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Biosynthetic incorporation of the azulene moiety in proteins with high efficiency. Amino Acids 2014; 47:213-6. [PMID: 25399056 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1870-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthetic incorporation of β-(1-azulenyl)-L-alanine, an isostere of tryptophan, is reported using a tryptophan auxotroph expression host. The azulene moiety introduced this way in proteins features many attractive spectroscopic properties, particularly suitable for in vivo studies.
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52
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Puri P, Wetzel C, Saffert P, Gaston KW, Russell SP, Cordero Varela JA, van der Vlies P, Zhang G, Limbach PA, Ignatova Z, Poolman B. Systematic identification of tRNAome and its dynamics in Lactococcus lactis. Mol Microbiol 2014; 93:944-56. [PMID: 25040919 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) through their abundance and modification pattern significantly influence protein translation. Here, we present a systematic analysis of the tRNAome of Lactococcus lactis. Using the next-generation sequencing approach, we identified 40 tRNAs which carry 16 different post-transcriptional modifications as revealed by mass spectrometry analysis. While small modifications are located in the tRNA body, hypermodified nucleotides are mainly present in the anticodon loop, which through wobbling expand the decoding potential of the tRNAs. Using tRNA-based microarrays, we also determined the dynamics in tRNA abundance upon changes in the growth rate and heterologous protein overexpression stress. With a fourfold increase in the growth rate, the relative abundance of tRNAs cognate to low abundance codons decrease, while the tRNAs cognate to major codons remain mostly unchanged. Significant changes in the tRNA abundances are observed upon protein overexpression stress, which does not correlate with the codon usage of the overexpressed gene but rather reflects the altered expression of housekeeping genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Puri
- Department of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Netherlands Proteomics Centre & Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Maidin MST, Song AAL, Jalilsood T, Sieo CC, Yusoff K, Rahim RA. Construction of a novel inducible expression vector for Lactococcus lactis M4 and Lactobacillus plantarum Pa21. Plasmid 2014; 74:32-8. [PMID: 24879963 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A vector that drives the expression of the reporter gusA gene in both Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactococcus lactis was constructed in this study. This vector contained a newly characterized heat shock promoter (Phsp), amplified from an Enterococcus faecium plasmid, pAR6. Functionality and characterization of this promoter was initially performed by cloning Phsp into pNZ8008, a commercial lactococcal plasmid used for screening of putative promoters which utilizes gusA as a reporter. It was observed that Phsp was induced under heat, salinity and alkaline stresses or a combination of all three stresses. The newly characterized Phsp promoter was then used to construct a novel Lactobacillus vector, pAR1801 and its ability to express the gusA under stress-induced conditions was reproducible in both Lb. plantarum Pa21 and L. lactis M4 hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shawal Thakib Maidin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adelene Ai-Lian Song
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tannaz Jalilsood
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chin Chin Sieo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioscience Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioscience Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raha Abdul Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioscience Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Abstract
Biosynthetic incorporation of Trp analogs in a protein can help in its characterization using fluorescence spectroscopy and other methodologies like NMR and phosphorescence. Here a protocol is presented resulting in the efficient incorporation of Trp analogs in a recombinant protein, using an Escherichia coli Trp auxotroph. An overview of recent developments in the Trp analog incorporation field is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap Broos
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry and Groningen Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Jørgensen CM, Vrang A, Madsen SM. Recombinant protein expression in Lactococcus lactis using the P170 expression system. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 351:170-8. [PMID: 24303789 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of the Gram-positive bacterium Lactococcus lactis in recombinant protein production has several advantages, including the organism's long history of safe use in food production and the fact that it does not produce endotoxins. Furthermore the current non-dairy L. lactis production strains contain few proteases and can secrete stable recombinant protein to the growth medium. The P170 expression system used for recombinant protein production in L. lactis utilizes an inducible promoter, P170, which is up-regulated as lactate accumulates in the growth medium. We have optimised the components of the expression system, including improved promoter strength, signal peptides and isolation of production strains with increased productivity. Recombinant proteins are produced in a growth medium with no animal-derived components as a simple batch fermentation requiring minimal process control. The accumulation of lactate in the growth medium does, however, inhibit growth and limits the yield from batch and fed-batch processes. We therefore combined the P170 expression system with the REED™ technology, which allows control of lactate concentration by electro-dialysis during fermentation. Using this combination, production of the Staphylococcus aureus nuclease reached 2.5 g L(-1).
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Wang ZH, Cao XH, Du XG, Feng HB, Zeng XY. Mucosal and systemic immunity in mice after intranasal immunization with recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing ORF6 of PRRSV. Cell Immunol 2013; 287:69-73. [PMID: 24423464 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to construct mucosal vaccine of a recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing PRRSV ORF6 gene and evaluate mucosal and systemic immune response against PRRSV in mice after intranasal immunization. The result show that the vaccine can stimulate mice to produce specific IgG in serum and remarkable special s-IgA in lung lavage fluid, at the same time, the contents of cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ of the experimental group were significant higher than those of the control group (P < 0.01), however, the contents of cytokines IL-4 was not different to the all groups. In summary, the constructed mucosal vaccine can significantly induce mucosal immune, humoral immunity and cellular immunity involved Th1 type cytokines, which will lay a theoretical foundation on immune mechanism and new efficient vaccines for PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-hua Wang
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, Chengdu Vocational College of Agricultural Science and Technology, WenJiang, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Xiao-han Cao
- Isotope Research Laboratory, College of Life and Basic Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xin Kang Road 46, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - Xiao-gang Du
- Isotope Research Laboratory, College of Life and Basic Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xin Kang Road 46, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - Hai-bo Feng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, PR China
| | - Xian-yin Zeng
- Isotope Research Laboratory, College of Life and Basic Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xin Kang Road 46, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China.
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Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus [GBS]) is a leading cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis, peripartum infections in women, and invasive infections in chronically ill or elderly individuals. GBS can be isolated from the gastrointestinal or genital tracts of up to 30% of healthy adults, and infection is thought to arise from invasion from a colonized mucosal site. Accordingly, bacterial surface components that mediate attachment of GBS to host cells or the extracellular matrix represent key factors in the colonization and infection of the human host. We identified a conserved GBS gene of unknown function that was predicted to encode a cell wall-anchored surface protein. Deletion of the gene and a cotranscribed upstream open reading frame (ORF) in GBS strain 515 reduced bacterial adherence to VK2 vaginal epithelial cells in vitro and reduced GBS binding to fibronectin-coated microtiter wells. Expression of the gene product in Lactococcus lactis conferred the ability to adhere to VK2 cells, to fibronectin and laminin, and to fibronectin-coated ME-180 cervical epithelial cells. Expression of the recombinant protein in L. lactis also markedly increased biofilm formation. The adherence function of the protein, named bacterial surface adhesin of GBS (BsaB), depended both on a central BID1 domain found in bacterial intimin-like proteins and on the C-terminal portion of the BsaB protein. Expression of BsaB in GBS, like that of several other adhesins, was regulated by the CsrRS two-component system. We conclude that BsaB represents a newly identified adhesin that participates in GBS attachment to epithelial cells and the extracellular matrix.
