous system and in sensory organs. Although Pax6 is expressed in the OE, its precise role remains unknown, particularly with respect to stem cell-like HBCs. To investigate the function of Pax6 in the developmental and regenerative processes in the OE, we generated conditional Pax6-knockout mice carrying a loxP-floxed Pax6 gene. Homozygous Pax6-floxed mice were crossed with K5-Cre transgenic mice to generate HBC-specific Pax6-knockout (Pax6-cKO) mice. We confirmed that the deletion of Pax6 expression in HBCs was sufficiently achieved in zone 1 of the OE in Pax6-cKO mice 3 days after methimazole-induced severe damage. In this condition, regeneration of the OE was dramatically impaired; both OE thickness and the number of ORNs were significantly decreased in the regenerated OE of Pax6-cKO mice. These results suggest that Pax6 expression is essential for HBCs to differentiate into neuronal cells during the regeneration process following severe injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Suzuki
- 1 Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Centers for Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Miyagi, Japan .,2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Katsuyasu Sakurai
- 3 Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Maya Yamazaki
- 4 Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University , Niigata, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- 4 Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University , Niigata, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Inada
- 1 Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Centers for Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- 4 Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University , Niigata, Japan
| | - Yukio Katori
- 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Noriko Osumi
- 1 Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Centers for Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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90
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SOX2 primes the epigenetic landscape in neural precursors enabling proper gene activation during hippocampal neurogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E1936-45. [PMID: 25825708 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1421480112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Newborn granule neurons generated from neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the adult hippocampus play a key role in spatial learning and pattern separation. However, the molecular mechanisms that control activation of their neurogenic program remain poorly understood. Here, we report a novel function for the pluripotency factor sex-determining region Y (SRY)-related HMG box 2 (SOX2) in regulating the epigenetic landscape of poised genes activated at the onset of neuronal differentiation. We found that SOX2 binds to bivalently marked promoters of poised proneural genes [neurogenin 2 (Ngn2) and neurogenic differentiation 1 (NeuroD1)] and a subset of neurogenic genes [e.g., SRY-box 21 (Sox21), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf), and growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, beta (Gadd45b)] where it functions to maintain the bivalent chromatin state by preventing excessive polycomb repressive complex 2 activity. Conditional ablation of SOX2 in adult hippocampal NPCs impaired the activation of proneural and neurogenic genes, resulting in increased neuroblast death and functionally aberrant newborn neurons. We propose that SOX2 sets a permissive epigenetic state in NPCs, thus enabling proper activation of the neuronal differentiation program under neurogenic cue.
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91
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DRAKULIC DANIJELA, VICENTIC JELENAMARJANOVIC, SCHWIRTLICH MARIJA, TOSIC JELENA, KRSTIC ALEKSANDAR, KLAJN ANDRIJANA, STEVANOVIC MILENA. The overexpression of SOX2 affects the migration of human teratocarcinoma cell line NT2/D1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 87:389-404. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201520140352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The altered expression of the SOX2 transcription factor is associated with oncogenic or tumor suppressor functions in human cancers. This factor regulates the migration and invasion of different cancer cells. In this study we investigated the effect of constitutive SOX2 overexpression on the migration and adhesion capacity of embryonal teratocarcinoma NT2/D1 cells derived from a metastasis of a human testicular germ cell tumor. We detected that increased SOX2 expression changed the speed, mode and path of cell migration, but not the adhesion ability of NT2/D1 cells. Additionally, we demonstrated that SOX2 overexpression increased the expression of the tumor suppressor protein p53 and the HDM2 oncogene. Our results contribute to the better understanding of the effect of SOX2 on the behavior of tumor cells originating from a human testicular germ cell tumor. Considering that NT2/D1 cells resemble cancer stem cells in many features, our results could contribute to the elucidation of the role of SOX2 in cancer stem cells behavior and the process of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - JELENA TOSIC
- University of Belgrade, Serbia; University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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92
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Interaction between Oc-1 and Lmx1a promotes ventral midbrain dopamine neural stem cells differentiation into dopamine neurons. Brain Res 2015; 1608:40-50. [PMID: 25747864 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that Onecut (Oc) transcription factors may be involved in the early development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mdDA). The expression profile of Oc factors matches that of Lmx1a, an important intrinsic transcription factor in the development of mDA neuron. Moreover, the Wnt1-Lmx1a pathway controls the mdDA differentiation. However, their expression dynamics and molecular mechanisms remain to be determined. To address these issues, we hypothesize that cross-talk between Oc-1 and Lmx1a regulates the mdDA specification and differentiation through the canonical Wnt-β-catenin pathway. We found that Oc-1 and Lmx1a displayed a very similar expression profile from embryonic to adult ventral midbrain (VM) tissues. Oc-1 regulated the proliferation and differentiation of ventral midbrain neural stem cells (vmNSCs). Downregulation of Oc-1 decreased both transcript and protein level of Lmx1a. Oc-1 interacted with lmx1a in vmNSCs in vitro and in VM tissues in vivo. Knockdown of Lmx1a reduced the expression of Oc-1 and Wnt1 in vmNSCs. Inhibiting Wnt1 signaling in vmNSCs provoked similar responses. Our data suggested that Oc-1 interacts with Lmx1a to promote vmNSCs differentiation into dopamine neuron through Wnt1-Lmx1a pathway.
