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Miller TM, Poloyac SM, Anderson KB, Waddell BL, Messamore E, Yao JK. A rapid UPLC-MS/MS assay for eicosanoids in human plasma: Application to evaluate niacin responsivity. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 136:153-159. [PMID: 28111064 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed to simultaneously quantify hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (HETE), dihydroxyeicosatrienoic (DiHETrE), epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET), and prostaglandin metabolites of arachidonic acid in human plasma. Sample preparation consisted of solid phase extraction with Oasis HLB (30mg) cartridges for all metabolites. Separation of HETEs, EETs, and DiHETrEs was achieved on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 1.7µm (100×2.1mm) reversed-phase column (Waters Corp, Millford, MA) with negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection. A second injection of the same extracted sample allowed for separation and assessment of prostaglandin metabolites under optimized UPLC-MS/MS conditions. Additionally, the endogenous levels of these metabolites in five different matrices were determined in order to select the optimal matrix for assay development. Human serum albumin was shown to have the least amount of endogenous metabolites, a recovery efficiency of 79-100% and a matrix effect of 71 - 100%. Linear calibration curves ranging from 0.416 to 66.67ng/ml were validated. Inter-assay and intra-assay variance was less than 15% at most concentrations. This method was successfully applied to quantify metabolite levels in plasma samples of healthy control subjects receiving niacin administration to evaluate the association between niacin administration and eicosanoid plasma level response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia M Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, United States
| | - Samuel M Poloyac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, United States
| | - Kacey B Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, United States
| | - Brooke L Waddell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, United States
| | - Erik Messamore
- Department of Psychiatry, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States
| | - Jeffrey K Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, United States; Medical Research Service, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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Davison J, O'Gorman A, Brennan L, Cotter DR. A systematic review of metabolite biomarkers of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2018; 195:32-50. [PMID: 28947341 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Current diagnosis of schizophrenia relies exclusively on the potentially subjective interpretation of clinical symptoms and social functioning as more objective biological measurement and medical diagnostic tests are not presently available. The use of metabolomics in the discovery of disease biomarkers has grown in recent years. Metabolomic methods could aid in the discovery of diagnostic biomarkers of schizophrenia. This systematic review focuses on biofluid metabolites associated with schizophrenia. A systematic search of Web of Science and Ovid Medline databases was conducted and 63 studies investigating metabolite biomarkers of schizophrenia were included. A review of these studies revealed several potential metabolite signatures of schizophrenia including reduced levels of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPUFAs), vitamin E and creatinine; and elevated levels of lipid peroxidation metabolites and glutamate. Further research is needed to validate these biomarkers and would benefit from large cohort studies and more homogeneous and well-defined subject groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Davison
- RCSI Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland; Institute of Food & Health, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Aoife O'Gorman
- RCSI Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland; Institute of Food & Health, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Lorraine Brennan
- Institute of Food & Health, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David R Cotter
- RCSI Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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van den Brink WJ, Palic S, Köhler I, de Lange ECM. Access to the CNS: Biomarker Strategies for Dopaminergic Treatments. Pharm Res 2018; 35:64. [PMID: 29450650 PMCID: PMC5814527 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2333-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite substantial research carried out over the last decades, it remains difficult to understand the wide range of pharmacological effects of dopaminergic agents. The dopaminergic system is involved in several neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. This complex system features multiple pathways implicated in emotion and cognition, psychomotor functions and endocrine control through activation of G protein-coupled dopamine receptors. This review focuses on the system-wide effects of dopaminergic agents on the multiple biochemical and endocrine pathways, in particular the biomarkers (i.e., indicators of a pharmacological process) that reflect these effects. Dopaminergic treatments developed over the last decades were found to be associated with numerous biochemical pathways in the brain, including the norepinephrine and the kynurenine pathway. Additionally, they have shown to affect peripheral systems, for example the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Dopaminergic agents thus have a complex and broad pharmacological profile, rendering drug development challenging. Considering the complex system-wide pharmacological profile of dopaminergic agents, this review underlines the needs for systems pharmacology studies that include: i) proteomics and metabolomics analysis; ii) longitudinal data evaluation and mathematical modeling; iii) pharmacokinetics-based interpretation of drug effects; iv) simultaneous biomarker evaluation in the brain, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma; and v) specific attention to condition-dependent (e.g., disease) pharmacology. Such approach is considered essential to increase our understanding of central nervous system (CNS) drug effects and substantially improve CNS drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Johan van den Brink
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Semra Palic
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Köhler
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth Cunera Maria de Lange
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Langbein K, Schmidt U, Schack S, Biesel NJ, Rudzok M, Amminger GP, Berger M, Sauer H, Smesny S. State marker properties of niacin skin sensitivity in ultra-high risk groups for psychosis - An optical reflection spectroscopy study. Schizophr Res 2018; 192:377-384. [PMID: 28602647 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Impaired niacin sensitivity (NS) is one of the most replicated findings in untreated schizophrenia, and reflects a disturbance of prostaglandin-mediated pathways in association with deregulated arachidonic acid metabolism, pro-inflammatory activation, and vasomotor function. In ultra-high risk individuals (UHR) increased NS was reported recently, pointing towards dynamic alterations of the underlying pathomechanisms in the period preceding psychosis. However, these characteristics are still unresolved in the diverse UHR groups. We tested the hypothesis that NS is attenuated in patients who have transitioned to psychosis and in the Brief Limited Intermittent Psychotic Symptoms (BLIPS, UHR-B) and/or the attenuated symptoms (UHR-A) groups, while it is unchanged or increased in the genetic risk group (UHR-G). Sensitivity to three concentrations (0.1-0.001M) of aqueous methylnicotinate was tested in 84 UHR patients, 105 first-episode psychosis patients (FEP) and 180 healthy individuals (HC), using optical reflection spectroscopy (ORS). The UHR subgroup and transition/non-transition outcomes were assessed according to PACE criteria using the CAARMS. Psychopathology was assessed using SANS, SAPS, and BPRS or SCL-90-R self-ratings. In 0.001M data, decreased NS was found in the UHR-B (n=12), UHR-A (n=45) and the transition groups (n=13), similar to the result in FEP. NS in the UHR-G (n=27) and HC groups did not differ. In the UHR-B and FEP groups, NS and positive symptom scores were inversely correlated. These state marker properties could be used to characterize the intensity of the underlying pathomechanisms during the onset of psychosis or to identify UHR individuals that might benefit from related indicated prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Langbein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Schack
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Natalie J Biesel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Rudzok
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - G Paul Amminger
- Orygen - The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Maximus Berger
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Heinrich Sauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Smesny
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Agostoni C, Nobile M, Ciappolino V, Delvecchio G, Tesei A, Turolo S, Crippa A, Mazzocchi A, Altamura CA, Brambilla P. The Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Developmental Psychopathology: A Systematic Review on Early Psychosis, Autism, and ADHD. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2608. [PMID: 29207548 PMCID: PMC5751211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this systematic review, we will consider and debate studies that have explored the effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in three major, and somehow related, developmental psychiatric disorders: Autism, Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity disorder and Psychosis. The impact of ω-3 PUFAs on clinical symptoms and, if possible, brain trajectory in children and adolescents suffering from these illnesses will be reviewed and discussed, considering the biological plausibility of the effects of omega-3 fatty acids, together with their potential perspectives in the field. Heterogeneity in study designs will be discussed in the light of differences in results and interpretation of studies carried out so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Agostoni
- Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
- SIGENP (Italian Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition), via Libero Temolo 4 (Torre U8), 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria Nobile
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, via Don Luigi Monza 20, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy.
