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Al-Gareeb AI, Alrubai HF, Suliaman SM. Effects of gliclazide add on metformin on serum omentin-1 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2016; 20:195-198. [PMID: 27042415 PMCID: PMC4792020 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.176355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omentin is a newly identified adipokine that has beneficial influence against cardiovascular disorders. Hence, considering the impact of anti-diabetic drug on omentin levels may provide an adjuvant strategy to protect diabetic patients against valuable clinical hazards. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the influence of metformin alone or in combination with gliclazide on the level of serum omentin among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 70 newly diagnosed patients with T2DM were enrolled in this randomized, double-blind prospective study, and divided into two equal groups based on treatment regimen in which Group 1 treated with metformin (1000 mg) and Group 2 treated with metformin (1000 mg) plus gliclazide (80 mg). Blood glucose levels, HbA1C, insulin levels, and serum omentin-1 were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. RESULT Use of gliclazide as an add-on therapy to metformin in patients with T2DM result in better glycemic control evidenced by significant reductions in the levels of blood glucose levels and HbA1C and much more improvement in insulin sensitivity evidenced by significant decreased in insulin resistance index, whereas it has adverse impact on serum omentin-1 levels evidenced by significant decrement in omentin-1 level in comparison to their pretreatment levels among Group 2 patients. CONCLUSIONS Adding of gliclazide to metformin in treatment of patients with T2DM might extend the therapeutic action of metformin in regarding much better controlling of glycemic indices, but, at the same time, it might attenuate the cardioprotective effects of metformin by its adverse influence on serum omentin-1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali I. Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Haidar F. Alrubai
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sammar M. Suliaman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq
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Gurav AN. Management of diabolical diabetes mellitus and periodontitis nexus: Are we doing enough? World J Diabetes 2016; 7:50-66. [PMID: 26962409 PMCID: PMC4766246 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i4.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is the commonest oral disease affecting population worldwide. This disease is notorious for the devastation of tooth supporting structures, ensuing in the loss of dentition. The etiology for this disease is bacterial biofilm, which accumulates on the teeth as dental plaque. In addition to the biofilm microorganisms, other factors such as environmental, systemic and genetic are also responsible in progression of periodontitis. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is metabolic disorder which has an impact on the global health. DM plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Periodontitis is declared as the “sixth” major complication of DM. Evidence based literature has depicted an enhanced incidence and severity of periodontitis in subjects with DM. A “two way” relationship has been purported between periodontitis and DM. Mutual management of both conditions is necessary. Periodontal therapy (PT) may assist to diminish the progression of DM and improve glycemic control. Various advanced technological facilities may be utilized for the purpose of patient education and disease management. The present paper clarifies the etio-pathogenesis of periodontitis, establishing it as a complication of DM and elaborating the various mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis. The role of PT in amelioration of DM and application of digital communication will be discussed. Overall, it is judicious to create an increased patient cognizance of the periodontitis-DM relationship. Conjunctive efforts must be undertaken by the medical and oral health care professionals for the management of periodontitis affected DM patients.
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53
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Anti-diabetes effect of chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia through improving liver insulin resistance in diabetic rats. Life Sci 2016; 150:1-7. [PMID: 26883978 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cumulating evidence demonstrated that chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIHH) had beneficial effects on the body. The present study was to investigate the anti-diabetes effect of CIHH in type-2 diabetic rats for the first time. MAIN METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (CON), diabetes mellitus group (DM, induced by high-fat diet combined with low-dose streptozotocin), CIHH treatment group (CIHH, simulated 5000-m altitude, 6h per day for 28 days), and diabetes mellitus plus CIHH treatment group (DM+CIHH). Histopathology of liver, systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP), blood biochemicals, glucose and insulin tolerance were determined. The expression of proteins associated with insulin signaling pathway as well as hypoxia induced factors were assayed. KEY FINDINGS Diabetic rats showed impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance in addition to increased SAP. However, SAP, serum triglyceride and cholesterol were decreased, and hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance were improved in DM+CIHH rats. Furthermore, the protein expression of glucokinase (GCK), insulin receptor substrates (IRS-1 and IRS-2), and HIF1α were increased, while the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), was markedly reduced in DM+CIHH rats. SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that CIHH treatment has anti-diabetes effects through ameliorating insulin resistance via hepatic HIF-insulin signaling pathway in type-2 diabetic rats.