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93
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The protective effect of melatonin on neural stem cell against LPS-induced inflammation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:854359. [PMID: 25705693 PMCID: PMC4331478 DOI: 10.1155/2015/854359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy for tissue regeneration has several limitations in the fact that transplanted cells could not survive for a long time. For solving these limitations, many studies have focused on the antioxidants to increase survival rate of neural stem cells (NSCs). Melatonin, an antioxidant synthesized in the pineal gland, plays multiple roles in various physiological mechanisms. Melatonin exerts neuroprotective effects in the central nervous system. To determine the effect of melatonin on NSCs which is in LPS-induced inflammatory stress state, we first investigated nitric oxide (NO) production and cytotoxicity using Griess reagent assays, LDH assay, and neurosphere counting. Also, we investigated the effect of melatonin on NSCs by measuring the mRNA levels of SOX2, TLX, and FGFR-2. In addition, western blot analyses were performed to examine the activation of PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling in LPS-treated NSCs. In the present study, we suggested that melatonin inhibits NO production and protects NSCs against LPS-induced inflammatory stress. In addition, melatonin promoted the expression of SOX2 and activated the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling under LPS-induced inflammation condition. Based on our results, we conclude that melatonin may be an important factor for the survival and proliferation of NSCs in neuroinflammatory diseases.
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94
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The role of inflammatory cytokines as key modulators of neurogenesis. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:145-57. [PMID: 25579391 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is an important process in the regulation of brain function and behaviour, highly active in early development and continuing throughout life. Recent studies have shown that neurogenesis is modulated by inflammatory cytokines in response to an activated immune system. To disentangle the effects of the different cytokines on neurogenesis, here we summarise and discuss in vitro studies on individual cytokines. We show that inflammatory cytokines have both a positive and negative role on proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Hence, this strengthens the notion that inflammation is involved in molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with complex cognitive processes and, therefore, that alterations in brain-immune communication are relevant to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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95
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Su YX, Hou CC, Yang WX. Control of hair cell development by molecular pathways involving Atoh1, Hes1 and Hes5. Gene 2014; 558:6-24. [PMID: 25550047 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Atoh1, Hes1 and Hes5 are crucial for normal inner ear hair cell development. They regulate the expression of each other in a complex network, while they also interact with many other genes and pathways, such as Notch, FGF, SHH, WNT, BMP and RA. This paper summarized molecular pathways that involve Atoh1, Hes1, and Hes5. Some of the pathways and gene regulation mechanisms discussed here were studied in other tissues, yet they might inspire studies in inner ear hair cell development. Thereby, we presented a complex regulatory network involving these three genes, which might be crucial for proliferation and differentiation of inner ear hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xun Su
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Cong-Cong Hou
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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96
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Abstract
Brain injury continues to be one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Despite decades of research, there is currently no pharmacologically effective treatment for preventing neuronal loss and repairing the brain. As a result, novel therapeutic approaches, such as cell-based therapies, are being actively pursued to repair tissue damage and restore neurological function after injury. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective potential of amniotic fluid (AF) single cell clones, engineered to secrete glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (AF-GDNF), both in vitro and in a surgically induced model of brain injury. Our results show that pre-treatment with GDNF significantly increases cell survival in cultures of AF cells or cortical neurons exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Since improving the efficacy of cell transplantation depends on enhanced graft cell survival, we investigated whether AF-GDNF cells seeded on polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffolds could enhance graft survival following implantation into the lesion cavity. Encouragingly, the AF-GDNF cells survived longer than control AF cells in serum-free conditions and continued to secrete GDNF both in vitro and following implantation into the injured motor cortex. AF-GDNF implantation in the acute period following injury was sufficient to activate the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in host neural cells in the peri-lesion area, potentially boosting endogenous neuroprotective pathways. These results were complemented with promising trends in beam walk tasks in AF-GDNF/PGA animals during the 7 day timeframe. Further investigation is required to determine whether significant behavioural improvement can be achieved at a longer timeframe.
