51
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Yang C, Xu Y, Yu M, Lee D, Alharti S, Hellen N, Ahmad Shaik N, Banaganapalli B, Sheikh Ali Mohamoud H, Elango R, Przyborski S, Tenin G, Williams S, O’Sullivan J, Al-Radi OO, Atta J, Harding SE, Keavney B, Lako M, Armstrong L. Induced pluripotent stem cell modelling of HLHS underlines the contribution of dysfunctional NOTCH signalling to impaired cardiogenesis. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:3031-3045. [PMID: 28521042 PMCID: PMC5886295 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is among the most severe forms of congenital heart disease. Although the consensus view is that reduced flow through the left heart during development is a key factor in the development of the condition, the molecular mechanisms leading to hypoplasia of left heart structures are unknown. We have generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from five HLHS patients and two unaffected controls, differentiated these to cardiomyocytes and identified reproducible in vitro cellular and functional correlates of the HLHS phenotype. Our data indicate that HLHS-iPSC have a reduced ability to give rise to mesodermal, cardiac progenitors and mature cardiomyocytes and an enhanced ability to differentiate to smooth muscle cells. HLHS-iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes are characterised by a lower beating rate, disorganised sarcomeres and sarcoplasmic reticulum and a blunted response to isoprenaline. Whole exome sequencing of HLHS fibroblasts identified deleterious variants in NOTCH receptors and other genes involved in the NOTCH signalling pathway. Our data indicate that the expression of NOTCH receptors was significantly downregulated in HLHS-iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes alongside NOTCH target genes confirming downregulation of NOTCH signalling activity. Activation of NOTCH signalling via addition of Jagged peptide ligand during the differentiation of HLHS-iPSC restored their cardiomyocyte differentiation capacity and beating rate and suppressed the smooth muscle cell formation. Together, our data provide firm evidence for involvement of NOTCH signalling in HLHS pathogenesis, reveal novel genetic insights important for HLHS pathology and shed new insights into the role of this pathway during human cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Yang
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Yaobo Xu
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Min Yu
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - David Lee
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Sameer Alharti
- Princess Al Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicola Hellen
- NHLI, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Noor Ahmad Shaik
- Princess Al Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Babajan Banaganapalli
- Princess Al Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein Sheikh Ali Mohamoud
- Princess Al Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramu Elango
- Princess Al Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Gennadiy Tenin
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Simon Williams
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Osman O Al-Radi
- Department of Surgery, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jameel Atta
- Department of Surgery, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sian E. Harding
- NHLI, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bernard Keavney
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Lyle Armstrong
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
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52
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Crucean A, Alqahtani A, Barron DJ, Brawn WJ, Richardson RV, O'Sullivan J, Anderson RH, Henderson DJ, Chaudhry B. Re-evaluation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome from a developmental and morphological perspective. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017; 12:138. [PMID: 28793912 PMCID: PMC5551014 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-017-0683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) covers a spectrum of rare congenital anomalies characterised by a non-apex forming left ventricle and stenosis/atresia of the mitral and aortic valves. Despite many studies, the causes of HLHS remain unclear and there are conflicting views regarding the role of flow, valvar or myocardial abnormalities in its pathogenesis, all of which were proposed prior to the description of the second heart field. Our aim was to re-evaluate the patterns of malformation in HLHS in relation to recognised cardiac progenitor populations, with a view to providing aetiologically useful sub-groupings for genomic studies. Results We examined 78 hearts previously classified as HLHS, with subtypes based on valve patency, and re-categorised them based on their objective ventricular phenotype. Three distinct subgroups could be identified: slit-like left ventricle (24%); miniaturised left ventricle (6%); and thickened left ventricle with endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE; 70%). Slit-like ventricles were always found in combination with aortic atresia and mitral atresia. Miniaturised left ventricles all had normally formed, though smaller aortic and mitral valves. The remaining group were found to have a range of aortic valve malformations associated with thickened left ventricular walls despite being described as either atresia or stenosis. The degree of myocardial thickening was not correlated to the degree of valvar stenosis. Lineage tracing in mice to investigate the progenitor populations that form the parts of the heart disrupted by HLHS showed that whereas Nkx2–5-Cre labelled myocardial and endothelial cells within the left and right ventricles, Mef2c-AHF-Cre, which labels second heart field-derived cells only, was largely restricted to the endocardium and myocardium of the right ventricle. However, like Nkx2–5-Cre, Mef2c-AHF-Cre lineage cells made a significant contribution to the aortic and mitral valves. In contrast, Wnt1-Cre made a major contribution only to the aortic valve. This suggests that discrete cardiac progenitors might be responsible for the patterns of defects observed in the distinct ventricular sub-groups. Conclusions Only the slit-like ventricle grouping was found to map to the current nomenclature: the combination of mitral atresia with aortic atresia. It appears that slit-like and miniature ventricles also form discrete sub-groups. Thus, reclassification of HLHS into subgroups based on ventricular phenotype, might be useful in genetic and developmental studies in investigating the aetiology of this severe malformation syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Crucean
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, B4 6NH, UK
| | - A Alqahtani
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - D J Barron
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, B4 6NH, UK
| | - W J Brawn
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, B4 6NH, UK
| | - R V Richardson
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - J O'Sullivan
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK.,Department of Congenital Cardiology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - R H Anderson
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - D J Henderson
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - B Chaudhry
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK.
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53
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Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Sequencing Reveals a Novel NOTCH1 Mutation in a Family with Single Ventricle Defects. Pediatr Cardiol 2017; 38:1232-1240. [PMID: 28608148 PMCID: PMC5577922 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-017-1650-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) has been associated with germline mutations in 12 candidate genes and a recurrent somatic mutation in HAND1 gene. Using targeted and whole exome sequencing (WES) of heart tissue samples from HLHS patients, we sought to estimate the prevalence of somatic and germline mutations associated with HLHS. We performed Sanger sequencing of the HAND1 gene on 14 ventricular (9 LV and 5 RV) samples obtained from HLHS patients, and WES of 4 LV, 2 aortic, and 4 matched PBMC samples, analyzing for sequence discrepancy. We also screened for mutations in the 12 candidate genes implicated in HLHS. We found no somatic mutations in our HLHS cohort. However, we detected a novel germline frameshift/stop-gain mutation in NOTCH1 in a HLHS patient with a family history of both HLHS and hypoplastic right heart syndrome (HRHS). Our study, involving one of the first familial cases of single ventricle defects linked to a specific mutation, strengthens the association of NOTCH1 mutations with HLHS and suggests that the two morphologically distinct single ventricle conditions, HLHS and HRHS, may share a common molecular and cellular etiology. Finally, somatic mutations in the LV are an unlikely contributor to HLHS.
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54
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Harrington JK, Sorabella R, Tercek A, Isler JR, Targoff KL. Nkx2.5 is essential to establish normal heart rate variability in the zebrafish embryo. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R265-R271. [PMID: 28615160 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00223.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) has become an important clinical marker of cardiovascular health and a research measure for the study of the cardiac conduction system and its autonomic controls. While the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an ideal vertebrate model for understanding heart development, HRV has only recently been investigated in this system. We have previously demonstrated that nkx2.5 and nkx2.7, two homologues of Nkx2-5 expressed in zebrafish cardiomyocytes, play vital roles in maintaining cardiac chamber-specific characteristics. Given observed defects in ventricular and atrial chamber identities in nkx2.5-/- embryos coupled with conduction system abnormalities in murine models of Nkx2.5 insufficiency, we postulated that reduced HRV would serve as a marker of poor cardiac health in nkx2.5 mutants and in other zebrafish models of human congenital heart disease. Using live video image acquisition, we derived beat-to-beat intervals to compare HRV in wild-type and nkx2.5-/- embryos. Our data illustrate that the nkx2.5 loss-of-function model exhibits increased heart rate and decreased HRV when compared with wild type during embryogenesis. These findings validate HRV analysis as a useful quantitative tool for assessment of cardiac health in zebrafish and underscore the importance of nkx2.5 in maintaining normal heart rate and HRV during early conduction system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie K Harrington
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Robert Sorabella
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
| | - Abigail Tercek
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Joseph R Isler
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Kimara L Targoff
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York;
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55
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Furtado MB, Wilmanns JC, Chandran A, Perera J, Hon O, Biben C, Willow TJ, Nim HT, Kaur G, Simonds S, Wu Q, Willians D, Salimova E, Plachta N, Denegre JM, Murray SA, Fatkin D, Cowley M, Pearson JT, Kaye D, Ramialison M, Harvey RP, Rosenthal NA, Costa MW. Point mutations in murine Nkx2-5 phenocopy human congenital heart disease and induce pathogenic Wnt signaling. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e88271. [PMID: 28352650 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Nkx2-5 gene are a main cause of congenital heart disease. Several studies have addressed the phenotypic consequences of disrupting the Nkx2-5 gene locus, although animal models to date failed to recapitulate the full spectrum of the human disease. Here, we describe a new Nkx2-5 point mutation murine model, akin to its human counterpart disease-generating mutation. Our model fully reproduces the morphological and physiological clinical presentations of the disease and reveals an understudied aspect of Nkx2-5-driven pathology, a primary right ventricular dysfunction. We further describe the molecular consequences of disrupting the transcriptional network regulated by Nkx2-5 in the heart and show that Nkx2-5-dependent perturbation of the Wnt signaling pathway promotes heart dysfunction through alteration of cardiomyocyte metabolism. Our data provide mechanistic insights on how Nkx2-5 regulates heart function and metabolism, a link in the study of congenital heart disease, and confirms that our models are the first murine genetic models to our knowledge to present all spectra of clinically relevant adult congenital heart disease phenotypes generated by NKX2-5 mutations in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena B Furtado
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Julia C Wilmanns
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anjana Chandran
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Joelle Perera
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Olivia Hon
