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Pacheco-Alvarez D, Carrillo-Pérez DL, Mercado A, Leyva-Ríos K, Moreno E, Hernández-Mercado E, Castañeda-Bueno M, Vázquez N, Gamba G. WNK3 and WNK4 exhibit opposite sensitivity with respect to cell volume and intracellular chloride concentration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C371-C380. [PMID: 32579473 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00488.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cation-coupled chloride cotransporters (CCC) play a role in modulating intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl-]i) and cell volume. Cell shrinkage and cell swelling are accompanied by an increase or decrease in [Cl-]i, respectively. Cell shrinkage and a decrease in [Cl-]i increase the activity of NKCCs (Na-K-Cl cotransporters: NKCC1, NKCC2, and Na-Cl) and inhibit the activity of KCCs (K-Cl cotransporters: KCC1 to KCC4), wheras cell swelling and an increase in [Cl-]i activate KCCs and inhibit NKCCs; thus, it is unlikely that the same kinase is responsible for both effects. WNK1 and WNK4 are chloride-sensitive kinases that modulate the activity of CCC in response to changes in [Cl-]i. Here, we showed that WNK3, another member of the serine-threonine kinase WNK family with known effects on CCC, is not sensitive to [Cl-]i but can be regulated by changes in extracellular tonicity. In contrast, WNK4 is highly sensitive to [Cl-]i but is not regulated by changes in cell volume. The activity of WNK3 toward NaCl cotransporter is not affected by eliminating the chloride-binding site of WNK3, further confirming that the kinase is not sensitive to chloride. Chimeric WNK3/WNK4 proteins were produced, and analysis of the chimeras suggests that sequences within the WNK's carboxy-terminal end may modulate the chloride affinity. We propose that WNK3 is a cell volume-sensitive kinase that translates changes in cell volume into phosphorylation of CCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Luis Carrillo-Pérez
- Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Adriana Mercado
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karla Leyva-Ríos
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Erika Moreno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma Vázquez
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
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52
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Delpire E, Guo J. Cryo-EM structures of DrNKCC1 and hKCC1: a new milestone in the physiology of cation-chloride cotransporters. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C225-C237. [PMID: 31747317 PMCID: PMC7052613 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00465.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
New milestones have been reached in the field of cation-Cl- cotransporters with the recently released cryo-electron microscopy (EM) structures of the Danio rerio (zebrafish) Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (DrNKCC1) and the human K+-Cl- cotransporter (hKCC1). In this review we provide a brief timeline that identifies the multiple breakthroughs in the field of solute carrier 12 transporters that led to the structure resolution of two of its key members. While cation-Cl- cotransporters share the overall architecture of carriers belonging to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily and some of their substrate binding sites, several new insights are gained from the two individual structures. A first major feature relates to the largest extracellular domain between transmembrane domain (TMD) 5 and TMD6 of KCC1, which stabilizes the dimer and forms a cap that likely participates in extracellular gating. A second feature is the conservation of the K+ and Cl- binding sites in both structures and evidence of an unexpected second Cl- coordination site in the KCC1 structure. Structural data are discussed in the context of previously published studies that examined the basic and kinetics properties of these cotransport mechanisms. A third characteristic is the evidence of an extracellular gate formed by conserved salt bridges between charged residues located toward the end of TMD3 and TMD4 in both transporters and the existence of an additional neighboring bridge in the hKCC1 structure. A fourth feature of these newly solved structures relates to the multiple points of contacts between the monomer forming the cotransporter homodimer units. These involve the TMDs, the COOH-terminal domains, and the large extracellular loop for hKCC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jiangtao Guo
- Department of Biophysics, Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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53
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Bankir L, Figueres L, Prot-Bertoye C, Bouby N, Crambert G, Pratt JH, Houillier P. Medullary and cortical thick ascending limb: similarities and differences. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F422-F442. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00261.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (TAL) is the first segment of the distal nephron, extending through the whole outer medulla and cortex, two regions with different composition of the peritubular environment. The TAL plays a critical role in the control of NaCl, water, acid, and divalent cation homeostasis, as illustrated by the consequences of the various monogenic diseases that affect the TAL. It delivers tubular fluid to the distal convoluted tubule and thereby affects the function of the downstream tubular segments. The TAL is commonly considered as a whole. However, many structural and functional differences exist between its medullary and cortical parts. The present review summarizes the available data regarding the similarities and differences between the medullary and cortical parts of the TAL. Both subsegments reabsorb NaCl and have high Na+-K+-ATPase activity and negligible water permeability; however, they express distinct isoforms of the Na+-K+-2Cl−cotransporter at the apical membrane. Ammonia and bicarbonate are mostly reabsorbed in the medullary TAL, whereas Ca2+and Mg2+are mostly reabsorbed in the cortical TAL. The peptidic hormone receptors controlling transport in the TAL are not homogeneously expressed along the cortical and medullary TAL. Besides this axial heterogeneity, structural and functional differences are also apparent between species, which underscores the link between properties and role of the TAL under various environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Bankir
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228-Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Figueres
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228-Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Prot-Bertoye
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228-Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Département de Physiologie, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l’Enfant et de l’Adulte, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Bouby
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228-Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Crambert
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228-Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
| | - J. Howard Pratt
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Pascal Houillier
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228-Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Département de Physiologie, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l’Enfant et de l’Adulte, Paris, France
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54
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Natochin YV, Golosova DV. Vasopressin receptor subtypes and renal sodium transport. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2019; 113:239-258. [PMID: 32138950 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, three subtypes of V-receptors have been identified in the kidney. The effects of vasopressin, a hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus, are triggered by three distinct receptor isoforms: V2, V1a, and V1b. Stimulation of V2-receptors regulates urine osmotic concentration by increasing sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and enhancing osmotic permeability of the epithelium cells in the collecting duct. Stimulation of V1a-receptors inhibits renal sodium reabsorption and induces natriuresis, comparable to the effect of the diuretic furosemide, in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Stimulation of V1b-receptors induces potassium secretion in the final parts of the distal segments and initial parts of the collecting ducts. In this review, we discuss the role of vasopressin and its interaction with V-receptor subtypes in natriuresis and for stabilizing the physicochemical parameters of the internal environment and water-salt homeostasis in humans. A better understanding of these systems and their regulation is necessary to facilitate identification of additional system components and mechanisms, clarify their contribution during various normal and pathological functional states, and suggest novel strategies for the development of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu V Natochin
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - D V Golosova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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55
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van der Wijst J, Belge H, Bindels RJM, Devuyst O. Learning Physiology From Inherited Kidney Disorders. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1575-1653. [PMID: 31215303 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of genes causing inherited kidney diseases yielded crucial insights in the molecular basis of disease and improved our understanding of physiological processes that operate in the kidney. Monogenic kidney disorders are caused by mutations in genes coding for a large variety of proteins including receptors, channels and transporters, enzymes, transcription factors, and structural components, operating in specialized cell types that perform highly regulated homeostatic functions. Common variants in some of these genes are also associated with complex traits, as evidenced by genome-wide association studies in the general population. In this review, we discuss how the molecular genetics of inherited disorders affecting different tubular segments of the nephron improved our understanding of various transport processes and of their involvement in homeostasis, while providing novel therapeutic targets. These include inherited disorders causing a dysfunction of the proximal tubule (renal Fanconi syndrome), with emphasis on epithelial differentiation and receptor-mediated endocytosis, or affecting the reabsorption of glucose, the handling of uric acid, and the reabsorption of sodium, calcium, and magnesium along the kidney tubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny van der Wijst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hendrica Belge
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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56
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Structure and mechanism of the cation-chloride cotransporter NKCC1. Nature 2019; 572:488-492. [PMID: 31367042 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1438-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) mediate the electroneutral transport of chloride, potassium and/or sodium across the membrane. They have critical roles in regulating cell volume, controlling ion absorption and secretion across epithelia, and maintaining intracellular chloride homeostasis. These transporters are primary targets for some of the most commonly prescribed drugs. Here we determined the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the Na-K-Cl cotransporter NKCC1, an extensively studied member of the CCC family, from Danio rerio. The structure defines the architecture of this protein family and reveals how cytosolic and transmembrane domains are strategically positioned for communication. Structural analyses, functional characterizations and computational studies reveal the ion-translocation pathway, ion-binding sites and key residues for transport activity. These results provide insights into ion selectivity, coupling and translocation, and establish a framework for understanding the physiological functions of CCCs and interpreting disease-related mutations.
