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Moore-Morris T, van Vliet PP, Andelfinger G, Puceat M. Role of Epigenetics in Cardiac Development and Congenital Diseases. Physiol Rev 2019; 98:2453-2475. [PMID: 30156497 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00048.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart is the first organ to be functional in the fetus. Heart formation is a complex morphogenetic process regulated by both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Congenital heart diseases (CHD) are the most prominent congenital diseases. Genetics is not sufficient to explain these diseases or the impact of them on patients. Epigenetics is more and more emerging as a basis for cardiac malformations. This review brings the essential knowledge on cardiac biology of development. It further provides a broad background on epigenetics with a focus on three-dimensional conformation of chromatin. Then, we summarize the current knowledge of the impact of epigenetics on cardiac cell fate decision. We further provide an update on the epigenetic anomalies in the genesis of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Moore-Morris
- Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM UMR- 1251, Marseille , France ; Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; and Laboratoire International Associé INSERM, Marseille France-CHU Ste Justine, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Piet van Vliet
- Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM UMR- 1251, Marseille , France ; Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; and Laboratoire International Associé INSERM, Marseille France-CHU Ste Justine, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gregor Andelfinger
- Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM UMR- 1251, Marseille , France ; Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; and Laboratoire International Associé INSERM, Marseille France-CHU Ste Justine, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Puceat
- Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM UMR- 1251, Marseille , France ; Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; and Laboratoire International Associé INSERM, Marseille France-CHU Ste Justine, Quebec, Canada
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52
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Werner JH, Rosenberg JH, Um JY, Moulton MJ, Agrawal DK. Molecular discoveries and treatment strategies by direct reprogramming in cardiac regeneration. Transl Res 2019; 203:73-87. [PMID: 30142308 PMCID: PMC6289806 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac tissue has minimal endogenous regenerative capacity in response to injury. Treatment options are limited following tissue damage after events such as myocardial infarction. Current strategies are aimed primarily at injury prevention, but attention has been increasingly targeted toward the development of regenerative therapies. This review focuses on recent developments in the field of cardiac fibroblast reprogramming into induced cardiomyocytes. Early efforts to produce cardiac regeneration centered around induced pluripotent stem cells, but clinical translation has proved elusive. Currently, techniques are being developed to directly transdifferentiate cardiac fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes. Viral vector-driven expression of a combination of transcription factors including Gata4, Mef2c, and Tbx5 induced cardiomyocyte development in mice. Subsequent combinational modifications have extended these results to human cell lines and increased efficacy. The miRNAs including combinations of miR-1, miR-133, miR-208, and miR-499 can improve or independently drive regeneration of cardiomyocytes. Similar results could be obtained by combinations of small molecules with or without transcription factor or miRNA expression. The local tissue environment greatly impacts favorability for reprogramming. Modulation of signaling pathways, especially those mediated by VEGF and TGF-β, enhance differentiation to cardiomyocytes. Current reprogramming strategies are not ready for clinical application, but recent breakthroughs promise regenerative cardiac therapies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Werner
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - John H Rosenberg
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - John Y Um
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Michael J Moulton
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska.
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53
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Yuan SM. Fetal arrhythmias: Surveillance and management. Hellenic J Cardiol 2018; 60:72-81. [PMID: 30576831 DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal arrhythmias warrant sophisticated surveillance and management, especially for the high-risk pregnancies. Clinically, fetal arrhythmias can be categorized into 3 types: premature contractions, tachyarrhythmias, and bradyarrhythmias. Fetal arrhythmias include electrocardiography, cardiotocography, echocardiography and magnetocardiography. Oxygen saturation monitoring can be an effective way of fetal surveillance for congenital complete AV block or SVT during labor. Genetic surveillance of fetal arrhythmias may facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms of the arrhythmias and provide theoretical basis for diagnosis and treatment. For fetal benign arrhythmias, usually no treatment but a close follow-up is need, while persistant fetal arrhythmias with congestive heart dysfunction or hydrops fetalis, intrauterine or postnatal treatments are required. The prognoses of fetal arrhythmias depend on the type and severity of fetal arrhythmias and the associated fetal conditions. Responses of fetal arrhythmias to individual treatments and clinical schemes are heterogeneous, and the prognoses are poor particularly under such circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Min Yuan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Putian, Teaching Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Putian, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China.
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54
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Bhakta M, Padanad MS, Harris JP, Lubczyk C, Amatruda JF, Munshi NV. pouC Regulates Expression of bmp4 During Atrioventricular Canal Formation in Zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2018; 248:173-188. [PMID: 30444277 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many human gene mutations have been linked to congenital heart disease (CHD), yet CHD remains a major health issue worldwide due in part to an incomplete understanding of the molecular basis for cardiac malformation. RESULTS Here we identify the orthologous mouse Pou6f1 and zebrafish pouC as POU homeodomain transcription factors enriched in the developing heart. We find that pouC is a multi-functional transcriptional regulator containing separable activation, repression, protein-protein interaction, and DNA binding domains. Using zebrafish heart development as a model system, we demonstrate that pouC knockdown impairs cardiac morphogenesis and affects cardiovascular function. We also find that levels of pouC expression must be fine-tuned to enable proper heart formation. At the cellular level, we demonstrate that pouC knockdown disrupts atrioventricular canal (AVC) cardiomyocyte maintenance, although chamber myocyte specification remains intact. Mechanistically, we show that pouC binds a bmp4 intronic regulatory element to mediate transcriptional activation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our study establishes pouC as a novel transcriptional input into the regulatory hierarchy that drives AVC morphogenesis in zebrafish. We anticipate that these findings will inform future efforts to explore functional conservation in mammals and potential association with atrioventricular septal defects in humans. Developmental Dynamics 248:173-188, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoti Bhakta
- Department of Internal Medicine - Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mahesh S Padanad
- Department of Internal Medicine - Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - John P Harris
- Department of Internal Medicine - Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Christina Lubczyk
- Department of Internal Medicine - Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - James F Amatruda
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Nikhil V Munshi
- Department of Internal Medicine - Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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55
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Kammoun M, Souche E, Brady P, Ding J, Cosemans N, Gratacos E, Devriendt K, Eixarch E, Deprest J, Vermeesch JR. Genetic profile of isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia revealed by targeted next-generation sequencing. Prenat Diagn 2018; 38:654-663. [PMID: 29966037 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is characterized by a defective closure of the diaphragm occurring as an isolated defect in 60% of cases. Lung size, liver herniation, and pulmonary circulation are major prognostic indices. Isolated CDH genetics is heterogeneous and poorly understood. Whether genetic lesions are also outcome determinants has never been explored. OBJECTIVES To identify isolated CDH genetic causes, to fine map the mutational burden, and to search for a correlation between the genotype and the disease severity and outcome. METHODS Targeted massively parallel sequencing of 143 human and mouse CDH causative and candidate genes in a cohort of 120 fetuses with isolated CDH and detailed outcome measures. RESULTS Pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants were identified in 10% of the cohort. These variants affect both known CDH causative genes, namely, ZFPM2, GATA4, and NR2F2, and new genes, namely, TBX1, TBX5, GATA5, and PBX1. In addition, mutation burden analysis identified LBR, CTBP2, NSD1, MMP14, MYOD1, and EYA1 as candidate genes with enrichment in rare but predicted deleterious variants. No obvious correlation between the genotype and the phenotype or short-term outcome has been found. CONCLUSION Targeted resequencing identifies a genetic cause in 10% of isolated CDH and identifies new candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molka Kammoun
- Department for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erika Souche
- Department for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Brady
- Department for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jia Ding
- Department for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Cosemans
- Department for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eduard Gratacos
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), Institut Clínic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Department for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisenda Eixarch
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), Institut Clínic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan Deprest
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
This review by Jain and Epstein discusses the developmental processes that influence cardiac lineage decisions and cellular competence and advances our understanding of cardiac cell specification, gene regulation, and chromatin organization and how they impact cardiac development. The mature heart is composed primarily of four different cell types: cardiac myocytes, endothelium, smooth muscle, and fibroblasts. These cell types derive from pluripotent progenitors that become progressively restricted with regard to lineage potential, giving rise to multipotent cardiac progenitor cells and, ultimately, the differentiated cell types of the heart. Recent studies have begun to shed light on the defining characteristics of the intermediary cell types that exist transiently during this developmental process and the extrinsic and cell-autonomous factors that influence cardiac lineage decisions and cellular competence. This information will shape our understanding of congenital and adult cardiac disease and guide regenerative therapeutic approaches. In addition, cardiac progenitor specification can serve as a model for understanding basic mechanisms regulating the acquisition of cellular identity. In this review, we present the concept of “chromatin competence” that describes the potential for three-dimensional chromatin organization to function as the molecular underpinning of the ability of a progenitor cell to respond to inductive lineage cues and summarize recent studies advancing our understanding of cardiac cell specification, gene regulation, and chromatin organization and how they impact cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Jain