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Christine Biben
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Hieu T Nim
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Qizhu Wu
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - David Willians
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ekaterina Salimova
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Diane Fatkin
- Molecular Cardiology, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and School of Biological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.,Cardiology Department, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | | | - James T Pearson
- Department of Physiology.,Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - David Kaye
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mirana Ramialison
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Faculty of Medicine and School of Biological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.,Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Nadia A Rosenthal
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro W Costa
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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56
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Du M, Wang X, Tan X, Li X, Huang D, Huang K, Yang L, Zhang F, Wang Y, Huang D, Huang K. Nkx2-5 Is Expressed in Atherosclerotic Plaques and Attenuates Development of Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e004440. [PMID: 27993833 PMCID: PMC5210424 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NK2 homeobox 5 (Nkx2-5) is a cardiac homeobox transcription factor that is expressed in a broad range of cardiac sublineages. Embryos lacking Nkx2-5 are nonviable attributed to growth retardation and gross abnormalities of the heart. However, the role of Nkx2-5 in atherosclerosis remains elusive. This study aims to elucidate the specific functions of Nkx2-5 during atherogenesis and in established atherosclerotic plaques. METHODS AND RESULTS Two types of atherosclerotic lesions were created in ApoE-/- mice through 2 different dietary manipulations. Mice fed a standard chow diet were sacrificed at 20 weeks old, a time point at which mice developed early-stage atherosclerotic lesions. The other half of mice were fed a western diet from 6 to 22 weeks old and then sacrificed. These mice demonstrated advanced atherosclerosis. No Nkx2-5 was detected in normal arteries; however, it was abundantly present in the intima of atherosclerotic lesions and localized in macrophages and smooth muscle cells. Adenovirus gene transfer of Nkx2-5 markedly ameliorated and stabilized the atherosclerotic plaques, and knockdown of Nkx2-5 significantly exacerbated the disease. Molecular studies indicated that expression of specific members of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, which play a crucial role in the progression of atherosclerosis, were directly regulated by Nkx2-5. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the compromised endothelial function, which was considered as a hallmark of early atherosclerosis, could be improved by Nkx2-5 gene transfer. CONCLUSIONS Nkx2-5 exerts antiatherogenic effects, which may partly be attributed to regulation on matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, thus stabilizing atherosclerotic plaque; besides, it improves endothelial function by inhibiting leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Du
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangrao Li
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dandan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengxiao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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57
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Moulton MJ, Letsou A. Modeling congenital disease and inborn errors of development in Drosophila melanogaster. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:253-69. [PMID: 26935104 PMCID: PMC4826979 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.023564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fly models that faithfully recapitulate various aspects of human disease and human health-related biology are being used for research into disease diagnosis and prevention. Established and new genetic strategies in Drosophila have yielded numerous substantial successes in modeling congenital disorders or inborn errors of human development, as well as neurodegenerative disease and cancer. Moreover, although our ability to generate sequence datasets continues to outpace our ability to analyze these datasets, the development of high-throughput analysis platforms in Drosophila has provided access through the bottleneck in the identification of disease gene candidates. In this Review, we describe both the traditional and newer methods that are facilitating the incorporation of Drosophila into the human disease discovery process, with a focus on the models that have enhanced our understanding of human developmental disorders and congenital disease. Enviable features of the Drosophila experimental system, which make it particularly useful in facilitating the much anticipated move from genotype to phenotype (understanding and predicting phenotypes directly from the primary DNA sequence), include its genetic tractability, the low cost for high-throughput discovery, and a genome and underlying biology that are highly evolutionarily conserved. In embracing the fly in the human disease-gene discovery process, we can expect to speed up and reduce the cost of this process, allowing experimental scales that are not feasible and/or would be too costly in higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Moulton
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Room 5100, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, USA
| | - Anthea Letsou
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Room 5100, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, USA
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58
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DeLaughter DM, Bick AG, Wakimoto H, McKean D, Gorham JM, Kathiriya IS, Hinson JT, Homsy J, Gray J, Pu W, Bruneau BG, Seidman JG, Seidman CE. Single-Cell Resolution of Temporal Gene Expression during Heart Development. Dev Cell 2016; 39:480-490. [PMID: 27840107 PMCID: PMC5198784 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Activation of complex molecular programs in specific cell lineages governs mammalian heart development, from a primordial linear tube to a four-chamber organ. To characterize lineage-specific, spatiotemporal developmental programs, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of >1,200 murine cells isolated at seven time points spanning embryonic day 9.5 (primordial heart tube) to postnatal day 21 (mature heart). Using unbiased transcriptional data, we classified cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblast-enriched cells, thus identifying markers for temporal and chamber-specific developmental programs. By harnessing these datasets, we defined developmental ages of human and mouse pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes and characterized lineage-specific maturation defects in hearts of mice with heterozygous mutations in Nkx2.5 that cause human heart malformations. This spatiotemporal transcriptome analysis of heart development reveals lineage-specific gene programs underlying normal cardiac development and congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander G. Bick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hiroko Wakimoto
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David McKean
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua M. Gorham
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Irfan S. Kathiriya
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco
| | - John T. Hinson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jason Homsy
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jesse Gray
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benoit G. Bruneau
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - J. G. Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christine E. Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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59
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Tomita-Mitchell A, Stamm KD, Mahnke DK, Kim MS, Hidestrand PM, Liang HL, Goetsch MA, Hidestrand M, Simpson P, Pelech AN, Tweddell JS, Benson DW, Lough JW, Mitchell ME. Impact of MYH6 variants in hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:912-921. [PMID: 27789736 PMCID: PMC5206387 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00091.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a clinically and anatomically severe form of congenital heart disease (CHD). Although prior studies suggest that HLHS has a complex genetic inheritance, its etiology remains largely unknown. The goal of this study was to characterize a risk gene in HLHS and its effect on HLHS etiology and outcome. We performed next-generation sequencing on a multigenerational family with a high prevalence of CHD/HLHS, identifying a rare variant in the α-myosin heavy chain (MYH6) gene. A case-control study of 190 unrelated HLHS subjects was then performed and compared with the 1000 Genomes Project. Damaging MYH6 variants, including novel, missense, in-frame deletion, premature stop, de novo, and compound heterozygous variants, were significantly enriched in HLHS cases (P < 1 × 10−5). Clinical outcomes analysis showed reduced transplant-free survival in HLHS subjects with damaging MYH6 variants (P < 1 × 10−2). Transcriptome and protein expression analyses with cardiac tissue revealed differential expression of cardiac contractility genes, notably upregulation of the β-myosin heavy chain (MYH7) gene in subjects with MYH6 variants (P < 1 × 10−3). We subsequently used patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to model HLHS in vitro. Early stages of in vitro cardiomyogenesis in iPSCs derived from two unrelated HLHS families mimicked the increased expression of MYH7 observed in vivo (P < 1 × 10−2), while revealing defective cardiomyogenic differentiation. Rare, damaging variants in MYH6 are enriched in HLHS, affect molecular expression of contractility genes, and are predictive of poor outcome. These findings indicate that the etiology of MYH6-associated HLHS can be informed using iPSCs and suggest utility in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoy Tomita-Mitchell
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin;
| | - Karl D Stamm
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Donna K Mahnke
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Min-Su Kim
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Pip M Hidestrand
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Eastern Maine Medical Center, Bangor, Maine
| | - Huan Ling Liang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Mary A Goetsch
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Mats Hidestrand
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Pippa Simpson
- Department of Pediatrics, and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Andrew N Pelech
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Pediatric Heart Center, UC Davis Children's Hospital, Sacramento, California; and
| | - James S Tweddell
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - D Woodrow Benson
- Department of Pediatrics, and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - John W Lough
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Michael E Mitchell
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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NKX2-5 molecular screening and assessment of variant rate and risk factors of secundum atrial septal defect in a Moroccan population. Anatol J Cardiol 2016; 17:217-223. [PMID: 27752029 PMCID: PMC5864982 DOI: 10.14744/anatoljcardiol.2016.7222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Secundum atrial septal defect (ASDII) has multifactorial etiology that is combination of environmental (e.g., mother's exposure to toxicity, ethnicity) and genetic causes. Aim of the present study was to screen a Moroccan population with ASDII for NKX2-5 variants and to assess risk factors that may contribute to emergence of the disorder. METHODS Thirty-two non-syndromic ASDII patients were screened for NKX2-5 variants using direct sequencing of polymerase chain reactionamplified coding regions. Risk factor rates were compared to general population and assessed using Fisher's exact and chi-square tests. In this retrospective study, criteria of exclusion were suggestive or confirmed syndrome association. RESULTS Three heterozygous variants were detected in 4 patients. NKX2-5 variant rate in present cohort is estimated to be about 9.4%. Two prominent risk factors in the Moroccan population were highlighted: consanguinity, rate of which was significantly high at 30.8%, and previous maternal miscarriage or sibling sudden death, observed in 34.6% of cohort. CONCLUSION Impact of identified variants was discussed and possible disease-predisposing effect is suggested. Findings indicate that ASD may be favored by consanguineous marriage and that NKX2-5 variant rate in ASD patients may be affected by ethnicity. High level of maternal miscarriage and sibling sudden death suggests potential non-sporadic nature as result of putative genetic defect.
