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Middleton R, Moyroud E, Rudall PJ, Prychid CJ, Conejero M, Glover BJ, Vignolini S. Using structural colour to track length scale of cell-wall layers in developing Pollia japonica fruits. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:2327-2336. [PMID: 33720398 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Helicoidally arranged layers of cellulose microfibrils in plant cell walls can produce strong and vivid coloration in a wide range of species. Despite its significance, the morphogenesis of cell walls, whether reflective or not, is not fully understood. Here we show that by optically monitoring the reflectance of Pollia japonica fruits during development we can directly map structural changes of the cell wall on a scale of tens of nanometres. Visible-light reflectance spectra from individual living cells were measured throughout the fruit maturation process and compared with numerical models. Our analysis reveals that periodic spacing of the helicoidal architecture remains unchanged throughout fruit development, suggesting that interactions in the cell-wall polysaccharides lead to a fixed twisting angle of cellulose helicoids in the cell wall. By contrast with conventional electron microscopy, which requires analysis of different fixed specimens at different stages of development, the noninvasive optical technique we present allowed us to directly monitor live structural changes in biological photonic systems as they develop. This method therefore is applicable to investigations of photonic tissues in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rox Middleton
- Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Edwige Moyroud
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Paula J Rudall
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
| | | | - Maria Conejero
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Beverley J Glover
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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Saleem S, Muhammad G, Iqbal MM, Hussain MA, Raza MA, Shafiq Z, Razzaq H. Polysaccharide‐Based Liquid Crystals. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119711414.ch27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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53
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Bast L, Klockars KW, Greca LG, Rojas OJ, Tardy BL, Bruns N. Infiltration of Proteins in Cholesteric Cellulose Structures. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2067-2080. [PMID: 33899466 PMCID: PMC8154265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) can spontaneously self-assemble into chiral nematic (cn) structures, similar to natural cholesteric organizations. The latter display highly dissipative fracture propagation mechanisms given their "brick" (particles) and "mortar" (soft matrix) architecture. Unfortunately, CNCs in liquid media have strong supramolecular interactions with most macromolecules, leading to aggregated suspensions. Herein, we describe a method to prepare nanocomposite materials from chiral nematic CNCs (cn-CNCs) with strongly interacting secondary components. Films of cn-CNCs were infiltrated at various loadings with strongly interacting silk proteins and bovine serum albumin. For comparison and to determine the molecular weight range of macromolecules that can infiltrate cn-CNC films, they were also infiltrated with a range of poly(ethylene glycol) polymers that do not interact strongly with CNCs. The extent and impact of infiltration were evaluated by studying the optical reflection properties of the resulting hybrid materials (UV-vis spectroscopy), while fracture dissipation mechanisms were observed via electron microscopy. We propose that infiltration of cn-CNCs enables the introduction of virtually any secondary phase for nanocomposite formation that is otherwise not possible using simple mixing or other conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia
K. Bast
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Konrad W. Klockars
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Luiz G. Greca
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Departments
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry, and Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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Jansen MA, Niverty S, Chawla N, Franz NM. Reducing the risk of rostral bending failure in Curculio Linnaeus, 1758. Acta Biomater 2021; 126:350-371. [PMID: 33753315 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With over 300 species worldwide, the genus Curculio Linnaeus, 1758 is a widespread, morphologically diverse lineage of weevils that mainly parasitize nuts. Females use the rostrum, an elongate cuticular extension of the head, to excavate oviposition sites. This process causes extreme bending and deformation of the rostrum, without apparent harm to the structure. The cuticle of the rostral apex exhibits substantial modifications to its composite structure that enhance the elasticity and resiliency of this structure. Here we develop finite element models of the head and rostrum for three Curculio species representing disparate North American clades and rostral morphotypes. The models were subjected to varying apical loads and to prescribed dislocation of the head capsule, with and without representing the cuticular modifications of the rostral apex. We found that the altered layer thicknesses and macrofiber orientation angles of the rostral apex fully explain the observed elasticity of the rostrum. These modifications have a synergistic effect that greatly enhances the flexibility of the rostral apex. Consequently, the cuticle composite profile of the rostral apex substantially mitigates the risk of fracture in dorso-apical flexion. Removing the cuticular modifications, in turn, causes a negative margin of safety for rostral bending, implying strong risk of catastrophic structural failure. The occipital sulci were identified as an important source of biomechanical constraint upon the elasticity of the rostrum, and exhibit the greatest risk of failure within this structure. The apical cuticle profile greatly reduced the maximum stresses and strain energy accumulated in the rostrum, thereby resulting in a positive margin of safety and reducing the risk of fracture. Our findings imply that the primary selective pressure influencing the evolution of the rostral cuticle was most likely negative selection of structural failure caused by bending. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Weevils are among the most diverse and evolutionarily successful animal lineages on Earth. Their success is driven in part by a structure called the rostrum, which gives weevil heads a characteristic "snout-like" appearance. Nut weevils in the genus Curculio use the rostrum to drill holes into developing fruits and nuts, into which they deposit their eggs. During oviposition this exceedingly slender structure is bent into a straightened configuration - in some species up to 90∘ - but does not suffer any damage during this process. Using finite element models of the rostra of three morphologically distinct species, we show that the Curculio rostrum is only able to withstand repeated, extreme bending because of modifications to the composite structure of the cuticle in the rostral apex. These modifications were shown previously to enhance the intrinsic toughness of the cuticle; in this study, we demonstrate that modification of the rostral cuticle also results in more evenly distributed bending stresses, further reducing the risk of fracture. This is the first time that the laminate profile, orthotropic behavior, and functional gradation of the cuticle have been incorporated into a three-dimensional finite element model of an insect cuticular structure. Our models highlight the significance of biomechanical constraint - i.e., avoidance of catastrophic structural failure - on the evolution of insect morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Andrew Jansen
- Institut für Evolutionsbiologie und Zooökologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn 53113, Germany.