- Department of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- Department of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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57
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Xu YJ, Di RM, Qiao Q, Li XM, Huang RT, Xue S, Liu XY, Wang J, Yang YQ. GATA6 loss-of-function mutation contributes to congenital bicuspid aortic valve. Gene 2018; 663:115-120. [PMID: 29653232 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Congenital bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), the most common form of birth defect in humans, is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Increasing evidence demonstrates that genetic risk factors play a key role in the pathogenesis of BAV. However, BAV is a genetically heterogeneous disease and the genetic determinants underpinning BAV in an overwhelming majority of patients remain unknown. In the present study, the coding exons and flanking introns of the GATA6 gene, which encodes a zinc-finger transcription factor essential for the normal development of the aortic valves, were sequenced in 152 unrelated patients with congenital BAV. The available relatives of a proband harboring an identified GATA6 mutation and 200 unrelated, ethnically matched healthy individuals used as controls were also genotyped for GATA6. The functional characteristics of the mutation were analyzed by using a dual-luciferase reporter assay system. As a result, a novel heterozygous GATA6 mutation, p.E386X, was identified in a family with BAV transmitted in an autosomal dominant mode. The nonsense mutation was absent in 400 control chromosomes. Biological assays revealed that the mutant GATA6 protein had no transcriptional activity compared with its wild-type counterpart. Furthermore, the mutation disrupted the synergistic transcriptional activation between GATA6 and GATA4, another transcription factor causally linked to BAV. In conclusion, this study firstly associates GATA6 loss-of-function mutation with enhanced susceptibility to familial BAV, which provides novel insight into the molecular mechanism of BAV, implying potential implications for genetic counseling and personalized management of BAV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jia Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, 801 Heqing Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Ruo-Min Di
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, 801 Heqing Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Qi Qiao
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, 801 Heqing Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Xiu-Mei Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, 801 Heqing Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Ri-Tai Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, PR China
| | - Song Xue
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, PR China
| | - Xing-Yuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai 200065, PR China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Yi-Qing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, 801 Heqing Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China; Department of Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, 801 Heqing Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China; Department of Central Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, 801 Heqing Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
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58
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Liu X, Zheng J, Fan Z, Rao L. Case report: an unusual case of Brugada syndrome combined with a ventricular septal defect: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8695. [PMID: 29381953 PMCID: PMC5708952 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a cardiac ion channel disease that is caused by an autosomal dominant genetic abnormality. A ventricular septal defect is a common congenital heart disease, in which genetic defects play a significant role. PATIENT CONCERNS We report an extremely rare case of a 42-year-old male with congenital heart disease, who suffered recurrent syncope and gastrointestinal bleeding. His electrocardiogram showed an unusual right bundle branch block-like pattern and ST-segment elevation in leads V1-V3. DIAGNOSES The patient was eventually diagnosed with Brugada Syndrome Combined with a Ventricular Septal Defect. INTERVENTIONS The patient was treated with ICD implants. OUTCOMES We extracted his blood and performed whole exome sequencing. Whole exome sequencing revealed mutations in genes, which encode ion channels and proteins important for embryonic heart development. However, a novel mutation in the SCN5A gene was also found. LESSONS To our knowledge, this is the first genetically proven case of BrS combined with a ventricular septal defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu
| | - Jianmei Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhongcai Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li Rao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu
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Hertig V, Matos-Nieves A, Garg V, Villeneuve L, Mamarbachi M, Caland L, Calderone A. Nestin expression is dynamically regulated in cardiomyocytes during embryogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3218-3229. [PMID: 28834610 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional factors implicated in the expression of the intermediate filament protein nestin in cardiomyocytes during embryogenesis remain undefined. In the heart of 9,5-10,5 day embryonic mice, nestin staining was detected in atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes and a subpopulation co-expressed Tbx5. At later stages of development, nestin immunoreactivity in cardiomyocytes gradually diminished and was absent in the heart of 17,5 day embryonic mice. In the heart of wild type 11,5 day embryonic mice, 54 ± 7% of the trabeculae expressed nestin and the percentage was significantly increased in the hearts of Tbx5+/- and Gata4+/- embryos. The cell cycle protein Ki67 and transcriptional coactivator Yap-1 were still prevalent in the nucleus of nestin(+) -cardiomyocytes identified in the heart of Tbx5+/- and Gata4+/- embryonic mice. Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate treatment of neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes increased Yap-1 phosphorylation and co-administration of the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 led to significant dephosphorylation. Antagonism of dephosphorylated Yap-1 signalling with verteporfin inhibited phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate/SB203580-mediated nestin expression and BrdU incorporation of neonatal cardiomyocytes. Nestin depletion with an AAV9 containing a shRNA directed against the intermediate filament protein significantly reduced the number of neonatal cardiomyocytes that re-entered the cell cycle. These findings demonstrate that Tbx5- and Gata4-dependent events negatively regulate nestin expression in cardiomyocytes during embryogenesis. By contrast, dephosphorylated Yap-1 acting via upregulation of the intermediate filament protein nestin plays a seminal role in the cell cycle re-entry of cardiomyocytes. Based on these data, an analogous role of Yap-1 may be prevalent in the heart of Tbx5+/- and Gata4+/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Hertig
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Adrianna Matos-Nieves
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and the Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, OH Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, OH Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Vidu Garg
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and the Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, OH Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, OH Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Louis Villeneuve
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maya Mamarbachi
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Laurie Caland
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Angelino Calderone
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Montréal, Canada
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60
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Bose D, D V, Shetty M, J K, Kutty AVM. Identification of intronic-splice site mutations in GATA4 gene in Indian patients with congenital heart disease. Mutat Res 2017; 803-805:26-34. [PMID: 28843068 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect among congenital anomalies that arise before birth. GATA4 transcription factor plays an important role in foetal heart development. Mutational analysis of GATA4 gene in CHD patients revealed five known heterozygous mutations (p.T355S, p.S377G, p.V380M, p.P394T and p.D425N) identified in exons 5 and 6 regions and fifteen intronic variants in the non-coding regions (g.76885T>C/Y,g.76937G>S, g.78343G>R, g.83073T>Y, g.83271C>A/M, g.83318G>K, g.83415G>R, g.83502A>C/M, g.84991G>R, g.85294C>Y, g.85342C>T/Y, g.86268A>R, g.87409G>A/R, g.87725T>Y, g.87813A>T/W). In silico analysis of these intronic variants identified two potential branch point mutations (g.83271C>A/M, g.86268A>R) and predicted effects of these on intronic splice sites as enhancer and silencer motifs. This study attempts to correlate the pattern of intronic variants of GATA4 gene which might provide new insights to unravel the possible molecular etiology of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Bose
- Division of Genomics, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - Vaigundan D
- Division of Genomics, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - Mitesh Shetty
- Division of Genomics, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishnappa J
- Department of Pediatrics, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, R. L. Jalappa Hospital and Research Centre, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - A V M Kutty
- Division of Genomics, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India.
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61
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Vairamani K, Wang HS, Medvedovic M, Lorenz JN, Shull GE. RNA SEQ Analysis Indicates that the AE3 Cl -/HCO 3- Exchanger Contributes to Active Transport-Mediated CO 2 Disposal in Heart. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7264. [PMID: 28779178 PMCID: PMC5544674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of the AE3 Cl−/HCO3− exchanger (Slc4a3) in mice causes an impaired cardiac force-frequency response and heart failure under some conditions but the mechanisms are not known. To better understand the functions of AE3, we performed RNA Seq analysis of AE3-null and wild-type mouse hearts and evaluated the data with respect to three hypotheses (CO2 disposal, facilitation of Na+-loading, and recovery from an alkaline load) that have been proposed for its physiological functions. Gene Ontology and PubMatrix analyses of differentially expressed genes revealed a hypoxia response and changes in vasodilation and angiogenesis genes that strongly support the CO2 disposal hypothesis. Differential expression of energy metabolism genes, which indicated increased glucose utilization and decreased fatty acid utilization, were consistent with adaptive responses to perturbations of O2/CO2 balance in AE3-null myocytes. Given that the myocardium is an obligate aerobic tissue and consumes large amounts of O2, the data suggest that loss of AE3, which has the potential to extrude CO2 in the form of HCO3−, impairs O2/CO2 balance in cardiac myocytes. These results support a model in which the AE3 Cl−/HCO3− exchanger, coupled with parallel Cl− and H+-extrusion mechanisms and extracellular carbonic anhydrase, is responsible for active transport-mediated disposal of CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanimozhi Vairamani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, USA
| | - Hong-Sheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, USA
| | - Mario Medvedovic
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, USA
| | - John N Lorenz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, USA
| | - Gary E Shull
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, USA.