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Waardenberg AJ, Homan B, Mohamed S, Harvey RP, Bouveret R. Prediction and validation of protein-protein interactors from genome-wide DNA-binding data using a knowledge-based machine-learning approach. Open Biol 2016; 6:rsob.160183. [PMID: 27683156 PMCID: PMC5043580 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to accurately predict the DNA targets and interacting cofactors of transcriptional regulators from genome-wide data can significantly advance our understanding of gene regulatory networks. NKX2-5 is a homeodomain transcription factor that sits high in the cardiac gene regulatory network and is essential for normal heart development. We previously identified genomic targets for NKX2-5 in mouse HL-1 atrial cardiomyocytes using DNA-adenine methyltransferase identification (DamID). Here, we apply machine learning algorithms and propose a knowledge-based feature selection method for predicting NKX2-5 protein : protein interactions based on motif grammar in genome-wide DNA-binding data. We assessed model performance using leave-one-out cross-validation and a completely independent DamID experiment performed with replicates. In addition to identifying previously described NKX2-5-interacting proteins, including GATA, HAND and TBX family members, a number of novel interactors were identified, with direct protein : protein interactions between NKX2-5 and retinoid X receptor (RXR), paired-related homeobox (PRRX) and Ikaros zinc fingers (IKZF) validated using the yeast two-hybrid assay. We also found that the interaction of RXRα with NKX2-5 mutations found in congenital heart disease (Q187H, R189G and R190H) was altered. These findings highlight an intuitive approach to accessing protein-protein interaction information of transcription factors in DNA-binding experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Waardenberg
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Bernou Homan
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Stephanie Mohamed
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia St Vincent's Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Romaric Bouveret
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia St Vincent's Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
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Rbfox2 function in RNA metabolism is impaired in hypoplastic left heart syndrome patient hearts. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30896. [PMID: 27485310 PMCID: PMC4971515 DOI: 10.1038/srep30896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a fatal congenital heart disease in which the left side of the heart is underdeveloped, impairing the systemic circulation. Underdeveloped left ventricle exerts biomechanical stress on the right ventricle that can progress into heart failure. Genome-wide transcriptome changes have been identified at early stages in the right ventricle (RV) of infants with HLHS, although the molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the RNA binding protein Rbfox2, which is mutated in HLHS patients, is a contributor to transcriptome changes in HLHS patient RVs. Our results indicate that majority of transcripts differentially expressed in HLHS patient hearts have validated Rbfox2 binding sites. We show that Rbfox2 regulates mRNA levels of targets with 3’UTR binding sites contributing to aberrant gene expression in HLHS patients. Strikingly, the Rbfox2 nonsense mutation identified in HLHS patients truncates the protein, impairs its subcellular distribution and adversely affects its function in RNA metabolism. Overall, our findings uncover a novel role for Rbfox2 in controlling transcriptome in HLHS.
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63
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Genetics of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. J Pediatr 2016; 173:25-31. [PMID: 26996724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ellesøe SG, Johansen MM, Bjerre JV, Hjortdal VE, Brunak S, Larsen LA. Familial Atrial Septal Defect and Sudden Cardiac Death: Identification of a Novel NKX2-5 Mutation and a Review of the Literature. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2016; 11:283-90. [PMID: 26679770 PMCID: PMC5019245 DOI: 10.1111/chd.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atrial septal defect (ASD) is the second most common congenital heart defect (CHD) and is observed in families as an autosomal dominant trait as well as in nonfamilial CHD. Mutations in the NKX2-5 gene, located on chromosome 5, are associated with ASD, often combined with conduction disturbances, cardiomyopathies, complex CHD, and sudden cardiac death as well. Here, we show that NKX2-5 mutations primarily occur in ASD patients with conduction disturbances and heritable ASD. Furthermore, these families are at increased risk of sudden cardiac death. RESULTS We screened 39 probands with familial CHD for mutations in NKX2-5 and discovered a novel mutation in one family (2.5%) with ASD and atrioventricular block. A review of the literature revealed 59 different NKX2-5 mutations in 202 patients. Mutations were significantly more common in familial cases compared to nonfamilial cases (P = 7.1 × 10(-9) ). The majority of patients (74%) had ASD with conduction disturbance. Nineteen patients (15%) of 120 with familial ASD and conduction disturbance died from sudden cardiac death of which nine (8%) were confirmed mutation carriers, and 10 were possible carriers. CONCLUSIONS NKX2-5 mutations mainly occur in familial CHD, the signature phenotype is ASD with conduction disturbances and mutation carriers are at increased risk of sudden cardiac death. We suggest that familial ASD patients should be screened for NKX2-5 mutations and, if they are mutation carriers, implantation of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator should be considered in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Gade Ellesøe
- Department of Disease Systems BiologyNNF Center for Protein Research, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Morten Munk Johansen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | | | - Søren Brunak
- Department of Disease Systems BiologyNNF Center for Protein Research, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Lars Allan Larsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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Furtado MB, Wilmanns JC, Chandran A, Tonta M, Biben C, Eichenlaub M, Coleman HA, Berger S, Bouveret R, Singh R, Harvey RP, Ramialison M, Pearson JT, Parkington HC, Rosenthal NA, Costa MW. A novel conditional mouse model for Nkx2-5 reveals transcriptional regulation of cardiac ion channels. Differentiation 2016; 91:29-41. [PMID: 26897459 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nkx2-5 is one of the master regulators of cardiac development, homeostasis and disease. This transcription factor has been previously associated with a suite of cardiac congenital malformations and impairment of electrical activity. When disease causative mutations in transcription factors are considered, NKX2-5 gene dysfunction is the most common abnormality found in patients. Here we describe a novel mouse model and subsequent implications of Nkx2-5 loss for aspects of myocardial electrical activity. In this work we have engineered a new Nkx2-5 conditional knockout mouse in which flox sites flank the entire Nkx2-5 locus, and validated this line for the study of heart development, differentiation and disease using a full deletion strategy. While our homozygous knockout mice show typical embryonic malformations previously described for the lack of the Nkx2-5 gene, hearts of heterozygous adult mice show moderate morphological and functional abnormalities that are sufficient to sustain blood supply demands under homeostatic conditions. This study further reveals intriguing aspects of Nkx2-5 function in the control of cardiac electrical activity. Using a combination of mouse genetics, biochemistry, molecular and cell biology, we demonstrate that Nkx2-5 regulates the gene encoding Kcnh2 channel and others, shedding light on potential mechanisms generating electrical abnormalities observed in patients bearing NKX2-5 dysfunction and opening opportunities to the study of novel therapeutic targets for anti-arrhythmogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena B Furtado
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia; The Jackson Laboratory, ME 04609, United States
| | - Julia C Wilmanns
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia; Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anjana Chandran
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Mary Tonta
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Christine Biben
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia
| | - Michael Eichenlaub
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Harold A Coleman
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Silke Berger
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Romaric Bouveret
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Reena Singh
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Mirana Ramialison
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - James T Pearson
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | | | - Nadia A Rosenthal
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, SW3 6LY England, UK; The Jackson Laboratory, ME 04609, United States
| | - Mauro W Costa
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia; The Jackson Laboratory, ME 04609, United States.
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Jansen FAR, Hoffer MJV, van Velzen CL, Plati SK, Rijlaarsdam MEB, Clur SAB, Blom NA, Pajkrt E, Bhola SL, Knegt AC, de Boer MA, Haak MC. Chromosomal abnormalities and copy number variations in fetal left-sided congenital heart defects. Prenat Diagn 2016; 36:177-85. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fenna A. R. Jansen
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Mariette J. V. Hoffer
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marry E. B. Rijlaarsdam
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology of the Willem Alexander Children's Hospital; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Sally-Ann B. Clur
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology of the Emma Children's Hospital; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Nico A. Blom
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology of the Willem Alexander Children's Hospital; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology of the Emma Children's Hospital; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Eva Pajkrt
- Department of Obstetrics; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Shama L. Bhola
- Department of Clinical Genetics; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Alida C. Knegt
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Marion A. de Boer
- Department of Obstetrics; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Monique C. Haak
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden the Netherlands
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67
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Kerstjens-Frederikse WS, van de Laar IMBH, Vos YJ, Verhagen JMA, Berger RMF, Lichtenbelt KD, Klein Wassink-Ruiter JS, van der Zwaag PA, du Marchie Sarvaas GJ, Bergman KA, Bilardo CM, Roos-Hesselink JW, Janssen JHP, Frohn-Mulder IM, van Spaendonck-Zwarts KY, van Melle JP, Hofstra RMW, Wessels MW. Cardiovascular malformations caused by NOTCH1 mutations do not keep left: data on 428 probands with left-sided CHD and their families. Genet Med 2016; 18:914-23. [PMID: 26820064 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2015.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to determine the prevalence and phenotypic spectrum of NOTCH1 mutations in left-sided congenital heart disease (LS-CHD). LS-CHD includes aortic valve stenosis, a bicuspid aortic valve, coarctation of the aorta, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. METHODS NOTCH1 was screened for mutations in 428 nonsyndromic probands with LS-CHD, and family histories were obtained for all. When a mutation was detected, relatives were also tested. RESULTS In 148/428 patients (35%), LS-CHD was familial. Fourteen mutations (3%; 5 RNA splicing mutations, 8 truncating mutations, 1 whole-gene deletion) were detected, 11 in familial disease (11/148 (7%)) and 3 in sporadic disease (3/280 (1%)). Forty-nine additional mutation carriers were identified among the 14 families, of whom 12 (25%) were asymptomatic. Most of these mutation carriers had LS-CHD, but 9 (18%) had right-sided congenital heart disease (RS-CHD) or conotruncal heart disease (CTD). Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) occurred in 6 mutation carriers (probands included 6/63 (10%)). CONCLUSION Pathogenic mutations in NOTCH1 were identified in 7% of familial LS-CHD and in 1% of sporadic LS-CHD. The penetrance is high; a cardiovascular malformation was found in 75% of NOTCH1 mutation carriers. The phenotypic spectrum includes LS-CHD, RS-CHD, CTD, and TAA. Testing NOTCH1 for an early diagnosis in LS-CHD/RS-CHD/CTD/TAA is warranted.Genet Med 18 9, 914-923.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yvonne J Vos
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M A Verhagen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf M F Berger
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaske D Lichtenbelt
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul A van der Zwaag
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gideon J du Marchie Sarvaas
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klasien A Bergman
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catia M Bilardo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johan H P Janssen
- Department of Cardiology, Saint Anna Hospital, Geldrop, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Frohn-Mulder
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joost P van Melle
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M W Hofstra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Neural Development and Gastroenterology Units, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - M W Wessels
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Genetics of Congenital Heart Defects: The NKX2-5 Gene, a Key Player. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7020006. [PMID: 26805889 PMCID: PMC4773750 DOI: 10.3390/genes7020006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) represent the biggest fraction of morbid congenital anomalies worldwide. Owing to their complex inheritance patterns and multifactorial etiologies, these defects are difficult to identify before complete manifestation. Research over the past two decades has established firmly the role of genetics in the development of these congenital defects. While syndromic CHDs are more straightforward, non-syndromic CHDs are usually characterized by multiple mutations that affect intricate inter-connected developmental pathways. Knock-out and gene expression studies in mice and other genetic models have been performed to elucidate the roles of these implicated genes. Functional analysis has not been able to resolve the complete picture, as increasingly more downstream effects are continuously being assigned to CHD mutant factors. NKX2-5, a cardiac transcription factor, has received much attention for its role in cardiac dysmorphogenesis. Approximately 50 different mutations in this gene have been identified to date, and only a few have been functionally characterized. The mutant NKX2-5 factor can regulate a number of off-targets downstream to facilitate CHD development. This review summarizes the genetic etiology of congenital heart defects and emphasizes the need for NKX2-5 mutation screening.