| | - Sridhar Niverty
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Nikhilesh Chawla
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Nico M Franz
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Ingrole A, Aguirre TG, Fuller L, Donahue SW. Bioinspired energy absorbing material designs using additive manufacturing. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 119:104518. [PMID: 33882409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nature provides many biological materials and structures with exceptional energy absorption capabilities. Few, relatively simple molecular building blocks (e.g., calcium carbonate), which have unremarkable intrinsic mechanical properties individually, are used to produce biopolymer-bioceramic composites with unique hierarchical architectures, thus producing biomaterial-architectures with extraordinary mechanical properties. Several biomaterials have inspired the design and manufacture of novel material architectures to address various engineering problems requiring high energy absorption capabilities. For example, the microarchitecture of seashell nacre has inspired multi-material 3D printed architectures that outperform the energy absorption capabilities of monolithic materials. Using the hierarchical architectural features of biological materials, iterative design approaches using simulation and experimentation are advancing the field of bioinspired material design. However, bioinspired architectures are still challenging to manufacture because of the size scale and architectural hierarchical complexity. Notwithstanding, additive manufacturing technologies are advancing rapidly, continually providing researchers improved abilities to fabricate sophisticated bioinspired, hierarchical designs using multiple materials. This review describes the use of additive manufacturing for producing innovative synthetic materials specifically for energy absorption applications inspired by nacre, conch shell, shrimp shell, horns, hooves, and beetle wings. Potential applications include athletic prosthetics, protective head gear, and automobile crush zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Ingrole
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Trevor G Aguirre
- Manufacturing Science Division, Energy Science and Technology Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Luca Fuller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Seth W Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Salman J, Stifler CA, Shahsafi A, Sun CY, Weibel SC, Frising M, Rubio-Perez BE, Xiao Y, Draves C, Wambold RA, Yu Z, Bradley DC, Kemeny G, Gilbert PUPA, Kats MA. Hyperspectral interference tomography of nacre. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023623118. [PMID: 33833057 PMCID: PMC8053970 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023623118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural characterization of biologically formed materials is essential for understanding biological phenomena and their enviro-nment, and for generating new bio-inspired engineering concepts. For example, nacre-the inner lining of some mollusk shells-encodes local environmental conditions throughout its formation and has exceptional strength due to its nanoscale brick-and-mortar structure. This layered structure, comprising alternating transparent aragonite (CaCO3) tablets and thinner organic polymer layers, also results in stunning interference colors. Existing methods of structural characterization of nacre rely on some form of cross-sectional analysis, such as scanning or transmission electron microscopy or polarization-dependent imaging contrast (PIC) mapping. However, these techniques are destructive and too time- and resource-intensive to analyze large sample areas. Here, we present an all-optical, rapid, and nondestructive imaging technique-hyperspectral interference tomography (HIT)-to spatially map the structural parameters of nacre and other disordered layered materials. We combined hyperspectral imaging with optical-interference modeling to infer the mean tablet thickness and its disorder in nacre across entire mollusk shells from red and rainbow abalone (Haliotis rufescens and Haliotis iris) at various stages of development. We observed that in red abalone, unexpectedly, nacre tablet thickness decreases with age of the mollusk, despite roughly similar appearance of nacre at all ages and positions in the shell. Our rapid, inexpensive, and nondestructive method can be readily applied to in-field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jad Salman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Cayla A Stifler
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Alireza Shahsafi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Chang-Yu Sun
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | | | - Michel Frising
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Bryan E Rubio-Perez
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Yuzhe Xiao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | | | - Raymond A Wambold
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Zhaoning Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Daniel C Bradley
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | | | - Pupa U P A Gilbert
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Mikhail A Kats
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706;
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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Lee N, Berthelson PR, Nguyen V, Garrett M, Brinda AK, Moser RD, Horstemeyer MF, Rhee H, Prabhu RK. Microstructure and nanomechanical properties of the exoskeleton of an ironclad beetle ( Zopherus haldemani). BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2021; 16:036005. [PMID: 33530070 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/abe27b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examined natural composite structures within the remarkably strong exoskeleton of the southwestern ironclad beetle (Z. haldemani). Structural and nanomechanical analyses revealed that the exoskeleton's extraordinary resistance to external forces is provided by its exceptional thickness and multi-layered structure, in which each layer performed a distinct function. In detail, the epicuticle, the outmost layer, comprised 3%-5% of the overall thickness with reduced Young's moduli of 2.2-3.2 GPa, in which polygonal-shaped walls (2-3μm in diameter) were observed on the surface. The next layer, the exocuticle, consisted of 17%-20% of the total thickness and exhibited the greatest Young's moduli (∼15 GPa) and hardness (∼800 MPa) values. As such, this layer provided the bulk of the mechanical strength for the exoskeleton. While the endocuticle spanned 70%-75% of the total thickness, it contained lower moduli (∼8-10 GPa) and hardness (∼400 MPa) values than the exocuticle. Instead, this layer may provide flexibility through its specifically organized chitin fiber layers, known as Bouligand structures. Nanoindentation testing further reiterated that the various fibrous layer orientations resulted in different elastic moduli throughout the endocuticle's cross-section. Additionally, this exoskeleton prevented delamination within the composite materials by overlapping approximately 5%-19% of each fibrous stack with neighboring layers. Finally, the innermost layer, the epidermis contributing 5%-7 % of the total thickness, contains attachment sites for muscle and soft tissue that connect the exoskeleton to the beetle. As such, it is the softest region with reduced Young's modulus of ∼2-3 GPa and hardness values of ∼290 MPa. These findings can be applied to the development of innovative, fiber-reinforced composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayeon Lee
- Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, United States of America
| | - Parker R Berthelson
- Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, United States of America
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - Vina Nguyen
- Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, United States of America
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - Me'Lanae Garrett
- Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, United States of America
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - AnneMarie K Brinda
- Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, United States of America
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - Robert D Moser
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States of America
| | - M F Horstemeyer
- School of Engineering, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA 24515, United States of America
| | - Hongjoo Rhee
- Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - R K Prabhu
- Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, United States of America
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
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58
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Modulating transparency and colour of cellulose nanocrystal composite films by varying polymer molecular weight. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 584:216-224. [PMID: 33069020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) can produce photonic composite films that selectively reflect light based on their periodic cholesteric structure. The hypothesis of this research is that by incorporating water-soluble polymer, photonic properties of CNC composite film can be designed by manipulating the polymer molecular weight. EXPERIMENTAL Flexible free-standing composite films of five different poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) molecular weights were prepared via air drying under a controlled environment, and characterised by reflectance UV-vis spectrometer, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Films with each molecular weight were investigated over a concentration range. FINDINGS The colour and transmission haze of the composite films was modified by varying both the PEG molecular weight and concentration. Depending on the molecular weight, the films were able to reflect light from the UV region (242 nm) across the visible spectrum to the near-infrared region (832 nm). Different trends in variation of the reflected light based on the molecular weight was found with increasing PEG concentration and was explained by weak depletion interactions occurring between CNC and PEG, which was reduced with increasing PEG molecular weight.
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Dickinson GH, Bejerano S, Salvador T, Makdisi C, Patel S, Long WC, Swiney KM, Foy RJ, Steffel BV, Smith KE, Aronson RB. Ocean acidification alters properties of the exoskeleton in adult Tanner crabs, Chionoecetes bairdi. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.232819. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.232819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Ocean acidification can affect the ability of calcifying organisms to build and maintain mineralized tissue. In decapod crustaceans, the exoskeleton is a multilayered structure composed of chitin, protein and mineral, predominately magnesian calcite or amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC). We investigated the effects of acidification on the exoskeleton of mature (post-terminal-molt) female southern Tanner crabs, Chionoecetes bairdi. Crabs were exposed to one of three pH levels – 8.1, 7.8 or 7.5 – for 2 years. Reduced pH led to a suite of body region-specific effects on the exoskeleton. Microhardness of the claw was 38% lower in crabs at pH 7.5 compared with those at pH 8.1, but carapace microhardness was unaffected by pH. In contrast, reduced pH altered elemental content in the carapace (reduced calcium, increased magnesium), but not the claw. Diminished structural integrity and thinning of the exoskeleton were observed at reduced pH in both body regions; internal erosion of the carapace was present in most crabs at pH 7.5, and the claws of these crabs showed substantial external erosion, with tooth-like denticles nearly or completely worn away. Using infrared spectroscopy, we observed a shift in the phase of calcium carbonate present in the carapace of pH 7.5 crabs: a mix of ACC and calcite was found in the carapace of crabs at pH 8.1, whereas the bulk of calcium carbonate had transformed to calcite in pH 7.5 crabs. With limited capacity for repair, the exoskeleton of long-lived crabs that undergo a terminal molt, such as C. bairdi, may be especially susceptible to ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary H. Dickinson
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Rd, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Shai Bejerano
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Rd, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Trina Salvador
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Rd, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Christine Makdisi
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Rd, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Shrey Patel
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Rd, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - W. Christopher Long
- NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Resource Assessment and Conservation Engineering Division, Kodiak Laboratory, 301 Research Ct, Kodiak, AK 99615, USA
| | - Katherine M. Swiney
- NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Resource Assessment and Conservation Engineering Division, Kodiak Laboratory, 301 Research Ct, Kodiak, AK 99615, USA
| | - Robert J. Foy
- NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Resource Assessment and Conservation Engineering Division, Kodiak Laboratory, 301 Research Ct, Kodiak, AK 99615, USA
| | - Brittan V. Steffel
- Department of Ocean Engineering and Marine Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Smith
- The Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Richard B. Aronson
- Department of Ocean Engineering and Marine Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
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Scale performance and composition in a small Amazonian armored catfish, Corydoras trilineatus. Acta Biomater 2021; 121:359-370. [PMID: 33271358 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cory catfishes (Callichthyidae) are small, South American armored catfishes with a series of dermal scutes that run the length of the fish from posterior to the parieto-supraoccipital down to the caudal peduncle. In this study, we explore the anatomy and functional performance of the armored scutes in the three-striped cory catfish, Corydoras trilineatus. The lateral surface has a dorsal and a ventral row of scutes that interact at the horizontal septum. The scutes have little overlap with sequential posterior scutes (~33% overlap) and a deep ridge in the internal surface that connects to the underlying soft tissue. The internal surface of C. trilineatus scutes is stiffer than the external surface, contrary to the findings in a related species of cory catfish, C. aeneus, which documented a hypermineralized, enamel-like, non-collagenous, hyaloine layer along the external surface of the scute. Clearing and staining of C. trilineatus scutes revealed that the scutes have highly mineralized (~50% mineralization) regions embedded in between areas of low mineralization along the posterior margin. Puncture tests showed that posterior scutes were weaker than both anterior and middle scutes, and scutes attached to the body required 50% more energy to puncture than isolated scutes. Corydoras trilineatus has the strongest armor in areas critical for protecting vital organs and the external armored scute receives synergistic benefits from interactions to the soft underlying tissue, which combine to provide a tough protective armor that still allows for flexible mobility.