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Bacterial-based membrane protein production. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1843:1739-49. [PMID: 24200679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is by far the most widely used bacterial host for the production of membrane proteins. Usually, different strains, culture conditions and production regimes are screened for to design the optimal production process. However, these E. coli-based screening approaches often do not result in satisfactory membrane protein production yields. Recently, it has been shown that (i) E. coli strains with strongly improved membrane protein production characteristics can be engineered or selected for, (ii) many membrane proteins can be efficiently produced in E. coli-based cell-free systems, (iii) bacteria other than E. coli can be used for the efficient production of membrane proteins, and, (iv) membrane protein variants that retain functionality but are produced at higher yields than the wild-type protein can be engineered or selected for. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein trafficking and secretion in bacteria. Guest Editors: Anastassios Economou and Ross Dalbey.
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59
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From physiology to systems metabolic engineering for the production of biochemicals by lactic acid bacteria. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:764-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Metabolic engineering of Lactococcus lactis influence of the overproduction of lipase enzyme. J DAIRY RES 2013; 80:490-5. [PMID: 24063299 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029913000435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The dairy industry uses lipase extensively for hydrolysis of milk fat. Lipase is used in the modification of the fatty acid chain length, to enhance the flavours of various chesses. Therefore finding the unlimited source of lipase is a concern of dairy industry. Due to the importance of lipase, this study was an attempt to express the lipase from Burkholderia cepacia in Lactococcus lactis. To achieve this, a gene associated with lipase transport was amplified and subcloned in inducible pNZ8148 vector, and subsequently transformed into Lc. lactis NZ9000. The enzyme assay as well as SDS-PAGE and western blotting were carried out to analysis the recombinant lipase expression. Nucleotide sequencing of the DNA insert from the clone revealed that the lipase activity corresponded to an open reading frame consisting of 1092 bp coding for a 37·5-kDa size protein. Blue colour colonies on nile blue sulphate agar and sharp band on 37·5-kD size on SDS-PAGE and western blotting results confirm the successful expression of lipase by Lc. lactis. The protein assay also showed high expression, approximately 152·2 μg/ml.h, of lipase by recombinant Lc. lactis. The results indicate that Lc. lactis has high potential to overproduce the recombinant lipase which can be used commercially for industrially purposes.
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61
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Site directed mutagenesis of StSUT1 reveals target amino acids of regulation and stability. Biochimie 2013; 95:2132-44. [PMID: 23954800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plant sucrose transporters (SUTs) are functional as sucrose-proton-cotransporters with an optimal transport activity in the acidic pH range. Recently, the pH optimum of the Solanum tuberosum sucrose transporter StSUT1 was experimentally determined to range at an unexpectedly low pH of 3 or even below. Various research groups have confirmed these surprising findings independently and in different organisms. Here we provide further experimental evidence for a pH optimum at physiological extrema. Site directed mutagenesis provides information about functional amino acids, which are highly conserved and responsible for this extraordinary increase in transport capacity under extreme pH conditions. Redox-dependent dimerization of the StSUT1 protein was described earlier. Here the ability of StSUT1 to form homodimers was demonstrated by heterologous expression in Lactococcus lactis and Xenopus leavis using Western blots, and in plants by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Mutagenesis of highly conserved cysteine residues revealed their importance in protein stability. The accessibility of regulatory amino acid residues in the light of StSUT1's compartmentalization in membrane microdomains is discussed.
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62
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Xu Y, Kong J, Kong W. Improved membrane protein expression in Lactococcus lactis by fusion to Mistic. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 159:1002-1009. [PMID: 23519161 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.066621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Difficulty overexpressing (eukaryotic) membrane proteins is generally considered as the major impediment in their structural and functional research. Lactococcus lactis possesses many properties ideal for membrane protein expression. In order to investigate membrane protein expression in L. lactis, we created a novel expression system by introducing Mistic, a short peptide previously identified in Bacillus subtilis, into L. lactis. The potential of this system was demonstrated in the overexpression of a eukaryotic membrane protein (pkjDes4) and a prokaryotic membrane protein (pkjLi), a newly isolated linoleate isomerase from Lactobacillus acidophilus. The expression levels reached up to 4.4 % and 45.2 % for pkjDes4 and pkjLi, respectively, which represented an exceptionally robust ability to overproduce membrane proteins. Moreover, the expressed pkjLi was functional, with its catalysing nature characterized for the first time in this species. Up to 0.852 mg ml(-1) conjugated linoleic acid was obtained during the linoleic acid conversion catalysed by the recombinant lactococcal strains. In summary, we established a membrane protein expression system in L. lactis and examined its functionality. Our results demonstrate that the Mistic chaperoning strategy can be efficiently applied to L. lactis hosts and show its extraordinary capacity to facilitate the high-yield production of intractable membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jian Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wentao Kong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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63
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Mifsud J, Ravaud S, Krammer EM, Chipot C, Kunji ERS, Pebay-Peyroula E, Dehez F. The substrate specificity of the human ADP/ATP carrier AAC1. Mol Membr Biol 2013; 30:160-8. [PMID: 23173940 DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2012.745175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier imports ADP from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix for its conversion to ATP by ATP synthase and exports ATP out of the mitochondrion to replenish the eukaryotic cell with chemical energy. Here the substrate specificity of the human mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier AAC1 was determined by two different approaches. In the first the protein was functionally expressed in Escherichia coli membranes as a fusion protein with maltose binding protein and the effect of excess of unlabeled compounds on the uptake of [(32)P]-ATP was measured. In the second approach the protein was expressed in the cytoplasmic membrane of Lactococcus lactis. The uptake of [(14)C]-ADP in whole cells was measured in the presence of excess of unlabeled compounds and in fused membrane vesicles loaded with unlabeled compounds to demonstrate their transport. A large number of nucleotides were tested, but only ADP and ATP are suitable substrates for human AAC1, demonstrating a very narrow specificity. Next we tried to understand the molecular basis of this specificity by carrying out molecular-dynamics simulations with selected nucleotides, which were placed at the entrance of the central cavity. The binding of the phosphate groups of guanine and adenine nucleotides is similar, yet there is a low probability for the base moiety to be bound, likely to be rooted in the greater polarity of guanine compared to adenine. AMP is unlikely to engage fully with all contact points of the substrate binding site, suggesting that it cannot trigger translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Mifsud
- The Medical Research Council, Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge, UK