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97
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Can the ‘neuron theory’ be complemented by a universal mechanism for generic neuronal differentiation. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:343-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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98
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Lee HK, Lee HS, Moody SA. Neural transcription factors: from embryos to neural stem cells. Mol Cells 2014; 37:705-12. [PMID: 25234468 PMCID: PMC4213760 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The early steps of neural development in the vertebrate embryo are regulated by sets of transcription factors that control the induction of proliferative, pluripotent neural precursors, the expansion of neural plate stem cells, and their transition to differentiating neural progenitors. These early events are critical for producing a pool of multipotent cells capable of giving rise to the multitude of neurons and glia that form the central nervous system. In this review we summarize findings from gain- and loss-of-function studies in embryos that detail the gene regulatory network responsible for these early events. We discuss whether this information is likely to be similar in mammalian embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells that are cultured according to protocols designed to produce neurons. The similarities and differences between the embryo and stem cells may provide important guidance to stem cell protocols designed to create immature neural cells for therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Lee
- ABRC, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioReserach Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-702,
Korea
| | - Hyun-Shik Lee
- ABRC, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioReserach Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-702,
Korea
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99
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Chew LJ, DeBoy CA, Senatorov VV. Finding degrees of separation: experimental approaches for astroglial and oligodendroglial cell isolation and genetic targeting. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 236:125-47. [PMID: 25169049 PMCID: PMC4171043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The study of CNS glial cell function requires experimental methods to detect, purify, and manipulate each cell population with fidelity and specificity. With the identification and cloning of cell- and stage-specific markers, glial cell analysis techniques have grown beyond physical methods of tissue dissociation and cell culture, and become highly specific with immunoselection of cell cultures in vitro and genetic targeting in vivo. The unique plasticity of glial cells offers the potential for cell replacement therapies in neurological disease that utilize neural cells derived from transplanted neural stem and progenitor cells. In this mini-review, we outline general physical and genetic approaches for macroglial cell generation. We summarize cell culture methods to obtain astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and their precursors, from developing and adult tissue, as well as approaches to obtain human neural progenitor cells through the establishment of stem cells. We discuss popular targeting rodent strains designed for cell-specific detection, selection and manipulation of neuroglial cell progenitors and their committed progeny. Based on shared markers between astrocytes and stem cells, we discuss genetically modified mouse strains with overlapping expression, and highlight SOX-expressing strains available for targeting of stem and progenitor cell populations. We also include recently established mouse strains for detection, and tag-assisted RNA and miRNA analysis. This discussion aims to provide a brief overview of the rapidly expanding collection of experimental approaches and genetic resources for the isolation and targeting of macroglial cells, their sources, progeny and gene products to facilitate our understanding of their properties and potential application in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jin Chew
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Cynthia A DeBoy
- Biology Department, Trinity Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Vladimir V Senatorov
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
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100
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Li X, Li L, Li J, Sipple J, Schick J, Mehta PA, Davies SM, Dasgupta B, Waclaw RR, Pang Q. Concomitant inactivation of foxo3a and fancc or fancd2 reveals a two-tier protection from oxidative stress-induced hydrocephalus. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1675-92. [PMID: 24483844 PMCID: PMC4186827 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study seeks at investigating the cause of hydrocephalus, and at identifying therapeutic targets for the prevention of hydrocephalus. RESULTS In this study, we show that inactivation of the Foxo3a gene in two mouse models of Fanconi anemia (FA) leads to the development of hydrocephalus in late embryonic stage and after birth. More than 50% of Foxo3a(-/-) Fancc(-/-) or Foxo3a(-/-) Fancd2(-/-) mice die during embryonic development or within 6 months of life as a result of hydrocephalus characterized by cranial distortion, dilation of the ventricular system, reduced thickness of the cerebral cortex, and disorganization of the ependymal cilia and subcommissural organ. Combined deficiency of Foxo3a and Fancc or Fancd2 not only impairs the self-renewal capacity but also markedly increases the apoptosis of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs), leading to defective neurogenesis. Increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequently de-regulated mitosis and ultimately apoptosis in the neural stem or progenitor cells is identified as one of the potential mechanisms of congenital obstructive hydrocephalus. INNOVATION The work unravels a two-tier protective mechanism for preventing oxidative stress-induced hydrocephalus. CONCLUSION The deletion of Foxo3a in FA mice increased the accumulation of ROS and subsequently de-regulated mitosis and ultimately apoptosis in the NSPCs, leading to hydrocephalus development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Li
- 1 Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
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