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Rawat P, Zhu D, Rahman MZ, Barthelat F. Structural and mechanical properties of fish scales for the bio-inspired design of flexible body armors: A review. Acta Biomater 2021; 121:41-67. [PMID: 33285327 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural protection offered to living beings is the result of millions of years of biological revolution. The protections provided in fishes, armadillos, and turtles by unique hierarchal designs help them to survive in surrounding environments. Natural armors offer protections with outstanding mechanical properties, such as high penetration resistance and toughness to weight ratio. The mechanical properties are not the only key features that make scales unique; they are also highly flexible and breathable. In this study, we aim to review the structural and mechanical characteristics of the scales from ray-finned or teleost fishes, which can be used for new bio-inspired armor designs. It is also essential to consider the hierarchical structure of extinct and existing natural armors. The basic characteristics, as mentioned above, are the foundation for developing high-performance, well-structured flexible natural armors. Furthermore, the present review justifies the importance of interaction between toughness, hardness, and deformability in well-engineered bio-inspired body armor. At last, some suggestions are proposed for the design and fabrication of new bio-inspired flexible body armors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Rawat
- Key Laboratory for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; International Science Innovation Collaboration Base for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Deju Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; International Science Innovation Collaboration Base for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Md Zillur Rahman
- Department of Industrial Engineering, BGMEA University of Fashion and Technology, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Francois Barthelat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, 427 UCB, 1111 Engineering Dr, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
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Almagro I, Cartwright JH, Checa AG, Macías-Sánchez E, Sainz-Díaz CI. Evidence for a liquid-crystal precursor involved in the formation of the crossed-lamellar microstructure of the mollusc shell. Acta Biomater 2021; 120:12-19. [PMID: 32565371 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Many biological structures use liquid crystals as self-organizing templates for their formation. We review and analyse evidence that the crossed-lamellar biomineral microstructure of mollusc shells may be formed from such a liquid-crystal precursor. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Many biological structures use liquid crystals as self-organizing templates for their formation. We review and analyse evidence that the crossed-lamellar biomineral microstructure of mollusc shells may be formed from such a liquid-crystal precursor.
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63
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Tran A, Boott CE, MacLachlan MJ. Understanding the Self-Assembly of Cellulose Nanocrystals-Toward Chiral Photonic Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905876. [PMID: 32009259 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Over millions of years, animals and plants have evolved complex molecules and structures that endow them with vibrant colors. Among the sources of natural coloration, structural color is prominent in insects, bird feathers, snake skin, plants, and other organisms, where the color arises from the interaction of light with nanoscale features rather than absorption from a pigment. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are a biorenewable resource that spontaneously organize into chiral nematic liquid crystals having a hierarchical structure that resembles the Bouligand structure of arthropod shells. The periodic, chiral nematic organization of CNC films leads them to diffract light, making them appear iridescent. Over the past two decades, there have been many advances to develop the photonic properties of CNCs for applications ranging from cosmetics to sensors. Here, the origin of color in CNCs, the control of photonic properties of CNC films, the development of new composite materials of CNCs that can yield flexible photonic structures, and the future challenges in this field are discussed. In particular, recent efforts to make flexible photonic materials using CNCs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Mail Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Charlotte E Boott
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Mail Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Mark J MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Mail Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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64
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Fiber reorientation in hybrid helicoidal composites. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103914. [PMID: 32957213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring biological materials with stiff fibers embedded in a ductile matrix are commonly known to achieve excellent balance between stiffness, strength and ductility. In particular, biological composite materials with helicoidal architecture have been shown to exhibit enhanced damage tolerance and increased impact energy absorption. However, the role of fiber reorientation inside the flexible matrix of helicoid composites on their mechanical behaviors have not yet been extensively investigated. In the present work, we introduce a Discontinuous Fiber Helicoid (DFH) composite inspired by both the helicoid microstructure in the cuticle of mantis shrimp and the nacreous architecture of the red abalone shell. We employ 3D printed specimens, analytical models and finite element models to analyze and quantify in-plane fiber reorientation in helicoid architectures with different geometrical features. We also introduce additional architectures, i.e., single unidirectional lamina and mono-balanced architectures, for comparison purposes. Compared with associated mono-balanced architectures, helicoid architectures exhibit less fiber reorientation values and lower values of strain stiffening. The explanation for this difference is addressed in terms of the measured in-plane deformation, due to uniaxial tensile of the laminae, correlated to lamina misorientation with respect to the loading direction and lay-up sequence.
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65
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Crystalline and amorphous calcium carbonate as structural components of the Calappa granulata exoskeleton. J Struct Biol 2020; 211:107557. [PMID: 32603682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The exoskeleton of crustaceans consists of chitin biopolymers where the embedded inorganic biominerals, mainly CaCO3, affect strongly its mechanical properties. Raman and Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopies and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) are applied to investigate the CaCO3 structure in various parts of the Calappa granulata crab exoskeleton. The shape of the main Raman peak of CaCO3 reveals the presence of two phases which are identified as calcite and amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC). The relative concentration of the two phases in various parts of the exoskeleton is determined from the area ratio under the corresponding peaks. The results of the Ca L3,2-edge NEXAFS analysis are in line with the Raman findings, since the energy separation of peaks that appear in the lower frequency region of the main L2 and L3 peaks due to crystal field splitting, is directly related to the percentage of the ACC phase in the total CaCO3 mineral content. The C K-edge spectra are used for the determination of the extent of calcification of the exoskeleton. Furthermore, dark and bright field TEM images reveal the presence of nanocrystallites with an average size of 20 nm. The structure of the nanocrystallites, as derived from the Selected Area Electron Diffraction patterns, is calcite. The results suggest that ACC plays a structural role in the exoskeleton of Calappa granulata.