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Darwich R, Li W, Yamak A, Komati H, Andelfinger G, Sun K, Nemer M. KLF13 is a genetic modifier of the Holt-Oram syndrome gene TBX5. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:942-954. [PMID: 28164238 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
TBX5, a member of the T-box family of transcription factors, is a dosage sensitive regulator of heart development. Mutations in TBX5 are responsible for Holt-Oram Syndrome, an autosomal dominant disease with variable and partially penetrant cardiac defects suggestive of the existence of genetic and environmental modifiers. KLF13, a member of the Krüppel-like family of zinc finger proteins is co-expressed with TBX5 in several cardiac cells including atrial cardiomyocytes and cells of the interatrial septum. We report that KLF13 interacts physically and functionally with TBX5 to synergistically activate transcription of cardiac genes. We show that TBX5 contacts KLF13 via its T-domain and find that several disease-causing mutations therein have decreased KLF13 interaction. Whereas Klf13 heterozygote mice have no detectable cardiac defects, loss of a Klf13 allele in Tbx5 heterozygote mice significantly increases the penetrance of TBX5-dependent cardiac abnormalities including atrial, atrial-ventricular and ventricular septal defects. The results reveal for the first time combinatorial interaction between a T-box protein and a KLF family member and its importance for heart and possibly other organ development. The data also suggest that, in human, KLF13 may be a genetic modifier of the Holt-Oram Syndrome gene TBX5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Darwich
- Molecular Genetics and Cardiac Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Molecular Genetics and Cardiac Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada.,Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Abir Yamak
- Molecular Genetics and Cardiac Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Hiba Komati
- Molecular Genetics and Cardiac Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Gregor Andelfinger
- Sainte Justine Hospital, Cardiovascular Genetics, Montréal, Quebec, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Kun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mona Nemer
- Molecular Genetics and Cardiac Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
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63
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Ang YS, Rivas RN, Ribeiro AJS, Srivas R, Rivera J, Stone NR, Pratt K, Mohamed TMA, Fu JD, Spencer CI, Tippens ND, Li M, Narasimha A, Radzinsky E, Moon-Grady AJ, Yu H, Pruitt BL, Snyder MP, Srivastava D. Disease Model of GATA4 Mutation Reveals Transcription Factor Cooperativity in Human Cardiogenesis. Cell 2017; 167:1734-1749.e22. [PMID: 27984724 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutation of highly conserved residues in transcription factors may affect protein-protein or protein-DNA interactions, leading to gene network dysregulation and human disease. Human mutations in GATA4, a cardiogenic transcription factor, cause cardiac septal defects and cardiomyopathy. Here, iPS-derived cardiomyocytes from subjects with a heterozygous GATA4-G296S missense mutation showed impaired contractility, calcium handling, and metabolic activity. In human cardiomyocytes, GATA4 broadly co-occupied cardiac enhancers with TBX5, another transcription factor that causes septal defects when mutated. The GATA4-G296S mutation disrupted TBX5 recruitment, particularly to cardiac super-enhancers, concomitant with dysregulation of genes related to the phenotypic abnormalities, including cardiac septation. Conversely, the GATA4-G296S mutation led to failure of GATA4 and TBX5-mediated repression at non-cardiac genes and enhanced open chromatin states at endothelial/endocardial promoters. These results reveal how disease-causing missense mutations can disrupt transcriptional cooperativity, leading to aberrant chromatin states and cellular dysfunction, including those related to morphogenetic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Sin Ang
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Renee N Rivas
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Rohith Srivas
- Department of Genetics and Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Janell Rivera
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nicole R Stone
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Karishma Pratt
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tamer M A Mohamed
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ji-Dong Fu
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - C Ian Spencer
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nathaniel D Tippens
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Molong Li
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anil Narasimha
- Department of Genetics and Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ethan Radzinsky
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anita J Moon-Grady
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Haiyuan Yu
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Beth L Pruitt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics and Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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64
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Mercer EJ, Evans T. Congenital heart disease in a dish: progress toward understanding patient-specific mutations. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:E510-E513. [PMID: 28616324 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.03.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Mercer
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Twenty years ago, chromosomal abnormalities were the only identifiable genetic causes of a small fraction of congenital heart defects (CHD). Today, a de novo or inherited genetic abnormality can be identified as pathogenic in one-third of cases. We refer to them here as monogenic causes, insofar as the genetic abnormality has a readily detectable, large effect. What explains the other two-thirds? This review considers a complex genetic basis. That is, a combination of genetic mutations or variants that individually may have little or no detectable effect contribute to the pathogenesis of a heart defect. Genes in the embryo that act directly in cardiac developmental pathways have received the most attention, but genes in the mother that establish the gestational milieu via pathways related to metabolism and aging also have an effect. A growing body of evidence highlights the pathogenic significance of genetic interactions in the embryo and maternal effects that have a genetic basis. The investigation of CHD as guided by a complex genetic model could help estimate risk more precisely and logically lead to a means of prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehiole Akhirome
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Nephi A Walton
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Julie M Nogee
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Patrick Y Jay
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine
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Reduced dosage of β-catenin provides significant rescue of cardiac outflow tract anomalies in a Tbx1 conditional null mouse model of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006687. [PMID: 28346476 PMCID: PMC5386301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS; velo-cardio-facial syndrome; DiGeorge syndrome) is a congenital anomaly disorder in which haploinsufficiency of TBX1, encoding a T-box transcription factor, is the major candidate for cardiac outflow tract (OFT) malformations. Inactivation of Tbx1 in the anterior heart field (AHF) mesoderm in the mouse results in premature expression of pro-differentiation genes and a persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA) in which septation does not form between the aorta and pulmonary trunk. Canonical Wnt/β-catenin has major roles in cardiac OFT development that may act upstream of Tbx1. Consistent with an antagonistic relationship, we found the opposite gene expression changes occurred in the AHF in β-catenin loss of function embryos compared to Tbx1 loss of function embryos, providing an opportunity to test for genetic rescue. When both alleles of Tbx1 and one allele of β-catenin were inactivated in the Mef2c-AHF-Cre domain, 61% of them (n = 34) showed partial or complete rescue of the PTA defect. Upregulated genes that were oppositely changed in expression in individual mutant embryos were normalized in significantly rescued embryos. Further, β-catenin was increased in expression when Tbx1 was inactivated, suggesting that there may be a negative feedback loop between canonical Wnt and Tbx1 in the AHF to allow the formation of the OFT. We suggest that alteration of this balance may contribute to variable expressivity in 22q11.2DS.
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67
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Gata4 potentiates second heart field proliferation and Hedgehog signaling for cardiac septation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1422-E1431. [PMID: 28167794 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605137114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
GATA4, an essential cardiogenic transcription factor, provides a model for dominant transcription factor mutations in human disease. Dominant GATA4 mutations cause congenital heart disease (CHD), specifically atrial and atrioventricular septal defects (ASDs and AVSDs). We found that second heart field (SHF)-specific Gata4 heterozygote embryos recapitulated the AVSDs observed in germline Gata4 heterozygote embryos. A proliferation defect of SHF atrial septum progenitors and hypoplasia of the dorsal mesenchymal protrusion, rather than anlage of the atrioventricular septum, were observed in this model. Knockdown of the cell-cycle repressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) restored cell-cycle progression and rescued the AVSDs. Gata4 mutants also demonstrated Hedgehog (Hh) signaling defects. Gata4 acts directly upstream of Hh components: Gata4 activated a cis-regulatory element at Gli1 in vitro and occupied the element in vivo. Remarkably, SHF-specific constitutive Hh signaling activation rescued AVSDs in Gata4 SHF-specific heterozygous knockout embryos. Pten expression was unchanged in Smoothened mutants, and Hh pathway genes were unchanged in Pten mutants, suggesting pathway independence. Thus, both the cell-cycle and Hh-signaling defects caused by dominant Gata4 mutations were required for CHD pathogenesis, suggesting a combinatorial model of disease causation by transcription factor haploinsufficiency.