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54
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Wang Q, Zhang P, Aprecio R, Zhang D, Li H, Ji N, Mohamed O, Zhang W, Li Y, Ding Y. Comparison of Experimental Diabetic Periodontitis Induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis in Mice. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:4840203. [PMID: 27995146 PMCID: PMC5141310 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4840203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is one of the severe complications in diabetic patients and gingival epithelium plays an initial role on the onset and progression of this disease. However the potential mechanism is yet sufficiently understood. Meanwhile, the research on the correlational experimental animal models was also insufficient. Here, we established periodontitis with type 2 diabetes in db/db and Tallyho/JngJ (TH) mice and periodontitis with type 1 diabetes in streptozotocin induced diabetes C57BL/6J (STZ-C57) mice by oral infection of periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis W50. We demonstrated that periodontal infected mice with high blood glucose levels showed dramatically more alveolar bone loss than their counterparts, in which infected db/db mice exhibited the most bone defects. No contrary impact could be observed between this periodontal infection and onset and severity of diabetes. The expressions of PTPN2 were inhibited whereas the expression of JAK1, STAT1, and STAT3 increased dramatically in gingival epithelia and the serum TNF-α also significantly increased in the mice with diabetic periodontitis. Our results indicated that the variations of inflammation-related protein expressions in gingival epithelia might lead to the phenotype differences in the mice with diabetic periodontitis.
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MESH Headings
- Alveolar Bone Loss
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Diabetes Complications/etiology
- Diabetes Complications/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gingiva/metabolism
- Janus Kinase 1/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Periodontitis/etiology
- Periodontitis/metabolism
- Porphyromonas gingivalis
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 2/metabolism
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section S. Renmin Road, Chengdu, China
- *Qi Wang: and
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section S. Renmin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Ray Aprecio
- Center for Dental Research, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Dongjiao Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, 44-1 Wenhua W. Road, Jinan, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, 10 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Ning Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section S. Renmin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Omaima Mohamed
- Center for Dental Research, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Wu Zhang
- Center for Dental Research, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Yiming Li
- Center for Dental Research, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Yi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section S. Renmin Road, Chengdu, China
- *Yi Ding:
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Zhao Y, Tang Z, Zhu X, Wang X, Wang C, Zhang W, Xia N, Wang S, Huang J, Cui S. TAB3 involves in hepatic insulin resistance through activation of MAPK pathway. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 224:228-34. [PMID: 26320856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is often accompanied by chronic inflammatory responses. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is rapidly activated in response to many inflammatory cytokines. But the functional role of MAPKs in palmitate-induced insulin resistance has yet to be clarified. In this study, we found that transforming growth factor β-activated kinase binding protein-3 (TAB3) was up-regulated in insulin resistance. Considering the relationship between transforming growth factor β-activated kinase (TAK1) and MAPK pathway, we assumed TAB3 involved in insulin resistance through activation of MAPK pathway. To certify this hypothesis, we knocked down TAB3 in palmitate treated HepG2 cells and detected subsequent biological responses. Importantly, TAB3 siRNA directly reversed insulin sensitivity by improving insulin signal transduction. Moreover, silencing of TAB3 could facilitate hepatic glucose uptake, reverse gluconeogenesis and improve ectopic fat accumulation. Meanwhile, we found that the positive effect of knocking down TAB3 was more significant when insulin resistance occurred. All these results indicate that TAB3 acts as a negative regulator in insulin resistance through activation of MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhuqi Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xueqin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nantong First People's Hospital, 6 Hai'erxiang Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Cuifang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wanlu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Nana Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Suxin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jieru Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shiwei Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Saponaro C, Gaggini M, Carli F, Gastaldelli A. The Subtle Balance between Lipolysis and Lipogenesis: A Critical Point in Metabolic Homeostasis. Nutrients 2015; 7:9453-74. [PMID: 26580649 PMCID: PMC4663603 DOI: 10.3390/nu7115475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of lipids can lead to lipotoxicity, cell dysfunction and alteration in metabolic pathways, both in adipose tissue and peripheral organs, like liver, heart, pancreas and muscle. This is now a recognized risk factor for the development of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, diabetes, fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The causes for lipotoxicity are not only a high fat diet but also excessive lipolysis, adipogenesis and adipose tissue insulin resistance. The aims of this review are to investigate the subtle balances that underlie lipolytic, lipogenic and oxidative pathways, to evaluate critical points and the complexities of these processes and to better understand which are the metabolic derangements resulting from their imbalance, such as type 2 diabetes and non alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Saponaro
- Cardiometabolic Risk Unit, Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, via Moruzzi, 1 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Melania Gaggini
- Cardiometabolic Risk Unit, Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, via Moruzzi, 1 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Molecolare Medica e di Area Critica, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Fabrizia Carli
- Cardiometabolic Risk Unit, Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, via Moruzzi, 1 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Cardiometabolic Risk Unit, Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, via Moruzzi, 1 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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57
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Song Y, Wan X, Gao L, Pan Y, Xie W, Wang H, Guo J. Activated PKR inhibits pancreatic β-cell proliferation through sumoylation-dependent stabilization of P53. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:341-9. [PMID: 26446704 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is intimately involved in type 2 diabetes due to its role in insulin resistance in peripheral tissues and anti-proliferative effect on pancreatic β-cells. Activated PKR was found to inhibit β-cell proliferation, partially through accumulation of P53. However the molecular mechanisms underlying PKR-dependent upregulation of P53 remain unknown. The results of the present study showed that PKR can be specifically activated in PKR overexpressing β-cells by a low dosage of the previously synthesized compound 1H-benzimidazole1-ethanol,2,3-dihydro-2-imino-a-(phenoxymethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-,monohydrochloride (BEPP), and this led to upregulation of P53 through sumoylation-dependent stability. Activated PKR was found to interact with sumo-conjugating enzyme Ubc9, and P53 sumoylation relies on a PKR-Ubc9 protein-protein interaction. Additionally, a ceramide signal was needed for PKR activation to be triggered by glucolipotoxicity and TNFα stimulation, and stabilization of P53 required endogenous ceramide accumulation. Glucolipotoxicity and pro-inflammatory cytokines therefore promote the sumoylation-dependent stability of P53 via the ceramide/PKR/Ubc9 signalling pathway that is involved in pancreatic β-cell proliferation inhibition in the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - XiaoMeng Wan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - LiLi Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Yi Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - WeiPing Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China.