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Mirończuk AM, Krasowska A, Murzyn A, Płachetka M, Lukaszewicz M. Production of the Bacillus licheniformis SubC protease using Lactococcus lactis NICE expression system. SPRINGERPLUS 2012; 1:54. [PMID: 23961373 PMCID: PMC3725919 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-1-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this work the subC gene from Bacillus licheniformis encoding subtilisin was cloned into the nisin-controlled expression (NICE) vectors (pNZ8048 and pNZ8148) with or without the signal peptide SP Usp45 directing extracellular secretion via Sec machinery. Extracellular protease production and activity was tested using Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 as host, which could be used for rennet production. The efficiency of protein production was tested using purified nisin and the supernatant of L. lactis NZ970 nisin producer. Similar results were obtained for 1 ng/ml nisin and 10 000 diluted supernatant. SP Usp45 signal peptide effectively directed extracellular localization of active and stable protease. SubC signal for extracellular localization in B. licheniformis, was also recognized by L. lactis Sec pathway, although with lower efficiency, as shown by a 3-fold lower protease activity in the medium. Protease production and activity was optimized using parameters such as induction time, nutrients (glucose, casitone) supplementation during growth or protease stabilization by calcium ions. The results were also verified in fed-batch bioreactor for further scale-up of the expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Mirończuk
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37/41, Wrocław, 51-630 Poland ; Department of Biotransformation, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63-77, Wroclaw, 51-148 Poland
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65
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Spath K, Heinl S, Grabherr R. "Direct cloning in Lactobacillus plantarum: electroporation with non-methylated plasmid DNA enhances transformation efficiency and makes shuttle vectors obsolete". Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:141. [PMID: 23098256 PMCID: PMC3526553 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) play an important role in agricultural as well as industrial biotechnology. Development of improved LAB strains using e.g. library approaches is often limited by low transformation efficiencies wherefore one reason could be differences in the DNA methylation patterns between the Escherichia coli intermediate host for plasmid amplification and the final LAB host. In the present study, we examined the influence of DNA methylation on transformation efficiency in LAB and developed a direct cloning approach for Lactobacillus plantarum CD033. Therefore, we propagated plasmid pCD256 in E. coli strains with different dam/dcm-methylation properties. The obtained plasmid DNA was purified and transformed into three different L. plantarum strains and a selection of other LAB species. Results Best transformation efficiencies were obtained using the strain L. plantarum CD033 and non-methylated plasmid DNA. Thereby we achieved transformation efficiencies of ~ 109 colony forming units/μg DNA in L. plantarum CD033 which is in the range of transformation efficiencies reached with E. coli. Based on these results, we directly transformed recombinant expression vectors received from PCR/ligation reactions into L. plantarum CD033, omitting plasmid amplification in E. coli. Also this approach was successful and yielded a sufficient number of recombinant clones. Conclusions Transformation efficiency of L. plantarum CD033 was drastically increased when non-methylated plasmid DNA was used, providing the possibility to generate expression libraries in this organism. A direct cloning approach, whereby ligated PCR-products where successfully transformed directly into L. plantarum CD033, obviates the construction of shuttle vectors containing E. coli-specific sequences, as e.g. a ColEI origin of replication, and makes amplification of these vectors in E. coli obsolete. Thus, plasmid constructs become much smaller and occasional structural instability or mutagenesis during E. coli propagation is excluded. The results of our study provide new genetic tools for L. plantarum which will allow fast, forward and systems based genetic engineering of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Spath
- Department of Biotechnology, Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Genetically Engineered Lactic Acid Bacteria, Vienna Institute of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, Vienna 1190, Austria
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66
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Bacterial expression systems for recombinant protein production: E. coli and beyond. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1102-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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67
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Structural divergence of paralogous S components from ECF-type ABC transporters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:13990-5. [PMID: 22891302 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1203219109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy coupling factor (ECF) proteins are ATP-binding cassette transporters involved in the import of micronutrients in prokaryotes. They consist of two nucleotide-binding subunits and the integral membrane subunit EcfT, which together form the ECF module and a second integral membrane subunit that captures the substrate (the S component). Different S components, unrelated in sequence and specific for different ligands, can interact with the same ECF module. Here, we present a high-resolution crystal structure at 2.1 Å of the biotin-specific S component BioY from Lactococcus lactis. BioY shares only 16% sequence identity with the thiamin-specific S component ThiT from the same organism, of which we recently solved a crystal structure. Consistent with the lack of sequence similarity, BioY and ThiT display large structural differences (rmsd = 5.1 Å), but the divergence is not equally distributed over the molecules: The S components contain a structurally conserved N-terminal domain that is involved in the interaction with the ECF module and a highly divergent C-terminal domain that binds the substrate. The domain structure explains how the S components with large overall structural differences can interact with the same ECF module while at the same time specifically bind very different substrates with subnanomolar affinity. Solitary BioY (in the absence of the ECF module) is monomeric in detergent solution and binds D-biotin with a high affinity but does not transport the substrate across the membrane.
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68
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Herzig S, Raemy E, Montessuit S, Veuthey JL, Zamboni N, Westermann B, Kunji ERS, Martinou JC. Identification and Functional Expression of the Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier. Science 2012; 337:93-6. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1218530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The transport of pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, into mitochondria is an essential process that provides the organelle with a major oxidative fuel. Although the existence of a specific mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) has been anticipated, its molecular identity remained unknown. We report that MPC is a heterocomplex formed by two members of a family of previously uncharacterized membrane proteins that are conserved from yeast to mammals. Members of the MPC family were found in the inner mitochondrial membrane, and yeast mutants lacking MPC proteins showed severe defects in mitochondrial pyruvate uptake. Coexpression of mouse MPC1 and MPC2 in Lactococcus lactis promoted transport of pyruvate across the membrane. These observations firmly establish these proteins as essential components of the MPC.
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69
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Abstract
Group B streptococcus (GBS) pili may enhance colonization and infection by mediating bacterial adhesion to host cells, invasion across endothelial and epithelial barriers, and resistance to bacterial ingestion and killing by host phagocytes. However, it remains unclear how pilus expression is regulated and how modulation of pilus production affects GBS interactions with the human host. We investigated the regulation and function of pilus island 1 (PI-1) pili in GBS strain 2603. We found that PI-1 gene expression was controlled by the CsrRS two-component system, by Ape1, an AraC-type regulator encoded by a divergently transcribed gene immediately upstream of PI-1, and by environmental pH. The response regulator CsrR repressed expression of Ape1, which is an activator of PI-1 gene expression. In addition, CsrR repressed PI-1 gene expression directly, independent of its regulation of Ape1. In vitro assays demonstrated specific binding of both CsrR and Ape1 to chromosomal DNA sequences upstream of PI-1. Pilus gene expression was activated by acidic pH, and this effect was independent of CsrRS and Ape1. Unexpectedly, characterization of PI-1 deletion mutants revealed that PI-1 pili do not mediate adhesion of strain 2603 to A549 respiratory epithelial cells, ME180 cervical cells, or VK2 vaginal cells in vitro. PI-1 pili reduced internalization and intracellular killing of GBS by human monocyte-derived macrophages, by approximately 50%, but did not influence complement-mediated opsonophagocytic killing by human neutrophils. These findings shed new light on the complex nature of pilus regulation and function in modulating GBS interactions with the human host.