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57
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Marcoux AA, Slimani S, Tremblay LE, Frenette-Cotton R, Garneau AP, Isenring P. Endocytic recycling of Na + -K + -Cl - cotransporter type 2: importance of exon 4. J Physiol 2019; 597:4263-4276. [PMID: 31216057 DOI: 10.1113/jp278024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Na+ -K+ -Cl- cotransporter type 2 (NKCC2) is a 27-exon membrane protein that is expressed in the thick ascending limb (TAL) of Henle where it is involved in reabsorption of the ultrafiltered NaCl load. It comes as three splice variants that are identical to each other except for the residue composition of exon 4 and that differ in their transport characteristics, functional roles and distributions along the TAL. In this report, it is shown that the variants also differ in their trafficking properties and that two residues in exon 4 play a key role in this regard. One of these residues was also shown to sustain carrier internalization. Through these results, a novel function for the alternatively spliced exon of NKCC2 has been identified and a domain that is involved in carrier trafficking has been uncovered for the first time in a cation-Cl- cotransporter family member. ABSTRACT Na+ -K+ -Cl- cotransporter type 2 (NKCC2) is a 12-transmembrane (TM) domain cell surface glycoprotein that is expressed in the thick ascending limb (TAL) of Henle and stimulated during cell shrinkage. It comes as three splice variants (A, B and F) that are identical to each other except for TM2 and the following connecting segment (CS2). Yet, these variants do not share the same localization, transport characteristics and physiological roles along the TAL. We have recently found that while cell shrinkage could exert its activating effect by increasing NKCC2 expression at the cell surface, the variants also responded differentially to this stimulus. In the current work, a mutagenic approach was exploited to determine whether CS2 could play a role in carrier trafficking and identify the residues potentially involved. We found that when the residue of position 238 in NKCC2A (F) and NKCC2B (Y) was replaced by the corresponding residue in NKCC2F (V), carrier activity increased by over 3-fold and endocytosis decreased concomitantly. We also found that when the residue of position 230 in NKCC2F (M) was replaced by the one in NKCC2B (T), carrier activity and affinity for ions both increased substantially whereas expression at the membrane decreased. Taken together, these results suggest that CS2 is involved in carrier trafficking and that two of its residues, those of positions 238 and 230, are part of an internalization motif. They also indicate that the divergent residue of position 230 plays the dual role of specifying ion affinity and sustaining carrier internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée-Anne Marcoux
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 2J6
| | - Samira Slimani
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 2J6
| | - Laurence E Tremblay
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 2J6
| | - Rachelle Frenette-Cotton
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 2J6
| | - Alexandre P Garneau
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 2J6.,Cardiometabolic Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3T 1J4
| | - Paul Isenring
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 2J6
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58
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Rodan AR. Intracellular chloride: a regulator of transepithelial transport in the distal nephron. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2019; 28:360-367. [PMID: 30865168 PMCID: PMC6684285 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the role of intracellular chloride in regulating transepithelial ion transport in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) in response to perturbations in plasma potassium homeostasis. RECENT FINDINGS Low dietary potassium increases the phosphorylation and activity of the sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC) in the DCT, and vice versa, affecting sodium-dependent potassium secretion in the downstream aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron. In cells, NCC phosphorylation is increased by lowering of intracellular chloride, via activation of the chloride-sensitive with no lysine (WNK)-SPAK/OSR1 (Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase/oxidative stress response) kinase cascade. In-vivo studies have demonstrated pathway activation in the kidney in response to low dietary potassium. A possible mechanism is lowering of DCT intracellular chloride in response to low potassium because of parallel basolateral potassium and chloride channels. Recent studies support a role for these channels in the response of NCC to varying potassium. Studies examining chloride-insensitive WNK mutants, in the Drosophila renal tubule and in the mouse, lend further support to a role for chloride in regulating WNK activity and transepithelial ion transport. Caveats, alternatives, and future directions are also discussed. SUMMARY Chloride sensing by WNK kinase provides a mechanism to allow coupling of extracellular potassium with NCC phosphorylation and activity to maintain potassium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin R. Rodan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, and Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT
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59
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Marcoux AA, Slimani S, Tremblay LE, Frenette-Cotton R, Garneau AP, Isenring P. Regulation of Na +-K +-Cl - cotransporter type 2 by the with no lysine kinase-dependent signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C20-C30. [PMID: 30917032 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00041.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter type 2 (NKCC2) is confined to the apical membrane of the thick ascending limb of Henle, where it reabsorbs a substantial fraction of the ultrafiltered NaCl load. It is expressed along this nephron segment as three main splice variants (called NKCC2A, NKCC2B, and NKCC2F) that differ in residue composition along their second transmembrane domain and first intracellular cytosolic connecting segment (CS2). NKCC2 is known to be activated by cell shrinkage and intracellular [Cl-] reduction. Although the with no lysine (WNK) kinases could play a role in this response, the mechanisms involved are ill defined, and the possibility of variant-specific responses has not been tested thus far. In this study, we have used the Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system to gain further insight in these regards. We have found for the first time that cell shrinkage could stimulate NKCC2A- and NKCC2B-mediated ion transport by increasing carrier abundance at the cell surface and that this response was achieved (at least in part) by the enzymatic function of a WNK kinase. Interestingly, we have also found that the activity and cell surface abundance of NKCC2F were less affected by cell shrinkage compared with the other variants and that ion transport by certain variants could be stimulated through WNK kinase expression in the absence of carrier redistribution. Taken together, these results suggest that the WNK kinase-dependent pathway can affect both the trafficking as well as intrinsic activity of NKCC2 and that CS2 plays an important role in carrier regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée-Anne Marcoux
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Samira Slimani
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Laurence E Tremblay
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Rachelle Frenette-Cotton
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Alexandre P Garneau
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada.,Cardiometabolic Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
| | - Paul Isenring
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
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60
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Allen LL, Seven YB, Baker TL, Mitchell GS. Cervical spinal contusion alters Na +-K +-2Cl- and K +-Cl- cation-chloride cotransporter expression in phrenic motor neurons. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 261:15-23. [PMID: 30590202 PMCID: PMC6939623 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal chloride-dependent synaptic inhibition is critical in regulating breathing and requires neuronal chloride gradients established by cation-chloride cotransporters Na+-K+-2Cl- (NKCC1) and K+-Cl- (KCC2). Spinal transection disrupts NKCC1/KCC2 balance, diminishing chloride gradients in neurons below injury, contributing to spasticity and chronic pain. It is not known if similar disruptions in NKCC1/KCC2 balance occur in respiratory motor neurons after incomplete cervical contusion (C2SC). We hypothesized that C2SC disrupts NKCC1/KCC2 balance in phrenic motor neurons. NKCC1 and KCC2 immunoreactivity was assessed in CtB-positive phrenic motor neurons. Five weeks post-C2SC: 1) neither membrane-bound nor cytosolic NKCC1 expression were significantly changed, although the membrane/cytosolic ratio increased, consistent with net chloride influx; and 2) both membrane and cytosolic KCC2 expression increased, although the membrane/cytosolic ratio decreased, consistent with net chloride efflux. Thus, contrary to our original hypothesis, complex shifts in NKCC1/KCC2 balance occur post-C2SC. The functional significance of these changes remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latoya L Allen
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA; Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Yasin B Seven
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA; Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Tracy L Baker
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Gordon S Mitchell
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA; Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
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61
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Structure-function relationships in the renal NaCl cotransporter (NCC). CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2019; 83:177-204. [PMID: 31196605 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC) is the major pathway for salt reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule, serves as a receptor for thiazide-type diuretics, and is involved in inherited diseases associated with abnormal blood pressure. The functional and structural characterization of NCC from different species has led us to gain insights into the structure-function relationships of the cotransporter. Here we present an overview of different studies that had described these properties. Additionally, we report the cloning and characterization of the NCC from the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) kidney (sNCC). The purpose of the present study was to determine the main functional, pharmacological and regulatory properties of sNCC to make a direct comparison with other NCC orthologous. The sNCC cRNA encodes a 1033 amino acid membrane protein, when expressed in Xenopus oocytes, functions as a thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter with NCC regulation and thiazide-inhibition properties similar to mammals, rather than to teleosts. However, the Km values for ion transport kinetics are significantly higher than those observed in the mammal species. In summary, we present a review on NCC structure-function relationships with the addition of the sNCC information in order to enrich the NCC cotransporter knowledge.
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62
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Gonzalez-Vicente A, Saez F, Monzon CM, Asirwatham J, Garvin JL. Thick Ascending Limb Sodium Transport in the Pathogenesis of Hypertension. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:235-309. [PMID: 30354966 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00055.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The thick ascending limb plays a key role in maintaining water and electrolyte balance. The importance of this segment in regulating blood pressure is evidenced by the effect of loop diuretics or local genetic defects on this parameter. Hormones and factors produced by thick ascending limbs have both autocrine and paracrine effects, which can extend prohypertensive signaling to other structures of the nephron. In this review, we discuss the role of the thick ascending limb in the development of hypertension, not as a sole participant, but one that works within the rich biological context of the renal medulla. We first provide an overview of the basic physiology of the segment and the anatomical considerations necessary to understand its relationship with other renal structures. We explore the physiopathological changes in thick ascending limbs occurring in both genetic and induced animal models of hypertension. We then discuss the racial differences and genetic defects that affect blood pressure in humans through changes in thick ascending limb transport rates. Throughout the text, we scrutinize methodologies and discuss the limitations of research techniques that, when overlooked, can lead investigators to make erroneous conclusions. Thus, in addition to advancing an understanding of the basic mechanisms of physiology, the ultimate goal of this work is to understand our research tools, to make better use of them, and to contextualize research data. Future advances in renal hypertension research will require not only collection of new experimental data, but also integration of our current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fara Saez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Casandra M Monzon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jessica Asirwatham
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey L Garvin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
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63
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Disorders of renal NaCl transport and implications for blood pressure regulation. MED GENET-BERLIN 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-019-0232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease in industrialized societies. Substantial progress has been made in understanding its epidemiology, its pathophysiology, and its associated risks such as coronary artery disease, stroke, and heart failure. Because there is consensus that the abnormal retention of sodium by the kidney is a major important pathophysiological event in hypertension, this review focuses on mechanisms of renal NaCl transport and associated genetic disorders.