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68
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Tucker NR, Mahida S, Ye J, Abraham EJ, Mina JA, Parsons VA, McLellan MA, Shea MA, Hanley A, Benjamin EJ, Milan DJ, Lin H, Ellinor PT. Gain-of-function mutations in GATA6 lead to atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2017; 14:284-291. [PMID: 27756709 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic basis of atrial fibrillation (AF) and congenital heart disease remains incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the causative mutation in a family with AF, atrial septal defects, and ventricular septal defects. METHODS We evaluated a pedigree with 16 family members, 1 with an atrial septal defect, 1 with a ventricular septal defect, and 3 with AF; we performed whole exome sequencing in 3 affected family members. Given that early-onset AF was prominent in the family, we then screened individuals with early-onset AF, defined as an age of onset <66 years, for mutations in GATA6. Variants were functionally characterized using reporter assays in a mammalian cell line. RESULTS Exome sequencing in 3 affected individuals identified a conserved mutation, R585L, in the transcription factor gene GATA6. In the Massachusetts General Hospital Atrial Fibrillation (MGH AF) Study, the mean age of AF onset was 47.1 ± 10.9 years; 79% of the participants were men; and there was no evidence of structural heart disease. We identified 3 GATA6 variants (P91S, A177T, and A543G). Using wild-type and mutant GATA6 constructs driving atrial natriuretic peptide promoter reporter, we found that 3 of the 4 variants had a marked upregulation of luciferase activity (R585L: 4.1-fold, P < .0001; P91S: 2.5-fold, P = .0002; A177T; 1.7-fold, P = .03). In addition, when co-overexpressed with GATA4 and MEF2C, GATA6 variants exhibited upregulation of the alpha myosin heavy chain and atrial natriuretic peptide reporter activity. CONCLUSION Overall, we found gain-of-function mutations in GATA6 in both a family with early-onset AF and atrioventricular septal defects as well as in a family with sporadic, early-onset AF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marisa A Shea
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Emelia J Benjamin
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts; Preventive Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine Sections, Department of Medicine; Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine
| | - David J Milan
- Cardiovascular Research Center and; Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Computational Biomedicine Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Cardiovascular Research Center and; Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
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69
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Bolar N, Verstraeten A, Van Laer L, Loeys B. Molecular Insights into Bicuspid Aortic Valve Development and the associated aortopathy. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2017.4.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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70
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Srivastava D, DeWitt N. In Vivo Cellular Reprogramming: The Next Generation. Cell 2016; 166:1386-1396. [PMID: 27610565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellular reprogramming technology has created new opportunities in understanding human disease, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. While a combinatorial code was initially found to reprogram somatic cells to pluripotency, a "second generation" of cellular reprogramming involves lineage-restricted transcription factors and microRNAs that directly reprogram one somatic cell to another. This technology was enabled by gene networks active during development, which induce global shifts in the epigenetic landscape driving cell fate decisions. A major utility of direct reprogramming is the potential of harnessing resident support cells within damaged organs to regenerate lost tissue by converting them into the desired cell type in situ. Here, we review the progress in direct cellular reprogramming, with a focus on the paradigm of in vivo reprogramming for regenerative medicine, while pointing to hurdles that must be overcome to translate this technology into future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Stem Cell Center at Gladstone, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Natalie DeWitt
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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71
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Abstract
TBX5 is a member of the T-box transcription factor family and is primarily known for its role in cardiac and forelimb development. Human patients with dominant mutations in TBX5 are characterized by Holt-Oram syndrome, and show defects of the cardiac septa, cardiac conduction system, and the anterior forelimb. The range of cardiac defects associated with TBX5 mutations in humans suggests multiple roles for the transcription factor in cardiac development and function. Animal models demonstrate similar defects and have provided a useful platform for investigating the roles of TBX5 during embryonic development. During early cardiac development, TBX5 appears to act primarily as a transcriptional activator of genes associated with cardiomyocyte maturation and upstream of morphological signals for septation. During later cardiac development, TBX5 is required for patterning of the cardiac conduction system and maintenance of mature cardiomyocyte function. A comprehensive understanding of the integral roles of TBX5 throughout cardiac development and adult life will be critical for understanding human cardiac morphology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Steimle
- University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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72
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Fair JV, Voronova A, Bosiljcic N, Rajgara R, Blais A, Skerjanc IS. BRG1 interacts with GLI2 and binds Mef2c gene in a hedgehog signalling dependent manner during in vitro cardiomyogenesis. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 16:27. [PMID: 27484899 PMCID: PMC4970297 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-016-0127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The Hedgehog (HH) signalling pathway regulates cardiomyogenesis in vivo and in differentiating P19 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, a mouse embryonic stem (mES) cell model. To further assess the transcriptional role of HH signalling during cardiomyogenesis in stem cells, we studied the effects of overexpressing GLI2, a primary transducer of the HH signalling pathway, in mES cells. Results Stable GLI2 overexpression resulted in an enhancement of cardiac progenitor-enriched genes, Mef2c, Nkx2-5, and Tbx5 during mES cell differentiation. In contrast, pharmacological blockade of the HH pathway in mES cells resulted in lower expression of these genes. Mass spectrometric analysis identified the chromatin remodelling factor BRG1 as a protein which co-immunoprecipitates with GLI2 in differentiating mES cells. We then determined that BRG1 is recruited to a GLI2-specific Mef2c gene element in a HH signalling-dependent manner during cardiomyogenesis in P19 EC cells, a mES cell model. Conclusions Thus, we propose a mechanism where HH/GLI2 regulates the expression of Mef2c by recruiting BRG1 to the Mef2c gene, most probably via chromatin remodelling, to ultimately regulate in vitro cardiomyogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12861-016-0127-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Vincent Fair
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, K1H 8M5, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Anastassia Voronova
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, K1H 8M5, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Neven Bosiljcic
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, K1H 8M5, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Rashida Rajgara
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, K1H 8M5, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alexandre Blais
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, K1H 8M5, Ottawa, Canada. .,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, K1H 8M5, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Ilona Sylvia Skerjanc
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, K1H 8M5, Ottawa, Canada.
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A Matter of the Heart: The African Clawed Frog Xenopus as a Model for Studying Vertebrate Cardiogenesis and Congenital Heart Defects. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2016; 3:jcdd3020021. [PMID: 29367567 PMCID: PMC5715680 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd3020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The African clawed frog, Xenopus, is a valuable non-mammalian model organism to investigate vertebrate heart development and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of human congenital heart defects (CHDs). In this review, we outline the similarities between Xenopus and mammalian cardiogenesis, and provide an overview of well-studied cardiac genes in Xenopus, which have been associated with congenital heart conditions. Additionally, we highlight advantages of modeling candidate genes derived from genome wide association studies (GWAS) in Xenopus and discuss commonly used techniques.
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GUO DONGFENG, LI RUOGU, YUAN FANG, SHI HONGYU, HOU XUMIN, QU XINKAI, XU YINGJIA, ZHANG MIN, LIU XU, JIANG JINQI, YANG YIQING, QIU XINGBIAO. TBX5 loss-of-function mutation contributes to atrial fibrillation and atypical Holt-Oram syndrome. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4349-56. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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75
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PKG-1α mediates GATA4 transcriptional activity. Cell Signal 2016; 28:585-94. [PMID: 26946174 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
GATA4, a zinc-finger transcription factor, is central for cardiac development and diseases. Here we show that GATA4 transcriptional activity is mediated by cell signaling via cGMP dependent PKG-1α activity. Protein kinase G (PKG), a serine/tyrosine specific kinase is the major effector of cGMP signaling. We observed enhanced transcriptional activity elicited by co-expressed GATA4 and PKG-1α. Phosphorylation of GATA4 by PKG-1α was detected on serine 261 (S261), while the C-terminal activation domain of GATA4 associated with PKG-1α. GATA4's DNA binding activity was enhanced by PKG-1α via by both phosphorylation and physical association. More importantly, a number of human disease-linked GATA4 mutants exhibited impaired S261 phosphorylation, pointing to defective S261 phosphorylation in the elaboration of human heart diseases. We showed S261 phosphorylation was favored by PKG-1α but not by PKA, and several other kinase signaling pathways such as MAPK and PKC. Our observations demonstrate that cGMP-PKG signaling mediates transcriptional activity of GATA4 and links defective GATA4 and PKG-1α mutations to the development of human heart disease.