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
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58
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Saponaro C, Gaggini M, Gastaldelli A. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes: common pathophysiologic mechanisms. Curr Diab Rep 2015; 15:607. [PMID: 25894944 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-015-0607-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an independent risk factor for advanced liver disease, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence of NAFLD in the general population is around 30 %, but it is up to three times higher in those with T2DM. Among people with obesity and T2DM, the NAFLD epidemic also is worsening. Therefore, it is important to identify early metabolic alterations and to prevent these diseases and their progression. In this review, we analyze the pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to NAFLD, particularly, those common to T2DM, such as liver and muscle insulin resistance. However, it is mainly adipose tissue insulin resistance that results in increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis, inflammation, and lipotoxicity. Although genetics predispose to NAFLD, an unhealthy lifestyle, including high-fat/high-sugar diets and low physical activity, increases the risk. In addition, alterations in gut microbiota and environmental chemical agents, acting as endocrine disruptors, may play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Saponaro
- Cardiometabolic Risk Unit, Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, via Moruzzi 1, 56100, Pisa, Italy,
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59
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Lan KC, Chiu CY, Kao CW, Huang KH, Wang CC, Huang KT, Tsai KS, Sheu ML, Liu SH. Advanced glycation end-products induce apoptosis in pancreatic islet endothelial cells via NF-κB-activated cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2 up-regulation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124418. [PMID: 25898207 PMCID: PMC4405342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvascular complications eventually affect nearly all patients with diabetes. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) resulting from hyperglycemia are a complex and heterogeneous group of compounds that accumulate in the plasma and tissues in diabetic patients. They are responsible for both endothelial dysfunction and diabetic vasculopathy. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of AGEs on pancreatic islet microvascular endothelial cells. The mechanism underlying the apoptotic effect of AGEs in pancreatic islet endothelial cell line MS1 was explored. The results showed that AGEs significantly decreased MS1 cell viability and induced MS1 cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. AGEs dose-dependently increased the expressions of cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in MS1 cells. Treatment of MS1 cells with AGEs also resulted in increased nuclear factor (NF)-κB-p65 phosphorylation and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression. However, AGEs did not affect the expressions of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related molecules in MS1 cells. Pretreatment with NS398 (a COX-2 inhibitor) to inhibit prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production reversed the induction of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP, and MS1 cell viability. Moreover, AGEs significantly increased the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) protein expression in MS1 cells, which could be reversed by RAGE neutralizing antibody. RAGE Neutralizing antibody could also reverse the induction of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP and decreased cell viability induced by AGEs. These results implicate the involvement of NF-κB-activated COX-2/PGE2 up-regulation in AGEs/RAGE-induced islet endothelial cell apoptosis and cytotoxicity. These findings may provide insight into the pathological processes within the pancreatic islet microvasculature induced by AGEs accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Cheng Lan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yuan Chiu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Kao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-How Huang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Tong Huang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Keh-Sung Tsai
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meei-Ling Sheu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shing Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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60
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Yao XG, Xu X, Wang GH, Lei M, Quan LL, Cheng YH, Wan P, Zhou JP, Chen J, Hu LH, Shen X. BBT improves glucose homeostasis by ameliorating β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mice. J Endocrinol 2015; 224:327-41. [PMID: 25572265 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and increasing β-cell death are two typical dysfunctions of pancreatic β-cells in individuals that are destined to develop type 2 diabetes, and improvement of β-cell function through GSIS enhancement and/or inhibition of β-cell death is a promising strategy for anti-diabetic therapy. In this study, we discovered that the small molecule, N-(2-benzoylphenyl)-5-bromo-2-thiophenecarboxamide (BBT), was effective in both potentiating GSIS and protecting β-cells from cytokine- or streptozotocin (STZ)-induced cell death. Results of further studies revealed that cAMP/PKA and long-lasting (L-type) voltage-dependent Ca(2) (+) channel/CaMK2 pathways were involved in the action of BBT against GSIS, and that the cAMP/PKA pathway was essential for the protective action of BBT on β-cells. An assay using the model of type 2 diabetic mice induced by high-fat diet combined with STZ (STZ/HFD) demonstrated that BBT administration efficiently restored β-cell functions as indicated by the increased plasma insulin level and decrease in the β-cell loss induced by STZ/HFD. Moreover, the results indicated that BBT treatment decreased fasting blood glucose and HbA1c and improved oral glucose tolerance further highlighting the potential of BBT in anti-hyperglycemia research.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Diet, High-Fat
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Glucose/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Homeostasis/drug effects
- Humans
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/drug effects
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Streptozocin
- Thiophenes/pharmacology