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64
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Graham LA, Aman A, Campbell DD, Augley J, Graham D, McBride MW, Fraser NJ, Ferreri NR, Dominiczak AF, Padmanabhan S. Salt stress in the renal tubules is linked to TAL-specific expression of uromodulin and an upregulation of heat shock genes. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:964-972. [PMID: 30216136 PMCID: PMC6293113 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00057.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, our comprehensive cardiovascular characterization study validated Uromodulin as a blood pressure gene. Uromodulin is a glycoprotein exclusively synthesized at the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and is encoded by the Umod gene. Umod-/- mice have significantly lower blood pressure than Umod+/+ mice, are resistant to salt-induced changes in blood pressure, and show a leftward shift in pressure-natriuresis curves reflecting changes of sodium reabsorption. Salt stress triggers transcription factors and genes that alter renal sodium reabsorption. To date there are no studies on renal transcriptome responses to salt stress. Here we aimed use RNA-Seq to delineate salt stress pathways in tubules isolated from Umod+/+ mice (a model of sodium retention) and Umod-/- mice (a model of sodium depletion) ± 300 mosmol sodium chloride ( n = 3 per group). In response to salt stress, the tubules of Umod+/+ mice displayed an upregulation of heat shock transcripts. The greatest changes occurred in the expression of: Hspa1a (Log2 fold change 4.35, P = 2.48 e-12) and Hspa1b (Log2 fold change 4.05, P = 2.48 e-12). This response was absent in tubules of Umod-/- mice. Interestingly, seven of the genes discordantly expressed in the Umod-/- tubules were electrolyte transporters. Our results are the first to show that salt stress in renal tubules alters the transcriptome, increasing the expression of heat shock genes. This direction of effect in Umod+/+ tubules suggest the difference is due to the presence of Umod facilitating greater sodium entry into the tubule cell reflecting a specific response to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Graham
- The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , United Kingdom
| | - Alisha Aman
- The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , United Kingdom
| | - Desmond D Campbell
- The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , United Kingdom
| | - Julian Augley
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, United Kingdom
| | - Delyth Graham
- The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , United Kingdom
| | - Martin W McBride
- The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , United Kingdom
| | - Niall J Fraser
- University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital , Dundee , United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R Ferreri
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Anna F Dominiczak
- The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , United Kingdom
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , United Kingdom
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65
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de Los Heros P, Pacheco-Alvarez D, Gamba G. Role of WNK Kinases in the Modulation of Cell Volume. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 81:207-235. [PMID: 30243433 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ion Transport across the cell membrane is required to maintain cell volume homeostasis. In response to changes in extracellular osmolarity, most cells activate specific metabolic or membrane-transport pathways to respond to cell swelling or shrinkage and return their volume to its normal resting state. This process involves the rapid adjustment of the activities of channels and transporters that mediate flux of K+, Na+, Cl-, and small organic osmolytes. Cation chloride cotransporters (CCCs) NKCCs and KCCs are a family of membrane proteins modulated by changes in cell volume and/or in the intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl-]i). Cell swelling triggers regulatory volume decrease (RVD), promoting solute and water efflux to restore normal cell volume. Swelling-activated KCCs mediate RVD in most cell types. In contrast, cell shrinkage triggers regulatory volume increase (RVI), which involves the activation of the NKCC1 cotransporter of the CCC family. Regulation of the CCCs during RVI and RVD by protein phosphorylation is a well-characterized mechanism, where WNK kinases and their downstream kinase substrates, SPAK and OSR1 constitute the essential phospho-regulators. WNKs-SPAK/OSR1-CCCs complex is required to regulate cell shrinkage-induced RVI or cell swelling-induced RVD via activating or inhibitory phosphorylation of NKCCs or KCCs, respectively. WNK1 and WNK4 kinases have been established as [Cl-]i sensors/regulators, while a role for WNK3 kinase as a cell volume-sensing kinase has emerged and is proposed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola de Los Heros
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
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66
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Delpire E, Gagnon KB. Water Homeostasis and Cell Volume Maintenance and Regulation. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 81:3-52. [PMID: 30243436 PMCID: PMC6457474 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
From early unicellular organisms that formed in salty water environments to complex organisms that live on land away from water, cells have had to protect a homeostatic internal environment favorable to the biochemical reactions necessary for life. In this chapter, we will outline what steps were necessary to conserve the water within our cells and how mechanisms have evolved to maintain and regulate our cellular and organismal volume. We will first examine whole body water homeostasis and the relationship between kidney function, regulation of blood pressure, and blood filtration in the process of producing urine. We will then discuss how the composition of the lipid-rich bilayer affects its permeability to water and salts, and how the cell uses this differential to drive physiological and biochemical cellular functions. The capacity to maintain cell volume is vital to epithelial transport, neurotransmission, cell cycle, apoptosis, and cell migration. Finally, we will wrap up the chapter by discussing in some detail specific channels, cotransporters, and exchangers that have evolved to facilitate the movement of cations and anions otherwise unable to cross the lipid-rich bilayer and that are involved in maintaining or regulating cell volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
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67
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Gamba G. Letter to the editor: Remembering Steve Hebert (1946-2008). Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C122-C123. [PMID: 29975850 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00178.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
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68
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Argaiz ER, Chavez-Canales M, Ostrosky-Frid M, Rodríguez-Gama A, Vázquez N, Gonzalez-Rodriguez X, Garcia-Valdes J, Hadchouel J, Ellison D, Gamba G. Kidney-specific WNK1 isoform (KS-WNK1) is a potent activator of WNK4 and NCC. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F734-F745. [PMID: 29846116 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00145.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt) can be mainly attributed to increased activity of the renal Na+:Cl- cotransporter (NCC), which is caused by altered expression and regulation of the with-no-lysine (K) 1 (WNK1) or WNK4 kinases. The WNK1 gene gives rise to a kidney-specific isoform that lacks the kinase domain (KS-WNK1), the expression of which occurs primarily in the distal convoluted tubule. The role played by KS-WNK1 in the modulation of the WNK/STE20-proline-alanine rich kinase (SPAK)/NCC pathway remains elusive. In the present study, we assessed the effect of human KS-WNK1 on NCC activity and on the WNK4-SPAK pathway. Microinjection of oocytes with human KS-WNK1 cRNA induces remarkable activation and phosphorylation of SPAK and NCC. The effect of KS-WNK1 was abrogated by eliminating a WNK-WNK-interacting domain and by a specific WNK inhibitor, WNK463, indicating that the activation of SPAK/NCC by KS-WNK1 is due to interaction with another WNK kinase. Under control conditions in oocytes, the activating serine 335 of the WNK4 T loop is not phosphorylated. In contrast, this serine becomes phosphorylated when the intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl-]i) is reduced or when KS-WNK1 is coexpressed with WNK4. KS-WNK1-mediated activation of WNK4 is not due to a decrease of the [Cl-]i. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis revealed that KS-WNK1 and WNK4 interact with each other and that WNK4 becomes autophosphorylated at serine 335 when it is associated with KS-WNK1. Together, these observations suggest that WNK4 becomes active in the presence of KS-WNK1, despite a constant [Cl-]i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Argaiz
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan Mexico City, Mexico.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León , Mexico
| | - Maria Chavez-Canales
- INSERM UMRS1155, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Faculty of Medicine , Paris , France.,Translational Medicine Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Tlalpan, México City, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Ostrosky-Frid
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan Mexico City, Mexico.,PECEM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Rodríguez-Gama
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma Vázquez
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Xochiquetzal Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesus Garcia-Valdes
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juliette Hadchouel
- INSERM UMRS1155, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Faculty of Medicine , Paris , France
| | - David Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan Mexico City, Mexico.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León , Mexico
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69
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Hao S, Hao M, Ferreri NR. Renal-Specific Silencing of TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) Unmasks Salt-Dependent Increases in Blood Pressure via an NKCC2A (Na +-K +-2Cl - Cotransporter Isoform A)-Dependent Mechanism. Hypertension 2018; 71:1117-1125. [PMID: 29735631 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-α produced within the kidney and acting on the renal tubular system is part of a regulatory mechanism that attenuates increases in blood pressure in response to high salt intake. Intrarenal administration of a lentivirus construct, which specifically silenced TNF in the kidney, did not affect baseline blood pressure. However, blood pressure increased significantly 1 day after mice with intrarenal silencing of TNF ingested 1% NaCl in the drinking water. The increase in blood pressure, which was continuously observed for 11 days, promptly returned to baseline levels when mice were switched from 1% NaCl to tap water. Silencing of renal TNF also increased NKCC2 (Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter) phosphorylation and induced a selective increase in NKCC2A (NKCC2 isoform A) mRNA accumulation in both the cortical and medullary thick ascending limb of Henle loop that was neither associated with a compensatory decrease of NKCC2F in the medulla nor NKCC2B in the cortex. The NaCl-mediated increases in blood pressure were completely absent when NKCC2A, using a lentivirus construct that did not alter expression of NKCC2F or NKCC2B, and TNF were concomitantly silenced in the kidney. Moreover, the decrease in urine volume and NaCl excretion induced by renal TNF silencing was abolished when NKCC2A was concurrently silenced, suggesting that this isoform contributes to the transition from a salt-resistant to salt-sensitive phenotype. Collectively, the data are the first to demonstrate a role for TNF produced by the kidney in the modulation of sodium homeostasis and blood pressure regulation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Pressure/physiology
- Blotting, Western
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hypertension, Renal/genetics
- Hypertension, Renal/metabolism
- Hypertension, Renal/physiopathology
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sodium Chloride/toxicity
- Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 1/biosynthesis
- Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 1/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujin Hao
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla
| | - Mary Hao
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla
| | - Nicholas R Ferreri
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla.
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70
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Trafficking and regulation of the NKCC2 cotransporter in the thick ascending limb. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2018; 26:392-397. [PMID: 28614115 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The kidney Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) is essential for urinary concentration and renal electrolyte handling. Loss of function mutations in the NKCC2 gene cause urinary salt and potassium wasting, whereas excessive NKCC2 function has been linked to high blood pressure. Loop diuretics, targeting the transporter, are instrumental for relieving edema or hypertension. This review focuses on intrinsic mechanisms regulating NKCC2 activity at the posttranslational level, namely its trafficking and phosphorylation. RECENT FINDINGS Protein networks mediating cellular turnover of NKCC2 have recently received major attention. Several key components of its apical trafficking were identified, including respective chaperones, SNARE protein family members and raft-associated proteins. NKCC2 internalization has been characterized qualitatively and quantitatively. Kinase and phosphatase pathways regulating NKCC2 activity have been clarified and links between NKCC2 phosphorylation and trafficking proposed. Constitutive and inducible NKCC2 trafficking and phosphorylation mechanisms have been specified with focus on endocrine control of thick ascending limb (TAL) function by vasopressin. SUMMARY Proper NKCC2 trafficking and phosphorylation are critical to the TAL function in the physiological context of urinary concentration and extracellular volume regulation. Clarification of the underlying mechanisms and respective protein networks may open new therapeutic perspectives for better management of renal electrolyte disorders and blood pressure control.