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66
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Chen T, Zhao Q, Meng X, Li Y, Peng H, Whittaker AK, Zhu S. Ultrasensitive Magnetic Tuning of Optical Properties of Films of Cholesteric Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2020; 14:9440-9448. [PMID: 32574040 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chiral photonic crystals derived from the self-assembly of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have found important applications in optical devices due to the capacity to adjust the chiral nematic phase under external stimulus, in particular an applied magnetic field. To date, strong magnetic fields have been required to induce an optical response in CNC films. In this work, the self-assembly of films of CNCs can be tuned by applying an ultrasmall magnetic field. The CNCs, decorated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4/CNCs), were dispersed in suspensions of neat CNCs so as to alter the magnetic response of the CNCs. A subsequent process of dispersion not only prevents the clumping of the magnetic nanoparticles but also enhances the sensitivity to an applied magnetic field. A small magnetic field of 7 mT can tune the self-assembly and the microstructure of the CNCs. The pitch of the chiral structure decreased with an increase in applied magnetic field, from 302 to 206 nm, for fields from 7 to 15 mT. This phenomenon is opposite that observed for neat CNCs, in which the pitch is observed to increase with an increase in the external magnetic strength. The optical response under application of an ultrasmall magnetic field could help with theoretical research and enable more applications, such as sensors or nanotemplating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinglan Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Xin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Peng
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew K Whittaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Shenmin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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67
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Mendoza CI, Reyes JA. Dependence of the elastic band structure of a helical medium on thermal dilatation. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:445701. [PMID: 32492670 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab9915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We consider an elastic helical medium formed by uniformly rotating a triclinic crystal around a given axis to constitute a helical medium giving rise to a material whose tensor stiffness rotates uniformly and varies along the helix axis. A detailed analysis of its elastic properties has been done previously. Here, we are concerned in analyzing the role of thermal coupling with heat flow through the dilatation tensor. Starting from a general dynamic description of the thermoelastic phenomena which takes into account the finite speed of propagation of thermal waves, we establish a set of equations for the strains, stresses, temperature and heat flow. These equations allow to calculate the band structure and the logarithmic ratio between longitudinal and transverse strains. We express our results for different values of the thermoelastic coupling and period of the helix which show remarkable modifications when compared with the case in which no thermoelastic coupling is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos I Mendoza
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx, Mexico
| | - J Adrián Reyes
- Departamento de Fı́sica Quı́mica, Instituto de Fı́sica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx, Mexico
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68
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Wu K, Song Z, Zhang S, Ni Y, Cai S, Gong X, He L, Yu SH. Discontinuous fibrous Bouligand architecture enabling formidable fracture resistance with crack orientation insensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15465-15472. [PMID: 32571926 PMCID: PMC7355047 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000639117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioinspired architectural design for composites with much higher fracture resistance than that of individual constituent remains a major challenge for engineers and scientists. Inspired by the survival war between the mantis shrimps and abalones, we design a discontinuous fibrous Bouligand (DFB) architecture, a combination of Bouligand and nacreous staggered structures. Systematic bending experiments for 3D-printed single-edge notched specimens with such architecture indicate that total energy dissipations are insensitive to initial crack orientations and show optimized values at critical pitch angles. Fracture mechanics analyses demonstrate that the hybrid toughening mechanisms of crack twisting and crack bridging mode arising from DFB architecture enable excellent fracture resistance with crack orientation insensitivity. The compromise in competition of energy dissipations between crack twisting and crack bridging is identified as the origin of maximum fracture energy at a critical pitch angle. We further illustrate that the optimized fracture energy can be achieved by tuning fracture energy of crack bridging, pitch angles, fiber lengths, and twist angles distribution in DFB composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijin Wu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Song
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Shuaishuai Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yong Ni
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China;
| | - Shengqiang Cai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Xinglong Gong
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Linghui He
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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69
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Ernst F, Fabritius HO, Griesshaber E, Reisecker C, Neues F, Epple M, Schmahl WW, Hild S, Ziegler A. Functional adaptations in the tergite cuticle of the desert isopod Hemilepistus reaumuri (Milne-Edwards, 1840). J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107570. [PMID: 32650132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To survive in its extreme habitat, the cuticle of the burrowing desert isopod Hemilepistus reaumuri requires properties distinct from isopods living in moist or mesic habitats. In particular, the anterior tergites are exposed to high mechanical loads and temperatures when individuals guard the entrance of their burrow. We have, therefore, investigated the architecture, composition, calcite texture and local mechanical properties of the tergite cuticle, with particular emphasis on large anterior cuticle tubercles and differences between the anterior and posterior tergite. Unexpectedly, structure and thickness of the epicuticle resemble those in mesic isopod species. The anterior tergite has a thicker endocuticle and a higher local stiffness than the posterior tergite. Calcite distribution in the cuticle is unusual, because in addition to the exocuticle the endocuticle distally also contains calcite. The calcite consists of a distal layer of dense and highly co-oriented crystal-units, followed proximally by irregularly distributed and, with respect to each other, misoriented calcite crystallites. The calcite layer at the tip of the tubercle is thicker relative to the tubercle slopes, and its crystallites are more misoriented to each other. A steep decrease of local stiffness and hardness is observed within a distal region of the cuticle, likely caused by a successive increase in the ACC/calcite ratio rather than changes in the degree of mineralisation. Comparison of the results with other isopods reveals a much lower ACC/calcite ratio in H. reaumuri and a correlation between the degree of terrestriality of isopod species and the magnesium content of the cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Ernst
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Helge-Otto Fabritius
- Bionics and Materials Development, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Marker Allee 76-78, 59063 Hamm, Germany; Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Erika Griesshaber
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, Theresienstr. 41, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Christian Reisecker
- Institute of Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Frank Neues
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schmahl
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, Theresienstr. 41, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Sabine Hild
- Institute of Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany.
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70
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Sviben S, Spaeker O, Bennet M, Albéric M, Dirks JH, Moussian B, Fratzl P, Bertinetti L, Politi Y. Epidermal Cell Surface Structure and Chitin-Protein Co-assembly Determine Fiber Architecture in the Locust Cuticle. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:25581-25590. [PMID: 32343541 PMCID: PMC7304823 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The geometrical similarity of helicoidal fiber arrangement in many biological fibrous extracellular matrices, such as bone, plant cell wall, or arthropod cuticle, to that of cholesteric liquid mesophases has led to the hypothesis that they may form passively through a mesophase precursor rather than by direct cellular control. In search of direct evidence to support or refute this hypothesis, here, we studied the process of cuticle formation in the tibia of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, where daily growth layers arise by the deposition of fiber arrangements alternating between unidirectional and helicoidal structures. Using focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) volume imaging and scanning X-ray scattering, we show that the epidermal cells determine an initial fiber orientation, from which the final architecture emerges by the self-organized co-assembly of chitin and proteins. Fiber orientation in the locust cuticle is therefore determined by both active and passive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Sviben
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of
Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Oliver Spaeker
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of
Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mathieu Bennet
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of
Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marie Albéric
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of
Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Laboratoire
Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7574, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jan-Henning Dirks
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Biomimetics-Innovation-Centre, Hochschule Bremen—City University of Applied
Sciences, 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Institute
of Biology Valrose, Université Côte
d’Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of
Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Luca Bertinetti
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of
Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yael Politi
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of
Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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71
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Gromovykh TI, Pigaleva MA, Gallyamov MO, Ivanenko IP, Ozerova KE, Kharitonova EP, Bahman M, Feldman NB, Lutsenko SV, Kiselyova OI. Structural organization of bacterial cellulose: The origin of anisotropy and layered structures. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 237:116140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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72
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Muthukrishnan S, Mun S, Noh MY, Geisbrecht ER, Arakane Y. Insect Cuticular Chitin Contributes to Form and Function. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:3530-3545. [PMID: 32445445 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200523175409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chitin contributes to the rigidity of the insect cuticle and serves as an attachment matrix for other cuticular proteins. Deficiency of chitin results in abnormal embryos, cuticular structural defects and growth arrest. When chitin is not turned over during molting, the developing insect is trapped inside the old cuticle. Partial deacetylation of cuticular chitin is also required for proper laminar organization of the cuticle and vertical pore canals, molting, and locomotion. Thus, chitin and its modifications strongly influence the structure of the exoskeleton as well as the physiological functions of the insect. Internal tendons and specialized epithelial cells called "tendon cells" that arise from the outer layer of epidermal cells provide attachment sites at both ends of adult limb muscles. Membrane processes emanating from both tendon and muscle cells interdigitate extensively to strengthen the attachment of muscles to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Protein ligands that bind to membrane-bound integrin complexes further enhance the adhesion between muscles and tendons. Tendon cells contain F-actin fiber arrays that contribute to their rigidity. In the cytoplasm of muscle cells, proteins such as talin and other proteins provide attachment sites for cytoskeletal actin, thereby increasing integrin binding and activation to mechanically couple the ECM with actin in muscle cells. Mutations in integrins and their ligands, as well as depletion of chitin deacetylases, result in defective locomotion and muscle detachment from the ECM. Thus, chitin in the cuticle and chitin deacetylases strongly influence the shape and functions of the exoskeleton as well as locomotion of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Seulgi Mun
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Mi Y Noh
- Department of Forestry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea
| | - Erika R Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Yasuyuki Arakane
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
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73
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Abstract
Living tissues, heterogeneous at the microscale, usually scatter light. Strong scattering is responsible for the whiteness of bones, teeth, and brain and is known to limit severely the performances of biomedical optical imaging. Transparency is also found within collagen-based extracellular tissues such as decalcified ivory, fish scales, or cornea. However, its physical origin is still poorly understood. Here, we unveil the presence of a gap of transparency in scattering fibrillar collagen matrices within a narrow range of concentration in the phase diagram. This precholesteric phase presents a three-dimensional (3D) orientational order biomimetic of that in natural tissues. By quantitatively studying the relation between the 3D fibrillar network and the optical and mechanical properties of the macroscopic matrices, we show that transparency results from structural partial order inhibiting light scattering, while preserving mechanical stability, stiffness, and nonlinearity. The striking similarities between synthetic and natural materials provide insights for better understanding the occurring transparency.