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76
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Ma JF, Yang F, Mahida SN, Zhao L, Chen X, Zhang ML, Sun Z, Yao Y, Zhang YX, Zheng GY, Dong J, Feng MJ, Zhang R, Sun J, Li S, Wang QS, Cao H, Benjamin EJ, Ellinor PT, Li YG, Tian XL. TBX5 mutations contribute to early-onset atrial fibrillation in Chinese and Caucasians. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 109:442-50. [PMID: 26762269 PMCID: PMC4752043 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia with an important heritable aspect. The genetic factors underlying AF have not been fully elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS We screened six candidate genes (CAV1, KCNJ2, KCNQ1, NKX2.5, PITX2, and TBX5) for novel mutations in 139 patients of Chinese descent with early-onset AF and 576 controls. Four missense TBX5 mutations, p.R355C, p.Q376R, p.A428S, and p.S372L, were identified in evolutionarily conserved regions. We did not find any mutations in CAV1, KCNJ2, KCNQ1, NKX2.5, and PITX2. These mutations increased the expression of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and connexin-40 (CX40) in the primarily cultured rat atrial myocytes but did not alter the expression of cardiac structural genes, atrial myosin heavy chain-α (MHC-α) and myosin light chain-2α (MLC-2α). Overexpression of p.R355C developed an atrial arrhythmia suggestive of paroxysmal AF in the zebrafish model. To replicate our findings, we screened TBX5 in 527 early-onset AF cases from the Massachusetts General Hospital AF study. A novel TBX5 deletion (ΔAsp118, p.D118del) was identified, while no TBX5 mutations were identified in 1176 control subjects. CONCLUSION Our results provide both genetic and functional evidence to support the contribution of TBX5 gene in the pathogenesis of AF. The potential mechanism of arrhythmia may be due in part to the disturbed expression of ANP and CX40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Fang Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Human Population Genetics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Rd., Beijing 100871, China
| | - Saagar N Mahida
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Human Population Genetics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Rd., Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ningbo First Hospital and Cardiovascular Center of Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo University, 59 Liuting St., Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Michael L Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Zhijun Sun
- Cardiovascular Department, PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Rd, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yan Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zhang
- Department of Human Population Genetics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Rd., Beijing 100871, China
| | - Gu-Yan Zheng
- Department of Human Population Genetics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Rd., Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Department of Human Population Genetics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Rd., Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ming-Jun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Ningbo First Hospital and Cardiovascular Center of Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo University, 59 Liuting St., Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qun-Shan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huiqing Cao
- Department of Human Population Genetics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Rd., Beijing 100871, China
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA Preventive Medicine Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA Cardiology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi-Gang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiao-Li Tian
- Department of Human Population Genetics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Rd., Beijing 100871, China
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Tur J, Chapalamadugu KC, Padawer T, Badole SL, Kilfoil PJ, Bhatnagar A, Tipparaju SM. Deletion of Kvβ1.1 subunit leads to electrical and haemodynamic changes causing cardiac hypertrophy in female murine hearts. Exp Physiol 2016; 101:494-508. [PMID: 27038296 DOI: 10.1113/ep085405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The goal of this study was to evaluate sex differences and the role of the potassium channel β1 (Kvβ1) subunit in the heart. What is the main finding and its importance? Genetic ablation of Kvβ1.1 in females led to cardiac hypertrophy characterized by increased heart size, prolonged monophasic action potentials, elevated blood pressure and increased myosin heavy chain α (MHCα) expression. In contrast, male mice showed only electrical changes. Kvβ1.1 binds the MHCα isoform at the protein level, and small interfering RNA targeted knockdown of Kvβ1.1 upregulated MHCα. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and debility in women in the USA, and cardiac arrhythmias are a major concern. Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels along with the binding partners; Kvβ subunits are major regulators of the action potential (AP) shape and duration (APD). The regulation of Kv channels by the Kvβ1 subunit is unknown in female hearts. In the present study, we hypothesized that the Kvβ1 subunit is an important regulator of female cardiac physiology. To test this hypothesis, we ablated (knocked out; KO) the KCNAB1 isoform 1 (Kvβ1.1) subunit in mice and evaluated cardiac function and electrical activity by using ECG, monophasic action potential recordings and echocardiography. Our results showed that the female Kvβ1.1 KO mice developed cardiac hypertrophy, and the hearts were structurally different, with enlargement and increased area. The electrical derangements caused by Kvβ1.1 KO in female mice included long QTc and QRS intervals along with increased APD (APD20-90% repolarization). The male Kvβ1.1 KO mice did not develop cardiac hypertrophy, but they showed long QTc and prolonged APD. Molecular analysis showed that several genes that support cardiac hypertrophy were significantly altered in Kvβ1.1 KO female hearts. In particular, myosin heavy chain α expression was significantly elevated in Kvβ1.1 KO mouse heart. Using a small interfering RNA strategy, we identified that knockdown of Kvβ1 increases myosin heavy chain α expression in H9C2 cells. Collectively, changes in molecular and cell signalling pathways clearly point towards a distinct electrical and structural remodelling consistent with cardiac hypertrophy in the Kvβ1.1 KO female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Tur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Timothy Padawer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sachin L Badole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Peter J Kilfoil
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Luna-Zurita L, Stirnimann CU, Glatt S, Kaynak BL, Thomas S, Baudin F, Samee MAH, He D, Small EM, Mileikovsky M, Nagy A, Holloway AK, Pollard KS, Müller CW, Bruneau BG. Complex Interdependence Regulates Heterotypic Transcription Factor Distribution and Coordinates Cardiogenesis. Cell 2016; 164:999-1014. [PMID: 26875865 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are thought to function with partners to achieve specificity and precise quantitative outputs. In the developing heart, heterotypic TF interactions, such as between the T-box TF TBX5 and the homeodomain TF NKX2-5, have been proposed as a mechanism for human congenital heart defects. We report extensive and complex interdependent genomic occupancy of TBX5, NKX2-5, and the zinc finger TF GATA4 coordinately controlling cardiac gene expression, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Interdependent binding serves not only to co-regulate gene expression but also to prevent TFs from distributing to ectopic loci and activate lineage-inappropriate genes. We define preferential motif arrangements for TBX5 and NKX2-5 cooperative binding sites, supported at the atomic level by their co-crystal structure bound to DNA, revealing a direct interaction between the two factors and induced DNA bending. Complex interdependent binding mechanisms reveal tightly regulated TF genomic distribution and define a combinatorial logic for heterotypic TF regulation of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Luna-Zurita
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christian U Stirnimann
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Glatt
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bogac L Kaynak
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sean Thomas
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Florence Baudin
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; UJF-EMBL-CNRS UMI 3265, Unit of Virus Host-Cell Interactions, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | | | - Daniel He
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Eric M Small
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Maria Mileikovsky
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Andras Nagy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Alisha K Holloway
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Katherine S Pollard
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Christoph W Müller
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Benoit G Bruneau
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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79
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Jansen FAR, Hoffer MJV, van Velzen CL, Plati SK, Rijlaarsdam MEB, Clur SAB, Blom NA, Pajkrt E, Bhola SL, Knegt AC, de Boer MA, Haak MC. Chromosomal abnormalities and copy number variations in fetal left-sided congenital heart defects. Prenat Diagn 2016; 36:177-85. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fenna A. R. Jansen
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Mariette J. V. Hoffer
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marry E. B. Rijlaarsdam
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology of the Willem Alexander Children's Hospital; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Sally-Ann B. Clur
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology of the Emma Children's Hospital; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Nico A. Blom
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology of the Willem Alexander Children's Hospital; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology of the Emma Children's Hospital; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Eva Pajkrt
- Department of Obstetrics; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Shama L. Bhola
- Department of Clinical Genetics; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Alida C. Knegt
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Marion A. de Boer
- Department of Obstetrics; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Monique C. Haak
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden the Netherlands
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Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-27, a member of the IL-12 family, has been involved in maternal tolerance to the foetus and successful pregnancy. Growing evidences indicate that IL-27 plays a crucial role in pregnancy. Aim We carried out the present study in order to investigate whether polymorphisms in the IL27 are associated with the risk for CHDs, including atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect. Patients and methods We conducted this case-control study among 247 atrial septal defect patients, 150 ventricular septal defect patients, and 368 healthy controls in a Chinese population using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. RESULTS Significantly increased risk for atrial septal defect (p=0.001, OR=1.490, 95% CI=1.178-1.887) and ventricular septal defect (p=0.004, OR=1.502, 95% CI=1.139-1.976) was observed to be associated with the allele G of rs153109. In a dominant model, we have also observed that increased susceptibilities for atrial septal defect (p<0.01, OR=1.89, 95% CI=1.35-2.63) and ventricular septal defect (p<0.01, OR=2.50, 95% CI=1.67-3.85) were statistically associated with rs153109; however, no association was found between CHD risk and rs17855750 in the IL27 gene. CONCLUSION The 153109 of the IL27 gene may be associated with the susceptibility to CHD, including atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect.
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81
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Stoppel WL, Kaplan DL, Black LD. Electrical and mechanical stimulation of cardiac cells and tissue constructs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 96:135-55. [PMID: 26232525 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The field of cardiac tissue engineering has made significant strides over the last few decades, highlighted by the development of human cell derived constructs that have shown increasing functional maturity over time, particularly using bioreactor systems to stimulate the constructs. However, the functionality of these tissues is still unable to match that of native cardiac tissue and many of the stem-cell derived cardiomyocytes display an immature, fetal like phenotype. In this review, we seek to elucidate the biological underpinnings of both mechanical and electrical signaling, as identified via studies related to cardiac development and those related to an evaluation of cardiac disease progression. Next, we review the different types of bioreactors developed to individually deliver electrical and mechanical stimulation to cardiomyocytes in vitro in both two and three-dimensional tissue platforms. Reactors and culture conditions that promote functional cardiomyogenesis in vitro are also highlighted. We then cover the more recent work in the development of bioreactors that combine electrical and mechanical stimulation in order to mimic the complex signaling environment present in vivo. We conclude by offering our impressions on the important next steps for physiologically relevant mechanical and electrical stimulation of cardiac cells and engineered tissue in vitro.
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82
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Wang W, Niu Z, Wang Y, Li Y, Zou H, Yang L, Meng M, Wei C, Li Q, Duan L, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Han S, Hou Z, Jiang L. Comparative transcriptome analysis of atrial septal defect identifies dysregulated genes during heart septum morphogenesis. Gene 2016; 575:303-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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83
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Holt-Oram syndrome is characterised by CHD and limb anomalies. Mutations in TBX5 gene, encoding the T-box transcription factor, are responsible for the development of Holt-Oram syndrome, but such mutations are variably detected in 30-75% of patients. METHODS Clinically diagnosed eight Holt-Oram syndrome patients from six families were evaluated the clinical characteristics, focusing on the cardiac manifestations, in particular, and molecular aetiologies. In addition to the investigation of the mutation of TBX5, SALL4, NKX2.5, and GATA4 genes, which are known to regulate cardiac development by physically and functionally interacting with TBX5, were also analyzed. Multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis was performed to detect exonic deletion and duplication mutations in these genes. RESULTS All included patients showed cardiac septal defects and upper-limb anomalies. Of the eight patients, seven underwent cardiac surgery, and four suffered from conduction abnormalities such as severe sinus bradycardia and complete atrioventricular block. Although our patients showed typical clinical findings of Holt-Oram syndrome, only three distinct TBX5 mutations were detected in three families: one nonsense, one splicing, and one missense mutation. No new mutations were identified by testing SALL4, NKX2.5, and GATA4 genes. CONCLUSIONS All Holt-Oram syndrome patients in this study showed cardiac septal anomalies. Half of them showed TBX5 gene mutations. To understand the genetic causes for inherited CHD such as Holt-Oram syndrome is helpful to take care of the patients and their families. Further efforts with large-scale genomic research are required to identify genes responsible for cardiac manifestations or genotype-phenotype relation in Holt-Oram syndrome.