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71
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Delpire E, Gagnon KB. Na + -K + -2Cl - Cotransporter (NKCC) Physiological Function in Nonpolarized Cells and Transporting Epithelia. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:871-901. [PMID: 29687903 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Two genes encode the Na+ -K+ -2Cl- cotransporters, NKCC1 and NKCC2, that mediate the tightly coupled movement of 1Na+ , 1K+ , and 2Cl- across the plasma membrane of cells. Na+ -K+ -2Cl- cotransport is driven by the chemical gradient of the three ionic species across the membrane, two of them maintained by the action of the Na+ /K+ pump. In many cells, NKCC1 accumulates Cl- above its electrochemical potential equilibrium, thereby facilitating Cl- channel-mediated membrane depolarization. In smooth muscle cells, this depolarization facilitates the opening of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels, leading to Ca2+ influx, and cell contraction. In immature neurons, the depolarization due to a GABA-mediated Cl- conductance produces an excitatory rather than inhibitory response. In many cell types that have lost water, NKCC is activated to help the cells recover their volume. This is specially the case if the cells have also lost Cl- . In combination with the Na+ /K+ pump, the NKCC's move ions across various specialized epithelia. NKCC1 is involved in Cl- -driven fluid secretion in many exocrine glands, such as sweat, lacrimal, salivary, stomach, pancreas, and intestine. NKCC1 is also involved in K+ -driven fluid secretion in inner ear, and possibly in Na+ -driven fluid secretion in choroid plexus. In the thick ascending limb of Henle, NKCC2 activity in combination with the Na+ /K+ pump participates in reabsorbing 30% of the glomerular-filtered Na+ . Overall, many critical physiological functions are maintained by the activity of the two Na+ -K+ -2Cl- cotransporters. In this overview article, we focus on the functional roles of the cotransporters in nonpolarized cells and in epithelia. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:871-901, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kenneth B Gagnon
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Keystone, USA
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72
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Lindström NO, Tran T, Guo J, Rutledge E, Parvez RK, Thornton ME, Grubbs B, McMahon JA, McMahon AP. Conserved and Divergent Molecular and Anatomic Features of Human and Mouse Nephron Patterning. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:825-840. [PMID: 29449451 PMCID: PMC5827611 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017091036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, but the mechanism of nephron formation during human development is unclear. We conducted a detailed analysis of nephron development in humans and mice by immunolabeling, and we compared human and mouse nephron patterning to describe conserved and divergent features. We created protein localization maps that highlight the emerging patterns along the proximal-distal axis of the developing nephron and benchmark expectations for localization of functionally important transcription factors, which revealed unanticipated cellular diversity. Moreover, we identified a novel nephron subdomain marked by Wnt4 expression that we fate-mapped to the proximal mature nephron. Significant conservation was observed between human and mouse patterning. We also determined the time at which markers for mature nephron cell types first emerge-critical data for the renal organoid field. These findings have conceptual implications for the evolutionary processes driving the diversity of mammalian organ systems. Furthermore, these findings provide practical insights beyond those gained with mouse and rat models that will guide in vitro efforts to harness the developmental programs necessary to build human kidney structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracy Tran
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and
| | - Jinjin Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and
| | | | - Riana K Parvez
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and
| | - Matthew E Thornton
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Brendan Grubbs
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jill A McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and
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73
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α-Ketoglutarate drives electroneutral NaCl reabsorption in intercalated cells by activating a G-protein coupled receptor, Oxgr1. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2018; 26:426-433. [PMID: 28771454 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review describes the recent discoveries about a powerful electroneutral NaCl reabsorption mechanism in intercalated cells, and its regulation by an intrarenal metabolite paracrine, α-ketoglutartate, and the G-protein coupled receptor, Oxgr1. RECENT FINDINGS The distal nephron fine-tunes sodium, chloride, potassium, hydrogen, bicarbonate and water transport to maintain electrolyte homeostasis and blood pressure. Intercalated cells have been traditionally viewed as the professional regulators of acid-base balance, but recent studies reveal that a specific population of intercalated cells, identified by the pendrin-transporter, have a surprising role in the regulation of salt balance. The pendrin-positive intercalated cells (PP-ICs) facilitate electroneutral NaCl reabsorption through the cooperative activation of multitransport protein network. α-Ketoglutartate is synthesized and secreted into the proximal tubule lumen in the combined state of metabolic alkalosis and intravascular volume contraction to activate Oxgr1 in PP-IC, which in turn activates the multitransport protein network to drive salt reabsorption and bicarbonate secretion by these cells. SUMMARY Recent studies identify a novel salt transport pathway in intercalated cells that is activated by an intrarenal paracrine system, α-ketoglutartate/Oxgr1. Activation of the paracrine system and transport pathway, particularly during alkalosis and volume contraction, mitigates deleterious salt wasting while restoring acid-base balance.
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74
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Lindström NO, McMahon JA, Guo J, Tran T, Guo Q, Rutledge E, Parvez RK, Saribekyan G, Schuler RE, Liao C, Kim AD, Abdelhalim A, Ruffins SW, Thornton ME, Baskin L, Grubbs B, Kesselman C, McMahon AP. Conserved and Divergent Features of Human and Mouse Kidney Organogenesis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:785-805. [PMID: 29449453 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017080887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human kidney function is underpinned by approximately 1,000,000 nephrons, although the number varies substantially, and low nephron number is linked to disease. Human kidney development initiates around 4 weeks of gestation and ends around 34-37 weeks of gestation. Over this period, a reiterative inductive process establishes the nephron complement. Studies have provided insightful anatomic descriptions of human kidney development, but the limited histologic views are not readily accessible to a broad audience. In this first paper in a series providing comprehensive insight into human kidney formation, we examined human kidney development in 135 anonymously donated human kidney specimens. We documented kidney development at a macroscopic and cellular level through histologic analysis, RNA in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence studies, and transcriptional profiling, contrasting human development (4-23 weeks) with mouse development at selected stages (embryonic day 15.5 and postnatal day 2). The high-resolution histologic interactive atlas of human kidney organogenesis generated can be viewed at the GUDMAP database (www.gudmap.org) together with three-dimensional reconstructions of key components of the data herein. At the anatomic level, human and mouse kidney development differ in timing, scale, and global features such as lobe formation and progenitor niche organization. The data also highlight differences in molecular and cellular features, including the expression and cellular distribution of anchor gene markers used to identify key cell types in mouse kidney studies. These data will facilitate and inform in vitro efforts to generate human kidney structures and comparative functional analyses across mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils O Lindström
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Jill A McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Jinjin Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Tracy Tran
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Qiuyu Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Elisabeth Rutledge
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Riana K Parvez
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Gohar Saribekyan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | | | - Christopher Liao
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Albert D Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Ahmed Abdelhalim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Seth W Ruffins
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Matthew E Thornton
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Laurence Baskin
- Department of Urology and Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Brendan Grubbs
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Carl Kesselman
- Information Sciences Institute, Viterbi School of Engineering.,Epstein Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering and Information Sciences Institute, Viterbi School of Engineering and Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, and
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine,
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75
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Asmar MH, Gaboury L, Saliba I. Ménière’s Disease Pathophysiology: Endolymphatic Sac Immunohistochemical Study of Aquaporin-2, V2R Vasopressin Receptor, NKCC2, and TRPV4. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 158:721-728. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599818756829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Endolymphatic sac (ELS) pathophysiology in Ménière’s disease (MD) remains poorly understood. We identified from the literature a group of proteins expressed on the ELS and involved in endolymph volume regulation: aquaporin-2 (AQP2), vasopressin receptor V2R, sodium potassium chloride cotransporter 2 (NKCC2), and transient receptor potential cation channel V4 (TRPV4). Our objective was to determine whether their ELS expression was altered in MD, to better understand the pathophysiology of endolymphatic hydrops. Study Design Prospective case-control study. Setting Tertiary care center. Subjects Twenty-four patients with definite MD undergoing endolymphatic duct blockage surgery were recruited, as well as 23 controls with no history of MD undergoing surgery for vestibular schwannoma (VS). Methods ELS biopsies and blood samples for plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) were obtained. Immunohistochemistry for AQP2, V2R, NKCC2, and TRPV4 was performed. Slides were scanned digitally for highly sensitive pixel density analysis by specialized software (VIS; Visiopharm). Results Global scores generated by the software represent total and relative protein expression density of 3 staining intensity levels, exclusively on ELS epithelium. AQP2 expression density was significantly elevated in MD compared to VS ( P = .003). There was no significant difference in plasma AVP, V2R, NKCC2, and TRPV4 expression. Conclusion This original study evaluates simultaneous in situ expression of AQP2, V2R, NKCC2, and TRPV4 on the human ELS in MD, with a control group. Our results show only AQP2 upregulation on the ELS of patients with MD. We suggest a constitutively increased expression of AQP2 in MD, independent of its regulatory axis (AVP-V2R). Acquired regulator sequence mutations could support this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Henri Asmar
- University of Montreal Hospital Centre Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Gaboury
- University of Montreal Hospital Centre Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal Hospital Centre (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Issam Saliba
- University of Montreal Hospital Centre Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, University of Montreal Hospital Centre (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
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76
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Wilson CS, Mongin AA. The signaling role for chloride in the bidirectional communication between neurons and astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 2018; 689:33-44. [PMID: 29329909 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the electrical signaling in neuronal networks is modulated by chloride (Cl-) fluxes via the inhibitory GABAA and glycine receptors. Here, we discuss the putative contribution of Cl- fluxes and intracellular Cl- to other forms of information transfer in the CNS, namely the bidirectional communication between neurons and astrocytes. The manuscript (i) summarizes the generic functions of Cl- in cellular physiology, (ii) recaps molecular identities and properties of Cl- transporters and channels in neurons and astrocytes, and (iii) analyzes emerging studies implicating Cl- in the modulation of neuroglial communication. The existing literature suggests that neurons can alter astrocytic Cl- levels in a number of ways; via (a) the release of neurotransmitters and activation of glial transporters that have intrinsic Cl- conductance, (b) the metabotropic receptor-driven changes in activity of the electroneutral cation-Cl- cotransporter NKCC1, and (c) the transient, activity-dependent changes in glial cell volume which open the volume-regulated Cl-/anion channel VRAC. Reciprocally, astrocytes are thought to alter neuronal [Cl-]i through either (a) VRAC-mediated release of the inhibitory gliotransmitters, GABA and taurine, which open neuronal GABAA and glycine receptor/Cl- channels, or (b) the gliotransmitter-driven stimulation of NKCC1. The most important recent developments in this area are the identification of the molecular composition and functional heterogeneity of brain VRAC channels, and the discovery of a new cytosolic [Cl-] sensor - the Wnk family protein kinases. With new work in the field, our understanding of the role of Cl- in information processing within the CNS is expected to be significantly updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne S Wilson
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Alexander A Mongin
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States; Department of Biophysics and Functional Diagnostics, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation.