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69
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Wang W, Niu Z, Wang Y, Li Y, Zou H, Yang L, Meng M, Wei C, Li Q, Duan L, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Han S, Hou Z, Jiang L. Comparative transcriptome analysis of atrial septal defect identifies dysregulated genes during heart septum morphogenesis. Gene 2016; 575:303-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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70
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Digilio MC, Marino B. What Is New in Genetics of Congenital Heart Defects? Front Pediatr 2016; 4:120. [PMID: 27990414 PMCID: PMC5130977 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2016.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies, clinical observations, and advances in molecular genetics are contributing to the understanding of the etiology of congenital heart defects (CHDs). Several phenotype-genotype correlation studies have suggested that specific morphogenetic mechanisms put in motion by genes can result in a specific cardiac phenotype. The use of new technologies has increased the possibility of identification of new genes and chromosomal loci in syndromic and non-syndromic CHDs. There are a number of methods available for genetic research studies of CHDs, including cytogenetic analysis, linkage and association studies, copy number variation (CNV) and DNA micro-array analysis, and whole exome sequencing. The altered dosage of contiguous genes included inside CNVs can produce new syndromic CHDs, so that several different new genomic conditions have been identified. These include duplication 22q11.2 syndrome, distal 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, deletion and duplication 1q21.1, and deletion 1p36 syndrome. Molecular techniques such as whole exome sequencing have lead to the identification of new genes for monogenic syndromes with CHD, as for example in Adams-Oliver, Noonan, and Kabuki syndrome. The variable expressivity and reduced penetrance of CHDs in genetic syndromes is likely influenced by genetic factors, and several studies have been performed showing the involvement of modifier genes. It is not easy to define precisely the genetic defects underlying non-syndromic CHDs, due to the genetic and clinical heterogeneity of these malformations. Recent experimental studies have identified multiple CNVs contributing to non-syndromic CHD. The number of identified genes for non-syndromic CHDs is at this time limited, and each of the identified genes has been shown to be implicated only in a small proportion of CHD. The application of new technologies to specific cases of CHD and pedigrees with familial recurrence and filtering genes mapping in CNV regions can probably in the future add knowledge about new genes for non-syndromic CHDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Marino
- Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
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71
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Kassab K, Hariri H, Gharibeh L, Fahed AC, Zein M, El-Rassy I, Nemer M, El-Rassi I, Bitar F, Nemer G. GATA5 mutation homozygosity linked to a double outlet right ventricle phenotype in a Lebanese patient. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2015; 4:160-71. [PMID: 27066509 PMCID: PMC4799877 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GATA transcription factors are evolutionary conserved zinc finger proteins with multiple roles in cell differentiation/proliferation and organogenesis. GATA5 is only transiently expressed in the embryonic heart, and the inactivation of both Gata5 alleles results in a partially penetrant bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) phenotype in mice. We hypothesized that only biallelic mutations in GATA5 could be disease causing. Methods A total of 185 patients with different forms of congenital heart disease (CHD) were screened along 150 healthy individuals for GATA4, 5, and 6. All patients' phenotypes were diagnosed with echocardiography. Results Sequencing results revealed eight missense variants (three of which are novel) in cases with various conotruncal and septal defects. Out of these, two were inherited in recessive forms: the p.T67P variant, which was found both in patients and in healthy individuals, and the previously described p.Y142H variant which was only found in a patient with a double outlet right ventricle (DORV). We characterized the p.Y142H variant and showed that it significantly reduced the transcriptional activity of the protein over cardiac promoters by 30–40%. Conclusion Our results do prove that p.Y142H is associated with DORV and suggests including GATA5 as a potential gene to be screened in patients with this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameel Kassab
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics American University of Beirut Beirut Lebanon
| | - Hadla Hariri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics American University of Beirut Beirut Lebanon
| | - Lara Gharibeh
- Department of Biochemistry University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Akl C Fahed
- Department of Genetics Harvard Medical School and Department of Internal Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts
| | - Manal Zein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics American University of Beirut Beirut Lebanon
| | - Inaam El-Rassy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics American University of Beirut Beirut Lebanon
| | - Mona Nemer
- Department of Biochemistry University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Issam El-Rassi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine American University of Beirut Beirut Lebanon
| | - Fadi Bitar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsAmerican University of BeirutBeirutLebanon; Department of SurgeryAmerican University of BeirutBeirutLebanon
| | - Georges Nemer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics American University of Beirut Beirut Lebanon
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Carreira VS, Fan Y, Kurita H, Wang Q, Ko CI, Naticchioni M, Jiang M, Koch S, Zhang X, Biesiada J, Medvedovic M, Xia Y, Rubinstein J, Puga A. Disruption of Ah Receptor Signaling during Mouse Development Leads to Abnormal Cardiac Structure and Function in the Adult. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142440. [PMID: 26555816 PMCID: PMC4640841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) Theory proposes that the environment encountered during fetal life and infancy permanently shapes tissue physiology and homeostasis such that damage resulting from maternal stress, poor nutrition or exposure to environmental agents may be at the heart of adult onset disease. Interference with endogenous developmental functions of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), either by gene ablation or by exposure in utero to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a potent AHR ligand, causes structural, molecular and functional cardiac abnormalities and altered heart physiology in mouse embryos. To test if embryonic effects progress into an adult phenotype, we investigated whether Ahr ablation or TCDD exposure in utero resulted in cardiac abnormalities in adult mice long after removal of the agent. Ten-months old adult Ahr-/- and in utero TCDD-exposed Ahr+/+ mice showed sexually dimorphic abnormal cardiovascular phenotypes characterized by echocardiographic findings of hypertrophy, ventricular dilation and increased heart weight, resting heart rate and systolic and mean blood pressure, and decreased exercise tolerance. Underlying these effects, genes in signaling networks related to cardiac hypertrophy and mitochondrial function were differentially expressed. Cardiac dysfunction in mouse embryos resulting from AHR signaling disruption seems to progress into abnormal cardiac structure and function that predispose adults to cardiac disease, but while embryonic dysfunction is equally robust in males and females, the adult abnormalities are more prevalent in females, with the highest severity in Ahr-/- females. The findings reported here underscore the conclusion that AHR signaling in the developing heart is one potential target of environmental factors associated with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius S. Carreira
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States of America
| | - Yunxia Fan
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States of America
| | - Hisaka Kurita
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States of America
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States of America
| | - Chia-I Ko
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States of America
| | - Mindi Naticchioni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States of America
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States of America
| | - Sheryl Koch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States of America
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States of America
| | - Jacek Biesiada
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States of America
| | - Mario Medvedovic
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States of America
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States of America
| | - Jack Rubinstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States of America
| | - Alvaro Puga
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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73
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Glidewell SC, Miyamoto SD, Grossfeld PD, Clouthier DE, Coldren CD, Stearman RS, Geraci MW. Transcriptional Impact of Rare and Private Copy Number Variants in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. Clin Transl Sci 2015; 8:682-9. [PMID: 26534787 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a heterogeneous, lethal combination of congenital malformations characterized by severe underdevelopment of left heart structures, resulting in a univentricular circulation. The genetic determinants of this disorder are largely unknown. Evidence of copy number variants (CNVs) contributing to the genetic etiology of HLHS and other congenital heart defects has been mounting. However, the functional effects of such CNVs have not been examined, particularly in cases where the variant of interest is found in only a single patient. METHODS AND RESULTS Whole-genome SNP microarrays were employed to detect CNVs in two patient cohorts (N = 70 total) predominantly diagnosed with some form of nonsyndromic HLHS. We discovered 16 rare or private variants adjacent to or overlapping 20 genes associated with cardiovascular or premature lethality phenotypes in mouse knockout models. We evaluated the impact of selected variants on the expression of nine of these genes through quantitative PCR on cDNA derived from patient heart tissue. Four genes displayed significantly altered expression in patients with an overlapping or proximal CNV verses patients without such CNVs. CONCLUSION Rare and private genomic imbalances perturb transcription of genes that potentially affect cardiogenesis in a subset of nonsyndromic HLHS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Glidewell
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Shelley D Miyamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul D Grossfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - David E Clouthier
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Robert S Stearman
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mark W Geraci
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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74
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Hussein A, Karimianpour A, Collier P, Krasuski RA. Isolated Noncompaction of the Left Ventricle in Adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66:578-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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75
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Lovato TL, Sensibaugh CA, Swingle KL, Martinez MM, Cripps RM. The Drosophila Transcription Factors Tinman and Pannier Activate and Collaborate with Myocyte Enhancer Factor-2 to Promote Heart Cell Fate. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26225919 PMCID: PMC4520567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the MADS domain transcription factor Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2 (MEF2) is regulated by numerous and overlapping enhancers which tightly control its transcription in the mesoderm. To understand how Mef2 expression is controlled in the heart, we identified a late stage Mef2 cardiac enhancer that is active in all heart cells beginning at stage 14 of embryonic development. This enhancer is regulated by the NK-homeodomain transcription factor Tinman, and the GATA transcription factor Pannier through both direct and indirect interactions with the enhancer. Since Tinman, Pannier and MEF2 are evolutionarily conserved from Drosophila to vertebrates, and since their vertebrate homologs can convert mouse fibroblast cells to cardiomyocytes in different activator cocktails, we tested whether over-expression of these three factors in vivo could ectopically activate known cardiac marker genes. We found that mesodermal over-expression of Tinman and Pannier resulted in approximately 20% of embryos with ectopic Hand and Sulphonylurea receptor (Sur) expression. By adding MEF2 alongside Tinman and Pannier, a dramatic expansion in the expression of Hand and Sur was observed in almost all embryos analyzed. Two additional cardiac markers were also expanded in their expression. Our results demonstrate the ability to initiate ectopic cardiac fate in vivo by the combination of only three members of the conserved Drosophila cardiac transcription network, and provide an opportunity for this genetic model system to be used to dissect the mechanisms of cardiac specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- TyAnna L. Lovato
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131–1091, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A. Sensibaugh
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131–1091, United States of America
| | - Kirstie L. Swingle
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131–1091, United States of America
| | - Melody M. Martinez
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131–1091, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Cripps
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131–1091, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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76
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Bioengineering and Stem Cell Technology in the Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease. J Clin Med 2015; 4:768-81. [PMID: 26239354 PMCID: PMC4470166 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4040768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease places a significant burden on the individual, family and community despite significant advances in our understanding of aetiology and treatment. Early research in ischaemic heart disease has paved the way for stem cell technology and bioengineering, which promises to improve both structural and functional aspects of disease. Stem cell therapy has demonstrated significant improvements in cardiac function in adults with ischaemic heart disease. This finding, together with promising case studies in the paediatric setting, demonstrates the potential for this treatment in congenital heart disease. Furthermore, induced pluripotent stems cell technology, provides a unique opportunity to address aetiological, as well as therapeutic, aspects of disease.