- Thiophenes/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Receptor ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, ChinaCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesShanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234, ChinaDepartment of PharmacologyChina Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, ChinaCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesShanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234, ChinaDepartment of PharmacologyChina Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Gai-hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, ChinaCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesShanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234, ChinaDepartment of PharmacologyChina Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Min Lei
- Key Laboratory of Receptor ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, ChinaCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesShanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234, ChinaDepartment of PharmacologyChina Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ling-ling Quan
- Key Laboratory of Receptor ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, ChinaCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesShanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234, ChinaDepartment of PharmacologyChina Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yan-hua Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Receptor ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, ChinaCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesShanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234, ChinaDepartment of PharmacologyChina Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ping Wan
- Key Laboratory of Receptor ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, ChinaCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesShanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234, ChinaDepartment of PharmacologyChina Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jin-pei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptor ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, ChinaCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesShanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234, ChinaDepartment of PharmacologyChina Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptor ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, ChinaCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesShanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234, ChinaDepartment of PharmacologyChina Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li-hong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, ChinaCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesShanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234, ChinaDepartment of PharmacologyChina Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Receptor ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, ChinaCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesShanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234, ChinaDepartment of PharmacologyChina Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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Zhang Y, Ye M, Chen LJ, Li M, Tang Z, Wang C. Role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy in regulation of insulin sensitivity in serum-starved 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Endocr J 2015; 62:673-86. [PMID: 25959705 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej15-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy are two conserved intracellular proteolytic pathways, responsible for degradation of most cellular proteins in living cells. Currently, both the UPS and autophagy have been suggested to be associated with pathogenesis of insulin resistance and diabetes. However, underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of the UPS and autophagy on insulin sensitivity in serum-starved 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our results show that serum depletion resulted in activation of the UPS and autophagy, accompanied with increased insulin sensitivity. Inhibition of the UPS with bortezomib (BZM), a highly selective, reversible 26S proteasome inhibitor induced compensatory activation of autophagy but did not affect significantly insulin action. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of autophagy dramatically mitigated serum starvation-elevated insulin sensitivity. In addition, autophagy inhibition compromised UPS function and led to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR). Inability of the UPS by BMZ exacerbated autophagy inhibition-induced ER stress and UPR. These results suggest that protein quality control maintained by the UPS and autophagy is required for preserving insulin sensitivity. Importantly, adaptive activation of autophagy plays a critical role in serum starvation-induced insulin sensitization in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemin Zhang
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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Kahn HS, Gu Q, Bullard KM, Freedman DS, Ahluwalia N, Ogden CL. Population distribution of the sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) from a representative sample of US adults: comparison of SAD, waist circumference and body mass index for identifying dysglycemia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108707. [PMID: 25272003 PMCID: PMC4182731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) measured in supine position is an alternative adiposity indicator that estimates the quantity of dysfunctional adipose tissue in the visceral depot. However, supine SAD’s distribution and its association with health risk at the population level are unknown. Here we describe standardized measurements of SAD, provide the first, national estimates of the SAD distribution among US adults, and test associations of SAD and other adiposity indicators with prevalent dysglycemia. Methods and Findings In the 2011–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, supine SAD was measured (“abdominal height”) between arms of a sliding-beam caliper at the level of the iliac crests. From 4817 non-pregnant adults (age ≥20; response rate 88%) we used sample weights to estimate SAD’s population distribution by sex and age groups. SAD’s population mean was 22.5 cm [95% confidence interval 22.2–22.8]; median was 21.9 cm [21.6–22.4]. The mean and median values of SAD were greater for men than women. For the subpopulation without diagnosed diabetes, we compared the abilities of SAD, waist circumference (WC), and body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) to identify prevalent dysglycemia (HbA1c ≥5.7%). For age-adjusted, logistic-regression models in which sex-specific quartiles of SAD were considered simultaneously with quartiles of either WC or BMI, only SAD quartiles 3 (p<0.05 vs quartile 1) and 4 (p<0.001 vs quartile 1) remained associated with increased dysglycemia. Based on continuous adiposity indicators, analyses of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) indicated that the dysglycemia model fit for SAD (age-adjusted) was 0.734 for men (greater than the AUC for WC, p<0.001) and 0.764 for women (greater than the AUC for WC or BMI, p<0.001). Conclusions Measured inexpensively by bedside caliper, SAD was associated with dysglycemia independently of WC or BMI. Standardized SAD measurements may enhance assessment of dysfunctional adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry S. Kahn
- Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Qiuping Gu
- Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kai McKeever Bullard
- Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David S. Freedman
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Namanjeet Ahluwalia
- Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cynthia L. Ogden
- Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland, United States of America
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Shakya G, Randhi PK, Pajaniradje S, Mohankumar K, Rajagopalan R. Hypoglycaemic role of wheatgrass and its effect on carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in type II diabetic rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2014; 32:1026-32. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233714545202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Insulin resistance and insulin insufficiency is the major factor for the prognosis of type II diabetes. Consistent high glucose level leads to multiple secondary complications in diabetic patients. Hence, hypoglycaemic drugs are of significance for reducing the risk of secondary complications in type II diabetes. Various hypoglycaemic drugs are already available in the market, but they are associated with several side effects. Therefore, traditional herbs have emerged as safer alternative for effective hypoglycaemic treatment. The juvenile grass of common wheat is known as wheatgrass (WG). It is commonly used as a health drink and has potent antioxidant efficacy. It has been used to cure DM in folk medicine. The current study was planned to test the hypoglycaemic effect and pathways regulated by WG on DM. We analysed the glucose and insulin levels in plasma, the activity of glucose oxidative enzymes, hexokinase and glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase, in serum and glycogen levels in liver of the male albino Wistar rats. Activity of glucose oxidative enzymes and the levels of insulin and liver glycogen were decreased in rats with diabetes, but they were reversed on treatment with WG. Hence, we conclude that WG can act as a potent anti-hyperglycaemic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Shakya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Randhi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Sankar Pajaniradje
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Kumaravel Mohankumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Rukkumani Rajagopalan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
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De Minicis S, Agostinelli L, Rychlicki C, Sorice GP, Saccomanno S, Candelaresi C, Giaccari A, Trozzi L, Pierantonelli I, Mingarelli E, Marzioni M, Muscogiuri G, Gaggini M, Benedetti A, Gastaldelli A, Guido M, Svegliati-Baroni G. HCC development is associated to peripheral insulin resistance in a mouse model of NASH. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97136. [PMID: 24853141 PMCID: PMC4031080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
NAFLD is the most common liver disease worldwide but it is the potential evolution to NASH and eventually to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), even in the absence of cirrhosis, that makes NAFLD of such clinical importance. Aim: we aimed to create a mouse model reproducing the pathological spectrum of NAFLD and to investigate the role of possible co-factors in promoting HCC. Methods: mice were treated with a choline-deficient L-amino-acid-defined-diet (CDAA) or its control (CSAA diet) and subjected to a low-dose i.p. injection of CCl4 or vehicle. Insulin resistance was measured by the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp method. Steatosis, fibrosis and HCC were evaluated by histological and molecular analysis. Results: CDAA-treated mice showed peripheral insulin resistance at 1 month. At 1–3 months, extensive steatosis and fibrosis were observed in CDAA and CDAA+CCl4 groups. At 6 months, equal increase in steatosis and fibrosis was observed between the two groups, together with the appearance of tumor. At 9 months of treatment, the 100% of CDAA+CCl4 treated mice revealed tumor versus 40% of CDAA mice. Insulin-like Growth Factor-2 (IGF-2) and Osteopontin (SPP-1) were increased in CDAA mice versus CSAA. Furthermore, Immunostaining for p-AKT, p-c-Myc and Glypican-3 revealed increased positivity in the tumors. Conclusions: the CDAA model promotes the development of HCC from NAFLD-NASH in the presence of insulin resistance but in the absence of cirrhosis. Since this condition is increasingly recognized in humans, our study provides a model that may help understanding mechanisms of carcinogenesis in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele De Minicis
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Department of Gastroenterology, Ancona, Italy
- * E-mail: (GS-B); (SDM)
| | - Laura Agostinelli
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Department of Gastroenterology, Ancona, Italy
| | - Chiara Rychlicki
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Department of Gastroenterology, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gian Pio Sorice
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Policlinico Gemelli, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Rome, Italy
- Diabetic Care Clinics, ACISMOM, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Saccomanno
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Department of Gastroenterology, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cinzia Candelaresi
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Department of Gastroenterology, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Giaccari
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Policlinico Gemelli, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Rome, Italy
- Don Gnocchi Foundation Onlus, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Trozzi
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Department of Gastroenterology, Ancona, Italy
| | - Irene Pierantonelli
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Department of Gastroenterology, Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mingarelli
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Department of Gastroenterology, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Department of Gastroenterology, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Policlinico Gemelli, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Rome, Italy