| | - Valentina Ciappolino
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Delvecchio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Tesei
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, via Don Luigi Monza 20, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy.
| | - Stefano Turolo
- Pediatric Nephrology & Dialysis, Milano Fondazione IRCCS Cà Grande Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Crippa
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, via Don Luigi Monza 20, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Mazzocchi
- Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Carlo A Altamura
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, 77021 TX, USA.
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56
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Pawełczyk T, Trafalska E, Pawełczyk A, Kotlicka-Antczak M. Differences in omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption in people at ultra-high risk of psychosis, first-episode schizophrenia, and in healthy controls. Early Interv Psychiatry 2017; 11:498-508. [PMID: 26279283 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM Supplementation with omega-3 PUFA showed efficacy in reducing the risk of transition into psychosis in UHR individuals. It is uncertain whether dietary patterns can be partly responsible for n-3 deficiencies observed in susceptible participants before the diagnosis of schizophrenia. The study was designed to assess differences in omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA consumption in healthy controls (HC), UHR participants and FES patients as well as to verify the hypothesis that dietary changes in PUFA consumption are present before active psychosis develops, that is, in UHR individuals. METHODS Dietary habits during the previous year were assessed in 34 patients at UHR of psychosis, 33 patients diagnosed with FES and 33 HC participants using a validated Food-Frequency Questionnaire and the Polish Food Composition Tables. RESULTS Significant differences in omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA intake were observed between study groups. UHR and FES groups reported significantly higher consumption of omega-6 PUFA in comparison with HC. FES patients also reported a higher consumption of alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3) in comparison with HC. No significant differences were seen in consumption of long-chain marine PUFA. CONCLUSIONS Differences in omega-6 and omega-3 PUFA consumption exist before development of psychotic symptoms, fulfilling the criteria of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Pawełczyk
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Trafalska
- Nutrition Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pawełczyk
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Malcicka M, Visser B, Ellers J. An Evolutionary Perspective on Linoleic Acid Synthesis in Animals. Evol Biol 2017; 45:15-26. [PMID: 29497218 PMCID: PMC5816129 DOI: 10.1007/s11692-017-9436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The diet of organisms generally provides a sufficient supply of energy and building materials for healthy growth and development, but should also contain essential nutrients. Species differ in their exogenous requirements, but it is not clear why some species are able to synthesize essential nutrients, while others are not. The unsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6) plays an important role in functions such as cell physiology, immunity, and reproduction, and is an essential nutrient in diverse organisms. LA is readily synthesized in bacteria, protozoa and plants, but it was long thought that all animals lacked the ability to synthesize LA de novo and thus required a dietary source of this fatty acid. Over the years, however, an increasing number of studies have shown active LA synthesis in animals, including insects, nematodes and pulmonates. Despite continued interest in LA metabolism, it has remained unclear why some organisms can synthesize LA while others cannot. Here, we review the mechanisms by which LA is synthesized and which biological functions LA supports in different organisms to answer the question why LA synthesis was lost and repeatedly gained during the evolution of distinct invertebrate groups. We propose several hypotheses and compile data from the available literature to identify which factors promote LA synthesis within a phylogenetic framework. We have not found a clear link between our proposed hypotheses and LA synthesis; therefore we suggest that LA synthesis may be facilitated through bifunctionality of desaturase enzymes or evolved through a combination of different selective pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriama Malcicka
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bertanne Visser
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics Group, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lozupone M, Seripa D, Stella E, La Montagna M, Solfrizzi V, Quaranta N, Veneziani F, Cester A, Sardone R, Bonfiglio C, Giannelli G, Bisceglia P, Bringiotti R, Daniele A, Greco A, Bellomo A, Logroscino G, Panza F. Innovative biomarkers in psychiatric disorders: a major clinical challenge in psychiatry. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:809-824. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1375857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Madia Lozupone
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Seripa
- Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Stella
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maddalena La Montagna
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Solfrizzi
- Geriatric Medicine-Memory Unit and Rare Disease Centre, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | | | - Federica Veneziani
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Alberto Cester
- Department of Medicine Organization Geriatric Unit, CDCD, Dolo Hospital, Venezia, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Sardone
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Bonfiglio
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Bisceglia
- Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Roberto Bringiotti
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Daniele
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonello Bellomo
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, “Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico”, Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
- Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, “Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico”, Lecce, Italy
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Zuccoli GS, Saia-Cereda VM, Nascimento JM, Martins-de-Souza D. The Energy Metabolism Dysfunction in Psychiatric Disorders Postmortem Brains: Focus on Proteomic Evidence. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:493. [PMID: 28936160 PMCID: PMC5594406 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders represent a great medical and social challenge and people suffering from these conditions face many impairments regarding personal and professional life. In addition, a mental disorder will manifest itself in approximately one quarter of the world's population at some period of their life. Dysfunction in energy metabolism is one of the most consistent scientific findings associated with these disorders. With this is mind, this review compiled data on disturbances in energy metabolism found by proteomic analyses of postmortem brains collected from patients affected by the most prevalent psychiatric disorders: schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BPD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). We searched in the PubMed database to gather the studies and compiled all the differentially expressed proteins reported in each work. SCZ studies revealed 92 differentially expressed proteins related to energy metabolism, while 95 proteins were discovered in BPD, and 41 proteins in MDD. With the compiled data, it was possible to determine which proteins related to energy metabolism were found to be altered in all the disorders as well as which ones were altered exclusively in one of them. In conclusion, the information gathered in this work could contribute to a better understanding of the impaired metabolic mechanisms and hopefully bring insights into the underlying neuropathology of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana S Zuccoli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of CampinasCampinas, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnologicoSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Verônica M Saia-Cereda
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of CampinasCampinas, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnologicoSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana M Nascimento
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of CampinasCampinas, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnologicoSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of CampinasCampinas, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnologicoSão Paulo, Brazil
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Low dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids, niacin, folate, and vitamin C in Korean patients with schizophrenia and the development of dietary guidelines for schizophrenia. Nutr Res 2017; 45:10-18. [PMID: 29037327 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate dietary intake and poor nutritional status are reported to be associated with metabolic syndrome and psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. We hypothesized that inappropriate dietary habits and insufficient dietary intake of specific nutrients are associated with schizophrenia. To test the hypothesis, we assessed the dietary habits and nutritional intake of patients with schizophrenia and then developed suitable dietary guidelines. In total, 140 subjects (73 controls and 67 patients with schizophrenia from community mental health centers) were included, and dietary intakes were analyzed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. As a result, the proportion of overweight or obese patients was significantly higher in schizophrenia subjects (64.2%) compared with control subjects (39.7%) (P=.004). The male schizophrenia patients had significantly lower dietary intakes of protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), vitamin K, niacin, folate, and vitamin C than the male control subjects. In all multiple logistic regression models, subjects with the "low" dietary intake of protein, n-3 PUFAs, niacin, folate, and vitamin C had a significantly higher odds ratios for schizophrenia compared with those with the "high" dietary intake category of each nutrient. Therefore, maintenance of a healthy body weight and sufficient dietary intake of protein, PUFAs, niacin, folate, and vitamin C are recommended for Korean patients with schizophrenia.