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84
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GATA-dependent transcriptional and epigenetic control of cardiac lineage specification and differentiation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3871-81. [PMID: 26126786 PMCID: PMC4575685 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heart progenitor cells differentiate into various cell types including pacemaker and working cardiomyocytes. Cell-type specific gene expression is achieved by combinatorial interactions between tissue-specific transcription factors (TFs), co-factors, and chromatin remodelers and DNA binding elements in regulatory regions. Dysfunction of these transcriptional networks may result in congenital heart defects. Functional analysis of the regulatory DNA sequences has contributed substantially to the identification of the transcriptional network components and combinatorial interactions regulating the tissue-specific gene programs. GATA TFs have been identified as central players in these networks. In particular, GATA binding elements have emerged as a platform to recruit broadly active histone modification enzymes and cell-type-specific co-factors to drive cell-type-specific gene programs. Here, we discuss the role of GATA factors in cell fate decisions and differentiation in the developing heart.
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85
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Barber JCK, Rosenfeld JA, Graham JM, Kramer N, Lachlan KL, Bateman MS, Collinson MN, Stadheim BF, Turner CLS, Gauthier JN, Reimschisel TE, Qureshi AM, Dabir TA, Humphreys MW, Marble M, Huang T, Beal SJ, Massiah J, Taylor EJ, Wynn SL. Inside the 8p23.1 duplication syndrome; eight microduplications of likely or uncertain clinical significance. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:2052-64. [PMID: 26097203 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The 8p23.1 duplication syndrome (8p23.1 DS) is a recurrent genomic condition with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 58,000. The core 3.68 Mb duplication contains 32 genes of which five are currently candidates for the phenotypic features. Here we describe four patients and five families with eight microduplications of 8p23.1 ranging from 187 to 1082 kb in size and one atypical duplication of 4 Mb. These indicate that a minimal region of overlap (MRO) in medial 8p23.1 can give rise to features of 8p23.1 DS including developmental delay, dysmorphism, macrocephaly and otitis media, but not congenital heart disease (CHD). This MRO spans 776 kb (chr8:10,167,881-10,943,836 hg19) and contains SOX7 and seven of the other 32 core 8p23.1 DS genes. In centromeric 8p23.1, microduplications including GATA4 can give rise to non-syndromic CHD but the clinical significance of two smaller centromeric microduplications without GATA4 was uncertain due to severe neurological profiles not usually found in 8p23.1 DS. The clinical significance of three further 8p23.1 microduplications was uncertain due to additional genetic factors without which the probands might not have come to medical attention. Variable expressivity was indicated by the almost entirely unaffected parents in all five families and the mildly affected sibling in one. Intronic interruptions of six genes by microduplication breakpoint intervals had no apparent additional clinical consequences. Our results suggest that 8p23.1 DS is an oligogenetic condition largely caused by the duplication and interactions of the SOX7 and GATA4 transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C K Barber
- Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Signature Genomic Laboratories, PerkinElmer Inc., Spokane, Washington
| | - John M Graham
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nancy Kramer
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Katherine L Lachlan
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark S Bateman
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury, UK
| | - Morag N Collinson
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Claire L S Turner
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Exeter, UK
| | - Jacqueline N Gauthier
- Division of Developmental Medicine and the Centre for Child Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tyler E Reimschisel
- Division of Developmental Medicine and the Centre for Child Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Athar M Qureshi
- Center for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Tabib A Dabir
- Medical Genetics Department, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Mervyn W Humphreys
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Michael Marble
- Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Taosheng Huang
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Sarah J Beal
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury, UK
| | - Joanne Massiah
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury, UK
| | - Emma-Jane Taylor
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury, UK
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Han H, Chen Y, Liu G, Han Z, Zhao Z, Tang Y. GATA4 transgenic mice as an in vivo model of congenital heart disease. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1545-53. [PMID: 25873328 PMCID: PMC4432925 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study indicated that 8 patients from a family with a history of congenital heart disease had simple atrial septal defect (ASD) and carried the same mutation at codon 310 in the GATA4 gene. In the present study, to identify the functional defects caused by this mutation in an in vivo model, the transgene DNA constructs were microinjected into mice to generate a transgenic mouse model. The mice were genotyped using PCR and DNA sequencing. Protein expression was measured by western blot analysis. qPCR was used to determine the copy number of the transgenes. The heart tissue was fixed and sectioned by conventional procedures. The Vevo 2000 system was used to perform echocardiography on the mice. The expression of GATA4 target genes was measured using the real-time PCR system. The incidence of ASD in the heterozygous transgenic mice was found to be greater than that in the wild-type control mice (P<0.05). In addition, the expression of α-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) in the heart tissues from the homozygous mice was lower than that in the heart tissues from their wild-type littermates (P<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that the introduction of GATA4 M310V negatively affects the normal expression of α-MHC. In accordance with previous findings on GATA4 mutation screening and in vitro experiments, this study confirms that GATA4 M310V mutation may lead to the development of the congenital heart defect, ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Zengqiang Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Yin Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
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Jeong HS, Jung ES, Sim YJ, Kim SJ, Jang JW, Hong KS, Lee WY, Chung HM, Park KT, Jung YS, Kim CH, Kim KS. Fbxo25 controls Tbx5 and Nkx2-5 transcriptional activity to regulate cardiomyocyte development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:709-21. [PMID: 25725482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays an important role in protein quality control, cellular signalings, and cell differentiation through the regulated turnover of key transcription factors in cardiac tissue. However, the molecular mechanism underlying Fbxo25-mediated ubiquitination of cardiac transcription factors remains elusive. We report that an Fbxo25-mediated SCF ubiquitination pathway regulates the protein levels and activities of Tbx5 and Nkx2-5 based on our studies using MG132, proteasome inhibitor, and the temperature sensitive ubiquitin system in ts20 cells. Our data indicate that Fbxo25 directly interacts with Tbx5 and Nkx2-5 in vitro and in vivo. In support of our findings, a dominant-negative mutant of Fbxo25, Fbxo251-236, prevents Tbx5 degradation and increases Tbx5 transcriptional activity in a Tbx5 responsive luciferase assay. Therefore, Fbxo25 facilitates Tbx5 degradation in an SCF-dependent manner. In addition, the silencing of endogenous Fbxo25 increases Tbx5 and Nkx2-5 mRNA levels and suppresses mESC-derived cardiomyocyte differentiation. Likewise, the exogenous expression of FBXO25 downregulates NKX2-5 level in human ESC-derived cardiomyocytes. In myocardial infarction model, Fbxo25 mRNA decreases, whereas the mRNA and protein levels of Tbx5 and Nkx2-5 increase. The protein levels of Tbx5 and Nkx2-5 are regulated negatively by Fbxo25-mediated SCF ubiquitination pathway. Thus, our findings reveal a novel mechanism for regulation of SCFFbox25-dependent Nkx2-5 and Tbx5 ubiquitination in cardiac development and provide a new insight into the regulatory mechanism of Nkx2-5 and Tbx5 transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoe-Su Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Shil Jung
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Ji Sim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Jang
- Department of Developmental Biology, CHA University, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Sung Hong
- Department of Developmental Biology, CHA University, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Young Lee
- Major of Animal Science, College of Natural Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Chung
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Park
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yi-Sook Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kye-Seong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
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Mattapally S, Nizamuddin S, Murthy KS, Thangaraj K, Banerjee SK. c.620C>T mutation in GATA4 is associated with congenital heart disease in South India. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2015; 16:7. [PMID: 25928801 PMCID: PMC4422155 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-015-0152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) usually refer to abnormalities in the structure and/or function of the heart that arise before birth. GATA4 plays an important role in embryonic heart development, hence the aim of this study was to find the association of GATA4 mutations with CHD among the south Indian CHD patients. METHOD GATA4 gene was sequenced in 100 CHD patients (ASD, VSD, TOF and SV) and 200 controls. Functional significance of the observed GATA4 mutations was analyzed using PolyPhen, SIFT, PMut, Plink, Haploview, ESE finder 3.0 and CONSITE. RESULTS We observed a total of 19 mutations, of which, one was in 5' UTR, 10 in intronic regions, 3 in coding regions and 5 in 3' UTR. Of the above mutations, one was associated with Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), two were found to be associated with Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and three (rs804280, rs4841587 and rs4841588) were strongly associated with Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD). Interestingly, one promoter mutation (-490 to 100 bp) i.e., 620 C>T (rs61277615, p-value = 0.008514), one splice junction mutation (G>A rs73203482; p-value = 9.6e-3, OR = 6.508) and one intronic mutation rs4841587 (p-value = 4.6e-3, OR = 4.758) were the most significant findings of this study. In silico analysis also proves that some of the mutations reported above are pathogenic. CONCLUSION The present study found that GATA4 genetic variations are associated with ASD, TOF and VSD in South Indian patients. In silico analysis provides further evidence that some of the observed mutations are pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidulu Mattapally
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.
| | - Sheikh Nizamuddin
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.
| | - Kona Samba Murthy
- Innova Children's Heart Hospital, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500017, India.
| | - Kumarasamy Thangaraj
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.
| | - Sanjay K Banerjee
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India. .,Current Address: Drug Discovery Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Gurgaon, HR-122016, Haryana, India.