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74
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Gleuwitz FR, Sivasankarapillai G, Chen Y, Friedrich C, Laborie MPG. Lignin-Assisted Stabilization of an Oriented Liquid Crystalline Cellulosic Mesophase, Part B: Toward the Molecular Origin and Mechanism. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:2276-2284. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Robert Gleuwitz
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, Chair of Forest Biomaterials, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Centre (FMF), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gopakumar Sivasankarapillai
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, Chair of Forest Biomaterials, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Centre (FMF), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yian Chen
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, Chair of Forest Biomaterials, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Friedrich
- Freiburg Materials Research Centre (FMF), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marie-Pierre G. Laborie
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, Chair of Forest Biomaterials, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Centre (FMF), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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75
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Xi L, De Falco P, Barbieri E, Karunaratne A, Bentley L, Esapa CT, Davis GR, Terrill NJ, Cox RD, Pugno NM, Thakker RV, Weinkamer R, Wu WW, Fang DN, Gupta HS. Reduction of fibrillar strain-rate sensitivity in steroid-induced osteoporosis linked to changes in mineralized fibrillar nanostructure. Bone 2020; 131:115111. [PMID: 31726107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
As bone is used in a dynamic mechanical environment, understanding the structural origins of its time-dependent mechanical behaviour - and the alterations in metabolic bone disease - is of interest. However, at the scale of the mineralized fibrillar matrix (nanometre-level), the nature of the strain-rate dependent mechanics is incompletely understood. Here, we investigate the fibrillar- and mineral-deformation behaviour in a murine model of Cushing's syndrome, used to understand steroid induced osteoporosis, using synchrotron small- and wide-angle scattering/diffraction combined with in situ tensile testing at three strain rates ranging from 10-4 to 10-1 s-1. We find that the effective fibril- and mineral-modulus and fibrillar-reorientation show no significant increase with strain-rate in osteoporotic bone, but increase significantly in normal (wild-type) bone. By applying a fibril-lamellar two-level structural model of bone matrix deformation to fit the results, we obtain indications that altered collagen-mineral interactions at the nanoscale - along with altered fibrillar orientation distributions - may be the underlying reason for this altered strain-rate sensitivity. Our results suggest that an altered strain-rate sensitivity of the bone matrix in osteoporosis may be one of the contributing factors to reduced mechanical competence in such metabolic bone disorders, and that increasing this sensitivity may improve biomechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xi
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - P De Falco
- School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK; Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14424 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - E Barbieri
- School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK; Department of Mathematical Science and Advanced Technology (MAT), Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences (YES) 3173-25, Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-city, Japan.
| | - A Karunaratne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka.
| | - L Bentley
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0RD, UK.
| | - C T Esapa
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0RD, UK; Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7JL, UK.
| | - G R Davis
- Dental Physical Sciences Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - N J Terrill
- Beamline I22, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - R D Cox
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0RD, UK.
| | - N M Pugno
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired & Graphene Nanomechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 77, 38123, Trento, Italy; School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK; Ket Lab, Edoardo Amaldi Foundation, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - R V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7JL, UK.
| | - R Weinkamer
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14424 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - W W Wu
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - D N Fang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - H S Gupta
- School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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76
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Greenfeld I, Kellersztein I, Wagner HD. Nested helicoids in biological microstructures. Nat Commun 2020; 11:224. [PMID: 31932633 PMCID: PMC6957508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13978-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicoidal formations often appear in natural microstructures such as bones and arthropods exoskeletons. Named Bouligands after their discoverer, these structures are angle-ply laminates that assemble from laminae of chitin or collagen fibers embedded in a proteinaceous matrix. High resolution electron microscope images of cross-sections through scorpion claws are presented here, uncovering structural features that are different than so-far assumed. These include in-plane twisting of laminae around their corners rather than through their centers, and a second orthogonal rotation angle which gradually tilts the laminae out-of-plane. The resulting Bouligand laminate unit (BLU) is highly warped, such that neighboring BLUs are intricately intertwined, tightly nested and mechanically interlocked. Using classical laminate analysis extended to laminae tilting, it is shown that tilting significantly enhances the laminate flexural stiffness and strength, and may improve toughness by diverting crack propagation. These observations may be extended to diverse biological species and potentially applied to synthetic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Greenfeld
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Israel Kellersztein
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - H Daniel Wagner
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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77
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Thompson VP. The tooth: An analogue for biomimetic materials design and processing. Dent Mater 2020; 36:25-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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78
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Matrix-induced pre-strain and mineralization-dependent interfibrillar shear transfer enable 3D fibrillar deformation in a biogenic armour. Acta Biomater 2019; 100:18-28. [PMID: 31563691 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cuticle of stomatopod is an example of a natural mineralized biomaterial, consisting of chitin, amorphous calcium carbonate and protein components with a multiscale hierarchical structure, and forms a protective shell with high impact resistance. At the ultrastructural level, cuticle mechanical functionality is enabled by the nanoscale architecture, wherein chitin fibrils are in intimate association with enveloping mineral and proteins. However, the interactions between these ultrastructural building blocks, and their coupled response to applied load, remain unclear. Here, we elucidate these interactions via synchrotron microbeam wide-angle X-ray diffraction combined with in situ tensile loading, to quantify the chitin crystallite structure of native cuticle - and after demineralization and deproteinization - as well as time-resolved changes in chitin fibril strain on macroscopic loading. We demonstrate chitin crystallite stabilization by mineral, seen via a compressive pre-strain of approximately 0.10% (chitin/protein fibre pre-stress of ∼20 MPa), which is lost on demineralization. Clear reductions of stiffness at the fibrillar-level following matrix digestion are linked to the change in the protein/matrix mechanical properties. Furthermore, both demineralization and deproteinization alter the 3D-pattern of deformation of the fibrillar network, with a non-symmetrical angular fibril strain induced by the chemical modifications, associated with loss of the load-transferring interfibrillar matrix. Our results demonstrate and quantify the critical role of interactions at the nanoscale (between chitin-protein and chitin-mineral) in enabling the molecular conformation and outstanding mechanical properties of cuticle, which will inform future design of hierarchical bioinspired composites. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Chitinous biomaterials (e.g. arthropod cuticle) are widespread in nature and attracting attention for bioinspired design due to high impact resistance coupled with light weight. However, how the nanoscale interactions of the molecular building blocks - alpha-chitin, protein and calcium carbonate mineral - lead to these material properties is not clear. Here we used X-ray scattering to determine the cooperative interactions between chitin fibrils, protein matrix and biominerals, during tissue loading. We find that the chitin crystallite structure is stabilized by mineral nanoparticles, the protein phase prestresses chitin fibrils, and that chemical modification of the interfibrillar matrix significantly disrupts 2D mechanics of the microfibrillar chitin plywood network. These results will aid rational design of advanced chitin-based biomaterials with high impact resistance.