| | - Melania Gaggini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Head of Cardiometabolic Risk Unit, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Benedetti
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Department of Gastroenterology, Ancona, Italy
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Head of Cardiometabolic Risk Unit, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Guido
- Università di Padova, Department of Medicine Anatomic Pathology Unit, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Svegliati-Baroni
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Department of Gastroenterology, Ancona, Italy
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Obesity Center, Ancona, Italy
- * E-mail: (GS-B); (SDM)
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Wu Y, Ding Y, Tanaka Y, Zhang W. Risk factors contributing to type 2 diabetes and recent advances in the treatment and prevention. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:1185-200. [PMID: 25249787 PMCID: PMC4166864 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.10001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a serious and common chronic disease resulting from a complex inheritance-environment interaction along with other risk factors such as obesity and sedentary lifestyle. Type 2 diabetes and its complications constitute a major worldwide public health problem, affecting almost all populations in both developed and developing countries with high rates of diabetes-related morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes has been increasing exponentially, and a high prevalence rate has been observed in developing countries and in populations undergoing "westernization" or modernization. Multiple risk factors of diabetes, delayed diagnosis until micro- and macro-vascular complications arise, life-threatening complications, failure of the current therapies, and financial costs for the treatment of this disease, make it necessary to develop new efficient therapy strategies and appropriate prevention measures for the control of type 2 diabetes. Herein, we summarize our current understanding about the epidemiology of type 2 diabetes, the roles of genes, lifestyle and other factors contributing to rapid increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes. The core aims are to bring forward the new therapy strategies and cost-effective intervention trials of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Wu
- 1. Lab of Molecular Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China; ; 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yanping Ding
- 1. Lab of Molecular Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China; ; 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- 3. Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Wen Zhang
- 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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Effects of Chinese Fructus Mume formula and its separated prescription extract on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 33:877-885. [PMID: 24337852 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-013-1215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Fructus Mume formula and its separated prescription extract on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats was investigated. The rat model of type 2 diabetes was established by feeding on a high-fat diet for 8 weeks and by subsequently intravenous injection of small doses of streptozotocin. Rats in treatment groups, including the Fructus Mume formula treatment group (FM), the cold property herbs of Fructus Mume formula treatment group (CFM), the warm property herbs of Fructus Mume formula treatment group (WFM), were administrated with Fructus Mume formula and its separated prescription extract by gavage, while the rats in diabetic model group (DM) and metformin group (MET) were given by gavage with normal saline and metformin correspondingly. The body weight before and after treatment was measured, and the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and the insulin release test (IRT) were performed. The homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The protein and mRNA expression levels of Insr, β-arrestin-2, Irs-1 and Glut-4 in the liver, skeletal muscle and fat tissues were detected by using Western blotting and RT-PCR respectively. The results demonstrated that, as compared with DM group, OGTT, IRT (0 h, 1 h) levels and HOMR-IR in treatment groups were all reduced, meanwhile their protein and mRNA expression levels of Insr, Irs-1 and Glut-4 in the liver, skeletal muscle and fat tissues were obviously increased, and their protein and mRNA expression levels of β-arrestin-2 in the liver and skeletal muscle tissues were also markedly increased. It was suggested that the Fructus Mume formula and its separated prescription extracts could effectively improve insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats, which might be related to the up-regulated expression of Insr, Irs-1 and Glut-4 in the liver, skeletal muscle and fat tissues, and β-arrestin-2 in the liver and skeletal muscle tissues.
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Potential Roles of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni in Abrogating Insulin Resistance and Diabetes: A Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:718049. [PMID: 24324517 PMCID: PMC3845826 DOI: 10.1155/2013/718049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a key factor in metabolic disorders like hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, which are promoted by obesity and may later lead to Type II diabetes mellitus. In recent years, researchers have identified links between insulin resistance and many noncommunicable illnesses other than diabetes. Hence, studying insulin resistance is of particular importance in unravelling the pathways employed by such diseases. In this review, mechanisms involving free fatty acids, adipocytokines such as TNFα and PPARγ and serine kinases like JNK and IKKβ, asserted to be responsible in the development of insulin resistance, will be discussed. Suggested mechanisms for actions in normal and disrupted states were also visualised in several manually constructed diagrams to capture an overall view of the insulin-signalling pathway and its related components. The underlying constituents of medicinal significance found in the Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni plant (among other plants that potentiate antihyperglycemic activities) were explored in further depth. Understanding these factors and their mechanisms may be essential for comprehending the progression of insulin resistance towards the development of diabetes mellitus.