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77
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Zhao L, Li B, Dian K, Ying B, Lu X, Hu X, An Q, Chen C, Huang C, Tan B, Qin L. Association between the European GWAS-identified susceptibility locus at chromosome 4p16 and the risk of atrial septal defect: a case-control study in Southwest China and a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123959. [PMID: 25875170 PMCID: PMC4395394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial septal defect (ASD) is the third most frequent type of congenital heart anomaly, featuring shunting of blood between the two atria. Gene-environment interaction remains to be an acknowledged cause for ASD occurrence. A recent European genome-wide association study (GWAS) of congenital heart disease (CHD) identified 3 susceptibility SNPs at chromosome 4p16 associated with ASD: rs870142, rs16835979 and rs6824295. A Chinese-GWAS of CHD conducted in the corresponding period did not reveal the 3 susceptibility SNPs, but reported 2 different risk SNPs: rs2474937 and rs1531070. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the associations between the 3 European GWAS-identified susceptibility SNPs and ASD risk in the Han population in southwest China. Additionally, to increase the robustness of our current analysis, we conducted a meta-analysis combining published studies and our current case-control study. We performed association, linkage disequilibrium, and haplotype analysis among the 3 SNPs in 190 ASD cases and 225 age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched healthy controls. Genotype and allele frequencies among the 3 SNPs showed statistically significant differences between the cases and controls. Our study found that individuals carrying the allele T of rs870142, the allele A of rs16835979, and the allele T of rs6824295 had a respective 50.1% (odds ratio (OR) = 1.501, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.122-2.009, PFDR-BH = 0.018), 48.5% (OR = 1.485, 95%CI = 1.109-1.987, PFDR-BH = 0.012), and 38.6% (OR = 1.386, 95%CI = 1.042-1.844, PFDR-BH = 0.025) increased risk to develop ASD than wild-type allele carriers in our study cohort. In the haplotype analysis, we identified a disease-risk haplotype (TAT) (OR = 1.540, 95%CI = 1.030-2.380, PFDR-BH = 0.016). Our meta-analysis also showed that the investigated SNP was associated with ASD risk (combined OR (95%CI) = 1.35 (1.24-1.46), P < 0.00001). Our study provides compelling evidence to motivate better understanding of the etiology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Bei Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ke Dian
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Binwu Ying
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xuejiao Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Qi An
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Chunxia Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Bin Tan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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78
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Asnani A, Peterson RT. The zebrafish as a tool to identify novel therapies for human cardiovascular disease. Dis Model Mech 2015; 7:763-7. [PMID: 24973746 PMCID: PMC4073266 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.016170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the zebrafish has become an increasingly popular animal model for the study of human cardiovascular disease. Because zebrafish embryos are transparent and their genetic manipulation is straightforward, the zebrafish has been used to recapitulate a number of cardiovascular disease processes ranging from congenital heart defects to arrhythmia to cardiomyopathy. The use of fluorescent reporters has been essential to identify two discrete phases of cardiomyocyte differentiation necessary for normal cardiac development in the zebrafish. These phases are analogous to the differentiation of the two progenitor heart cell populations in mammals, termed the first and second heart fields. The small size of zebrafish embryos has enabled high-throughput chemical screening to identify small-molecule suppressors of fundamental pathways in vasculogenesis, such as the BMP axis, as well as of common vascular defects, such as aortic coarctation. The optical clarity of zebrafish has facilitated studies of valvulogenesis as well as detailed electrophysiological mapping to characterize the early cardiac conduction system. One unique aspect of zebrafish larvae is their ability to oxygenate through diffusion alone, permitting the study of mutations that cause severe cardiomyopathy phenotypes such as silent heart and pickwickm171, which mimic titin mutations observed in human dilated cardiomyopathy. Above all, the regenerative capacity of zebrafish presents a particularly exciting opportunity to discover new therapies for cardiac injury, including scar formation following myocardial infarction. This Review will summarize the current state of the field and describe future directions to advance our understanding of human cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Asnani
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cardiovascular Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Randall T Peterson
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cardiovascular Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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79
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Ciocca L, Digilio MC, Lombardo A, D'Elia G, Baban A, Capolino R, Petrocchi S, Russo S, Sirleto P, Roberti MC, Marino B, Angioni A, Dallapiccola B. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome and 21q22.3 deletion. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:579-86. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ciocca
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - M. Cristina Digilio
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Antonietta Lombardo
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Gemma D'Elia
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Anwar Baban
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Rossella Capolino
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Stefano Petrocchi
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Serena Russo
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Pietro Sirleto
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - M. Cristina Roberti
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Bruno Marino
- Pediatric Cardiology; Department of Pediatrics; Sapienza University, and Eleonora Lorrillard Spencer Cenci Foundation; Rome Italy
| | - Adriano Angioni
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
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80
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Banerjee I, Carrion K, Serrano R, Dyo J, Sasik R, Lund S, Willems E, Aceves S, Meili R, Mercola M, Chen J, Zambon A, Hardiman G, Doherty TA, Lange S, del Álamo JC, Nigam V. Cyclic stretch of embryonic cardiomyocytes increases proliferation, growth, and expression while repressing Tgf-β signaling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 79:133-44. [PMID: 25446186 PMCID: PMC4302020 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Perturbed biomechanical stimuli are thought to be critical for the pathogenesis of a number of congenital heart defects, including Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS). While embryonic cardiomyocytes experience biomechanical stretch every heart beat, their molecular responses to biomechanical stimuli during heart development are poorly understood. We hypothesized that biomechanical stimuli activate specific signaling pathways that impact proliferation, gene expression and myocyte contraction. The objective of this study was to expose embryonic mouse cardiomyocytes (EMCM) to cyclic stretch and examine key molecular and phenotypic responses. Analysis of RNA-Sequencing data demonstrated that gene ontology groups associated with myofibril and cardiac development were significantly modulated. Stretch increased EMCM proliferation, size, cardiac gene expression, and myofibril protein levels. Stretch also repressed several components belonging to the Transforming Growth Factor-β (Tgf-β) signaling pathway. EMCMs undergoing cyclic stretch had decreased Tgf-β expression, protein levels, and signaling. Furthermore, treatment of EMCMs with a Tgf-β inhibitor resulted in increased EMCM size. Functionally, Tgf-β signaling repressed EMCM proliferation and contractile function, as assayed via dynamic monolayer force microscopy (DMFM). Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that biomechanical stimuli play a vital role in normal cardiac development and for cardiac pathology, including HLHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indroneal Banerjee
- Department of Cardiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Katrina Carrion
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), University of California San Diego, United States
| | - Ricardo Serrano
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, United States
| | - Jeffrey Dyo
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), University of California San Diego, United States
| | - Roman Sasik
- Biomedical Genomics Microarray Core Facility, University of California San Diego, United States
| | - Sean Lund
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Erik Willems
- Muscle Development and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Seema Aceves
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Department of Pediatrics (Allergy), University of California San Diego, United States; Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, United States
| | - Rudolph Meili
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, United States; Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, United States
| | - Mark Mercola
- Muscle Development and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Ju Chen
- Department of Cardiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Alexander Zambon
- School of Pharmacology Keck Graduate Institute, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Gary Hardiman
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon Street, Suite 303 MSC 835, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Taylor A Doherty
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Stephan Lange
- Department of Cardiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Juan C del Álamo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, United States; Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, United States
| | - Vishal Nigam
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), University of California San Diego, United States; Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, United States; Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, United States.