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77
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Frenette-Cotton R, Marcoux AA, Garneau AP, Noel M, Isenring P. Phosphoregulation of K + -Cl - cotransporters during cell swelling: Novel insights. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:396-408. [PMID: 28276587 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The K+ -Cl- cotransporters (KCCs) belong to the cation-Cl- cotransporter family and consist of four isoforms and many splice variants. Their main role is to promote electroneutral efflux of K+ and Cl- ions across the surface of many cell types and, thereby, to regulate intracellular ion concentration, cell volume, and epithelial salt movement. These transport systems are induced by an increase in cell volume and are less active at lower intracellular [Cl- ] (Cli ), but the mechanisms at play are still ill-defined. In this work, we have exploited the Xenopus laevis expression system to study the role of lysine-deficient protein kinases (WNKs), protein phosphatases 1 (PP1s), and SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) in KCC4 regulation during cell swelling. We have found that WNK4 and PP1 regulate KCC4 activity as part of a common signaling module, but that they do not exert their effects through SPAK or carrier dephosphorylation. We have also found that the phosphatases at play include PP1α and PP1γ1, but that WNK4 acts directly on the PP1s instead of the opposite. Unexpectedly, however, both cell swelling and a T926A substitution in the C-terminus of full-length KCC4 led to higher levels of heterologous K+ -Cl- cotransport and overall carrier phosphorylation. These results imply that the response to cell swelling must also involve allosteric-sensitive kinase-dependent phosphoacceptor sites in KCC4. They are thus partially inconsistent with previous models of KCC regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrée-Anne Marcoux
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre P Garneau
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Micheline Noel
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Paul Isenring
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
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78
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Moreno E, Gayosso JA, Montejano JR, Almaguer G, Vázquez N, Cruz C, Mercado A, Bobadilla NA, Gamba G, Sierra A, Ramírez V. Geraniin is a diuretic by inhibiting the Na +-K +-2Cl - cotransporter NKCC2. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 314:F240-F250. [PMID: 29046296 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00221.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Geranium seemannii Peyr is a perennial plant endemic to central Mexico that has been widely used for its diuretic effect, but the responsible compound of this effect is unknown as well as the mechanism by which the diuretic effect is achieved. Geraniin is one of the compounds isolated from this kind of geranium. This study was designed to determinate whether geraniin possesses diuretic activity and to elucidate the mechanism of action. Geraniin was extracted and purified from Geranium seemannii Peyr. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: 1) Control, 2) 75 mg/kg of geraniin, 3) 20 mg/kg of furosemide, and 4) 10 mg/kg of hydrochlorothiazide. Each treatment was administered by gavage every 24 h for 7 days. The urinary excretion of electrolytes and the fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) were determined. To uncover the molecular target of geraniin, Xenopus laevis oocytes were microinjected with cRNAs encoding the Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC) and the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter NKCC2 to functionally express these cotransporters. Geraniin significantly increased diuresis, natriuresis, and calciuresis to a similar extent as was observed in the furosemide-treated rats. Consistent with the furosemide-like effect, in X. laevis oocytes, geraniin significantly reduced the activity of NKCC2, with no effect on NCC activity. In contrast to furosemide, the effect of geraniin on NKCC2 was irreversible, apparently due to its inhibitory effect on heat shock protein 90. Our observations suggest that geraniin could have a potential role in the treatment of hypertension or edematous states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Moreno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan A Gayosso
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - José R Montejano
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Georgina Almaguer
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Norma Vázquez
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristino Cruz
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Mercado
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma A Bobadilla
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y de Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León , México
| | - Alfredo Sierra
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Victoria Ramírez
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
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79
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Udwan K, Abed A, Roth I, Dizin E, Maillard M, Bettoni C, Loffing J, Wagner CA, Edwards A, Feraille E. Dietary sodium induces a redistribution of the tubular metabolic workload. J Physiol 2017; 595:6905-6922. [PMID: 28940314 PMCID: PMC5685825 DOI: 10.1113/jp274927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Key points Body Na+ content is tightly controlled by regulated urinary Na+ excretion. The intrarenal mechanisms mediating adaptation to variations in dietary Na+ intake are incompletely characterized. We confirmed and expanded observations in mice that variations in dietary Na+ intake do not alter the glomerular filtration rate but alter the total and cell‐surface expression of major Na+ transporters all along the kidney tubule. Low dietary Na+ intake increased Na+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule and decreased it in more distal kidney tubule segments. High dietary Na+ intake decreased Na+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule and increased it in distal segments with lower energetic efficiency. The abundance of apical transporters and Na+ delivery are the main determinants of Na+ reabsorption along the kidney tubule. Tubular O2 consumption and the efficiency of sodium reabsorption are dependent on sodium diet.
Abstract Na+ excretion by the kidney varies according to dietary Na+ intake. We undertook a systematic study of the effects of dietary salt intake on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and tubular Na+ reabsorption. We examined the renal adaptive response in mice subjected to 7 days of a low sodium diet (LSD) containing 0.01% Na+, a normal sodium diet (NSD) containing 0.18% Na+ and a moderately high sodium diet (HSD) containing 1.25% Na+. As expected, LSD did not alter measured GFR and increased the abundance of total and cell‐surface NHE3, NKCC2, NCC, α‐ENaC and cleaved γ‐ENaC compared to NSD. Mathematical modelling predicted that tubular Na+ reabsorption increased in the proximal tubule but decreased in the distal nephron because of diminished Na+ delivery. This prediction was confirmed by the natriuretic response to diuretics targeting the thick ascending limb, the distal convoluted tubule or the collecting system. On the other hand, HSD did not alter measured GFR but decreased the abundance of the aforementioned transporters compared to NSD. Mathematical modelling predicted that tubular Na+ reabsorption decreased in the proximal tubule but increased in distal segments with lower transport efficiency with respect to O2 consumption. This prediction was confirmed by the natriuretic response to diuretics. The activity of the metabolic sensor adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) was related to the changes in tubular Na+ reabsorption. Our data show that fractional Na+ reabsorption is distributed differently according to dietary Na+ intake and induces changes in tubular O2 consumption and sodium transport efficiency. Body Na+ content is tightly controlled by regulated urinary Na+ excretion. The intrarenal mechanisms mediating adaptation to variations in dietary Na+ intake are incompletely characterized. We confirmed and expanded observations in mice that variations in dietary Na+ intake do not alter the glomerular filtration rate but alter the total and cell‐surface expression of major Na+ transporters all along the kidney tubule. Low dietary Na+ intake increased Na+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule and decreased it in more distal kidney tubule segments. High dietary Na+ intake decreased Na+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule and increased it in distal segments with lower energetic efficiency. The abundance of apical transporters and Na+ delivery are the main determinants of Na+ reabsorption along the kidney tubule. Tubular O2 consumption and the efficiency of sodium reabsorption are dependent on sodium diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Udwan
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.,National Centre of Competence in Research, NCCRKidney, CH, Switzerland
| | - Ahmed Abed
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.,National Centre of Competence in Research, NCCRKidney, CH, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Roth
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Eva Dizin
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.,National Centre of Competence in Research, NCCRKidney, CH, Switzerland
| | - Marc Maillard
- Centre hospitalier universitaire Vaudois, Service de néphrologie, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carla Bettoni
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Loffing
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.,National Centre of Competence in Research, NCCRKidney, CH, Switzerland
| | - Carsten A Wagner
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.,National Centre of Competence in Research, NCCRKidney, CH, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Edwards
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS1138 and CNRS ERL8228, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, F-75006, Paris, France.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Feraille
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.,National Centre of Competence in Research, NCCRKidney, CH, Switzerland
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80
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Rosenbaek LL, Rizzo F, MacAulay N, Staub O, Fenton RA. Functional assessment of sodium chloride cotransporter NCC mutants in polarized mammalian epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F495-F504. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00088.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter NCC is important for maintaining serum sodium (Na+) and, indirectly, serum potassium (K+) levels. Functional studies on NCC have used cell lines with native NCC expression, transiently transfected nonpolarized cell lines, or Xenopus laevis oocytes. Here, we developed the use of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney type I (MDCKI) mammalian epithelial cell lines with tetracycline-inducible human NCC expression to study NCC activity and membrane abundance in the same system. In radiotracer assays, induced cells grown on filters had robust thiazide-sensitive and chloride dependent sodium-22 (22Na) uptake from the apical side. To minimize cost and maximize throughput, assays were modified to use cells grown on plastic. On plastic, cells had similar thiazide-sensitive 22Na uptakes that increased following preincubation of cells in chloride-free solutions. NCC was detected in the plasma membrane, and both membrane abundance and phosphorylation of NCC were increased by incubation in chloride-free solutions. Furthermore, in cells exposed for 15 min to low or high extracellular K+, the levels of phosphorylated NCC increased and decreased, respectively. To demonstrate that the system allows rapid and systematic assessment of mutated NCC, three phosphorylation sites in NCC were mutated, and NCC activity was examined. 22Na fluxes in phosphorylation-deficient mutants were reduced to baseline levels, whereas phosphorylation-mimicking mutants were constitutively active, even without chloride-free stimulation. In conclusion, this system allows the activity, cellular localization, and abundance of wild-type or mutant NCC to be examined in the same polarized mammalian expression system in a rapid, easy, and low-cost fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena L. Rosenbaek
- InterPrET Center, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Federica Rizzo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
- National Centre of Competence in Research “Kidney.ch,” Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olivier Staub
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
- National Centre of Competence in Research “Kidney.ch,” Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robert A. Fenton
- InterPrET Center, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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81