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Comasco E, Vumma R, Toffoletto S, Johansson J, Flyckt L, Lewander T, Oreland L, Bjerkenstedt L, Andreou D, Söderman E, Terenius L, Agartz I, Jönsson EG, Venizelos N. Genetic and Functional Study of L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 in Schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 2017; 74:96-103. [PMID: 28190014 DOI: 10.1159/000455234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia involves neural catecholaminergic dysregulation. Tyrosine is the precursor of catecholamines, and its major transporter, according to studies on fibroblasts, in the brain is the L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1). The present study assessed haplotype tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the SLC7A5/LAT1 gene in 315 patients with psychosis within the schizophrenia spectrum and 233 healthy controls to investigate genetic vulnerability to the disorder as well as genetic relationships to homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), the major catecholamine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Moreover, the involvement of the different isoforms of the system L in tyrosine uptake and LAT1 tyrosine kinetics were studied in fibroblast cell lines of 10 patients with schizophrenia and 10 healthy controls. The results provide suggestive evidence of individual vulnerability to schizophrenia related to the LAT1 SNP rs9936204 genotype. A number of SNPs were nominally associated with CSF HVA and MHPG concentrations but did not survive correction for multiple testing. The LAT1 isoform was confirmed as the major tyrosine transporter in patients with schizophrenia. However, the kinetic parameters (maximal transport capacity, affinity of the binding sites, and diffusion constant of tyrosine transport through the LAT1 isoform) did not differ between patients with schizophrenia and controls. The present genetic findings call for independent replication in larger samples, while the functional study seems to exclude a role of LAT1 in the aberrant transport of tyrosine in fibroblasts of patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Comasco
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Matsumoto J, Nakanishi H, Kunii Y, Sugiura Y, Yuki D, Wada A, Hino M, Niwa SI, Kondo T, Waki M, Hayasaka T, Masaki N, Akatsu H, Hashizume Y, Yamamoto S, Sato S, Sasaki T, Setou M, Yabe H. Decreased 16:0/20:4-phosphatidylinositol level in the post-mortem prefrontal cortex of elderly patients with schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45050. [PMID: 28332626 PMCID: PMC5362900 DOI: 10.1038/srep45050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of schizophrenia includes phospholipid abnormalities. Phospholipids are bioactive substances essential for brain function. To analyze differences in the quantity and types of phospholipids present in the brain tissue of patients with schizophrenia, we performed a global analysis of phospholipids in multiple brain samples using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass/mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS/MS) and imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). We found significantly decreased 16:0/20:4-phosphatidylinositol (PI) levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the brains from patients with schizophrenia in the LC-ESI/MS/MS, and that the 16:0/20:4-PI in grey matter was most prominently diminished according to the IMS experiments. Previous reports investigating PI pathology of schizophrenia did not identify differences in the sn-1 and sn-2 fatty acyl chains. This study is the first to clear the fatty acid composition of PI in brains from patients with schizophrenia. Alteration in the characteristic fatty acid composition of PI may also affect neuronal function, and could play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia. Although further studies are necessary to understand the role of reduced 16:0/20:4-PI levels within the prefrontal cortex in the etiology of schizophrenia, our results provide insight into the development of a novel therapy for the clinical treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Matsumoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakanishi
- Research Center for Biosignal, Akita University, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, Akita 010-8543, Japan
- Akita Lipid Technologies, LLC.,1-2, Nukazuka, Yanagida, Akita, 010-0825, Japan
| | - Yasuto Kunii
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Aizu Medical Center, Fukushima Medical University, 21-2 Maeda, Yazawa Kawahigashimachi, Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima 969-3492, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugiura
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Dai Yuki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Akira Wada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Mizuki Hino
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Niwa
- Department of Psychiatry, Aizu Medical Center, Fukushima Medical University, 21-2 Maeda, Yazawa Kawahigashimachi, Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima 969-3492, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kondo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Michihiko Waki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hayasaka
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Noritaka Masaki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Akatsu
- Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, 19-14 Yamanaka, Noyori-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8124, Japan
- Department of Community-based Medical Education/Department of Community-based Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hashizume
- Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, 19-14 Yamanaka, Noyori-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8124, Japan
| | - Sakon Yamamoto
- Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, 19-14 Yamanaka, Noyori-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8124, Japan
| | - Shinji Sato
- Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, 19-14 Yamanaka, Noyori-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8124, Japan
- Quests Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sasaki
- Research Center for Biosignal, Akita University, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, Akita 010-8543, Japan
- Akita Lipid Technologies, LLC.,1-2, Nukazuka, Yanagida, Akita, 010-0825, Japan
- Department of Medical Biology Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, Tokushima 010-8543, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
- International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
- Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, The university of Hong Kong, 6/F, William MW Mong Block 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Division of Neural Systematics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
- Riken Center for Molecular Imaging Science, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hirooki Yabe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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Róg J, Karakuła-Juchnowicz H. Omega – 3 fatty acids in schizophrenia – part I: importance in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. CURRENT PROBLEMS OF PSYCHIATRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/cpp-2016-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Despite the increasing offer of antipsychotic drugs, the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia is still unsatisfactory. Drug resistance, lack of complete remission and the increasing risk of metabolic complications are the reasons why the new forms of therapy in schizophrenia among which unsaturated essential fatty acids omega 3 (EFAs ω-3) affecting the proper functioning of nervous system, are mentioned, are being looked for.