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70
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Lytic activity of LysH5 endolysin secreted by Lactococcus lactis using the secretion signal sequence of bacteriocin Lcn972. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:3469-72. [PMID: 22344638 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00018-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage endolysins have an interesting potential as antimicrobials. The endolysin LysH5, encoded by Staphylococcus aureus phage vB_SauS-phi-IPLA88, was expressed and secreted in Lactococcus lactis using the signal peptide of bacteriocin lactococcin 972 and lactococcal constitutive and inducible promoters. Up to 80 U/mg of extracellular active endolysin was detected in culture supernatants, but most of the protein (up to 323 U/mg) remained in the cell extracts.
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Asmat TM, Klingbeil K, Jensch I, Burchhardt G, Hammerschmidt S. Heterologous expression of pneumococcal virulence factor PspC on the surface of Lactococcus lactis confers adhesive properties. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 158:771-780. [PMID: 22222496 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.053603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis is a non-pathogenic bacterium that is used in the food industry but is also used as a heterologous host to reveal protein functions of pathogenic bacteria. The adhesin PspC from Streptococcus pneumoniae is a choline-binding protein that is non-covalently anchored to the bacterial cell wall. To assess the exclusive impact of pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC) on the interplay with its host we generated recombinant L. lactis producing a nisin-inducible and covalently anchored variant of PspC on the lactococcal cell surface. A translational fusion of the 5'-end of pspC3.4 with the 3'-end of hic (pspC11.4) was designed to decorate the surface of L. lactis with a chimeric PspC. The PspC3.4 part comprises the first 281 aa residues of PspC3.4, while the Hic sequence consists of the proline-rich and sortase-anchored domain. The results demonstrated that PspC is sufficient for adhesion and subsequent invasion of host epithelial cells expressing the human polymeric Ig receptor (hpIgR). Moreover, invasion via hpIgR was even more pronounced when the chimeric PspC was produced by lactococci compared with pneumococci. This study shows also for the first time that PspC plays no significant role during phagocytosis by macrophages. In contrast, recruitment of Factor H via the PspC chimer has a dramatic effect on phagocytosis of recombinant but not wild-type lactococci, as Factor H interacts specifically with the amino-terminal part of PspC and mediates the contact with phagocytes. Furthermore, L. lactis expressing PspC increased intracellular calcium levels in pIgR-expressing epithelial cells, thus resembling the effect of pneumococci, which induced release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores via the PspC-pIgR mechanism. In conclusion, expression of the chimeric PspC confers adhesive properties to L. lactis and indicates the potential of L. lactis as a suitable host to study the impact of individual bacterial factors on their capacity to interfere with the host and manipulate eukaryotic epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauseef M Asmat
- Department of Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15a, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Klingbeil
- Department of Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15a, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Inga Jensch
- Department of Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15a, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gerhard Burchhardt
- Department of Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15a, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15a, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Verardi R, Traaseth NJ, Masterson LR, Vostrikov VV, Veglia G. Isotope labeling for solution and solid-state NMR spectroscopy of membrane proteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 992:35-62. [PMID: 23076578 PMCID: PMC3555569 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4954-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we summarize the isotopic labeling strategies used to obtain high-quality solution and solid-state NMR spectra of biological samples, with emphasis on integral membrane proteins (IMPs). While solution NMR is used to study IMPs under fast tumbling conditions, such as in the presence of detergent micelles or isotropic bicelles, solid-state NMR is used to study the structure and orientation of IMPs in lipid vesicles and bilayers. In spite of the tremendous progress in biomolecular NMR spectroscopy, the homogeneity and overall quality of the sample is still a substantial obstacle to overcome. Isotopic labeling is a major avenue to simplify overlapped spectra by either diluting the NMR active nuclei or allowing the resonances to be separated in multiple dimensions. In the following we will discuss isotopic labeling approaches that have been successfully used in the study of IMPs by solution and solid-state NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaello Verardi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | | | | | - Gianluigi Veglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Bernaudat F, Frelet-Barrand A, Pochon N, Dementin S, Hivin P, Boutigny S, Rioux JB, Salvi D, Seigneurin-Berny D, Richaud P, Joyard J, Pignol D, Sabaty M, Desnos T, Pebay-Peyroula E, Darrouzet E, Vernet T, Rolland N. Heterologous expression of membrane proteins: choosing the appropriate host. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29191. [PMID: 22216205 PMCID: PMC3244453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Membrane proteins are the targets of 50% of drugs, although they only represent 1% of total cellular proteins. The first major bottleneck on the route to their functional and structural characterisation is their overexpression; and simply choosing the right system can involve many months of trial and error. This work is intended as a guide to where to start when faced with heterologous expression of a membrane protein. Methodology/Principal Findings The expression of 20 membrane proteins, both peripheral and integral, in three prokaryotic (E. coli, L. lactis, R. sphaeroides) and three eukaryotic (A. thaliana, N. benthamiana, Sf9 insect cells) hosts was tested. The proteins tested were of various origins (bacteria, plants and mammals), functions (transporters, receptors, enzymes) and topologies (between 0 and 13 transmembrane segments). The Gateway system was used to clone all 20 genes into appropriate vectors for the hosts to be tested. Culture conditions were optimised for each host, and specific strategies were tested, such as the use of Mistic fusions in E. coli. 17 of the 20 proteins were produced at adequate yields for functional and, in some cases, structural studies. We have formulated general recommendations to assist with choosing an appropriate system based on our observations of protein behaviour in the different hosts. Conclusions/Significance Most of the methods presented here can be quite easily implemented in other laboratories. The results highlight certain factors that should be considered when selecting an expression host. The decision aide provided should help both newcomers and old-hands to select the best system for their favourite membrane protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Bernaudat
- Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, CEA, Grenoble, France.