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Hartmann AM, Pisella LI, Medina I, Nothwang HG. Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of two cation chloride cotransporter subfamily members of Hydra vulgaris. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179968. [PMID: 28662098 PMCID: PMC5491111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cation Chloride Cotransporters (CCCs) comprise secondary active membrane proteins mainly mediating the symport of cations (Na+, K+) coupled with chloride (Cl−). They are divided into K+-Cl− outward transporters (KCCs), the Na+-K+-Cl− (NKCCs) and Na+-Cl− (NCCs) inward transporters, the cation chloride cotransporter interacting protein CIP1, and the polyamine transporter CCC9. KCCs and N(K)CCs are established in the genome since eukaryotes and metazoans, respectively. Most of the physiological and functional data were obtained from vertebrate species. To get insights into the basal functional properties of KCCs and N(K)CCs in the metazoan lineage, we cloned and characterized KCC and N(K)CC from the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris. HvKCC is composed of 1,032 amino-acid residues. Functional analyses revealed that hvKCC mediates a Na+-independent, Cl− and K+ (Tl+)-dependent cotransport. The classification of hvKCC as a functional K-Cl cotransporter is furthermore supported by phylogenetic analyses and a similar structural organization. Interestingly, recently obtained physiological analyses indicate a role of cnidarian KCCs in hyposmotic volume regulation of nematocytes. HvN(K)CC is composed of 965 amino-acid residues. Phylogenetic analyses and structural organization suggest that hvN(K)CC is a member of the N(K)CC subfamily. However, no inorganic ion cotransport function could be detected using different buffer conditions. Thus, hvN(K)CC is a N(K)CC subfamily member without a detectable inorganic ion cotransporter function. Taken together, the data identify two non-bilaterian solute carrier 12 (SLC12) gene family members, thereby paving the way for a better understanding of the evolutionary paths of this important cotransporter family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Hartmann
- Neurogenetics Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Center for Neuroscience, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Hans Gerd Nothwang
- Neurogenetics Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Center for Neuroscience, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4All, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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82
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Bachmann S, Mutig K. Regulation of renal Na-(K)-Cl cotransporters by vasopressin. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:889-897. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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83
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Wilms V, Söffgen C, Nothwang HG. Differences in molecular mechanisms of K+ clearance in the auditory sensory epithelium of birds and mammals. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:2701-2705. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.158030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mechanoelectrical transduction in the vertebrate inner ear is a highly conserved mechanism depending on K+ influx into hair cells. Here, we investigated the molecular underpinnings of subsequent K+ recycling in the chicken basilar papilla and compared it with those in the mammalian auditory sensory epithelium. Like mammals, the avian auditory hair cell uses KCNQ4, KCNMA1, and KCNMB1 as K+ efflux systems. Expression of KCNQ1 and KCNE1 suggests an additional efflux apparatus in avian hair cells. Marked differences were observed for K+ clearance. In mammals, KCC3, KCC4, Kir4.1, and CLC-K are present in supporting cells. Of these proteins, only CLC-K is expressed in avian supporting cells. Instead, they possess NKCC1 to move K+ across the membrane. This expression pattern suggests an avian clearance mechanism reminiscent of the well-established K+ uptake apparatus present in inner ear secretory cells. Altogether, tetrapod hair cells show similar mechanisms and supporting cells distinct molecular underpinnings of K+ recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Wilms
- Neurogenetics group, Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4All”, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Chris Söffgen
- Neurogenetics group, Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4All”, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Hans Gerd Nothwang
- Neurogenetics group, Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4All”, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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84
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Huang B, Wang H, Yang B. Water Transport Mediated by Other Membrane Proteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 969:251-261. [PMID: 28258579 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1057-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Water transport through membrane is so intricate that there are still some debates. (Aquaporins) AQPs are entirely accepted to allow water transmembrane movement depending on osmotic gradient. Cotransporters and uniporters , however, are also concerned in water homeotatsis. Urea transporter B (UT-B) has a single-channel water permeability that is similar to AQP1. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR ) was initially thought as a water channel but now not believed to transport water directly. By cotranporters, water is transported by water osmosis coupling with substrates, which explains how water is transported across the isolated small intestine. This chapter provides information about water transport mediated by other membrane proteins except AQPs .
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyue Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongkai Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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85
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Ong GSY, Young MJ. Mineralocorticoid regulation of cell function: the role of rapid signalling and gene transcription pathways. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 58:R33-R57. [PMID: 27821439 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and mineralocorticoids regulate epithelial handling of electrolytes, and induces diverse effects on other tissues. Traditionally, the effects of MR were ascribed to ligand-receptor binding and activation of gene transcription. However, the MR also utilises a number of intracellular signalling cascades, often by transactivating unrelated receptors, to change cell function more rapidly. Although aldosterone is the physiological mineralocorticoid, it is not the sole ligand for MR. Tissue-selective and mineralocorticoid-specific effects are conferred through the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2, cellular redox status and properties of the MR itself. Furthermore, not all aldosterone effects are mediated via MR, with implication of the involvement of other membrane-bound receptors such as GPER. This review will describe the ligands, receptors and intracellular mechanisms available for mineralocorticoid hormone and receptor signalling and illustrate their complex interactions in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Y Ong
- Cardiovascular Endocrinology LaboratoryCentre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of MedicineSchool of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Morag J Young
- Cardiovascular Endocrinology LaboratoryCentre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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86
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Moreno E, Plata C, Rodríguez-Gama A, Argaiz ER, Vázquez N, Leyva-Ríos K, Islas L, Cutler C, Pacheco-Alvarez D, Mercado A, Cariño-Cortés R, Castañeda-Bueno M, Gamba G. The European Eel NCCβ Gene Encodes a Thiazide-resistant Na-Cl Cotransporter. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22472-22481. [PMID: 27587391 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.742783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) is the major pathway for salt reabsorption in the mammalian distal convoluted tubule. NCC plays a key role in the regulation of blood pressure. Its inhibition with thiazides constitutes the primary baseline therapy for arterial hypertension. However, the thiazide-binding site in NCC is unknown. Mammals have only one gene encoding for NCC. The eel, however, contains a duplicate gene. NCCα is an ortholog of mammalian NCC and is expressed in the kidney. NCCβ is present in the apical membrane of the rectum. Here we cloned and functionally characterized NCCβ from the European eel. The cRNA encodes a 1043-amino acid membrane protein that, when expressed in Xenopus oocytes, functions as an Na-Cl cotransporter with two major characteristics, making it different from other known NCCs. First, eel NCCβ is resistant to thiazides. Single-point mutagenesis supports that the absence of thiazide inhibition is, at least in part, due to the substitution of a conserved serine for a cysteine at position 379. Second, NCCβ is not activated by low-chloride hypotonic stress, although the unique Ste20-related proline alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) binding site in the amino-terminal domain is conserved. Thus, NCCβ exhibits significant functional differences from NCCs that could be helpful in defining several aspects of the structure-function relationship of this important cotransporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Moreno
- From the Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Consuelo Plata
- From the Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Rodríguez-Gama
- the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo R Argaiz
- From the Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.,the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma Vázquez
- From the Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.,the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karla Leyva-Ríos
- the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - León Islas
- the Department of Physiology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Christopher Cutler
- the Biology Department, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia 30460
| | | | - Adriana Mercado
- the Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico, and
| | - Raquel Cariño-Cortés
- the School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, 42034 Pachuca, Hidalgo, México
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- From the Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- From the Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico, .,the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
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87
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Bazúa-Valenti S, Castañeda-Bueno M, Gamba G. Physiological role of SLC12 family members in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F131-44. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00071.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier family 12, as numbered according to Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) nomenclature, encodes the electroneutral cation-coupled chloride cotransporters that are expressed in many cells and tissues; they play key roles in important physiological events, such as cell volume regulation, modulation of the intracellular chloride concentration, and transepithelial ion transport. Most of these family members are expressed in specific regions of the nephron. The Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC2, which is located in the thick ascending limb, and the Na-Cl cotransporter, which is located in the distal convoluted tubule, play important roles in salt reabsorption and serve as the receptors for loop and thiazide diuretics, respectively (Thiazide diuretics are among the most commonly prescribed drugs in the world.). The activity of these transporters correlates with blood pressure levels; thus, their regulation has been a subject of intense research for more than a decade. The K-Cl cotransporters KCC1, KCC3, and KCC4 are expressed in several nephron segments, and their role in renal physiology is less understood but nevertheless important. Evidence suggests that they are involved in modulating proximal tubule glucose reabsorption, thick ascending limb salt reabsorption and collecting duct proton secretion. In this work, we present an overview of the physiological roles of these transporters in the kidney, with particular emphasis on the knowledge gained in the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Bazúa-Valenti
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
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88
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Gamba G. The evolving field of salt transport regulation in the Steve Hebert Lecture. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F68-70. [PMID: 27147671 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00229.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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89
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Transepithelial salt transport in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TAL) crucially depends on the activity of the Na/K/2Cl cotransporter NKCC2. The pharmacologic blockade of NKCC2 leads to pronounced natriuresis and diuresis, which indicate key roles for NKCC2 in renal salt retrieval. The inadequate regulation of NKCC2 and the loss of NKCC2 function are associated with the disruption of salt and water homoeostasis. This review provides a specific overview of our current knowledge with respect to the regulation of NKCC2 by differential splicing and phosphorylation. RECENT FINDINGS Several mechanisms have evolved to adapt NKCC2 transport to reabsorptive needs. These mechanisms include the regulation of NKCC2 gene expression, the differential splicing of the NKCC2 pre-mRNA, the membrane trafficking, and the modulation of the specific transport activity. Substantial progress has been made over the past few years in deciphering the function of kinases in the regulatory network controlling NKCC2 activity and in elucidating the underlying mechanism and the functional consequences of the regulated differential splicing of the NKCC2 pre-mRNA. SUMMARY NKCC2 differential splicing and phosphorylation are critically involved in the modulation of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop reabsorptive capacity and, consequently, in salt homoeostasis, volume regulation, and blood pressure control.