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79
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Satam CC, Irvin CW, Coffey CJ, Geran RK, Ibarra-Rivera R, Shofner ML, Meredith JC. Controlling Barrier and Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals by Blending with Chitin Nanofibers. Biomacromolecules 2019; 21:545-555. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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80
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Wang LY, Jafarpour M, Lin CP, Appel E, Gorb SN, Rajabi H. Endocuticle sclerotisation increases the mechanical stability of cuticle. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:8272-8278. [PMID: 31553024 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01687b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle plays an important role in the evolutionary success of insects. Many studies on insect cuticles have reported a soft, resilin-rich endocuticle. However, a recent study indicated the presence of a sclerotised endocuticle in the weevil Pachyrhynchus sarcitis kotoensis, which contradicts former knowledge. To understand the degree of sclerotisation in the endocuticle of the weevil and its potential function, we first examined the endocuticle by microscopic and staining techniques. We next performed mechanical tests to measure the material properties of the endocuticle, and numerical simulations to predict the structural effect of the sclerotisation. Our results provide the first evidence of the existence of a sclerotised endocuticle and its remarkable function in improving the mechanical stability of the cuticle. This study highlights the finding of a high degree of sclerotisation in the stiff endocuticle of the weevil, especially the matrix surrounding the fibres. This novel case brings new understanding of cuticle properties and gives promising insights into biomaterial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Yi Wang
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
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81
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Wen C, Ma T, Deng Y, Liu C, Liang S, Wen J, Wang C, Wen X. Morphological and optical features of the apposition compound eye of Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Micron 2019; 128:102769. [PMID: 31627039 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.102769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Japanese pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is currently the most destructive forest pest as it transmits the pine wilt nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Morphological, optical features and dark/light adaptational changes of the compound eyes of M. alternatus adults were examined by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The eye of M. alternatus is apposition type and contains 489-712 ommatidia, depending on the beetle's body size. Each ommatidium features a large corneal lens, composed of a thick inner lens (ILU) and a thin outer lens unit (OLU); an acone-type of cone of four cone cells, a semi-fused type of rhabdom formed by eight retinular cells (two central cells: R7-R8 surrounded by six peripheral cells: R1-R6). Dark/light adaptational changes affect size and shape of the cones as well as the rhabdom's cross-sectional area and outline, to optimize the amount of light that reaches the photopigment. The compound eyes of M. alternatus have an F-number of 0.94, an interommatidial angle of 5.34°, an eye parameter P of 4.98 μm rad and a ratio of acceptance to interommatidial angle of 0.45. The eye is characterized by relatively poor spatial resolution, but can be expected to exhibit high absolute sensitivity and contrast in dim light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovation Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovation Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangxiao Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovation Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanhe Liu
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, South China Agricultural university, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiping Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovation Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junbao Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Cai Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovation Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiujun Wen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovation Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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82
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Jansen MA, Williams J, Chawla N, Franz NM. Avoidance of Catastrophic Structural Failure as an Evolutionary Constraint: Biomechanics of the Acorn Weevil Rostrum. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1903526. [PMID: 31456275 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The acorn weevil (Curculio Linnaeus, 1758) rostrum (snout) exhibits remarkable flexibility and toughness derived from the microarchitecture of its exoskeleton. Modifications to the composite profile of the rostral cuticle that simultaneously enhance the flexibility and toughness of the distal portion of the snout are characterized. Using classical laminate plate theory, the effect of these modifications on the elastic behavior of the exoskeleton is estimated. It is shown that the tensile behavior of the rostrum across six Curculio species with high morphological variation correlates with changes in the relative layer thicknesses and orientation angles of layers in the exoskeleton. Accordingly, increased endocuticle thickness is strongly correlated with increased tensile strength. Rostrum stiffness is shown to be inversely correlated with work of fracture; thus allowing a highly curved rostrum to completely straighten without structural damage. Finally, exocuticle rich invaginations of the occipital sutures are identified both as a likely site of crack initiation in tensile failure and as a source of morphological constraint on the evolution of the rostrum in Curculio weevils. It is concluded that avoidance of catastrophic structural failure, as initiated in these sutures under tension, is the driving selective pressure in the evolution of the female Curculio rostrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Jansen
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Jason Williams
- School for Engineering of Matter, Energy, and Transport Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Nikhilesh Chawla
- School for Engineering of Matter, Energy, and Transport Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Nico M Franz
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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83
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Bioinspired designs for shock absorption, based upon nacre and Bouligand structures. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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84
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Gornik SG, Hu I, Lassadi I, Waller RF. The Biochemistry and Evolution of the Dinoflagellate Nucleus. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7080245. [PMID: 31398798 PMCID: PMC6723414 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7080245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are known to possess a highly aberrant nucleus-the so-called dinokaryon-that exhibits a multitude of exceptional biological features. These include: (1) Permanently condensed chromosomes; (2) DNA in a cholesteric liquid crystalline state, (3) extremely large DNA content (up to 200 pg); and, perhaps most strikingly, (4) a deficit of histones-the canonical building blocks of all eukaryotic chromatin. Dinoflagellates belong to the Alveolata clade (dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates) and, therefore, the biological oddities observed in dinoflagellate nuclei are derived character states. Understanding the sequence of changes that led to the dinokaryon has been difficult in the past with poor resolution of dinoflagellate phylogeny. Moreover, lack of knowledge of their molecular composition has constrained our understanding of the molecular properties of these derived nuclei. However, recent advances in the resolution of the phylogeny of dinoflagellates, particularly of the early branching taxa; the realization that divergent histone genes are present; and the discovery of dinoflagellate-specific nuclear proteins that were acquired early in dinoflagellate evolution have all thrown new light nature and evolution of the dinokaryon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian G Gornik
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ian Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Imen Lassadi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Ross F Waller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
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85
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Kose O, Boott CE, Hamad WY, MacLachlan MJ. Stimuli-Responsive Anisotropic Materials Based on Unidirectional Organization of Cellulose Nanocrystals in an Elastomer. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kose
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Charlotte E. Boott
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Wadood Y. Hamad
- FPInnovations, 2665 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mark J. MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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86
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Boothby JM, Samuel J, Ware TH. Molecularly-ordered hydrogels with controllable, anisotropic stimulus response. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:4508-4517. [PMID: 31094394 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00763f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels which morph between programmed shapes in response to aqueous stimuli are of significant interest for biosensors and artificial muscles, among other applications. However, programming hydrogel shape change at small size scales is a significant challenge. Here we use the inherent ordering capabilities of liquid crystals to create a mechanically anisotropic hydrogel; when coupled with responsive comonomers, the mechanical anisotropy in the network guides shape change in response to the desired aqueous condition. Our synthetic strategy hinges on the use of a methacrylic chromonic liquid crystal monomer which can be combined with a non-polymerizable chromonic of similar structure to vary the magnitude of shape change while retaining liquid crystalline order. This shape change is directional due to the mechanical anisotropy of the gel, which is up to 50% stiffer along the chromonic stack direction than perpendicular. Additionally, we show that the type of stimulus to which these anisotropic gels respond can be switched by incorporating responsive, hydrophilic comonomers without destroying the nematic phase or alignment. The utility of these properties is demonstrated in polymerized microstructures which exhibit Gaussian curvature in response to high pH due to emergent ordering in a micron-sized capillary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Boothby