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Steen A, Wiederhold E, Gandhi T, Breitling R, Slotboom DJ. Physiological adaptation of the bacterium Lactococcus lactis in response to the production of human CFTR. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M000052MCP200. [PMID: 21742800 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m000052-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical and biophysical characterization of CFTR (the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) is thwarted by difficulties to obtain sufficient quantities of correctly folded and functional protein. Here we have produced human CFTR in the prokaryotic expression host Lactococcus lactis. The full-length protein was detected in the membrane of the bacterium, but the yields were too low (< 0.1% of membrane proteins) for in vitro functional and structural characterization, and induction of the expression of CFTR resulted in growth arrest. We used isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantitation based quantitative proteomics to find out why production of CFTR in L. lactis was problematic. Protein abundances in membrane and soluble fractions were monitored as a function of induction time, both in CFTR expression cells and in control cells that did not express CFTR. Eight hundred and forty six proteins were identified and quantified (35% of the predicted proteome), including 163 integral membrane proteins. Expression of CFTR resulted in an increase in abundance of stress-related proteins (e.g. heat-shock and cell envelope stress), indicating the presence of misfolded proteins in the membrane. In contrast to the reported consequences of membrane protein overexpression in Escherichia coli, there were no indications that the membrane protein insertion machinery (Sec) became overloaded upon CFTR production in L. lactis. Nutrients and ATP became limiting in the control cells as the culture entered the late exponential and stationary growth phases but this did not happen in the CFTR expressing cells, which had stopped growing upon induction. The different stress responses elicited in E. coli and L. lactis upon membrane protein production indicate that different strategies are needed to overcome low expression yields and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Steen
- Department of Biochemistry Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Comparative genomics and functional analysis of the NiaP family uncover nicotinate transporters from bacteria, plants, and mammals. Funct Integr Genomics 2011; 12:25-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-011-0255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Marreddy RKR, Pinto JPC, Wolters JC, Geertsma ER, Fusetti F, Permentier HP, Kuipers OP, Kok J, Poolman B. The response of Lactococcus lactis to membrane protein production. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24060. [PMID: 21904605 PMCID: PMC3164122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biogenesis of membrane proteins is more complex than that of water-soluble proteins, and recombinant expression of membrane proteins in functional form and in amounts high enough for structural and functional studies is often problematic. To better engineer cells towards efficient protein production, we set out to understand and compare the cellular consequences of the overproduction of both classes of proteins in Lactococcus lactis, employing a combined proteomics and transcriptomics approach. METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS Highly overproduced and poorly expressed membrane proteins both resulted in severe growth defects, whereas amplified levels of a soluble substrate receptor had no effect. In addition, membrane protein overproduction evoked a general stress response (upregulation of various chaperones and proteases), which is probably due to accumulation of misfolded protein. Notably, upon the expression of membrane proteins a cell envelope stress response, controlled by the two-component regulatory CesSR system, was observed. CONCLUSIONS The physiological response of L. lactis to the overproduction of several membrane proteins was determined and compared to that of a soluble protein, thus offering better understanding of the bottlenecks related to membrane protein production and valuable knowledge for subsequent strain engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K. R. Marreddy
- Department of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Netherlands Proteomics Centre & Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joao P. C. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Justina C. Wolters
- Department of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Netherlands Proteomics Centre & Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eric R. Geertsma
- Department of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Netherlands Proteomics Centre & Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrizia Fusetti
- Department of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Netherlands Proteomics Centre & Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar P. Permentier
- Department of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Netherlands Proteomics Centre & Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar P. Kuipers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Kok
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Poolman
- Department of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Netherlands Proteomics Centre & Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Douillard FP, O'Connell-Motherway M, Cambillau C, van Sinderen D. Expanding the molecular toolbox for Lactococcus lactis: construction of an inducible thioredoxin gene fusion expression system. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:66. [PMID: 21827702 PMCID: PMC3162883 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of the Nisin Inducible Controlled Expression (NICE) system in the food-grade bacterium Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris represents a cornerstone in the use of Gram-positive bacterial expression systems for biotechnological purposes. However, proteins that are subjected to such over-expression in L. lactis may suffer from improper folding, inclusion body formation and/or protein degradation, thereby significantly reducing the yield of soluble target protein. Although such drawbacks are not specific to L. lactis, no molecular tools have been developed to prevent or circumvent these recurrent problems of protein expression in L. lactis. RESULTS Mimicking thioredoxin gene fusion systems available for E. coli, two nisin-inducible expression vectors were constructed to over-produce various proteins in L. lactis as thioredoxin fusion proteins. In this study, we demonstrate that our novel L. lactis fusion partner expression vectors allow high-level expression of soluble heterologous proteins Tuc2009 ORF40, Bbr_0140 and Tuc2009 BppU/BppL that were previously insoluble or not expressed using existing L. lactis expression vectors. Over-expressed proteins were subsequently purified by Ni-TED affinity chromatography. Intact heterologous proteins were detected by immunoblotting analyses. We also show that the thioredoxin moiety of the purified fusion protein was specifically and efficiently cleaved off by enterokinase treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first description of a thioredoxin gene fusion expression system, purposely developed to circumvent problems associated with protein over-expression in L. lactis. It was shown to prevent protein insolubility and degradation, allowing sufficient production of soluble proteins for further structural and functional characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- François P Douillard
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mary O'Connell-Motherway
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christian Cambillau
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Universités d'Aix-Marseille I & II, Campus de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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High throughput platforms for structural genomics of integral membrane proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2011; 21:517-22. [PMID: 21807498 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Structural genomics approaches on integral membrane proteins have been postulated for over a decade, yet specific efforts are lagging years behind their soluble counterparts. Indeed, high throughput methodologies for production and characterization of prokaryotic integral membrane proteins are only now emerging, while large-scale efforts for eukaryotic ones are still in their infancy. Presented here is a review of recent literature on actively ongoing structural genomics of membrane protein initiatives, with a focus on those aimed at implementing interesting techniques aimed at increasing our rate of success for this class of macromolecules.
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79
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Douillard FP, Mahony J, Campanacci V, Cambillau C, van Sinderen D. Construction of two Lactococcus lactis expression vectors combining the Gateway and the NIsin Controlled Expression systems. Plasmid 2011; 66:129-35. [PMID: 21807023 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 10 years, the NIsin Controlled Expression (NICE) system has been extensively used in the food-grade bacterium Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris to produce homologous and heterologous proteins for academic and biotechnological purposes. Although various L. lactis molecular tools have been developed, no expression vectors harboring the popular Gateway recombination system are currently available for this widely used cloning host. In this study, we constructed two expression vectors that combine the NICE and the Gateway recombination systems and we tested their applicability by recombining and over-expressing genes encoding structural proteins of lactococcal phages Tuc2009 and TP901-1. Over-expressed phage proteins were analyzed by immunoblotting and purified by His-tag affinity chromatography with protein productions yielding 2.8-3.7 mg/l of culture. This therefore is the first description of L. lactis NICE expression vectors which integrate the Gateway cloning technology and which are suitable for the production of sufficient amounts of proteins to facilitate subsequent structural and functional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- François P Douillard
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork, Ireland.
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Efficient overproduction of membrane proteins in Lactococcus lactis requires the cell envelope stress sensor/regulator couple CesSR. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21873. [PMID: 21818275 PMCID: PMC3139573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Membrane proteins comprise an important class of molecules whose study is largely frustrated by several intrinsic constraints, such as their hydrophobicity and added requirements for correct folding. Additionally, the complexity of the cellular mechanisms that are required to insert membrane proteins functionally in the membrane and to monitor their folding state makes it difficult to foresee the yields at which one can obtain them or to predict which would be the optimal production host for a given protein. Methods and Findings We describe a rational design approach to improve the lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis as a producer of membrane proteins. Our transcriptome data shows that the two-component system CesSR, which senses cell envelope stresses of different origins, is one of the major players when L. lactis is forced to overproduce the endogenous membrane protein BcaP, a branched-chain amino acid permease. Growth of the BcaP-producing L. lactis strain and its capability to produce membrane proteins are severely hampered when the CesSR system itself or particular members of the CesSR regulon are knocked out, notably the genes ftsH, oxaA2, llmg_2163 and rmaB. Overexpressing cesSR reduced the growth defect, thus directly improving the production yield of BcaP. Applying this rationale to eukaryotic proteins, some of which are notoriously more difficult to produce, such as the medically-important presenilin complex, we were able to significantly diminish the growth defect seen in the wild-type strain and improve the production yield of the presenilin variant PS1Δ9-H6 more than 4-fold. Conclusions The results shed light into a key, and perhaps central, membrane protein quality control mechanism in L. lactis. Modulating the expression of CesSR benefited the production yields of membrane proteins from different origins. These findings reinforce L. lactis as a legitimate alternative host for the production of membrane proteins.