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81
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George V, Colombo S, Targoff KL. An early requirement for nkx2.5 ensures the first and second heart field ventricular identity and cardiac function into adulthood. Dev Biol 2014; 400:10-22. [PMID: 25536398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Temporally controlled mechanisms that define the unique features of ventricular and atrial cardiomyocyte identities are essential for the construction of a coordinated, morphologically intact heart. We have previously demonstrated an important role for nkx genes in maintaining ventricular identity, however, the specific timing of nkx2.5 function in distinct cardiomyocyte populations has yet to be elucidated. Here, we show that heat-shock induction of a novel transgenic line, Tg(hsp70l:nkx2.5-EGFP), during the initial stages of cardiomyocyte differentiation leads to rescue of chamber shape and identity in nkx2.5(-/-) embryos as chambers emerge. Intriguingly, our findings link an early role of this essential cardiac transcription factor with a later function. Moreover, these data reveal that nkx2.5 is also required in the second heart field as the heart tube forms, reflecting the temporal delay in differentiation of this population. Thus, our results support a model in which nkx genes induce downstream targets that are necessary to maintain chamber-specific identity in both early- and late-differentiating cardiomyocytes at discrete stages in cardiac morphogenesis. Furthermore, we show that overexpression of nkx2.5 during the first and second heart field development not only rescues the mutant phenotype, but also is sufficient for proper function of the adult heart. Taken together, these results shed new light on the stage-dependent mechanisms that sculpt chamber-specific cardiomyocytes and, therefore, have the potential to improve in vitro generation of ventricular cells to treat myocardial infarction and congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa George
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Sophie Colombo
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Kimara L Targoff
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA.
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82
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Yuan F, Qiu XB, Li RG, Qu XK, Wang J, Xu YJ, Liu X, Fang WY, Yang YQ, Liao DN. A novel NKX2-5 loss-of-function mutation predisposes to familial dilated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmias. Int J Mol Med 2014; 35:478-86. [PMID: 25503402 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most prevalent type of primary myocardial disease, which is the third most common cause of heart failure and the most frequent reason for heart transplantation. Aggregating evidence demonstrates that genetic risk factors are involved in the pathogenesis of idiopathic DCM. Nevertheless, DCM is of remarkable genetic heterogeneity and the genetic defects underpinning DCM in an overwhelming majority of patients remain unknown. In the present study, the whole coding exons and splice junction sites of the NKX2-5 gene, which encodes a homeodomain transcription factor crucial for cardiac development and structural remodeling, were sequenced in 130 unrelated patients with idiopathic DCM. The available relatives of the index patient harboring an identified mutation and 200 unrelated ethnically matched healthy individuals used as controls were genotyped for the NKX2-5 gene. The functional effect of the mutant NKX2-5 was characterized in contrast to its wild-type counterpart using a dual-luciferase reporter assay system. As a result, a novel heterozygous NKX2-5 mutation, p.S146W, was identified in a family with DCM inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, which co-segregated with DCM in the family with complete penetrance. Notably, the mutation carriers also had arrhythmias, such as paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and atrioventricular block. The missense mutation was absent in 400 reference chromosomes and the altered amino acid was completely conserved evolutionarily among species. Functional analysis revealed that the NKX2-5 mutant was associated with a significantly reduced transcriptional activity. The findings expand the mutational spectrum of NKX2-5 linked to DCM and provide novel insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying DCM, contributing to the antenatal prophylaxis and allele-specific management of DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Biao Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Ruo-Gu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Kai Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Jia Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Yi Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Qing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - De-Ning Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
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83
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Prendiville T, Jay PY, Pu WT. Insights into the genetic structure of congenital heart disease from human and murine studies on monogenic disorders. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a013946. [PMID: 25274754 PMCID: PMC4200204 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Study of monogenic congenital heart disease (CHD) has provided entry points to gain new understanding of heart development and the molecular pathogenesis of CHD. In this review, we discuss monogenic CHD caused by mutations of the cardiac transcription factor genes NKX2-5 and GATA4. Detailed investigation of these genes in mice and humans has expanded our understanding of heart development, shedding light on the complex genetic and environmental factors that influence expression and penetrance of CHD gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Prendiville
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Patrick Y Jay
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - William T Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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84
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Izumi K, Noon S, Wilkens A, Krantz ID. NKX2.5 mutation identification on exome sequencing in a patient with heterotaxy. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:558-61. [PMID: 25118008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exome sequencing enables us to screen most of the protein coding genes in an unbiased way, this technique represents an ideal tool to identify previously under- or unappreciated phenotypes associated with known disease genes and genetic disorders. Here we present an illustrative case that required exome sequencing to identify a genetic alteration associated with the clinical features. The phenotype of the proband included heterotaxy, double outlet right ventricle, common atrioventricular canal, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, asplenia, failure to thrive and short stature. Exome sequencing demonstrated a frameshift mutation c.397_400del (p.P133GfsTer 42) in NKX2.5. Although a single previous case of heterotaxy was reported in a large familial case of NKX2.5, heterotaxy is not clinically appreciated to be a part of the phenotypic spectrum associated with NKX2.5 mutations. This case report demonstrates the utility of exome sequencing in expanding a phenotypic spectrum of a known Mendelian disorder. We predict that this type of unexpected identification of mutations in known-disease associated genes in patients with atypical or expanded phenotypes will occur with increasing frequency as the use of exome and genome sequencing become more common tools in diagnosing patients with syndromic and non-syndromic foms of structural birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Izumi
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Sarah Noon
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alisha Wilkens
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ian D Krantz
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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85
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Directed differentiation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells identifies the transcriptional repression and epigenetic modification of NKX2-5, HAND1, and NOTCH1 in hypoplastic left heart syndrome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102796. [PMID: 25050861 PMCID: PMC4106834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) remains unknown, and the lack of animal models to reconstitute the cardiac maldevelopment has hampered the study of this disease. This study investigated the altered control of transcriptional and epigenetic programs that may affect the development of HLHS by using disease-specific induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) were isolated from patients with congenital heart diseases to generate patient-specific iPS cells. Comparative gene expression analysis of HLHS- and biventricle (BV) heart-derived iPS cells was performed to dissect the complex genetic circuits that may promote the disease phenotype. Both HLHS- and BV heart-derived CPCs were reprogrammed to generate disease-specific iPS cells, which showed characteristic human embryonic stem cell signatures, expressed pluripotency markers, and could give rise to cardiomyocytes. However, HLHS-iPS cells exhibited lower cardiomyogenic differentiation potential than BV-iPS cells. Quantitative gene expression analysis demonstrated that HLHS-derived iPS cells showed transcriptional repression of NKX2-5, reduced levels of TBX2 and NOTCH/HEY signaling, and inhibited HAND1/2 transcripts compared with control cells. Although both HLHS-derived CPCs and iPS cells showed reduced SRE and TNNT2 transcriptional activation compared with BV-derived cells, co-transfection of NKX2-5, HAND1, and NOTCH1 into HLHS-derived cells resulted in synergistic restoration of these promoters activation. Notably, gain- and loss-of-function studies revealed that NKX2-5 had a predominant impact on NPPA transcriptional activation. Moreover, differentiated HLHS-derived iPS cells showed reduced H3K4 dimethylation as well as histone H3 acetylation but increased H3K27 trimethylation to inhibit transcriptional activation on the NKX2-5 promoter. These findings suggest that patient-specific iPS cells may provide molecular insights into complex transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms, at least in part, through combinatorial expression of NKX2-5, HAND1, and NOTCH1 that coordinately contribute to cardiac malformations in HLHS.