Fatty acids represent 50-60% of the dry weight of the brain and diet is one of the factors that influence the value of each of the fat fractions in the neuron membranes. Patients with schizophrenia tend to have irregular nutritional status concerning essential fatty acids ω-3, which might result from metabolic disorders or irregular consumption of fatty acids.
Apart from being a review of the literature on this subject, this very paper characterizes essential fatty acids ω-3, their metabolism, the most important sources in the diet and the opinions of experts in the field about the recommended intake. It pays attention to the role of essential fatty acids in both the structure and functioning of the central nervous system is, as well as their role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, with particular emphasis on the membrane concept by David Horrobin. The assessment of the errors in consumption and metabolism of essential fatty acids are described as well.
The evidence was found both in epidemiological and modeling studies. It supports the participation of EFAs in etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Further research is needed, both observational and interventional, as to the role of essential fatty acids ω-3 in the functioning of the CNS as well as the development and course of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Róg
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences
| | - Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz
- I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Medical University in Lublin
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Castillo RI, Rojo LE, Henriquez-Henriquez M, Silva H, Maturana A, Villar MJ, Fuentes M, Gaspar PA. From Molecules to the Clinic: Linking Schizophrenia and Metabolic Syndrome through Sphingolipids Metabolism. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:488. [PMID: 27877101 PMCID: PMC5100552 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a prevalent and severe comorbidity observed in schizophrenia (SZ). The exact nature of this association is controversial and very often accredited to the effects of psychotropic medications and disease-induced life-style modifications, such as inactive lifestyle, poor dietary choices, and smoking. However, drug therapy and disease-induced lifestyle factors are likely not the only factors contributing to the observed converging nature of these conditions, since an increased prevalence of MS is also observed in first episode and drug-naïve psychosis populations. MS and SZ share common intrinsic susceptibility factors and etiopathogenic mechanisms, which may change the way we approach clinical management of SZ patients. Among the most relevant common pathogenic pathways of SZ and MS are alterations in the sphingolipids (SLs) metabolism and SLs homeostasis. SLs have important structural functions as they participate in the formation of membrane “lipid rafts.” SLs also play physiological roles in cell differentiation, proliferation, and inflammatory processes, which might be part of MS/SZ common pathophysiological processes. In this article we review a plausible mechanism to explain the link between MS and SZ through a disruption in SL homeostasis. Additionally, we provide insights on how this hypothesis can lead to the developing of new diagnostic/therapeutic technologies for SZ patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando I Castillo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonel E Rojo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Henriquez-Henriquez
- Departamento de Laboratorios Clínicos, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile; Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia UniversityNew York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | - Hernán Silva
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Hospital Clínico Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile; Facultad de Medicina, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Maturana
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - María J Villar
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Fuentes
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Clínica Alemana Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A Gaspar
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Hospital Clínico Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile; Facultad de Medicina, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile; Departamento de Psiquiatría, Clínica AlemanaSantiago, Chile
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Chen H, Xie S, Liang H, Wu C, Cui L, Huan SY, Zhang X. Generation of Biostable L-aptamers against Achiral Targets by Chiral Inversion of Existing D-aptamers. Talanta 2016; 164:662-667. [PMID: 28107987 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, based on reciprocal chiral substrate specificity, taking achiral molecules, ethanolamine (EA) and malachite green (MG) as two model targets, biostable L- DNA aptamers and L-RNA aptamers were generated respectively by chiral inversion of existing D-aptamers. In the detection of EA with L-DNA aptamer-based sensors, the feasibility of our strategy was confirmed, while in the detection of MG with L-RNA aptamers, linear calibration curves were obtained in the range from 0.1 to 5µm with the detection limit of 0.065µm under optimized experimental conditions. The results demonstrated that the mirror-image L-aptamers have identical recognition capability as D-aptamers. Meanwhile, L-aptamers have superior biostability to resist nuclease digestion, protein binding interference and off-target effects, enabling their applications in complex practical samples, such as lake water and fish tissue extractions. Our work provides a simple, yet universal and efficient way to develop biostable aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huapei Chen
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Sitao Xie
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Cuichen Wu
- Attribute Sciences, Amgen, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Liang Cui
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Shuang-Yan Huan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
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Nishi D, Su KP, Usuda K, Chiang YJJ, Guu TW, Hamazaki K, Nakaya N, Sone T, Sano Y, Tachibana Y, Ito H, Isaka K, Hashimoto K, Hamazaki T, Matsuoka YJ. The synchronized trial on expectant mothers with depressive symptoms by omega-3 PUFAs (SYNCHRO): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:321. [PMID: 27630014 PMCID: PMC5024529 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal depression can be harmful to both mothers and their children. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation has been investigated as an alternative intervention for pregnant women with depressive symptoms because of the supporting evidence from clinical trials in major depression, the safety advantage, and its anti-inflammatory and neuroplasticity effects. This study examines the efficacy of omega-3 PUFA supplementation for pregnant women with depressive symptoms in Taiwan and Japan, to provide evidence available for Asia. The rationale and protocol of this trial are reported here. METHODS The Synchronized Trial on Expectant Mothers with Depressive Symptoms by Omega-3 PUFAs (SYNCHRO) is a multicenter, double-blind, parallel group, randomized controlled trial. Participants will be randomized to either the omega-3 PUFAs arm (1,200 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 600 mg docosahexaenoic acid daily) or placebo arm. Primary outcome is total score on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) at 12 weeks after the start of the intervention. We will randomize 56 participants to have 90 % power to detect a 4.7-point difference in mean HAMD scores with omega-3 PUFAs compared with placebo. Because seafood consumption varies across countries and this may have a major effect on the efficacy of omega-3 PUFA supplementation, 56 participants will be recruited at each site in Taiwan and Japan, for a total number of 112 participants. Secondary outcomes include depressive symptoms at 1 month after childbirth, diagnosis of major depressive disorder, changes in omega-3 PUFAs concentrations and levels of biomarkers at baseline and at 12 weeks' follow-up, and standard obstetric outcomes. Data analyses will be by intention to treat. The trial was started in June 2014 and is scheduled to end in February 2018. DISCUSSION The trial is expected to provide evidence that can contribute to promoting mental health among mothers and children in Asian populations. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02166424 . Registered 15 June 2014; University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) Center: UMIN000017979. Registered 20 May 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nishi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan. .,National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashicho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8553, Japan. .,Department of Public Mental Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashicyo, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8553, Japan.