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81
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Steen A, Wiederhold E, Gandhi T, Breitling R, Slotboom DJ. Physiological Adaptation of the Bacterium Lactococcus lactis in Response to the Production of Human CFTR. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011. [DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m000052-mcp201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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82
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The structural basis of modularity in ECF-type ABC transporters. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2011; 18:755-60. [PMID: 21706007 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Energy coupling factor (ECF) transporters are used for the uptake of vitamins in Prokarya. They consist of an integral membrane protein that confers substrate specificity (the S-component) and an energizing module that is related to ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. S-components for different substrates often do not share detectable sequence similarity but interact with the same energizing module. Here we present the crystal structure of the thiamine-specific S-component ThiT from Lactococcus lactis at 2.0 Å. Extensive protein-substrate interactions explain its high binding affinity for thiamine (K(d) ~10(-10) M). ThiT has a fold similar to that of the riboflavin-specific S-component RibU, with which it shares only 14% sequence identity. Two alanines in a conserved motif (AxxxA) located on the membrane-embedded surface of the S-components mediate the interaction with the energizing module. Based on these findings, we propose a general transport mechanism for ECF transporters.
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83
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Klepsch MM, Persson JO, de Gier JWL. Consequences of the overexpression of a eukaryotic membrane protein, the human KDEL receptor, in Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 2011; 407:532-42. [PMID: 21316372 PMCID: PMC3069486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is the most widely used host for producing membrane proteins. Thus far, to study the consequences of membrane protein overexpression in E. coli, we have focussed on prokaryotic membrane proteins as overexpression targets. Their overexpression results in the saturation of the Sec translocon, which is a protein-conducting channel in the cytoplasmic membrane that mediates both protein translocation and insertion. Saturation of the Sec translocon leads to (i) protein misfolding/aggregation in the cytoplasm, (ii) impaired respiration, and (iii) activation of the Arc response, which leads to inefficient ATP production and the formation of acetate. The overexpression yields of eukaryotic membrane proteins in E. coli are usually much lower than those of prokaryotic ones. This may be due to differences between the consequences of the overexpression of prokaryotic and eukaryotic membrane proteins in E. coli. Therefore, we have now also studied in detail how the overexpression of a eukaryotic membrane protein, the human KDEL receptor, affects E. coli. Surprisingly, the consequences of the overexpression of a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic membrane protein are very similar. Strain engineering and likely also protein engineering can be used to remedy the saturation of the Sec translocon upon overexpression of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic membrane proteins in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam M. Klepsch
- Center for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan O. Persson
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-Willem L. de Gier
- Center for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Bill RM, Henderson PJF, Iwata S, Kunji ERS, Michel H, Neutze R, Newstead S, Poolman B, Tate CG, Vogel H. Overcoming barriers to membrane protein structure determination. Nat Biotechnol 2011; 29:335-40. [PMID: 21478852 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
After decades of slow progress, the pace of research on membrane protein structures is beginning to quicken thanks to various improvements in technology, including protein engineering and microfocus X-ray diffraction. Here we review these developments and, where possible, highlight generic new approaches to solving membrane protein structures based on recent technological advances. Rational approaches to overcoming the bottlenecks in the field are urgently required as membrane proteins, which typically comprise ~30% of the proteomes of organisms, are dramatically under-represented in the structural database of the Protein Data Bank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roslyn M Bill
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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Ashe MP, Bill RM. Mapping the yeast host cell response to recombinant membrane protein production: Relieving the biological bottlenecks. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:707-14. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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ter Beek J, Duurkens RH, Erkens GB, Slotboom DJ. Quaternary structure and functional unit of energy coupling factor (ECF)-type transporters. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:5471-5. [PMID: 21135102 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.199224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters mediate transport of diverse substrates across membranes. We have determined the quaternary structure and functional unit of the recently discovered ECF-type (energy coupling factor) of ABC transporters, which is widespread among prokaryotes. ECF transporters are protein complexes consisting of a conserved energizing module (two peripheral ATPases and the integral membrane protein EcfT) and a non-conserved integral membrane protein responsible for substrate specificity (S-component). S-components for different substrates are often unrelated in amino acid sequence but may associate with the same energizing module. Here, the energizing module from Lactococcus lactis was shown to form stable complexes with each of the eight predicted S-components found in the organism. The quaternary structures of three of these complexes were determined by light scattering. EcfT, the two ATPases (EcfA and EcfA'), and the S-components were found to be present in a 1:1:1:1 ratio. The complexes were reconstituted in proteoliposomes and shown to mediate ATP-dependent transport. ECF-type transporters are the smallest known ABC transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josy ter Beek
- Department of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Linares DM, Geertsma ER, Poolman B. Evolved Lactococcus lactis Strains for Enhanced Expression of Recombinant Membrane Proteins. J Mol Biol 2010; 401:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Genome sequences of Lactococcus lactis MG1363 (revised) and NZ9000 and comparative physiological studies. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:5806-12. [PMID: 20639323 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00533-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 and its parent MG1363 are the most commonly used lactic acid bacteria for expression and physiological studies. We noted unexpected but significant differences in the growth behaviors of both strains. We sequenced the entire genomes of the original NZ9000 and MG1363 strains using an ultradeep sequencing strategy. The analysis of the L. lactis NZ9000 genome yielded 79 differences, mostly point mutations, with the annotated genome sequence of L. lactis MG1363. Resequencing of the MG1363 strain revealed that 73 out of the 79 differences were due to errors in the published sequence. Comparative transcriptomic studies revealed several differences in the regulation of genes involved in sugar fermentation, which can be explained by two specific mutations in a region of the ptcC promoter with a key role in the regulation of cellobiose and glucose uptake.