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Jeremy Samuel
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Taylor H Ware
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
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87
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Qin X, Marchi BC, Meng Z, Keten S. Impact resistance of nanocellulose films with bioinspired Bouligand microstructures. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:1351-1361. [PMID: 36132592 PMCID: PMC9418765 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00232k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Bouligand structure features a helicoidal (twisted plywood) layup of fibers that are uniaxially arranged in-plane and is a hallmark of biomaterials that exhibit outstanding impact resistance. Despite its performance advantage, the underlying mechanisms for its outstanding impact resistance remain poorly understood, posing challenges for optimizing the design and development of bio-inspired materials with Bouligand microstructures. Interestingly, many bio-sourced nanomaterials, such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), readily self-assemble into helicoidal thin films with inter-layer (pitch) angles tunable via solvent processing. Taking CNC films as a model Bouligand system, we present atomistically-informed coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to measure the ballistic performance of thin films with helicoidally assembled nanocrystals by subjecting them to loading similar to laser-induced projectile impact tests. The effect of pitch angle on the impact performance of CNC films was quantified in the context of their specific ballistic limit velocity and energy absorption. Bouligand structures with low pitch angles (18-42°) were found to display the highest ballistic resistance, significantly outperforming other pitch angle and quasi-isotropic baseline structures. Improved energy dissipation through greater interfacial sliding, larger in-plane crack openings, and through-thickness twisting cracks resulted in improved impact performance of optimal pitch angle Bouligand CNC films. Intriguingly, decreasing interfacial interactions enhanced the impact performance by readily admitting dissipative inter-fibril and inter-layer sliding events without severe fibril fragmentation. This work helps reveal structural and chemical factors that govern the optimal mechanical design of Bouligand microstructures made from high aspect ratio nanocrystals, paving the way for sustainable, impact resistant, and multi-functional films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qin
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3109 USA
| | - Benjamin C Marchi
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3109 USA
| | - Zhaoxu Meng
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3109 USA
| | - Sinan Keten
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3109 USA
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3109 USA
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88
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Surface Anchoring Effects on the Formation of Two-Wavelength Surface Patterns in Chiral Liquid Crystals. CRYSTALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst9040190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a theoretical analysis and linear scaling of two-wavelength surface nanostructures formed at the free surface of cholesteric liquid crystals (CLC). An anchoring model based on the capillary shape equation with the high order interaction of anisotropic interfacial tension is derived to elucidate the formation of the surface wrinkling. We showed that the main pattern-formation mechanism is originated due to the interaction between lower and higher order anchoring modes. A general phase diagram of the surface morphologies is presented in a parametric space of anchoring coefficients, and a set of anchoring modes and critical lines are defined to categorize the different types of surface patterns. To analyze the origin of surface reliefs, the correlation between surface energy and surface nano-wrinkles is investigated, and the symmetry and similarity between the energy and surface profile are identified. It is found that the surface wrinkling is driven by the director pressure and is annihilated by two induced capillary pressures. Linear approximation for the cases with sufficient small values of anchoring coefficients is used to realize the intrinsic properties and relations between the surface curvature and the capillary pressures. The contributions of capillary pressures on surface nano-wrinkling and the relations between the capillary vectors are also systematically investigated. These new findings establish a new approach for characterizing two-length scale surface wrinkling in CLCs, and can inspire the design of novel functional surface structures with the potential optical, friction, and thermal applications.
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89
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Frka-Petesic B, Kamita G, Guidetti G, Vignolini S. The angular optical response of cellulose nanocrystal films explained by the distortion of the arrested suspension upon drying. PHYSICAL REVIEW MATERIALS 2019; 3:045601. [PMID: 33225202 PMCID: PMC7116400 DOI: 10.1103/physrevmaterials.3.045601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are bio-sourced chiral nanorods that can form stable colloidal suspensions able to spontaneously assemble above a critical concentration into a cholesteric liquid crystal, with a cholesteric pitch usually in the micron range. When these suspensions are dried on a substrate, solid films with a pitch of the order of few hundreds of nanometers can be produced, leading to intense reflection in the visible range. However, the resulting cholesteric nanostructure is usually not homogeneous within a sample and comports important variations of the cholesteric domain orientation and pitch, which affect the photonic properties. In this work, we first propose a model accounting for the formation of the photonic structure from the vertical compression of the cholesteric suspension upon solvent evaporation, starting at the onset of the kinetic arrest of the drying suspension and ending when solvent evaporation is complete. From that assumption, various structural features of the films can be derived, such as the variation of the cholesteric pitch with the domain tilt, the orientation distribution density of the final cholesteric domains and the distortion of the helix from the unperturbed cholesteric case. The angular-resolved optical response of such films is then derived, including the iridescence and the generation of higher order reflection bands, and a simulation of the angular optical response is provided, including its tailoring under external magnetic fields. Second, we conducted an experimental investigation of CNC films covering a structural and optical analysis of the films. The macroscopic appearance of the films is discussed and complemented with angular-resolved optical spectroscopy, optical and electron microscopy, and our quantitative analysis shows an excellent agreement with the proposed model. This allows us to access the precise composition and the pitch of the suspension when it transited into a kinetically arrested phase directly from the optical analysis of the film. This work highlights the key role that the anisotropic compression of the kinetically arrested state plays in the formation of CNC films and is relevant to the broader case of structure formation in cast dispersions and colloidal self-assembly upon solvent evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Frka-Petesic
- Melville laboratory for polymer Synthesis, Chemistry dept., University of Cambridge
| | - Gen Kamita
- Melville laboratory for polymer Synthesis, Chemistry dept., University of Cambridge
| | - Giulia Guidetti
- Melville laboratory for polymer Synthesis, Chemistry dept., University of Cambridge
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Melville laboratory for polymer Synthesis, Chemistry dept., University of Cambridge
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90
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Sykes D, Hartwell R, Bradley RS, Burnett TL, Hornberger B, Garwood RJ, Withers PJ. Time-lapse three-dimensional imaging of crack propagation in beetle cuticle. Acta Biomater 2019; 86:109-116. [PMID: 30660007 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Arthropod cuticle has extraordinary properties. It is very stiff and tough whilst being lightweight, yet it is made of rather ordinary constituents. This desirable combination of properties results from a hierarchical structure, but we currently have a poor understanding of how this impedes damage propagation. Here we use non-destructive, time-lapse in situ tensile testing within an X-ray nanotomography (nCT) system to visualise crack progression through dry beetle elytron (wing case) cuticle in 3D. We find that its hierarchical pseudo-orthogonal laminated microstructure exploits many extrinsic toughening mechanisms, including crack deflection, fibre and laminate pull-out and crack bridging. We highlight lessons to be learned in the design of engineering structures from the toughening methods employed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We present the first comprehensive study of the damage and toughening mechanisms within arthropod cuticle in a 3D time-lapse manner, using X-ray nanotomography during crack growth. This technique allows lamina to be isolated despite being convex, which limits 2D analysis of microstructure. We report toughening mechanisms previously unobserved in unmineralised cuticle such as crack deflection, fibre and laminate pull-out and crack bridging; and provide insights into the effects of hierarchical microstructure on crack propagation. Ultimately the benefits of the hierarchical microstructure found here can not only be used to improve biomimetic design, but also helps us to understand the remarkable success of arthropods on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Sykes
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, The Royce Institute, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Rebecca Hartwell
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, The Royce Institute, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Rob S Bradley
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, The Royce Institute, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Timothy L Burnett
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, The Royce Institute, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Russell J Garwood
- School of Earth and Environmental Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Earth Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Philip J Withers
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, The Royce Institute, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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91