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89
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Meganathan K, Sotiriadou I, Natarajan K, Hescheler J, Sachinidis A. Signaling molecules, transcription growth factors and other regulators revealed from in-vivo and in-vitro models for the regulation of cardiac development. Int J Cardiol 2015; 183:117-28. [PMID: 25662074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Several in-vivo heart developmental models have been applied to decipher the cardiac developmental patterning encompassing early, dorsal, cardiac and visceral mesoderm as well as various transcription factors such as Gata, Hand, Tin, Dpp, Pnr. The expression of cardiac specific transcription factors, such as Gata4, Tbx5, Tbx20, Tbx2, Tbx3, Mef2c, Hey1 and Hand1 are of fundamental significance for the in-vivo cardiac development. Not only the transcription factors, but also the signaling molecules involved in cardiac development were conserved among various species. Enrichment of the bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) in the anterior lateral plate mesoderm is essential for the initiation of myocardial differentiation and the cardiac developmental process. Moreover, the expression of a number of cardiac transcription factors and structural genes initiate cardiac differentiation in the medial mesoderm. Other signaling molecules such as TGF-beta, IGF-1/2 and the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) play a significant role in cardiac repair/regeneration, ventricular heart development and specification of early cardiac mesoderm, respectively. The role of the Wnt signaling in cardiac development is still controversial discussed, as in-vitro results differ dramatically in relation to the animal models. Embryonic stem cells (ESC) were utilized as an important in-vitro model for the elucidation of the cardiac developmental processes since they can be easily manipulated by numerous signaling molecules, growth factors, small molecules and genetic manipulation. Finally, in the present review the dynamic role of the long noncoding RNA and miRNAs in the regulation of cardiac development are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesavan Meganathan
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Isaia Sotiriadou
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Karthick Natarajan
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany.
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90
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Pu Y, Chen P, Zhou B, Wang Y, Song Y, Peng Y, Rao L, Zhang L. Association between polymorphisms in AXIN1 gene and atrial septal defect. Biomarkers 2014; 19:674-8. [PMID: 25355064 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2014.978895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT AXIN1 is a central component of Wnt signalling pathway which is essential for embryonic development. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether polymorphisms of AXIN1 contribute to ASD susceptibility. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three tag SNPs (rs12921862, rs370681 and rs1805105) in AXIN1 were genotyped in 208 ASD patients and 302 healthy controls using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in a Chinese population. RESULTS Significantly increased ASD risk was observed to be associated with the A allele of rs12921862 (p < 0.0001, OR = 3.096, 95% CI = 2.037-4.717). Increased ASD risk was observed to be associated with rs370681 in a codominant (p = 0.043, OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.04-2.22) and overdominant model (p = 0.016, OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.08-2.27). CONCLUSION rs12921862 and rs370681 may contribute to ASD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Pu
- Department of Forensic Biology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan , P.R. China
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91
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Aasa KL, Purssell E, Adams MA, Ozolinš TR. In UteroDimethadione Exposure Causes Postnatal Disruption in Cardiac Structure and Function in the Rat. Toxicol Sci 2014; 142:350-60. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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92
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Liu Z, Li W, Ma X, Ding N, Spallotta F, Southon E, Tessarollo L, Gaetano C, Mukouyama YS, Thiele CJ. Essential role of the zinc finger transcription factor Casz1 for mammalian cardiac morphogenesis and development. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29801-16. [PMID: 25190801 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.570416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 1p36 deletion syndrome is one of the most common terminal deletions observed in humans and is related to congenital heart disease (CHD). However, the 1p36 genes that contribute to heart disease have not been clearly delineated. Human CASZ1 gene localizes to 1p36 and encodes a zinc finger transcription factor. Casz1 is required for Xenopus heart ventral midline progenitor cell differentiation. Whether Casz1 plays a role during mammalian heart development is unknown. Our aim is to determine 1p36 gene CASZ1 function at regulating heart development in mammals. We generated a Casz1 knock-out mouse using Casz1-trapped embryonic stem cells. Casz1 deletion in mice resulted in abnormal heart development including hypoplasia of myocardium, ventricular septal defect, and disorganized morphology. Hypoplasia of myocardium was caused by decreased cardiomyocyte proliferation. Comparative genome-wide RNA transcriptome analysis of Casz1 depleted embryonic hearts identifies abnormal expression of genes that are critical for muscular system development and function, such as muscle contraction genes TNNI2, TNNT1, and CKM; contractile fiber gene ACTA1; and cardiac arrhythmia associated ion channel coding genes ABCC9 and CACNA1D. The transcriptional regulation of some of these genes by Casz1 was also found in cellular models. Our results showed that loss of Casz1 during mouse development led to heart defect including cardiac noncompaction and ventricular septal defect, which phenocopies 1p36 deletion syndrome related CHD. This suggests that CASZ1 is a novel 1p36 CHD gene and that the abnormal expression of cardiac morphogenesis and contraction genes induced by loss of Casz1 contributes to the heart defect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenling Li
- the Laboratories of Stem Cell and Neuro-vascular Biology and
| | - Xuefei Ma
- the Molecular Cardiology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and
| | | | - Francesco Spallotta
- the Division of Cardiovascular Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - Eileen Southon
- the Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Neural Development Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- the Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Neural Development Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Carlo Gaetano
- the Division of Cardiovascular Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
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Roque-Ramírez B, Chimal-Monroy J, Canto P, Coral-Vázquez RM. Expression pattern of mRNA A and mRNA B of alpha sarcoglycan gene during mouse embryonic development and regulation of their expression by myogenic and cardiogenic transcription factors. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:1416-28. [PMID: 25091331 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2D limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGM2D) is a progressive disorder caused by mutations in the alpha sarcoglycan (α-SG) gene. In mice, the α-SG gene contains two promoters that regulate the expression of two different mRNAs (A and B). However, their gene expression pattern during embryonic development has not been explored and their regulation by myogenic and cardiogenic transcription factors has been only partially studied. RESULTS During embryonic development, mRNA A and B of α-SG gene were initially detected in hypaxial muscles, heart, stomach, tongue, and mesenchymal cells, which surround the dorsal region of the somites. Moreover, mRNA B was exclusively expressed in the floor plate and notochord and in the interdigits of limbs. In vitro, MyoD and myogenin positively regulated the transcription of mRNA B during skeletal myogenesis, whereas mRNA A was activated only for MyoD in differentiated skeletal muscle. In addition, Gata-4 together with Mef2c may regulate the expression of mRNA B in heart development, whereas Nkx2.5 and myocardin may activate expression of mRNA A in the differentiated cardiomyocyte. CONCLUSIONS The differential expression of α-SG mRNAs during mouse embryonic development may be a consequence of the differential regulation of both promoters by myogenic and cardiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bladimir Roque-Ramírez
- División de Investigación Biomédica, Subdirección de Enseñanza e Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, México, D.F. México
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94
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Novel and functional DNA sequence variants within the GATA6 gene promoter in ventricular septal defects. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:12677-87. [PMID: 25036032 PMCID: PMC4139867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150712677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect in humans. Genetic causes and underlying molecular mechanisms for isolated CHD remain largely unknown. Studies have demonstrated that GATA transcription factor 6 (GATA6) plays an essential role in the heart development. Mutations in GATA6 gene have been associated with diverse types of CHD. As GATA6 functions in a dosage-dependent manner, we speculated that changed GATA6 levels, resulting from DNA sequence variants (DSVs) within the gene regulatory regions, may mediate the CHD development. In the present study, GATA6 gene promoter was genetically and functionally analyzed in large groups of patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD) (n = 359) and ethnic-matched healthy controls (n = 365). In total, 11 DSVs, including four SNPs, were identified in VSD patients and controls. Two novel and heterozygous DSVs, g.22169190A>T and g.22169311C>G, were identified in two VSD patients, but in none of controls. In cultured cardiomyocytes, the activities of the GATA6 gene promoter were significantly reduced by the DSVs g.22169190A>T and g.22169311C>G. Therefore, our findings suggested that the DSVs within the GATA6 gene promoter identified in VSD patients may change GATA6 levels, contributing to the VSD development as a risk factor.