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89
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Bahey-El-Din M, Casey PG, Griffin BT, Gahan CGM. Expression of two Listeria monocytogenes antigens (P60 and LLO) in Lactococcus lactis and examination for use as live vaccine vectors. J Med Microbiol 2010; 59:904-912. [PMID: 20488938 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.018770-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne intracellular pathogen that mainly infects pregnant and immunocompromised individuals. The pore-forming haemolysin listeriolysin O (LLO), the main virulence factor of Listeria monocytogenes, allows bacteria to escape from the harsh environment of the phagosome to the cytoplasm of the infected cell. This leads to processing of bacterial antigens predominantly through the cytosolic MHC class I presentation pathway. We previously engineered the food-grade bacterium Lactococcus lactis to express LLO and demonstrated an LLO-specific CD8(+) response upon immunization of mice with the engineered L. lactis vaccine strains. In the present work, we examined the immune response and protective efficacy of an L. lactis strain co-expressing LLO and a truncated form of the listerial P60 antigen (tP60). Oral immunization revealed no significant protection against listeriosis with L. lactis expressing LLO, tP60 or the combined LLO/tP60. In contrast, intraperitoneal vaccination induced an LLO-specific CD8(+) immune response with LLO-expressing L. lactis but no significant improvement in protection was observed following vaccination with the combined LLO/tP60 expressing L. lactis strain. This may be due to the low level of tP60 expression in the LLO/tP60 strain. These results demonstrate the necessity for improved oral vaccination strategies using LLO-expressing L. lactis vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Bahey-El-Din
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Pat G Casey
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Cormac G M Gahan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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90
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Marreddy RKR, Geertsma ER, Permentier HP, Pinto JPC, Kok J, Poolman B. Amino acid accumulation limits the overexpression of proteins in Lactococcus lactis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10317. [PMID: 20436673 PMCID: PMC2859938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the biogenesis pathways for the functional expression of recombinant proteins, in particular membrane proteins and complex multidomain assemblies, is a fundamental issue in cell biology and of high importance for future progress in structural genomics. In this study, we employed a proteomic approach to understand the difference in expression levels for various multidomain membrane proteins in L. lactis cells grown in complex and synthetic media. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The proteomic profiles of cells growing in media in which the proteins were expressed to high or low levels suggested a limitation in the availability of branched-chain amino acids, more specifically a too limited capacity to accumulate these nutrients. By supplying the cells with an alternative path for accumulation of Ile, Leu and/or Val, i.e., a medium supplement of the appropriate dipeptides, or by engineering the transport capacity for branched-chain amino acids, the expression levels could be increased several fold. CONCLUSIONS We show that the availability of branched chain amino acids is a critical factor for the (over)expression of proteins in L. lactis. The forward engineering of cells for functional protein production required fine-tuning of co-expression of the branched chain amino acid transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K. R. Marreddy
- Department of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eric R. Geertsma
- Department of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar P. Permentier
- Department of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joao P. C. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Kok
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Poolman
- Department of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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91
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Mancia F, Love J. High-throughput expression and purification of membrane proteins. J Struct Biol 2010; 172:85-93. [PMID: 20394823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2010.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput (HT) methodologies have had a tremendous impact on structural biology of soluble proteins. High-resolution structure determination relies on the ability of the macromolecule to form ordered crystals that diffract X-rays. While crystallization remains somewhat empirical, for a given protein, success is proportional to the number of conditions screened and to the number of variants trialed. HT techniques have greatly increased the number of targets that can be trialed and the rate at which these can be produced. In terms of number of structures solved, membrane proteins appear to be lagging many years behind their soluble counterparts. Likewise, HT methodologies for production and characterization of these hydrophobic macromolecules are only now emerging. Presented here is an HT platform designed exclusively for membrane proteins that has processed over 5000 targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Mancia
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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92
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Frelet-Barrand A, Boutigny S, Kunji ERS, Rolland N. Membrane protein expression in Lactococcus lactis. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 601:67-85. [PMID: 20099140 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-344-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins play key roles in cellular physiology, and they are important drug targets. Approximately 25% of all genes identified in sequenced genomes are known to encode membrane proteins; however, the majority have no assigned function. Although the resolution of soluble protein structure has entered the high-throughput stage, only 100 high-resolution structures of membrane proteins have been described until now. Lactococcus lactis is a gram-positive lactic bacterium that has been used traditionally in food fermentations, but it is now used widely in biotechnology for large-scale overproduction of heterologously expressed proteins. Various expression vectors based on either constitutive or inducible promoters exist. The nisin-inducible controlled gene expression (NICE) system is the most suitable for recombinant membrane protein expression allowing for fine control of gene expression based on the autoregulation mechanism of the bacteriocin nisin. Recombinant membrane proteins can be produced with affinity tags for efficient detection and purification from crude membrane protein extracts. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a detailed protocol for the expression of membrane proteins and their detection using the Strep-tag II affinity tag in L. lactis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Frelet-Barrand
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, CNRS (UMR-5168)/CEA/INRA (UMR-1200), Université Joseph Fourier, iRTSV, CEA-Grenoble, France.
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93
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Biochemical characterization of the C4-dicarboxylate transporter DctA from Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:2900-7. [PMID: 20363944 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00136-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial secondary transporters of the DctA family mediate ion-coupled uptake of C(4)-dicarboxylates. Here, we have expressed the DctA homologue from Bacillus subtilis in the Gram-positive bacterium Lactococcus lactis. Transport of dicarboxylates in vitro in isolated membrane vesicles was assayed. We determined the substrate specificity, the type of cotransported ions, the electrogenic nature of transport, and the pH and temperature dependence patterns. DctA was found to catalyze proton-coupled symport of the four C(4)-dicarboxylates from the Krebs cycle (succinate, fumurate, malate, and oxaloacetate) but not of other mono- and dicarboxylates. Because (i) succinate-proton symport was electrogenic (stimulated by an internal negative membrane potential) and (ii) the divalent anionic form of succinate was recognized by DctA, at least three protons must be cotransported with succinate. The results were interpreted in the light of the crystal structure of the homologous aspartate transporter Glt(Ph) from Pyrococcus horikoshii.