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- Department of Psychiatry & Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, Taichung, 404, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
| | - Kentaro Usuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023 Japan ,National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashicho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553 Japan
| | - Yi-Ju Jill Chiang
- Department of Psychiatry & Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, Taichung, 404 Taiwan
| | - Tai-Wei Guu
- Department of Psychiatry & Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, Taichung, 404 Taiwan
| | - Kei Hamazaki
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Naoki Nakaya
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8573 Japan
| | - Toshimasa Sone
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Science, Tohoku Fukushi University, 6-149-1 Kunimigaoka, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 989-3201 Japan
| | - Yo Sano
- Toda Chuo Women’s Hospital, 2-26-3 Kamitoda, Toda, Saitama 335-0022 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Tachibana
- Division of Infant and Toddler Mental Health, Department of Psychosocial Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ookura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535 Japan
| | - Hiroe Ito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023 Japan
| | - Keiich Isaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023 Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670 Japan
| | - Tomohito Hamazaki
- Department of Medicine, Toyama Jonan Onsen Daini Hospital, 1-13-6, Taromarunishimachi, Toyama, Toyama 939-8271 Japan
| | - Yutaka J Matsuoka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023 Japan ,Division of Health Care Research, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center (YJM), 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan
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Bozzatello P, Brignolo E, De Grandi E, Bellino S. Supplementation with Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Psychiatric Disorders: A Review of Literature Data. J Clin Med 2016; 5:E67. [PMID: 27472373 PMCID: PMC4999787 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5080067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new application for omega-3 fatty acids has recently emerged, concerning the treatment of several mental disorders. This indication is supported by data of neurobiological research, as highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) are highly concentrated in neural phospholipids and are important components of the neuronal cell membrane. They modulate the mechanisms of brain cell signaling, including the dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways. The aim of this review is to provide a complete and updated account of the empirical evidence of the efficacy and safety that are currently available for omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The main evidence for the effectiveness of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been obtained in mood disorders, in particular in the treatment of depressive symptoms in unipolar and bipolar depression. There is some evidence to support the use of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of conditions characterized by a high level of impulsivity and aggression and borderline personality disorders. In patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, small-to-modest effects of omega-3 HUFAs have been found. The most promising results have been reported by studies using high doses of EPA or the association of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. In schizophrenia, current data are not conclusive and do not allow us either to refuse or support the indication of omega-3 fatty acids. For the remaining psychiatric disturbances, including autism spectrum disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorders and substance use disorder, the data are too scarce to draw any conclusion. Concerning tolerability, several studies concluded that omega-3 can be considered safe and well tolerated at doses up to 5 g/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bozzatello
- Centre for Personality Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Elena Brignolo
- Centre for Personality Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Elisa De Grandi
- Centre for Personality Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Silvio Bellino
- Centre for Personality Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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Aptamer-based biosensor for label-free detection of ethanolamine by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 936:222-8. [PMID: 27566359 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A label-free sensing assay for ethanolamine (EA) detection based on G-quadruplex-EA binding interaction is presented by using G-rich aptamer DNA (Ap-DNA) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The presence of K(+) induces the Ap-DNA to form a K(+)-stabilized G-quadruplex structure which provides binding sites for EA. The sensing mechanism was further confirmed by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and EIS measurement. As a result, the charge transfer resistance (RCT) is strongly increased as demonstrated by using the ferro/ferricyanide ([Fe(CN)6](3-/4-)) as a redox probe. Under the optimized conditions, a linear relationship between ΔRCT and EA concentration was obtained over the range of 0.16 nM and 16 nM EA, with a detection limit of 0.08 nM. Interference by other selected chemicals with similar structure was negligible. Analytical results of EA spiked into tap water and serum by the sensor suggested the assay could be successfully applied to real sample analysis. With the advantages of high sensitivity, selectivity and simple sensor construction, this method is potentially suitable for the on-site monitoring of EA contamination.
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69
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Pawełczyk T, Trafalska E, Kotlicka-Antczak M, Pawełczyk A. The association between polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption and the transition to psychosis in ultra-high risk individuals. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 108:30-7. [PMID: 27154362 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PUFA deficiencies in cellular membranes have been observed in ultra-high risk (HR) individuals and in early schizophrenia. It is uncertain whether dietary PUFA consumption can be associated with the risk of transition to psychosis in HR individuals. The aim of the study was to assess PUFA consumption and confirm whether dietary habits are related to the risk of transition to full-threshold psychosis in HR individuals during a 12-month follow-up. PUFA consumption during the previous year was analyzed in 62 h individuals and 33 healthy controls (HC) at the beginning of the follow-up period using a validated Food-Frequency Questionnaire and the Polish Food Composition Tables. Fifteen HR individuals converted into psychosis (C-HR) during the 12-month follow-up. C-HR individuals reported significantly higher consumption of n-6 fatty acids (linoleic acid, LA and arachidonic acid, AA) in comparison with individuals who did not develop psychosis (NC-HR). The C-HR group reported a significantly higher AA/(EPA+DHA) consumption ratio than the NC-HR group. HC reported significantly higher consumption of most n-3 PUFA and lower consumption of all n-6 PUFA than both groups of HR individuals. The results suggest that dietary patterns of PUFA consumption may play a role in the conversion to psychosis of HR individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pawełczyk
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka 8/10, 92-216 Lodz, Poland.
| | - E Trafalska
- Department of Nutrition Hygiene and Epidemiology Medical University of Lodz, Jaracza 63, 90-251 Lodz, Poland.
| | - M Kotlicka-Antczak
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka 8/10, 92-216 Lodz, Poland.
| | - A Pawełczyk
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka 8/10, 92-216 Lodz, Poland.
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Hamazaki K, Maekawa M, Toyota T, Iwayama Y, Dean B, Hamazaki T, Yoshikawa T. Fatty acid composition and fatty acid binding protein expression in the postmortem frontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia: A case-control study. Schizophr Res 2016; 171:225-32. [PMID: 26792082 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been found in the postmortem frontal cortex, particularly the orbitofrontal cortex, of patients with schizophrenia. Altered mRNA expression of fatty acid binding protein (FABP) 5 and FABP7 has likewise been reported. METHODS This study investigated whether PUFAs in the frontal cortex [Brodmann area (BA) 8] and mRNA expression of FABP3, 5, and 7 were different between patients with schizophrenia (n=95) and unaffected controls (n=93). RESULTS In contrast to previous studies, no significant differences were found in DHA between the groups. Although arachidonic acid (AA) levels were significantly decreased in the schizophrenia group, no association was found between AA and schizophrenia on logistic regression analysis. Only FABP3 expression was significantly lower in the schizophrenia group than in the control group. Significant inverse associations were seen between only two saturated fatty acids, behenic acid and lignoceric acid, and FABP3 expression. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence that major PUFA levels in BA8 are involved in the etiology of schizophrenia. Although FABP3 expression was not correlated with any of the major PUFAs, it might play a novel role in the pathology of BA8 in a subset of patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Hamazaki
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Toyama 9300194, Japan.