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68
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Meier JJ, Bonadonna RC. Role of reduced β-cell mass versus impaired β-cell function in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2013; 36 Suppl 2:S113-9. [PMID: 23882035 PMCID: PMC3920783 DOI: 10.2337/dcs13-2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juris J Meier
- Division of Diabetology and Gastrointestinal Endocrinology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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Gaggini M, Morelli M, Buzzigoli E, DeFronzo RA, Bugianesi E, Gastaldelli A. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its connection with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Nutrients 2013; 5:1544-60. [PMID: 23666091 PMCID: PMC3708335 DOI: 10.3390/nu5051544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is marked by hepatic fat accumulation not due to alcohol abuse. Several studies have demonstrated that NAFLD is associated with insulin resistance leading to a resistance in the antilipolytic effect of insulin in the adipose tissue with an increase of free fatty acids (FFAs). The increase of FFAs induces mitochondrial dysfunction and development of lipotoxicity. Moreover, in subjects with NAFLD, ectopic fat also accumulates as cardiac and pancreatic fat. In this review we analyzed the mechanisms that relate NAFLD with metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia and its association with the development and progression of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Gaggini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology National Research Council, Pisa 56100, Italy; E-Mails: (M.G.); (M.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Mariangela Morelli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology National Research Council, Pisa 56100, Italy; E-Mails: (M.G.); (M.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Emma Buzzigoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology National Research Council, Pisa 56100, Italy; E-Mails: (M.G.); (M.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Ralph A. DeFronzo
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Elisabetta Bugianesi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Gastro-Hepatology, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology National Research Council, Pisa 56100, Italy; E-Mails: (M.G.); (M.M.); (E.B.)
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-050-315-2680/79; Fax: +39-050-315-2166
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Ruskovska T, Bernlohr DA. Oxidative stress and protein carbonylation in adipose tissue - implications for insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. J Proteomics 2013; 92:323-34. [PMID: 23584148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
While historically considered simply as a depot for excess energy, white adipose tissue is a dynamically active endocrine organ capable of responding to a variety of efferent stimuli resulting in the synthesis and secretion of peptides, proteins and metabolites that serve as signal transducers to the peripheral and central circulation. Such regulation controls a variety of physiological processes including energy expenditure, food intake, reproductive capacity and responsiveness to insulin. Indeed, the accumulation of inflammatory cells in white adipose tissue is considered to be causative in the development of insulin resistance and eventually type 2 diabetes mellitus. A large body of evidence suggests that oxidative stress in adipose tissue not only correlates with insulin resistance but is also causative in its development. Moreover, using the available plasma oxidative stress biomarkers, many clinical studies have shown the presence of systemic oxidative stress in obese insulin resistant subjects, and its decrease after the successful treatment of obesity. In this review we emphasize the role of protein carbonylation in dysfunctional obese white adipose tissue and its metabolic implications. We focus on glutathione S-transferase A4 as the key enzyme for trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and trans-4-oxo-2-nonenal removal from the cell, thus preventing protein carbonylation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Posttranslational Protein modifications in biology and Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Ruskovska
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Goce Delcev University, Stip, Former Yugolav Republic of Macedonia.
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Norkus A, Ostrauskas R, Žalinkevičius R, Radzevičienė L, Šulcaite R. Adequate prescribing of medication does not necessarily translate into good control of diabetes mellitus. Patient Prefer Adherence 2013; 7:643-52. [PMID: 23874086 PMCID: PMC3712083 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s45867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with diabetes mellitus in Lithuania have access to almost all the latest blood glucose-lowering drugs available in the rest of the world. This study evaluated the effects of prescribing of treatment (oral medications, insulin, or both) in Lithuanian patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes and poor blood glucose control. METHODS The relevant information was obtained from specialized questionnaires completed by 26 consulting endocrinologists in Lithuania between October 1, 2008 and December 31, 2008. The study cohort comprised 865 randomly selected patients with diabetes mellitus and a glycosylated (HbA1c) level ≥7%. In total, there were 95 patients with type 1 diabetes and 770 with type 2 diabetes. RESULTS Linear regression for patients with type 1 diabetes revealed a weak trend towards higher doses of insulin reflecting lower HbA1c values. The mean dose of insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes before an endocrinology consultation was 57.1 ± 15.7 U/day (0.8 ± 0.2 U/kg), which increased significantly to 63.3 ± 16.5 U/day (0.9 ± 0.2 U/kg) after an endocrinology consultation (P < 0.05). Treatment prescribed for patients with type 2 diabetes depended on the duration of disease. Earlier treatment recommended for 68% of patients with type 2 diabetes was subsequently changed by the endocrinologist. Linear regression showed that the insulin dose prescribed before a specialist consultation as well as that recommended by an endocrinologist was significantly correlated with body mass index. CONCLUSION Appropriate prescribing of blood glucose-lowering drugs does not always translate into good metabolic control of diabetes mellitus. The mean HbA1c was 8.5% ± 1.3% in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with oral drugs alone versus 9.0% ± 1.3% in those treated with insulin alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antanas Norkus
- Institute of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence: Antanas Norkus, Institute of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 2, Kaunas, LT 50009, Lithuania, Tel +370 69 825 567, Fax +370 37 331 882, Email
| | - Rytas Ostrauskas
- Institute of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Lina Radzevičienė
- Institute of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rita Šulcaite