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94
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Frelet-Barrand A, Boutigny S, Moyet L, Deniaud A, Seigneurin-Berny D, Salvi D, Bernaudat F, Richaud P, Pebay-Peyroula E, Joyard J, Rolland N. Lactococcus lactis, an alternative system for functional expression of peripheral and intrinsic Arabidopsis membrane proteins. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8746. [PMID: 20098692 PMCID: PMC2808337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite their functional and biotechnological importance, the study of membrane proteins remains difficult due to their hydrophobicity and their low natural abundance in cells. Furthermore, into established heterologous systems, these proteins are frequently only produced at very low levels, toxic and mis- or unfolded. Lactococcus lactis, a Gram-positive lactic bacterium, has been traditionally used in food fermentations. This expression system is also widely used in biotechnology for large-scale production of heterologous proteins. Various expression vectors, based either on constitutive or inducible promoters, are available for this system. While previously used to produce bacterial and eukaryotic membrane proteins, the ability of this system to produce plant membrane proteins was until now not tested. Methodology/Principal Findings The aim of this work was to test the expression, in Lactococcus lactis, of either peripheral or intrinsic Arabidopsis membrane proteins that could not be produced, or in too low amount, using more classical heterologous expression systems. In an effort to easily transfer genes from Gateway-based Arabidopsis cDNA libraries to the L. lactis expression vector pNZ8148, we first established a cloning strategy compatible with Gateway entry vectors. Interestingly, the six tested Arabidopsis membrane proteins could be produced, in Lactococcus lactis, at levels compatible with further biochemical analyses. We then successfully developed solubilization and purification processes for three of these proteins. Finally, we questioned the functionality of a peripheral and an intrinsic membrane protein, and demonstrated that both proteins were active when produced in this system. Conclusions/Significance Altogether, these data suggest that Lactococcus lactis might be an attractive system for the efficient and functional production of difficult plant membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Frelet-Barrand
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR5168, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV, LPCV, Grenoble, France
- INRA, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR1200, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvain Boutigny
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR5168, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV, LPCV, Grenoble, France
- INRA, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR1200, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Lucas Moyet
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR5168, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV, LPCV, Grenoble, France
- INRA, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR1200, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Aurélien Deniaud
- CEA, IBS Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, IBS Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
| | - Daphné Seigneurin-Berny
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR5168, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV, LPCV, Grenoble, France
- INRA, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR1200, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel Salvi
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR5168, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV, LPCV, Grenoble, France
- INRA, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR1200, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Florent Bernaudat
- CEA, IBS Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, IBS Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Richaud
- CEA, DSV, iBEB, Laboratoire des Echanges Membranaires et Signalisation, St Paul les Durance, France
- CNRS, UMR 6191, St Paul les Durance, France
- Université Aix-Marseille, St Paul les Durance, France
| | - Eva Pebay-Peyroula
- CEA, IBS Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, IBS Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble, France
| | - Jacques Joyard
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR5168, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV, LPCV, Grenoble, France
- INRA, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR1200, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Norbert Rolland
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR5168, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV, LPCV, Grenoble, France
- INRA, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR1200, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Grenoble, France
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95
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Geertsma ER, Poolman B. Production of membrane proteins in Escherichia coli and Lactococcus lactis. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 601:17-38. [PMID: 20099137 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-344-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As the equivalent to gatekeepers of the cell, membrane transport proteins perform a variety of critical functions. Progress on the functional and structural characterization of membrane proteins is slowed due to problems associated with their (heterologous) overexpression. Often, overexpression fails or leads to aggregated material from which the production of functionally refolded protein is challenging. It is still difficult to predict whether a given membrane protein can be overproduced in a functional competent state. As a result, the most straightforward strategy to set up an overexpression system is to screen a multitude of conditions, including the comparison of homologues, type and location of (affinity) tags, and distinct expression hosts. Here, we detail methodology to rapidly establish and optimize (membrane) protein expression in Escherichia coli and Lactococcus lactis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Geertsma
- Department of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Netherlands Proteomics Centre, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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96
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Freigassner M, Pichler H, Glieder A. Tuning microbial hosts for membrane protein production. Microb Cell Fact 2009; 8:69. [PMID: 20040113 PMCID: PMC2807855 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-8-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The last four years have brought exciting progress in membrane protein research. Finally those many efforts that have been put into expression of eukaryotic membrane proteins are coming to fruition and enable to solve an ever-growing number of high resolution structures. In the past, many skilful optimization steps were required to achieve sufficient expression of functional membrane proteins. Optimization was performed individually for every membrane protein, but provided insight about commonly encountered bottlenecks and, more importantly, general guidelines how to alleviate cellular limitations during microbial membrane protein expression. Lately, system-wide analyses are emerging as powerful means to decipher cellular bottlenecks during heterologous protein production and their use in microbial membrane protein expression has grown in popularity during the past months. This review covers the most prominent solutions and pitfalls in expression of eukaryotic membrane proteins using microbial hosts (prokaryotes, yeasts), highlights skilful applications of our basic understanding to improve membrane protein production. Omics technologies provide new concepts to engineer microbial hosts for membrane protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Freigassner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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97
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Koth CMM, Payandeh J. Strategies for the cloning and expression of membrane proteins. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2009; 76:43-86. [PMID: 20663478 DOI: 10.1016/s1876-1623(08)76002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite the determination of thousands of high-resolution structures of soluble proteins, many features of integral membrane proteins render them difficult targets for the structural biologist. Among these, the most important challenge is in expressing sufficient quantities of active protein to support downstream purification and structure determination efforts. Over 190 unique membrane protein structures have now been solved, and noticeable trends in successful expression strategies are beginning to emerge. A number of groups have also explored high-throughput (HTP) methods for membrane protein expression, with varying degrees of success. Here we review the current state of expressing membrane proteins for functional and structural studies. We first survey successful methods that have already yielded levels of membrane protein expression sufficient for structure determination. HTP methods are also examined since these aim to explore large numbers of targets and can predict reasonable starting points for many membrane proteins. Since HTP techniques may fail, particularly for certain classes of eukaryotic targets, detailed strategies for the expression of two prominent classes of eukaryotic protein families, G-protein-coupled receptors and ion channels, are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M M Koth
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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98
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Kim HJ, Howell SC, Van Horn WD, Jeon YH, Sanders CR. Recent Advances in the Application of Solution NMR Spectroscopy to Multi-Span Integral Membrane Proteins. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 55:335-360. [PMID: 20161395 PMCID: PMC2782866 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hak Jun Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, Incheon, 406-840, Korea
| | - Stanley C. Howell
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-8725, USA
| | - Wade D. Van Horn
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-8725, USA
| | - Young Ho Jeon
- Center for Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Research Institute, Daejon, 305-333, Korea
| | - Charles R. Sanders
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-8725, USA
- Corresponding Author: ; phone: 615-936-3756; fax: 615-936-2211
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99
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Schlegel S, Klepsch M, Gialama D, Wickström D, Slotboom DJ, de Gier JW. Revolutionizing membrane protein overexpression in bacteria. Microb Biotechnol 2009; 3:403-11. [PMID: 21255339 PMCID: PMC3815807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2009.00148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Escherichia coli is the most widely used expression host for overexpression trials of membrane proteins. Usually, different strains, culture conditions and expression regimes are screened for to identify the optimal overexpression strategy. However, yields are often not satisfactory, especially for eukaryotic membrane proteins. This has initiated a revolution of membrane protein overexpression in bacteria. Recent studies have shown that it is feasible to (i) engineer or select for E. coli strains with strongly improved membrane protein overexpression characteristics, (ii) use bacteria other than E. coli for the expression of membrane proteins, (iii) engineer or select for membrane protein variants that retain functionality but express better than the wild‐type protein, and (iv) express membrane proteins using E. coli‐based cell‐free systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Schlegel
- Center for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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100
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Berntsson RPA, Alia Oktaviani N, Fusetti F, Thunnissen AMWH, Poolman B, Slotboom DJ. Selenomethionine incorporation in proteins expressed in Lactococcus lactis. Protein Sci 2009; 18:1121-7. [PMID: 19388077 DOI: 10.1002/pro.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis is a promising host for (membrane) protein overproduction. Here, we describe a protocol for incorporation of selenomethionine (SeMet) into proteins expressed in L. lactis. Incorporation efficiencies of SeMet in the membrane protein complex OpuA (an ABC transporter) and the soluble protein OppA, both from L. lactis, were monitored by mass spectrometry. Both proteins incorporated SeMet with high efficiencies (>90%), which greatly extends the usefulness of the expression host L. lactis for X-ray crystallography purposes. The crystal structure of ligand-free OppA was determined at 2.4 A resolution by a semiautomatic approach using selenium single-wavelength anomalous diffraction phasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie P-A Berntsson
- Department of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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