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86
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Abstract
Atrial septal defects are the third most common type of congenital heart disease. Included in this group of malformations are several types of atrial communications that allow shunting of blood between the systemic and the pulmonary circulations. Most children with isolated atrial septal defects are free of symptoms, but the rates of exercise intolerance, atrial tachyarrhythmias, right ventricular dysfunction, and pulmonary hypertension increase with advancing age and life expectancy is reduced in adults with untreated defects. The risk of development of pulmonary vascular disease, a potentially lethal complication, is higher in female patients and in older adults with untreated defects. Surgical closure is safe and effective and when done before age 25 years is associated with normal life expectancy. Transcatheter closure offers a less invasive alternative for patients with a secundum defect who fulfil anatomical and size criteria. In this Seminar we review the causes, anatomy, pathophysiology, treatment, and outcomes of atrial septal defects in children and adult patients in whom this defect is the primary cardiac anomaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Geva
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jose D Martins
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Marta, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rachel M Wald
- Toronto Congenital Cardiac Centre for Adults, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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87
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Li Q, Le May M, Lacroix N, Chen J. Induction of Pax3 gene expression impedes cardiac differentiation. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2498. [PMID: 23970178 PMCID: PMC3750538 DOI: 10.1038/srep02498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies using pluripotent stem cells hold great promise as regenerative approaches to treat many types of diseases. Nevertheless many challenges remain and, perhaps foremost, is the issue of how to direct and enhance the specification and differentiation of a desired cell type for potential therapeutics. We have examined the molecular basis for the inverse correlation of cardiac and skeletal myogenesis in small molecule-enhanced stem cell differentiation. Our study shows that activation of premyogenic factor Pax3 coincides with inhibiting gene expression of early cardiac factor GATA4. Interestingly, the inhibitory effect of small molecules on cardiac differentiation depends on the function of Pax3, but not the mesoderm factor Meox1. Thus Pax3 is an inhibitor of cardiac differentiation in lineage specification. Our studies reveal the dual roles of Pax3 in stem cell fate determinations and provide new molecular insights into small molecule-enhanced lineage specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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88
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Yu H, Xu JH, Song HM, Zhao L, Xu WJ, Wang J, Li RG, Xu L, Jiang WF, Qiu XB, Jiang JQ, Qu XK, Liu X, Fang WY, Jiang JF, Yang YQ. Mutational spectrum of the NKX2-5 gene in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:554-63. [PMID: 24782644 PMCID: PMC4003540 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.8407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common form of sustained cardiac arrhythmia in humans and is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Emerging evidence indicates that abnormal cardiovascular development is involved in the pathogenesis of AF. In this study, the coding exons and splice sites of the NKX2-5 gene, which encodes a homeodomain-containing transcription factor essential for cardiovascular genesis, were sequenced in 146 unrelated patients with lone AF as well as the available relatives of the mutation carriers. A total of 700 unrelated ethnically matched healthy individuals used as controls were genotyped. The disease-causing potential of the identified NKX2-5 variations was predicted by MutationTaster and PolyPhen-2. The functional characteristics of the mutant NKX2-5 proteins were analyzed using a dual-luciferase reporter assay system. As a result, two heterozygous NKX2-5 mutations, including a previously reported p.E21Q and a novel p.T180A mutation, were identified in two families with AF transmitted in an autosomal dominant pattern. The mutations co-segregated with AF in the families with complete penetrance. The detected substitutions, which altered the amino acids highly conserved evolutionarily across species, were absent in 700 control individuals and were both predicted to be causative. Functional analyses demonstrated that the NKX2-5 mutants were associated with significantly decreased transcriptional activity compared with their wild-type counterpart. The findings expand the spectrum of NKX2-5 mutations linked to AF and provide additional evidence that dysfunctional NKX2-5 may confer vulnerability to AF, suggesting the potential benefit for the early prophylaxis and personalized treatment of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Jia-Hong Xu
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Hao-Ming Song
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- 2. Department of Cardiology, Yantaishan Hospital, 91 Jiefang Road, Yantai 264001, Shandong, China
| | - Wen-Jun Xu
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Juan Wang
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Ruo-Gu Li
- 3. Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 West Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Lei Xu
- 3. Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 West Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Wei-Feng Jiang
- 3. Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 West Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xing-Biao Qiu
- 3. Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 West Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jin-Qi Jiang
- 4. Department of Emergency, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 West Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xin-Kai Qu
- 3. Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 West Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xu Liu
- 3. Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 West Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Wei-Yi Fang
- 3. Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 West Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jin-Fa Jiang
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Yi-Qing Yang
- 3. Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 West Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200030, China; ; 5. Department of Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 West Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200030, China; ; 6. Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 West Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200030, China
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89
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Targoff KL, Colombo S, George V, Schell T, Kim SH, Solnica-Krezel L, Yelon D. Nkx genes are essential for maintenance of ventricular identity. Development 2013; 140:4203-13. [PMID: 24026123 DOI: 10.1242/dev.095562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Establishment of specific characteristics of each embryonic cardiac chamber is crucial for development of a fully functional adult heart. Despite the importance of defining and maintaining unique features in ventricular and atrial cardiomyocytes, the regulatory mechanisms guiding these processes are poorly understood. Here, we show that the homeodomain transcription factors Nkx2.5 and Nkx2.7 are necessary to sustain ventricular chamber attributes through repression of atrial chamber identity. Mutation of nkx2.5 in zebrafish yields embryos with diminutive ventricular and bulbous atrial chambers. These chamber deformities emerge gradually during development, with a severe collapse in the number of ventricular cardiomyocytes and an accumulation of excess atrial cardiomyocytes as the heart matures. Removal of nkx2.7 function from nkx2.5 mutants exacerbates the loss of ventricular cells and the gain of atrial cells. Moreover, in these Nkx-deficient embryos, expression of vmhc, a ventricular gene, fades, whereas expression of amhc, an atrial gene, expands. Cell-labeling experiments suggest that ventricular cardiomyocytes can transform into atrial cardiomyocytes in the absence of Nkx gene function. Through suggestion of transdifferentiation from ventricular to atrial fate, our data reveal a pivotal role for Nkx genes in maintaining ventricular identity and highlight remarkable plasticity in differentiated myocardium. Thus, our results are relevant to the etiologies of fetal and neonatal cardiac pathology and could direct future innovations in cardiac regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimara L Targoff
- Developmental Genetics Program and Department of Cell Biology, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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90
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Dirkx E, da Costa Martins PA, De Windt LJ. Regulation of fetal gene expression in heart failure. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:2414-24. [PMID: 24036209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
During the processes leading to adverse cardiac remodeling and heart failure, cardiomyocytes react to neurohumoral stimuli and biomechanical stress by activating pathways that induce pathological hypertrophy. The gene expression patterns and molecular changes observed during cardiac hypertrophic remodeling bare resemblance to those observed during fetal cardiac development. The re-activation of fetal genes in the adult failing heart is a complex biological process that involves transcriptional, posttranscriptional and epigenetic regulation of the cardiac genome. In this review, the mechanistic actions of transcription factors, microRNAs and chromatin remodeling processes in regulating fetal gene expression in heart failure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Dirkx
- Dept of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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91
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Beffagna G, Cecchetto A, Dal Bianco L, Lorenzon A, Angelini A, Padalino M, Vida V, Bhattacharya S, Stellin G, Rampazzo A, Daliento L. R25C mutation in the NKX2.5 gene in Italian patients affected with non-syndromic and syndromic congenital heart disease. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2013; 14:582-6. [DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0b013e328356a326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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92
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Chang SW, Mislankar M, Misra C, Huang N, Dajusta DG, Harrison SM, McBride KL, Baker LA, Garg V. Genetic abnormalities in FOXP1 are associated with congenital heart defects. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:1226-30. [PMID: 23766104 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The etiology for the majority of congenital heart defects (CHD) is unknown. We identified a patient with unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) and hypoplastic left ventricle who harbored an ~0.3 Mb monoallelic deletion on chromosome 3p14.1. The deletion encompassed the first four exons of FOXP1, a gene critical for normal heart development that represses cardiomyocyte proliferation and expression of Nkx2.5. To determine whether FOXP1 mutations are found in patients with CHD, we sequenced FOXP1 in 82 patients with AVSD or hypoplastic left heart syndrome. We discovered two patients who harbored a heterozygous c.1702C>T variant in FOXP1 that predicted a potentially deleterious substitution of a highly conserved proline (p.Pro568Ser). This variant was not found in 287 controls but is present in dbSNP at a 0.2% frequency. The orthologous murine Foxp1 p.Pro596Ser mutant protein displayed deficits in luciferase reporter assays and resulted in increased proliferation and Nkx2.5 expression in cardiomyoblasts. Our data suggest that haploinsufficiency of FOXP1 is associated with human CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Wei Chang
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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93
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Churko JM, Mantalas GL, Snyder MP, Wu JC. Overview of high throughput sequencing technologies to elucidate molecular pathways in cardiovascular diseases. Circ Res 2013; 112:1613-23. [PMID: 23743227 PMCID: PMC3831009 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.300939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
High throughput sequencing technologies have become essential in studies on genomics, epigenomics, and transcriptomics. Although sequencing information has traditionally been elucidated using a low throughput technique called Sanger sequencing, high throughput sequencing technologies are capable of sequencing multiple DNA molecules in parallel, enabling hundreds of millions of DNA molecules to be sequenced at a time. This advantage allows high throughput sequencing to be used to create large data sets, generating more comprehensive insights into the cellular genomic and transcriptomic signatures of various diseases and developmental stages. Within high throughput sequencing technologies, whole exome sequencing can be used to identify novel variants and other mutations that may underlie many genetic cardiac disorders, whereas RNA sequencing can be used to analyze how the transcriptome changes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and methylation sequencing can be used to identify epigenetic changes, whereas ribosome sequencing can be used to determine which mRNA transcripts are actively being translated. In this review, we will outline the differences in various sequencing modalities and examine the main sequencing platforms on the market in terms of their relative read depths, speeds, and costs. Finally, we will discuss the development of future sequencing platforms and how these new technologies may improve on current sequencing platforms. Ultimately, these sequencing technologies will be instrumental in further delineating how the cardiovascular system develops and how perturbations in DNA and RNA can lead to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M. Churko
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gary L. Mantalas
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael P. Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph C. Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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94
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Costa MW, Guo G, Wolstein O, Vale M, Castro ML, Wang L, Otway R, Riek P, Cochrane N, Furtado M, Semsarian C, Weintraub RG, Yeoh T, Hayward C, Keogh A, Macdonald P, Feneley M, Graham RM, Seidman JG, Seidman CE, Rosenthal N, Fatkin D, Harvey RP. Functional characterization of a novel mutation in NKX2-5 associated with congenital heart disease and adult-onset cardiomyopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 6:238-47. [PMID: 23661673 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.113.000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factor NKX2-5 is crucial for heart development, and mutations in this gene have been implicated in diverse congenital heart diseases and conduction defects in mouse models and humans. Whether NKX2-5 mutations have a role in adult-onset heart disease is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Mutation screening was performed in 220 probands with adult-onset dilated cardiomyopathy. Six NKX2-5 coding sequence variants were identified, including 3 nonsynonymous variants. A novel heterozygous mutation, I184M, located within the NKX2-5 homeodomain, was identified in 1 family. A subset of family members had congenital heart disease, but there was an unexpectedly high prevalence of dilated cardiomyopathy. Functional analysis of I184M in vitro demonstrated a striking increase in protein expression when transfected into COS-7 cells or HL-1 cardiomyocytes because of reduced degradation by the Ubiquitin-proteasome system. In functional assays, DNA-binding activity of I184M was reduced, resulting in impaired activation of target genes despite increased expression levels of mutant protein. CONCLUSIONS Certain NKX2-5 homeodomain mutations show abnormal protein degradation via the Ubiquitin-proteasome system and partially impaired transcriptional activity. We propose that this class of mutation can impair heart development and mature heart function and contribute to NKX2-5-related cardiomyopathies with graded severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro W Costa
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
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95
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Two novel and functional DNA sequence variants within an upstream enhancer of the human NKX2-5 gene in ventricular septal defects. Gene 2013; 524:152-5. [PMID: 23644027 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mortality in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) is significantly increased even with successful surgeries. The main causes are late cardiac complications, such as heart failure and arrhythmia, probably due to genetic defects. To date, genetic causes for CHD remain largely unknown. NKX2-5 gene encodes a highly conserved homeobox transcription factor, which is essential to the heart development in embryos and cardiac function in adults. Mutations in NKX2-5 gene have been implicated in diverse types of CHD, including ventricular septal defect (VSD). As NKX2-5 is a dosage-sensitive regulator, we have speculated that changed NKX2-5 levels may mediate CHD development by influencing cardiac gene regulatory network. In previous studies, we have analyzed the NKX2-5 gene promoter and a proximal enhancer in VSD patients. In the present study, we further genetically and functionally analyzed an upstream enhancer of the NKX2-5 gene in large cohorts of VSD patients (n=340) and controls (n=347). Two novel heterozygous DNA sequence variants (DSVs), g.17483576C>G and g.17483564C>T, were identified in three VSD patients, but none in controls. Functionally, these two DSVs significantly decreased the activity of the enhancer (P<0.01). Another novel heterozygous DSV, g.17483557Ins, was found in both VSD patients and controls with similar frequencies (P>0.05). Taken together, our data suggested that the DSVs within the upstream enhancer of the NKX2-5 gene may contribute to a small number of VSD. Therefore, genetic studies of CHD may provide insight into designing novel therapies for adult CHD patients.