| | - Motoko Maekawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Brian Dean
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tomohito Hamazaki
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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A randomized controlled study of the efficacy of six-month supplementation with concentrated fish oil rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in first episode schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 73:34-44. [PMID: 26679763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Short-term clinical trials of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) as add-on therapy in patients with schizophrenia revealed mixed results. The majority of these studies used an 8- to 12-week intervention based on ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid. A randomized placebo-controlled trial was designed to compare the efficacy of 26-week intervention, composed of either 2.2 g/day of n-3 PUFA, or olive oil placebo, with regard to symptom severity in first-episode schizophrenia patients. Seventy-one patients (aged 16-35) were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to the study arms. The primary outcome measure of the clinical evaluation was schizophrenia symptom severity change measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Mixed models repeated measures analysis revealed significant differences between the study arms regarding total PANSS score change favouring n-3 PUFA (p = 0.016; effect size (ES) = 0.29). A fifty-percent improvement in symptom severity was achieved significantly more frequently in the n-3 PUFA group than in the placebo group (69.4 vs 40.0%; p = 0.017). N-3 PUFA intervention was also associated with an improvement in general psychopathology, measured by means of PANSS (p = 0.009; ES = 0.32), depressive symptoms (p = 0.006; ES = 0.34), the level of functioning (p = 0.01; ES = 0.31) and clinical global impression (p = 0.046; ES = 0.29). The findings suggest that 6-month intervention with n-3 PUFA may be a valuable add-on therapy able to decrease the intensity of symptoms and improve the level of functioning in first-episode schizophrenia patients.
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Soueid J, Kourtian S, Makhoul NJ, Makoukji J, Haddad S, Ghanem SS, Kobeissy F, Boustany RM. RYR2, PTDSS1 and AREG genes are implicated in a Lebanese population-based study of copy number variation in autism. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19088. [PMID: 26742492 PMCID: PMC4705475 DOI: 10.1038/srep19088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by ritualistic-repetitive behaviors and impaired verbal and non-verbal communication. Objectives were to determine the contribution of genetic variation to ASDs in the Lebanese. Affymetrix Cytogenetics Whole-Genome 2.7 M and CytoScan(™) HD Arrays were used to detect CNVs in 41 Lebanese autistic children and 35 non-autistic, developmentally delayed and intellectually disabled patients. 33 normal participants were used as controls. 16 de novo CNVs and 57 inherited CNVs, including recognized pathogenic 16p11.2 duplications and 2p16.3 deletions were identified. A duplication at 1q43 classified as likely pathogenic encompasses RYR2 as a potential ASD candidate gene. This previously identified CNV has been classified as both pathogenic, and, of uncertain significance. A duplication of unknown significance at 10q11.22, proposed as a modulator for phenotypic disease expression in Rett syndrome, was also identified. The novel potential autism susceptibility genes PTDSS1 and AREG were uncovered and warrant further genetic and functional analyses. Previously described and novel genetic targets in ASD were identified in Lebanese families with autism. These findings may lead to improved diagnosis of ASDs and informed genetic counseling, and may also lead to untapped therapeutic targets applicable to Lebanese and non-Lebanese patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Amphiregulin/deficiency
- Amphiregulin/genetics
- Autism Spectrum Disorder/genetics
- Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- DNA Copy Number Variations
- Developmental Disabilities/genetics
- Developmental Disabilities/physiopathology
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Genome, Human
- Humans
- Lebanon
- Male
- Nitrogenous Group Transferases/deficiency
- Nitrogenous Group Transferases/genetics
- Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel/deficiency
- Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihane Soueid
- American University of Beirut Medical Center Special Kids Clinic, Neurogenetics Program and Division of Pediatric Neurology, Departments of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Lebanon
| | - Silva Kourtian
- American University of Beirut Medical Center Special Kids Clinic, Neurogenetics Program and Division of Pediatric Neurology, Departments of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Lebanon
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon
| | - Nadine J. Makhoul
- American University of Beirut Medical Center Special Kids Clinic, Neurogenetics Program and Division of Pediatric Neurology, Departments of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Lebanon
| | - Joelle Makoukji
- American University of Beirut Medical Center Special Kids Clinic, Neurogenetics Program and Division of Pediatric Neurology, Departments of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Lebanon
| | - Sariah Haddad
- American University of Beirut Medical Center Special Kids Clinic, Neurogenetics Program and Division of Pediatric Neurology, Departments of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Lebanon
| | - Simona S. Ghanem
- American University of Beirut Medical Center Special Kids Clinic, Neurogenetics Program and Division of Pediatric Neurology, Departments of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Lebanon
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American university of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rose-Mary Boustany
- American University of Beirut Medical Center Special Kids Clinic, Neurogenetics Program and Division of Pediatric Neurology, Departments of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Lebanon
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American university of Beirut, Lebanon
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, omega-3 fatty acids are necessary for cell membranes, brain function and nerve transmission continuation. When animals are exposed to a new environment-or as a result of an apomorphine application that creates an agonistic effect on D1 and D2 receptors-they display behavioral reactions like rearing and stereotypy. This study aims to reveal the possible antipsychotic and oxidative effects of omega-3 fatty acids by comparing with chlorpromazine, a conventional antipsychotic drug, through evaluating the novelty-induced rearing and apomorphine-induced stereotypic behaviors, as well as malondialdehyde and glutathione levels in rats. METHODS Twenty-eight, adult, male, Wistar rats were used in the study. Briefly, 4 groups of rats (n = 7) were administered docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) + eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (300 mg/kg; DHA: 120 mg/kg + EPA: 180 mg/kg intraperitoneally [IP]), DHA + EPA (150 mg/kg; DHA: 60 mg/kg + EPA: 90 mg/kg IP), chlorpromazine (1 mg/kg, IP) and isotonic saline (1 mL/kg, IP). One hour later, apomorphine (2 mg/kg, subcutaneously) was administered to each rat. After the apomorphine administration, rats were observed for stereotypic behavior. RESULTS This study shows that omega-3 fatty acids, "similar to antipsychotics," reversed the psychotic like effects, increase of oxidants and decrease of antioxidants that are composed experimentally in rats. CONCLUSIONS The application of omega-3 fatty acids has antipsychotic effects and causes an oxidative imbalance. This study adds new evidence to the current literature regarding the possible antipsychotic effects of omega-3 fatty acids.