- Institute of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S. Potential therapeutic effects of nitrate/nitrite and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2013; 11:63-4. [PMID: 23825974 PMCID: PMC3693671 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.9103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Saleh Zahediasl
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Saleh Zahediasl, Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24, Parvaneh St., Velenjak , P.O. Box: 19395-4763., Tehran, IR Iran. Tel.: +98-2122432500, Fax: +98-2122402463, E-mail:
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Alternatively activated macrophages in types 1 and 2 diabetes. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:815953. [PMID: 23326021 PMCID: PMC3543813 DOI: 10.1155/2012/815953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are innate immune cells derived from monocytes, which, in turn, arise from myeloid precursor cells in the bone marrow. Macrophages have many important roles in the innate and adaptive immune response, as well as in tissue homeostasis. Two major populations have been defined: The classically activated macrophages that respond to intracellular pathogens by secreting proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species and alternatively activated macrophages which are induced during Th2 responses displaying anti-inflammatory activities. Both macrophage populations are central players in diabetes, the first one triggering inflammatory responses which initiates insulitis and pancreatic β cell death during type 1 diabetes, whereas the second population decreases hyperglycemia, insulitis, and inflammation in the pancreas, thereby negatively regulate type 1 diabetes. Obesity is an important factor in the development of type 2 diabetes; classically activated macrophages are a dominant cell population involved in the establishment of the inflammatory profile, insulin resistance, and activation of inflammatory signals during the development and progression of this disease. In contrast, alternatively activated macrophages regulate the release of proinflammatory cytokines, attenuating adipose tissue inflammation. Here, we review the advantages and disadvantages of these two macrophage populations with regard to their roles in types 1 and 2 diabetes.
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Masini M, Marselli L, Bugliani M, Martino L, Masiello P, Marchetti P, De Tata V. Ultrastructural morphometric analysis of insulin secretory granules in human type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2012. [PMID: 23184237 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-012-0446-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We performed an ultrastructural morphometric analysis of insulin secretory granules in pancreatic beta cells from control and type 2 diabetic multiorgan donors. The volume density of insulin granules significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in beta cells from type 2 diabetic patients with respect to non-diabetic subjects, and this reduction was mainly attributable to a decrease in mature granules. On the contrary, no significant difference was observed in the volume density of docked granules between controls and type 2 diabetic patients. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between the density volume of total insulin granules and stimulated insulin secretion in non-diabetic islets. In conclusion, we detected significant changes in the intracellular distribution of insulin secretory granules within the beta cell that might be related with the alterations in insulin secretion observed in type 2 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Masini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, Scuola Medica, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Abstract
Obesity is a condition characterized by excess adipose tissue that results from positive energy balance and is the most common metabolic disorder in the industrialized world. The obesity epidemic shows no sign of slowing, and it is increasingly a global problem. Serious clinical problems associated with obesity include an increased risk for type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Hence, understanding the origin and development of adipocytes and adipose tissue will be critical to the analysis and treatment of metabolic diseases. Historically, albeit incorrectly, adipocytes were thought to be inert cells whose singular function was lipid storage. It is now known that adipocytes have other critical functions; the most important include sensitivity to insulin and the ability to produce and secrete adipocyte-specific endocrine hormones that regulate energy homeostasis in other tissues. Today, adipocytes are recognized as critical regulators of whole-body metabolism and known to be involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of metabolic diseases. All cells come from other cells and many cells arise from precursor cells. Adipocytes are not created from other adipocytes, but they arise from precursor cells. In the last two decades, scientists have discovered the function of many proteins that influence the ability of precursor cells to become adipocytes. If the expansion of the adipose tissue is the problem, it seems logical that adipocyte development inhibitors could be a viable anti-obesity therapeutic. However, factors that block adipocyte development and limit adipocyte expansion also impair metabolic health. This notion may be counterintuitive, but several lines of evidence support the idea that blocking adipocyte development is unhealthy. For this reason it is clear that we need a better understanding of adipocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Stephens
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America.
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Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic disease that manifests when insulin production by the pancreas is insufficient or when the body cannot effectively utilize the secreted insulin. The onset of diabetes often goes undetected until the later stages where subsequent glucose accumulation in the system (hyperglycemia) is observed. Over time, it leads to serious multi-organ damage, especially to the nerves and blood vessels. The WHO reports that approximately 346 million people worldwide are diagnosed with diabetes. With no cure available, long-term medical care for diabetes has become a global economic challenge globally. Hence, there is a need to explore novel early biomarkers and therapeutics for diabetes. One such potential molecule is the miRNAs. miRNAs are endogenous, noncoding RNAs that predominantly inhibit gene expression. Compelling evidence showed that altered miRNA expressions are linked to pathological conditions, including diabetes manifestation. This review focuses on the implications of miRNAs in diabetes and their related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwi Setyowati Karolina
- a Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Arunmozhiarasi Armugam
- a Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Sugunavathi Sepramaniam
- a Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Kandiah Jeyaseelan
- b Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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