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Steiner LM, Ogawa Y, Johansen VE, Lundquist CR, Whitney H, Vignolini S. Structural colours in the frond of Microsorum thailandicum. Interface Focus 2019; 9:20180055. [PMID: 30603073 PMCID: PMC6304010 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2018.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue and near-ultraviolet structural colours have often been reported in understorey plants living in deep shade. While this intense blue coloration is very catchy to the eye of a human observer, there are cases in which structural colours can be hidden either by the scattered light interacting with pigments or because they are found in unexpected positions in the plants. Here, we show that the fronds of Microsorum thailandicum produce structural coloration on both the adaxial and abaxial epidermal surface. While cellulose helicoidal structures are responsible for this coloration in both epidermal layers, the reflected colours are consistently different: an intense blue reflection is found in the adaxial epidermis while red-shifted and less intense colours are observed in the abaxial epidermis, possibly suggesting photo-adaptation of the plant to the light environment. By comparing the optical properties of the fern with its anatomy we computed the theoretical reflection accounting for the presence of disorder in the cellulose helicoidal architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Maria Steiner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Yu Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- Univ. Grenoble-Alps, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Clive R. Lundquist
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Heather Whitney
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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92
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Kose O, Tran A, Lewis L, Hamad WY, MacLachlan MJ. Unwinding a spiral of cellulose nanocrystals for stimuli-responsive stretchable optics. Nat Commun 2019; 10:510. [PMID: 30705267 PMCID: PMC6355765 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) derived from biomass spontaneously organize into a helical arrangement, termed a chiral nematic structure. This structure mimics the organization of chitin found in the exoskeletons of arthropods, where it contributes to their remarkable mechanical strength. Here, we demonstrate a photonic sensory mechanism based on the reversible unwinding of chiral nematic CNCs embedded in an elastomer, leading the materials to display stimuli-responsive stretchable optics. Vivid interference colors appear as the film is stretched and disappear when the elastomer returns to its original shape. This reversible optical effect is caused by a mechanically-induced transition of the CNCs between a chiral nematic and pseudo-nematic arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kose
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Andy Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Lev Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Wadood Y Hamad
- FPInnovations, 2665 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mark J MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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93
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O'Neill M, DeLandro D, Taylor D. Age-related responses to injury and repair in insect cuticle. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.182253. [PMID: 30446547 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.182253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the ability of female adult desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) to repair injuries to their exoskeletons and restore mechanical strength over the course of their natural life. We discovered that younger insects are more capable of repairing injuries, displaying no significant decreases in failure strength, stiffness or bending moment to failure after 3 weeks of repair. Older insects, in contrast, were only capable of repairing to ∼70% of their original strength. Both older and younger insects carry out targeted deposition to repair injuries. We also examined different mechanisms of failure, and we discovered that the cuticle of older insects is more susceptible to crack growth due to a large decrease in fracture toughness with age, making them more sensitive to scalpel cuts and punctures. The biological mechanisms that drive these changes are still under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve O'Neill
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Diego DeLandro
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - David Taylor
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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94
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Mechanics of Arthropod Cuticle-Versatility by Structural and Compositional Variation. ARCHITECTURED MATERIALS IN NATURE AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11942-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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95
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Liu X, Zhang J, Zhu KY. Chitin in Arthropods: Biosynthesis, Modification, and Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1142:169-207. [PMID: 31102247 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is a structural constituent of extracellular matrices including the cuticle of the exoskeleton and the peritrophic matrix (PM) of the midgut in arthropods. Chitin chains are synthesized through multiple biochemical reactions, organized in several hierarchical levels and associated with various proteins that give their unique physicochemical characteristics of the cuticle and PM. Because, arthropod growth and morphogenesis are dependent on the capability of remodeling chitin-containing structures, chitin biosynthesis and degradation are highly regulated, allowing ecdysis and regeneration of the cuticle and PM. Over the past 20 years, much progress has been made in understanding the physiological functions of chitinous matrices. In this chapter, we mainly discussed the biochemical processes of chitin biosynthesis, modification and degradation, and various enzymes involved in these processes. We also discussed cuticular proteins and PM proteins, which largely determine the physicochemical properties of the cuticle and PM. Although rapid advances in genomics, proteomics, RNA interference, and other technologies have considerably facilitated our research in chitin biosynthesis, modification, and metabolism in recent years, many aspects of these processes are still partially understood. Further research is needed in understanding how the structural organization of chitin synthase in plasma membrane accommodate chitin biosynthesis, transport of chitin chain across the plasma membrane, and release of the chitin chain from the enzyme. Other research is also needed in elucidating the roles of chitin deacetylases in chitin organization and the mechanism controlling the formation of different types of chitin in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China.
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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96
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Rheological behavior of hybrid suspensions of chitin nanorods and siloxane oligomers. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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97
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Seidl BH, Griesshaber E, Fabritius HO, Reisecker C, Hild S, Taiti S, Schmahl WW, Ziegler A. Tailored disorder in calcite organization in tergite cuticle of the supralittoral isopod Tylos europaeus Arcangeli, 1938. J Struct Biol 2018; 204:464-480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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98
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Ling S, Chen W, Fan Y, Zheng K, Jin K, Yu H, Buehler MJ, Kaplan DL. Biopolymer nanofibrils: structure, modeling, preparation, and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2018; 85:1-56. [PMID: 31915410 PMCID: PMC6948189 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biopolymer nanofibrils exhibit exceptional mechanical properties with a unique combination of strength and toughness, while also presenting biological functions that interact with the surrounding environment. These features of biopolymer nanofibrils profit from their hierarchical structures that spun angstrom to hundreds of nanometer scales. To maintain these unique structural features and to directly utilize these natural supramolecular assemblies, a variety of new methods have been developed to produce biopolymer nanofibrils. In particular, cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), chitin nanofibrils (ChNFs), silk nanofibrils (SNFs) and collagen nanofibrils (CoNFs), as the four most abundant biopolymer nanofibrils on earth, have been the focus of research in recent years due to their renewable features, wide availability, low-cost, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. A series of top-down and bottom-up strategies have been accessed to exfoliate and regenerate these nanofibrils for versatile advanced applications. In this review, we first summarize the structures of biopolymer nanofibrils in nature and outline their related computational models with the aim of disclosing fundamental structure-property relationships in biological materials. Then, we discuss the underlying methods used for the preparation of CNFs, ChNFs, SNF and CoNFs, and discuss emerging applications for these biopolymer nanofibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Ling
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Wenshuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yimin Fan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Zheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Kai Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Haipeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Markus J. Buehler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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99
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Stifler CA, Wittig NK, Sassi M, Sun CY, Marcus MA, Birkedal H, Beniash E, Rosso KM, Gilbert PUPA. X-ray Linear Dichroism in Apatite. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11698-11704. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cayla A. Stifler
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nina Kølln Wittig
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Michel Sassi
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Chang-Yu Sun
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Matthew A. Marcus
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Henrik Birkedal
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Elia Beniash
- Departments of Oral Biology and Bioengineering, Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, UPitt, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Kevin M. Rosso
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Pupa U. P. A. Gilbert
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science, and Geoscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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100
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Vittori M, Srot V, Bussmann B, Predel F, van Aken PA, Štrus J. Structural optimization and amorphous calcium phosphate mineralization in sensory setae of a terrestrial crustacean (Isopoda: Oniscidea). Micron 2018; 112:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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