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Smesny S, Gussew A, Biesel NJ, Schack S, Walther M, Rzanny R, Milleit B, Gaser C, Sobanski T, Schultz CC, Amminger P, Hipler UC, Sauer H, Reichenbach JR. Glutamatergic dysfunction linked to energy and membrane lipid metabolism in frontal and anterior cingulate cortices of never treated first-episode schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res 2015; 168:322-9. [PMID: 26255566 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamatergic dysfunction and altered membrane lipid and energy metabolism have been repeatedly demonstrated in the frontal/prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in schizophrenia. Though having been already studied in animals, the presumed link between glutamatergic function and structural plasticity has not been investigated directly in the human brain yet. We measured glutamate (Glu), focal energy metabolism, and membrane phospholipid turnover to investigate main pathologies in those key brain regions of schizophrenia. METHODS (1)H- and (31)P-Chemical Shift Imaging (CSI) was combined in a single session to assess Glu and markers of energy (PCr, ATP) and membrane lipid (PME, PDE) metabolism in 31 neuroleptic-naïve first acute onset psychosis patients and 31 matched healthy controls. Multivariate analyses of covariance were used to assess disease effects on Glu and to investigate the impact of Glu alterations on phospholipid and energy metabolites. RESULTS Glu levels of patients were increased in the frontal and prefrontal cortex bilaterally and in the ACC. Higher Glu was associated with increased left frontal/prefrontal PME and right frontal/prefrontal PDE in patients, which was not observed in healthy controls. In contrast, higher Glu levels were associated with lower PCr or ATP values in the frontal/prefrontal cortex bilaterally and in the right ACC of controls. This was not observed in the right ACC and left frontal/prefrontal cortex of patients. CONCLUSION Frontal glutamatergic hyperactivity is disconnected from physiologically regulated energy metabolism and is associated with increased membrane breakdown in right and increased membrane restoration in left frontal and prefrontal cortical regions. As indicated by previous findings, this pathology is likely dynamic during the course of first acute illness and possibly associated with negative symptoms and cognitive impairment. Our findings underline the importance of further research on neuroprotective treatment options during the early acute or even better for the ultra-high risk state of psychotic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Smesny
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Alexander Gussew
- Medical Physics Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Natalie Joan Biesel
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Schack
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Mario Walther
- Institute of Medical Statistics, Computer Sciences and Documentation (IMSID), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Bachstraße 18, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Rzanny
- Medical Physics Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Berko Milleit
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Thüringen-Kliniken "Georgius Agricola" GmbH Rainweg 68, D-07318 Saalfeld/Saale, Germany
| | - Christian Gaser
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Sobanski
- Department of Psychiatry, Thüringen-Kliniken "Georgius Agricola" GmbH Rainweg 68, D-07318 Saalfeld/Saale, Germany
| | - Carl Christoph Schultz
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Paul Amminger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, 35 Poplar Road Parkville, Victoria 3052, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Uta-Christina Hipler
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, Erfurter Straße 35, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sauer
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen R Reichenbach
- Medical Physics Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07740 Jena, Germany
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ZUGNO ALEXANDRAI, CANEVER LARA, MASTELLA GUSTAVO, HEYLMANN ALEXANDRAS, OLIVEIRA MARIANAB, STECKERT AMANDAV, CASTRO ADALBERTOA, PIZZOL FELIPEDAL, QUEVEDO JOÃO, GAMA CLARISSAS. Effects of omega-3 supplementation on interleukin and neurotrophin levels in an animal model of schizophrenia. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2015; 87:1475-86. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201520140714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTNew studies suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as omega-3, may reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia. The present study evaluated the preventive effect of omega-3 on interleukines (IL) and neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the brains of young rats subjected to a model of schizophrenia. Treatment was performed over 21 days, starting on the 30th day of rat's life. After 14 days of treatment with omega-3 or vehicle, a concomitant treatment with saline or ketamine (25 mg/kg) was started and maintained until the last day of the experiment. BDNF levels in the rat's prefrontal cortex were decreased at 1 h and 24 h after the last administration of ketamine, whereas the group administered with ketamine and omega-3 showed a decrease in BDNF levels only after 24 h. In contrast, both interventions induced similar responses in levels of IL-1β and IL6. These findings suggest that the similarity of IL-1β and IL6 levels in our experimental groups is due to the mechanism of action of ketamine on the immune system. More studies have to be carried out to explain this pathology. In conclusion, according to previous studies and considering the current study, we could suggest a prophylactic role of omega-3 against the outcome of symptoms associated with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - JOÃO QUEVEDO
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Brazil; University of Texas, United States
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76
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Erythrocyte polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in young people at ultra-high risk for psychotic disorder and healthy adolescent controls. Psychiatry Res 2015; 228:174-6. [PMID: 25979466 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Erythrocyte polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels from individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis (n = 80) were compared to existing data from healthy controls (n = 142). Results demonstrated PUFA deficits (α-linolenic acid, eicosapentanoic acid, all ω-6 PUFAs) for the UHR group. Findings provide a rationale for PUFA based interventions in emerging psychosis.
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77
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Pawełczyk T, Grancow M, Kotlicka-Antczak M, Trafalska E, Gębski P, Szemraj J, Żurner N, Pawełczyk A. Omega-3 fatty acids in first-episode schizophrenia - a randomized controlled study of efficacy and relapse prevention (OFFER): rationale, design, and methods. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15:97. [PMID: 25934131 PMCID: PMC4456694 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism abnormalities have been long implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia. Although several randomized clinical trials have been carried out to assess the efficacy of omega-3 PUFA as add-on therapy in reducing psychopathology in populations of chronic patients with schizophrenia, only a few concern first-episode schizophrenia. The majority of these studies used a 12-week intervention based on ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid (ethyl-EPA), however, with conflicting results. An intervention based on docosahexaenoic acid plus EPA has not been used in first-episode schizophrenia studies so far. No add-on supplementation studies have been carried out in medicated first-episode schizophrenia patients to assess the efficacy of omega-3 PUFA in preventing relapses. METHODS A randomized placebo-controlled one-center trial will be used to compare the efficacy of 26-week intervention, composed of either 1320 mg/day of EPA and 880 mg/day of DHA, or olive oil placebo with regard to symptom severity and relapse rate in first-episode schizophrenia patients. Eighty-two patients (aged 16-35) will be recruited for the study. Eligible patients will be randomly allocated to one of two intervention arms: an active arm or a placebo arm (olive oil). The primary outcome measure of the clinical evaluation is schizophrenia symptom severity measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Other outcomes include depressive symptoms, patient functioning and the level of insight. Correlates of change measured during the study will include structural brain changes, oxidative stress and defense, as well as neuroplasticity indicators. Metabolic syndrome components will also be assessed throughout the study. DISCUSSION By comparing 26-week administration of EPA + DHA or (placebo) olive oil as add-on therapy in reducing symptom severity and one-year relapse rate in patients with first episode schizophrenia, it is intended to provide new insights into the efficacy of omega-3 PUFA and correlates of change, and contribute to the improvement of mental health care for individuals suffering from schizophrenia. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study has been registered at Clinical Trials.gov with the following number: NCT02210962 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Pawełczyk
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Czechoslowacka 8/10, 92-216, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marta Grancow
- Central Teaching Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Kotlicka-Antczak
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Czechoslowacka 8/10, 92-216, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Trafalska
- Department of Nutrition Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Jaracza 63, 90-251, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Piotr Gębski
- Scanlab Medical Diagnostics, ul. Przedzalniana 66, 90-338, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Czechoslowacka 8/10, 92-216, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Natalia Żurner
- Clinical Psychology Resident in the Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Pawełczyk
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Czechoslowacka 8/10, 92-216, Lodz, Poland.