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90
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Hasegawa K, Kato A, Watanabe T, Takagi W, Romero MF, Bell JD, Toop T, Donald JA, Hyodo S. Sulfate transporters involved in sulfate secretion in the kidney are localized in the renal proximal tubule II of the elephant fish (Callorhinchus milii). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R66-78. [PMID: 27122370 PMCID: PMC4967232 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00477.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Most vertebrates, including cartilaginous fishes, maintain their plasma SO4 (2-) concentration ([SO4 (2-)]) within a narrow range of 0.2-1 mM. As seawater has a [SO4 (2-)] about 40 times higher than that of the plasma, SO4 (2-) excretion is the major role of kidneys in marine teleost fishes. It has been suggested that cartilaginous fishes also excrete excess SO4 (2-) via the kidney. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms for SO4 (2-) transport in cartilaginous fish, largely due to the extraordinarily elaborate four-loop configuration of the nephron, which consists of at least 10 morphologically distinguishable segments. In the present study, we determined cDNA sequences from the kidney of holocephalan elephant fish (Callorhinchus milii) that encoded solute carrier family 26 member 1 (Slc26a1) and member 6 (Slc26a6), which are SO4 (2-) transporters that are expressed in mammalian and teleost kidneys. Elephant fish Slc26a1 (cmSlc26a1) and cmSlc26a6 mRNAs were coexpressed in the proximal II (PII) segment of the nephron, which comprises the second loop in the sinus zone. Functional analyses using Xenopus oocytes and the results of immunohistochemistry revealed that cmSlc26a1 is a basolaterally located electroneutral SO4 (2-) transporter, while cmSlc26a6 is an apically located, electrogenic Cl(-)/SO4 (2-) exchanger. In addition, we found that both cmSlc26a1 and cmSlc26a6 were abundantly expressed in the kidney of embryos; SO4 (2-) was concentrated in a bladder-like structure of elephant fish embryos. Our results demonstrated that the PII segment of the nephron contributes to the secretion of excess SO4 (2-) by the kidney of elephant fish. Possible mechanisms for SO4 (2-) secretion in the PII segment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan;
| | - Akira Kato
- Center for Biological Resources and Informatics and Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan; Departments of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Nephrology, and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Taro Watanabe
- Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Wataru Takagi
- Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan; Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Life Science and Technologies, Kobe, Japan
| | - Michael F Romero
- Departments of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Nephrology, and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Justin D Bell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; and Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, The University of Tasmania, Taroona, Australia
| | - Tes Toop
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; and
| | - John A Donald
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; and
| | - Susumu Hyodo
- Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
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91
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Sivakumaran S, Maguire J. Bumetanide reduces seizure progression and the development of pharmacoresistant status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2015; 57:222-32. [PMID: 26659482 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the role of chloride homeostasis in seizure progression and development of pharmacoresistant status epilepticus (SE) by pharmacologically targeting the Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC1) with bumetanide. We also investigated the ability of bumetanide to restore the efficacy of diazepam following SE. METHODS Kainic acid (KA)-induced SE in vivo and 0-Mg(2+) -induced seizure-like events (SLEs) in vitro were monitored using electroencephalography (EEG) recordings in freely moving adult male mice and extracellular field potential recordings in acute entorhinal cortex-hippocampus slices, respectively. The ability of bumetanide to decrease epileptiform activity and prevent the development of pharmacoresistance to diazepam following SE was evaluated. RESULTS Bumetanide treatment significantly reduced KA-induced ictal activity in vivo and SLEs in vitro. In addition, bumetanide restored the efficacy of diazepam in decreasing ictal activity following SE in both the in vivo and in vitro models. SIGNIFICANCE Our data demonstrate an anticonvulsant effect of bumetanide on KA-induced seizures in adult mice, suggesting a role for chloride plasticity in seizure progression. These data also demonstrate that the erosion of inhibition during seizure progression could underlie the development of pharmacoresistant SE and implicate a role for chloride plasticity in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Sivakumaran
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Jamie Maguire
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
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92
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Gattineni J, Baum M. Developmental changes in renal tubular transport-an overview. Pediatr Nephrol 2015; 30:2085-98. [PMID: 24253590 PMCID: PMC4028442 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The adult kidney maintains a constant volume and composition of extracellular fluid despite changes in water and salt intake. The neonate is born with a kidney that has a small fraction of the glomerular filtration rate of the adult and immature tubules that function at a lower capacity than that of the mature animal. Nonetheless, the neonate is also able to maintain a constant extracellular fluid volume and composition. Postnatal renal tubular development was once thought to be due to an increase in the transporter abundance to meet the developmental increase in glomerular filtration rate. However, postnatal renal development of each nephron segment is quite complex. There are isoform changes of several transporters as well as developmental changes in signal transduction that affect the capacity of renal tubules to reabsorb solutes and water. This review will discuss neonatal tubular function with an emphasis on the differences that have been found between the neonate and adult. We will also discuss some of the factors that are responsible for the maturational changes in tubular transport that occur during postnatal renal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothsna Gattineni
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9061, USA
| | - Michel Baum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9061, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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93
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Hoover RS, Tomilin V, Hanson L, Pochynyuk O, Ko B. PTH modulation of NCC activity regulates TRPV5 Ca2+ reabsorption. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 310:F144-51. [PMID: 26608788 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00323.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Since parathyroid hormone (PTH) is known to increase transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV)5 activity and decrease Na(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC) activity, we hypothesized that decreased NCC-mediated Na(+) reabsorption contributes to the enhanced TRPV5 Ca(2+) reabsorption seen with PTH. To test this, we used mDCT15 cells expressing functional TRPV5 and ruthenium red-sensitive (45)Ca(2+) uptake. PTH increased (45)Ca(2+) uptake to 8.8 ± 0.7 nmol·mg(-1)·min(-1) (n = 4, P < 0.01) and decreased NCC activity from 75.4 ± 2.7 to 20.3 ± 1.3 nmol·mg(-1)·min(-1) (n = 4, P < 0.01). Knockdown of Ras guanyl-releasing protein (RasGRP)1 had no baseline effect on (45)Ca(2+) uptake but significantly attenuated the response to PTH from a 45% increase (6.0 ± 0.2 to 8.7 ± 0.4 nmol·mg(-1)·min(-1)) in control cells to only 20% in knockdown cells (6.1 ± 0.1 to 7.3 ± 0.2 nmol·mg(-1)·min(-1), n = 4, P < 0.01). Inhibition of PKC and PKA resulted in further attenuation of the PTH effect. RasGRP1 knockdown decreased the magnitude of the TRPV5 response to PTH (7.9 ± 0.1 nmol·mg(-1)·min(-1) for knockdown compared with 9.1 ± 0.1 nmol·mg(-1)·min(-1) in control), and the addition of thiazide eliminated this effect (a nearly identical 9.0 ± 0.1 nmol·mg(-1)·min(-1)). This indicates that functionally active NCC is required for RasGRP1 knockdown to impact the PTH effect on TRPV5 activity. Knockdown of with no lysine kinase (WNK)4 resulted in an attenuation of the increase in PTH-mediated TRPV5 activity. TRPV5 activity increased by 36% compared with 45% in control (n = 4, P < 0.01 between PTH-treated groups). PKC blockade further attenuated the PTH effect, whereas combined PKC and PKA blockade in WNK4KD cells abolished the effect. We conclude that modulation of NCC activity contributes to the response to PTH, implying a role for hormonal modulation of NCC activity in distal Ca(2+) handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Hoover
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Atlanta Veteran's Administration Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Viktor Tomilin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; and
| | - Lauren Hanson
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Oleh Pochynyuk
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Benjamin Ko
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Lykke K, Töllner K, Römermann K, Feit PW, Erker T, MacAulay N, Löscher W. Structure-activity relationships of bumetanide derivatives: correlation between diuretic activity in dogs and inhibition of the human NKCC2A transporter. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:4469-4480. [PMID: 26101812 PMCID: PMC4562508 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The N-K-Cl cotransporters (NKCCs) mediate the coupled, electroneutral movement of Na+ , K+ and Cl- ions across cell membranes. There are two isoforms of this cation co-transporter, NKCC1 and NKCC2. NKCC2 is expressed primarily in the kidney and is the target of diuretics such as bumetanide. Bumetanide was discovered by screening ∼5000 3-amino-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid derivatives, long before NKCC2 was identified in the kidney. Therefore, structure-activity studies on effects of bumetanide derivatives on NKCC2 are not available. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In this study, the effect of a series of diuretically active bumetanide derivatives was investigated on human NKCC2 variant A (hNKCC2A) expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. KEY RESULTS Bumetanide blocked hNKCC2A transport with an IC50 of 4 μM. There was good correlation between the diuretic potency of bumetanide and its derivatives in dogs and their inhibition of hNKCC2A (r2 = 0.817; P < 0.01). Replacement of the carboxylic group of bumetanide by a non-ionic residue, for example, an anilinomethyl group, decreased inhibition of hNKCC2A, indicating that an acidic group was required for transporter inhibition. Exchange of the phenoxy group of bumetanide for a 4-chloroanilino group or the sulfamoyl group by a methylsulfonyl group resulted in compounds with higher potency to inhibit hNKCC2A than bumetanide. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The X. laevis oocyte expression system used in these experiments allowed analysis of the structural requirements that determine relative potency of loop diuretics on human NKCC2 splice variants, and may lead to the discovery of novel high-ceiling diuretics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Lykke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathrin Töllner
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannover, Germany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Römermann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannover, Germany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannover, Germany
| | - Peter W Feit
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Erker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannover, Germany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannover, Germany
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95