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95
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Clowes C, Boylan MGS, Ridge LA, Barnes E, Wright JA, Hentges KE. The functional diversity of essential genes required for mammalian cardiac development. Genesis 2014; 52:713-37. [PMID: 24866031 PMCID: PMC4141749 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Genes required for an organism to develop to maturity (for which no other gene can compensate) are considered essential. The continuing functional annotation of the mouse genome has enabled the identification of many essential genes required for specific developmental processes including cardiac development. Patterns are now emerging regarding the functional nature of genes required at specific points throughout gestation. Essential genes required for development beyond cardiac progenitor cell migration and induction include a small and functionally homogenous group encoding transcription factors, ligands and receptors. Actions of core cardiogenic transcription factors from the Gata, Nkx, Mef, Hand, and Tbx families trigger a marked expansion in the functional diversity of essential genes from midgestation onwards. As the embryo grows in size and complexity, genes required to maintain a functional heartbeat and to provide muscular strength and regulate blood flow are well represented. These essential genes regulate further specialization and polarization of cell types along with proliferative, migratory, adhesive, contractile, and structural processes. The identification of patterns regarding the functional nature of essential genes across numerous developmental systems may aid prediction of further essential genes and those important to development and/or progression of disease. genesis 52:713–737, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Clowes
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
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96
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Nawaz I, Qiu X, Wu H, Li Y, Fan Y, Hu LF, Zhou Q, Ernberg I. Development of a multiplex methylation specific PCR suitable for (early) detection of non-small cell lung cancer. Epigenetics 2014; 9:1138-48. [PMID: 24937636 DOI: 10.4161/epi.29499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a worldwide health problem and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Silencing of potential tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) by aberrant promoter methylation is an early event in the initiation and development of cancer. Thus, methylated cancer type-specific TSGs in DNA can serve as useful biomarkers for early cancer detection. We have now developed a "Multiplex Methylation Specific PCR" (MMSP) assay for analysis of the methylation status of multiple potential TSGs by a single PCR reaction. This method will be useful for early diagnosis and treatment outcome studies of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Genome-wide CpG methylation and expression microarrays were performed on lung cancer tissues and matched distant non-cancerous tissues from three NSCLC patients from China. Thirty-eight potential TSGs were selected and analyzed by methylation PCR on bisulfite treated DNA. On the basis of sensitivity and specificity, six marker genes, HOXA9, TBX5, PITX2, CALCA, RASSF1A, and DLEC1, were selected to establish the MMSP assay. This assay was then used to analyze lung cancer tissues and matched distant non-cancerous tissues from 70 patients with NSCLC, as well as 24 patients with benign pulmonary lesion as controls. The sensitivity of the assay was 99% (69/70). HOXA9 and TBX5 were the 2 most sensitive marker genes: 87% (61/70) and 84% (59/70), respectively. RASSF1A and DLEC1 showed the highest specificity at 99% (69/70). Using the criterion of identifying at least any two methylated marker genes, 61/70 cancer samples were positive, corresponding to a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 94%. Early stage I or II NSCLC could even be detected with a 100% specificity and 86% sensitivity. In conclusion, MMSP has the potential to be developed into a population-based screening tool and can be useful for early diagnosis of NSCLC. It might also be suitable for monitoring treatment outcome and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Nawaz
- Department of Microbiology; Tumor and Cell Biology; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Balochistan; Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Xiaoming Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment; Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute; Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin, PR China
| | - Heng Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment; Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute; Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment; Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute; Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yaguang Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment; Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute; Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin, PR China
| | - Li-Fu Hu
- Department of Microbiology; Tumor and Cell Biology; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment; Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute; Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ingemar Ernberg
- Department of Microbiology; Tumor and Cell Biology; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm, Sweden
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97
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Abstract
Atrial septal defects are the third most common type of congenital heart disease. Included in this group of malformations are several types of atrial communications that allow shunting of blood between the systemic and the pulmonary circulations. Most children with isolated atrial septal defects are free of symptoms, but the rates of exercise intolerance, atrial tachyarrhythmias, right ventricular dysfunction, and pulmonary hypertension increase with advancing age and life expectancy is reduced in adults with untreated defects. The risk of development of pulmonary vascular disease, a potentially lethal complication, is higher in female patients and in older adults with untreated defects. Surgical closure is safe and effective and when done before age 25 years is associated with normal life expectancy. Transcatheter closure offers a less invasive alternative for patients with a secundum defect who fulfil anatomical and size criteria. In this Seminar we review the causes, anatomy, pathophysiology, treatment, and outcomes of atrial septal defects in children and adult patients in whom this defect is the primary cardiac anomaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Geva
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jose D Martins
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Marta, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rachel M Wald
- Toronto Congenital Cardiac Centre for Adults, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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98
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Misra C, Chang SW, Basu M, Huang N, Garg V. Disruption of myocardial Gata4 and Tbx5 results in defects in cardiomyocyte proliferation and atrioventricular septation. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:5025-35. [PMID: 24858909 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in GATA4 and TBX5 are associated with congenital heart defects in humans. Interaction between GATA4 and TBX5 is important for normal cardiac septation, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we show that Gata4 and Tbx5 are co-expressed in the embryonic atria and ventricle, but after E15.5, ventricular expression of Tbx5 decreases. Co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation studies demonstrate an interaction of Gata4 and Tbx5 in the developing atria and ventricles, but the ventricular interaction declines after E14.5. Gata4(+/-);Tbx5(+/-) mouse embryos display decreased atrial and ventricular myocardial thickness at E11.5, prior to cardiac septation. To determine the cell lineage in which the interaction was functionally significant in vivo, mice heterozygous for Gata4 in the myocardium or endocardium and heterozygous for Tbx5 (Gata4(MyoDel/wt);Tbx5(+/-) and Gata4(EndoDel/wt);Tbx5(+/-), respectively) were generated. Gata4(MyoDel/wt);Tbx5(+/-) mice displayed embryonic lethality, thin myocardium with reduced cell proliferation, and atrioventricular septation defects similar to Gata4;Tbx5 compound heterozygotes while Gata4(EndoDel/wt);Tbx5(+/-) embryos were normal. Cdk4 and Cdk2, cyclin-dependent kinases required for myocardial development and septation were reduced in Gata4(+/-);Tbx5(+/-) hearts. Cdk4 is a known direct target of Gata4 and the regulation of Cdk2 in the developing heart has not been studied. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and transactivation studies demonstrate that Gata4 and Tbx5 directly regulate Cdk4 while only Tbx5 activates Cdk2 expression. These findings highlight the mechanisms by which disruption of the Gata4 and Tbx5 interaction in the myocardium contributes to cardiac septation defects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali Misra
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Sheng-Wei Chang
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Madhumita Basu
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Nianyuan Huang
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Vidu Garg
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
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99
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Cox EJ, Marsh SA. A systematic review of fetal genes as biomarkers of cardiac hypertrophy in rodent models of diabetes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92903. [PMID: 24663494 PMCID: PMC3963983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy activates a suite of genes called the fetal gene program (FGP). Pathological hypertrophy occurs in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM); therefore, the FGP is widely used as a biomarker of DCM in animal studies. However, it is unknown whether the FGP is a consistent marker of hypertrophy in rodent models of diabetes. Therefore, we analyzed this relationship in 94 systematically selected studies. Results showed that diabetes induced with cytotoxic glucose analogs such as streptozotocin was associated with decreased cardiac weight, but genetic or diet-induced models of diabetes were significantly more likely to show cardiac hypertrophy (P<0.05). Animal strain, sex, age, and duration of diabetes did not moderate this effect. There were no correlations between the heart weight:body weight index and mRNA or protein levels of the fetal genes α-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) or β-MHC, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), or brain natriuretic peptide. The only correlates of non-indexed heart weight were the protein levels of α-MHC (Spearman's ρ = 1, P<0.05) and ANP (ρ = −0.73, P<0.05). These results indicate that most commonly measured genes in the FGP are confounded by diabetogenic methods, and are not associated with cardiac hypertrophy in rodent models of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Cox
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
| | - Susan A. Marsh
- Department of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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100
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Ballouz S, Liu JY, Oti M, Gaeta B, Fatkin D, Bahlo M, Wouters MA. Candidate disease gene prediction using Gentrepid: application to a genome-wide association study on coronary artery disease. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2013; 2:44-57. [PMID: 24498628 PMCID: PMC3907915 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current single-locus-based analyses and candidate disease gene prediction methodologies used in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) do not capitalize on the wealth of the underlying genetic data, nor functional data available from molecular biology. Here, we analyzed GWAS data from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) on coronary artery disease (CAD). Gentrepid uses a multiple-locus-based approach, drawing on protein pathway- or domain-based data to make predictions. Known disease genes may be used as additional information (seeded method) or predictions can be based entirely on GWAS single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (ab initio method). We looked in detail at specific predictions made by Gentrepid for CAD and compared these with known genetic data and the scientific literature. Gentrepid was able to extract known disease genes from the candidate search space and predict plausible novel disease genes from both known and novel WTCCC-implicated loci. The disease gene candidates are consistent with known biological information. The results demonstrate that this computational approach is feasible and a valuable discovery tool for geneticists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ballouz
- Structural and Computational Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia ; School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jason Y Liu
- Structural and Computational Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Martin Oti
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Gaeta
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Diane Fatkin
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia ; Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Merridee A Wouters
- School of Medicine, Deakin University Geelong, VIC, 3217, Australia ; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University Geelong, VIC, 3217, Australia
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