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96
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Guner-Ataman B, Paffett-Lugassy N, Adams MS, Nevis KR, Jahangiri L, Obregon P, Kikuchi K, Poss KD, Burns CE, Burns CG. Zebrafish second heart field development relies on progenitor specification in anterior lateral plate mesoderm and nkx2.5 function. Development 2013; 140:1353-63. [PMID: 23444361 DOI: 10.1242/dev.088351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Second heart field (SHF) progenitors perform essential functions during mammalian cardiogenesis. We recently identified a population of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) in zebrafish expressing latent TGFβ-binding protein 3 (ltbp3) that exhibits several defining characteristics of the anterior SHF in mammals. However, ltbp3 transcripts are conspicuously absent in anterior lateral plate mesoderm (ALPM), where SHF progenitors are specified in higher vertebrates. Instead, ltbp3 expression initiates at the arterial pole of the developing heart tube. Because the mechanisms of cardiac development are conserved evolutionarily, we hypothesized that zebrafish SHF specification also occurs in the ALPM. To test this hypothesis, we Cre/loxP lineage traced gata4(+) and nkx2.5(+) ALPM populations predicted to contain SHF progenitors, based on evolutionary conservation of ALPM patterning. Traced cells were identified in SHF-derived distal ventricular myocardium and in three lineages in the outflow tract (OFT). We confirmed the extent of contributions made by ALPM nkx2.5(+) cells using Kaede photoconversion. Taken together, these data demonstrate that, as in higher vertebrates, zebrafish SHF progenitors are specified within the ALPM and express nkx2.5. Furthermore, we tested the hypothesis that Nkx2.5 plays a conserved and essential role during zebrafish SHF development. Embryos injected with an nkx2.5 morpholino exhibited SHF phenotypes caused by compromised progenitor cell proliferation. Co-injecting low doses of nkx2.5 and ltbp3 morpholinos revealed a genetic interaction between these factors. Taken together, our data highlight two conserved features of zebrafish SHF development, reveal a novel genetic relationship between nkx2.5 and ltbp3, and underscore the utility of this model organism for deciphering SHF biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Guner-Ataman
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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97
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Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital anomaly in newborn babies. Cardiac malformations have been produced in multiple experimental animal models, by perturbing selected molecules that function in the developmental pathways involved in myocyte specification, differentiation, or cardiac morphogenesis. In contrast, the precise genetic, epigenetic, or environmental basis for these perturbations in humans remains poorly understood. Over the past few decades, researchers have tried to bridge this knowledge gap through conventional genome-wide analyses of rare Mendelian CHD families, and by sequencing candidate genes in CHD cohorts. Although yielding few, usually highly penetrant, disease gene mutations, these discoveries provided 3 notable insights. First, human CHD mutations impact a heterogeneous set of molecules that orchestrate cardiac development. Second, CHD mutations often alter gene/protein dosage. Third, identical pathogenic CHD mutations cause a variety of distinct malformations, implying that higher order interactions account for particular CHD phenotypes. The advent of contemporary genomic technologies including single nucleotide polymorphism arrays, next-generation sequencing, and copy number variant platforms are accelerating the discovery of genetic causes of CHD. Importantly, these approaches enable study of sporadic cases, the most common presentation of CHD. Emerging results from ongoing genomic efforts have validated earlier observations learned from the monogenic CHD families. In this review, we explore how continued use of these technologies and integration of systems biology is expected to expand our understanding of the genetic architecture of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akl C Fahed
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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98
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Sabina S, Pulignani S, Rizzo M, Cresci M, Vecoli C, Foffa I, Ait-Ali L, Pitto L, Andreassi MG. Germline hereditary, somatic mutations and microRNAs targeting-SNPs in congenital heart defects. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 60:84-9. [PMID: 23583740 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Somatic mutations and dysregulation by microRNAs (miRNAs) may have a pivotal role in the Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs). The purpose of the study was to assess both somatic and germline mutations in the GATA4 and NKX2.5 genes as well as to identify 3'UTR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the miRNA target sites. We enrolled 30 patients (13 males; 13.4±8.3 years) with non-syndromic CHD. GATA4 and NKX2.5 genes were screened in cardiac tissue of sporadic and in blood samples of familial cases. Computational methods were used to detect putative miRNAs in the 3'UTR region and to assess the Minimum Free Energy of hybridization (MFE, kcal/mol). Difference of MFEs (ΔMFE) ≥4 kcal/mol between alleles was considered biologically relevant on miRNA binding. The sum of all ΔMFEs (|ΔMFEtot|=∑|ΔMFE|) was calculated in order to predict the biological importance of SNPs binding more miRNAs. No evidence of novel GATA4 and NKX2.5 mutations was found both in sporadic and familial patients. Bioinformatic analysis revealed 27 putative miRNAs binding to identified SNPs in the 3'UTR of GATA4. ΔMFE ≥4 kcal/mol between alleles was obtained for the +354A>C (miR-4299), +587A>G (miR-604), +1355G>A (miR-548v, miR-139-5p) and +1521C>G (miR-583, miR-3125, miR-3928) SNPs. The +1521C>G SNP showed the highest ΔMFEtot (21.66 kcal/mol). Luciferase reporter assays indicated that miR-583 was dose-dependently effective in regulating +1521 C allele compared with +1521 G allele. Based on the analysis of 100 CHD cases and 204 healthy newborns, the +1521 G allele was also associated with a lower risk of CHD (OR=0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.9, p=0.03), likely due to the relatively low binding of the miRNA and high levels of protein. These results suggest that common SNPs in the 3'UTR of GATA4 alter miRNA gene regulation contributing to the pathogenesis of CHDs.
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99
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Abdul-Sater Z, Yehya A, Beresian J, Salem E, Kamar A, Baydoun S, Shibbani K, Soubra A, Bitar F, Nemer G. Two heterozygous mutations in NFATC1 in a patient with Tricuspid Atresia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49532. [PMID: 23226213 PMCID: PMC3511479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tricuspid Atresia (TA) is a rare form of congenital heart disease (CHD) with usually poor prognosis in humans. It presents as a complete absence of the right atrio-ventricular connection secured normally by the tricuspid valve. Defects in the tricuspid valve are so far not associated with any genetic locus, although mutations in numerous genes were linked to multiple forms of congenital heart disease. In the last decade, Knock-out mice have offered models for cardiologists and geneticists to study the causes of congenital disease. One such model was the Nfatc1(-/-) mice embryos which die at mid-gestation stage due to a complete absence of the valves. NFATC1 belongs to the Rel family of transcription factors members of which were shown to be implicated in gene activation, cell differentiation, and organogenesis. We have previously shown that a tandem repeat in the intronic region of NFATC1 is associated with ventricular septal defects. In this report, we unravel for the first time a potential link between a mutation in NFATC1 and TA. Two heterozygous missense mutations were found in the NFATC1 gene in one indexed-case out of 19 patients with TA. The two amino-acids changes were not found neither in other patients with CHDs, nor in the control healthy population. Moreover, we showed that these mutations alter dramatically the normal function of the protein at the cellular localization, DNA binding and transcriptional levels suggesting they are disease-causing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahi Abdul-Sater
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amin Yehya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jean Beresian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elie Salem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amina Kamar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Serine Baydoun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kamel Shibbani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ayman Soubra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fadi Bitar
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges Nemer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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100
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Reamon-Buettner S, Borlak J. Genetic analysis of cardiac-specific transcription factors reveals novel insights into molecular causes of congenital heart disease. Future Cardiol 2012; 1:355-61. [PMID: 19804118 DOI: 10.1517/14796678.1.3.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart development is complex and requires the sequential and timely interplay of regulatory master proteins, notably several transcription factors. Germline mutations in the human transcription factor genes have been associated with congenital heart disease (CHD), but familial cases studied so far have different mutations. There is no strict genotype-phenotype correlation and mutations in transcription factor genes are rare in unrelated patients. Most cases of CHD come from unaffected family members. The study of archived, but morphologically well-characterized malformed hearts for DNA alterations provides important clues regarding cardiogenic transcription factor genes that would lead to loss-of-function of the protein. Identification of tissue-restricted multiple mutations and multiple haplotypes suggests that somatic mutation and mosaicism are linked to cardiac anomalies. Altogether, somatic mutations and genomic instability in the diseased cardiac tissues of patients with CHD provide a novel mechanism of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sm Reamon-Buettner
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Drug Research and Medical Biotechnology, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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