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Kortenoeven MLA, Pedersen NB, Rosenbaek LL, Fenton RA. Vasopressin regulation of sodium transport in the distal nephron and collecting duct. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F280-99. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00093.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is released from the posterior pituitary gland during states of hyperosmolality or hypovolemia. AVP is a peptide hormone, with antidiuretic and antinatriuretic properties. It allows the kidneys to increase body water retention predominantly by increasing the cell surface expression of aquaporin water channels in the collecting duct alongside increasing the osmotic driving forces for water reabsorption. The antinatriuretic effects of AVP are mediated by the regulation of sodium transport throughout the distal nephron, from the thick ascending limb through to the collecting duct, which in turn partially facilitates osmotic movement of water. In this review, we will discuss the regulatory role of AVP in sodium transport and summarize the effects of AVP on various molecular targets, including the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter NKCC2, the thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter NCC, and the epithelial sodium channel ENaC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. L. A. Kortenoeven
- Department of Biomedicine and Center for Interactions of Proteins in Epithelial Transport (InterPrET), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - N. B. Pedersen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - L. L. Rosenbaek
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R. A. Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine and Center for Interactions of Proteins in Epithelial Transport (InterPrET), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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96
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Morphological and molecular investigations of the holocephalan elephant fish nephron: the existence of a countercurrent-like configuration and two separate diluting segments in the distal tubule. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 362:677-88. [PMID: 26183720 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In marine cartilaginous fish, reabsorption of filtered urea by the kidney is essential for retaining a large amount of urea in their body. However, the mechanism for urea reabsorption is poorly understood due to the complexity of the kidney. To address this problem, we focused on elephant fish (Callorhinchus milii) for which a genome database is available, and conducted molecular mapping of membrane transporters along the different segments of the nephron. Basically, the nephron architecture of elephant fish was similar to that described for elasmobranch nephrons, but some unique features were observed. The late distal tubule (LDT), which corresponded to the fourth loop of the nephron, ran straight near the renal corpuscle, while it was convoluted around the tip of the loop. The ascending and descending limbs of the straight portion were closely apposed to each other and were arranged in a countercurrent fashion. The convoluted portion of LDT was tightly packed and enveloped by the larger convolution of the second loop that originated from the same renal corpuscle. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that co-localization of Na(+),K(+),2Cl(-) cotransporter 2 and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase α1 subunit was observed in the early distal tubule and the posterior part of LDT, indicating the existence of two separate diluting segments. The diluting segments most likely facilitate NaCl absorption and thereby water reabsorption to elevate urea concentration in the filtrate, and subsequently contribute to efficient urea reabsorption in the final segment of the nephron, the collecting tubule, where urea transporter-1 was intensely localized.
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97
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Sohara E, Uchida S. Kelch-like 3/Cullin 3 ubiquitin ligase complex and WNK signaling in salt-sensitive hypertension and electrolyte disorder. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 31:1417-24. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Wang J, Sun C, Gerdes N, Liu C, Liao M, Liu J, Shi MA, He A, Zhou Y, Sukhova GK, Chen H, Cheng XW, Kuzuya M, Murohara T, Zhang J, Cheng X, Jiang M, Shull GE, Rogers S, Yang CL, Ke Q, Jelen S, Bindels R, Ellison DH, Jarolim P, Libby P, Shi GP. Interleukin 18 function in atherosclerosis is mediated by the interleukin 18 receptor and the Na-Cl co-transporter. Nat Med 2015; 21:820-6. [PMID: 26099046 PMCID: PMC4554539 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-18 (IL18) participates in atherogenesis through several putative mechanisms. Interruption of IL18 action reduces atherosclerosis in mice. Here, we show that absence of the IL18 receptor (IL18r) does not affect atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe(-/-)) mice, nor does it affect IL18 cell surface binding to or signaling in endothelial cells. As identified initially by co-immunoprecipitation with IL18, we found that IL18 interacts with the Na-Cl co-transporter (NCC; also known as SLC12A3), a 12-transmembrane-domain ion transporter protein preferentially expressed in the kidney. NCC is expressed in atherosclerotic lesions, where it colocalizes with IL18r. In Apoe(-/-) mice, combined deficiency of IL18r and NCC, but not single deficiency of either protein, protects mice from atherosclerosis. Peritoneal macrophages from Apoe(-/-) mice or from Apoe(-/-) mice lacking IL18r or NCC show IL18 binding and induction of cell signaling and cytokine and chemokine expression, but macrophages from Apoe(-/-) mice with combined deficiency of IL18r and NCC have a blunted response. An interaction between NCC and IL18r on macrophages was detected by co-immunoprecipitation. IL18 binds to the cell surface of NCC-transfected COS-7 cells, which do not express IL18r, and induces cell signaling and cytokine expression. This study identifies NCC as an IL18-binding protein that collaborates with IL18r in cell signaling, inflammatory molecule expression, and experimental atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- 1] Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chongxiu Sun
- 1] Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- 1] Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Conglin Liu
- 1] Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengyang Liao
- 1] Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael A Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aina He
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Galina K Sukhova
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Huimei Chen
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xian Wu Cheng
- Departments of Cardiology and Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kuzuya
- Departments of Cardiology and Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Departments of Cardiology and Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiang Cheng
- 1] Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengmeng Jiang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Gary E Shull
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Shaunessy Rogers
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Chao-Ling Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Qiang Ke
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sabina Jelen
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - René Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Petr Jarolim
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Koulouridis E, Koulouridis I. Molecular pathophysiology of Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes. World J Pediatr 2015; 11:113-25. [PMID: 25754753 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-015-0016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last two decades, progress in cytogenetic and genome research has enabled investigators to unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms of inherited tubulopathies such as Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes and helped physicians to better understand not only these two pathologic entities but also renal pathophysiology and salt sensitive hypertension. DATA SOURCES Articles collected from PubMed and open access journals included original articles, research articles, and comprehensive reviews. They were evaluated by the authors with an special emphasis on originality and up to date information about molecular pathophysiology. RESULTS Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes are two different inherited salt loosing tubulopathies. They are characterized by various inability of distal nephron to reabsorb sodium chloride with resultant extarcellular volume contraction and increased activity of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system. Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis is a common feature of these two forms of tubulopathies. Hypercalciuria characterizes the majority of Bartter's syndrome, and hypomagnesemia with hypocalciuria characterizes Gitelman's syndrome. Low blood pressure is a common feature among patients who suffered from these tubulopathies. Bartter's syndromes encompass a heterogeneous group of ion channels defects localized at the thick ascending limp of Henle's loop with resultant loss of function of sodium-potassium-2 chloride cotransporter. These defects result in the impairment of the countercurrent multiplication system of the kidney as well as calcium, potassium and acid base disturbances which in the majority of cases are proved lethal especially in the antenatal and/or immediate postnatal life period. The underlying pathology in Gitelman's syndrome is defined to the distal convoluted tubule and is related to loss of function of the sodium-chloride cotransporter. The results of this defect encompass the inability of extracellular volume homeostasis, magnesium and potassium conservation, and acid base disturbances which are generally mild and in the majority of cases are not life-threatening. CONCLUSIONS Recent advances in molecular pathophysiology of Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes have helped physicians to better understand the underlying mechanisms of these pathologic entities which remain obscure. Data collected from experiments among genetically manipulated animals enable us to better understand the pathophysiology of mammalian kidney and the underlying mechanisms of salt sensitive hypertension and to lay a foundation for the future development of new drugs, especially diuretics and antihypertensive drugs.
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Ryan ZC, Craig TA, McGee-Lawrence M, Westendorf JJ, Kumar R. Alterations in vitamin D metabolite, parathyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor-23 concentrations in sclerostin-deficient mice permit the maintenance of a high bone mass. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 148:225-31. [PMID: 25446885 PMCID: PMC4361263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Humans with mutations of the sclerostin (SOST) gene, and knockout animals in which the Sost gene has been experimentally deleted, exhibit an increase in bone mass. We review the mechanisms by which Sost knockout mice are able to accrete increased amounts of calcium and phosphorus required for the maintenance of a high bone mass. Recently published information from our laboratory, shows that bone mass is increased in Sost-deficient mice through an increase in osteoblast and a decrease in osteoclast activity, which is mediated by activation of β-catenin and an increase in prostacyclin synthesis in osteocytes and osteoblasts. The increases in calcium and phosphorus retention required for enhanced bone mineral accretion are brought about by changes in the vitamin D endocrine system, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23). Thus, in Sost knockout mice, concentrations of serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) are increased and concentrations of FGF-23 are decreased thereby allowing a positive calcium and phosphorus balance. Additionally, in the absence of Sost expression, urinary calcium is decreased, either through a direct effect of sclerostin on renal calcium handling, or through its effect on the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D. Adaptations in vitamin D, PTH and FGF-23 physiology occur in the absence of sclerostin expression and mediate increased calcium and phosphorus retention required for the increase in bone mineralization. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled '17th Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C Ryan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Theodore A Craig
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Meghan McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer J Westendorf
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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