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Predictors of treatment response in young people at ultra-high risk for psychosis who received long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e495. [PMID: 25585167 PMCID: PMC4312828 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous efforts in the prospective evaluation of individuals who experience attenuated psychotic symptoms have attempted to isolate mechanisms underlying the onset of full-threshold psychotic illness. In contrast, there has been little research investigating specific predictors of positive outcomes. In this study, we sought to determine biological and clinical factors associated with treatment response, here indexed by functional improvement in a pre-post examination of a 12-week randomized controlled intervention in individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis. Participants received either long-chain omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) or placebo. To allow the determination of factors specifically relevant to each intervention, and to be able to contrast them, both treatment groups were investigated in parallel. Univariate linear regression analysis indicated that higher levels of erythrocyte membrane α-linolenic acid (ALA; the parent fatty acid of the ω-3 family) and more severe negative symptoms at baseline predicted subsequent functional improvement in the treatment group, whereas less severe positive symptoms and lower functioning at baseline were predictive in the placebo group. A multivariate machine learning analysis, known as Gaussian Process Classification (GPC), confirmed that baseline fatty acids predicted response to treatment in the ω-3 PUFA group with high levels of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. In addition, GPC revealed that baseline fatty acids were predictive in the placebo group. In conclusion, our investigation indicates that UHR patients with higher levels of ALA may specifically benefit from ω-3 PUFA supplementation. In addition, multivariate machine learning analysis suggests that fatty acids could potentially be used to inform prognostic evaluations and treatment decisions at the level of the individual. Notably, multiple statistical analyses were conducted in a relatively small sample, limiting the conclusions that can be drawn from what we believe to be a first-of-its-kind study. Additional studies with larger samples are therefore needed to evaluate the generalizability of these findings.
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79
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Dietrich-Muszalska A. Oxidative Stress in Schizophrenia. OXIDATIVE STRESS IN APPLIED BASIC RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0440-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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80
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Zugno AI, Chipindo H, Canever L, Budni J, Alves de Castro A, Bittencourt de Oliveira M, Heylmann AS, Gomes Wessler P, da Rosa Silveira F, Damázio LS, Mastella GA, Kist LW, Bogo MR, Quevedo J, Gama CS. Omega-3 fatty acids prevent the ketamine-induced increase in acetylcholinesterase activity in an animal model of schizophrenia. Life Sci 2014; 121:65-9. [PMID: 25498892 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Schizophrenia is a debilitating neurodevelopmental disorder that is associated with dysfunction in the cholinergic system. Early prevention is a target of treatment to improve long-term outcomes. Therefore, we evaluated the preventive effects of omega-3 fatty acids on AChE activity in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum in an animal model of schizophrenia. MAIN METHODS Young Wistar rats (30 days old) were initially treated with omega-3 fatty acids or vehicle alone. Animals received ketamine to induce an animal model of schizophrenia or saline plus omega-3 fatty acids or vehicle alone for 7 consecutive days beginning on day 15. A total of 22 days elapsed between the treatment and intervention. Animals were sacrificed, and brain structures were dissected to evaluate AChE activity and gene expression. KEY FINDINGS Our results demonstrate that ketamine increased AChE activity in these three structures, and omega-3 fatty acids plus ketamine showed lower values for the studied parameters, which indicate a partial preventive mechanism of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation. We observed no effect on AChE expression. Together, these results indicate that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation effectively reduced AChE activity in an animal model of schizophrenia in all studied structures. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence that ketamine and omega-3 fatty acids affect the cholinergic system, and this effect may be associated with the physiopathology of schizophrenia. Further studies are required to investigate the mechanisms that are associated with this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I Zugno
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-GraduaçãoemCiências da Saúde, UnidadeAcadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do ExtremoSulCatarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e TecnologiaTranslacionalemMedicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Helder Chipindo
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-GraduaçãoemCiências da Saúde, UnidadeAcadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do ExtremoSulCatarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Lara Canever
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-GraduaçãoemCiências da Saúde, UnidadeAcadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do ExtremoSulCatarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Josiane Budni
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-GraduaçãoemCiências da Saúde, UnidadeAcadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do ExtremoSulCatarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Alves de Castro
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-GraduaçãoemCiências da Saúde, UnidadeAcadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do ExtremoSulCatarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariana Bittencourt de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-GraduaçãoemCiências da Saúde, UnidadeAcadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do ExtremoSulCatarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Stephanie Heylmann
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-GraduaçãoemCiências da Saúde, UnidadeAcadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do ExtremoSulCatarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Gomes Wessler
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-GraduaçãoemCiências da Saúde, UnidadeAcadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do ExtremoSulCatarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Flávia da Rosa Silveira
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-GraduaçãoemCiências da Saúde, UnidadeAcadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do ExtremoSulCatarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Louyse S Damázio
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-GraduaçãoemCiências da Saúde, UnidadeAcadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do ExtremoSulCatarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Antunes Mastella
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-GraduaçãoemCiências da Saúde, UnidadeAcadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do ExtremoSulCatarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Luiza W Kist
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e TecnologiaTranslacionalemMedicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício R Bogo
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e TecnologiaTranslacionalemMedicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-GraduaçãoemCiências da Saúde, UnidadeAcadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do ExtremoSulCatarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e TecnologiaTranslacionalemMedicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Center for Experimental Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Clarissa S Gama
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-GraduaçãoemCiências da Saúde, UnidadeAcadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do ExtremoSulCatarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e TecnologiaTranslacionalemMedicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Heilkenbrinker A, Reinemann C, Stoltenburg R, Walter JG, Jochums A, Stahl F, Zimmermann S, Strehlitz B, Scheper T. Identification of the target binding site of ethanolamine-binding aptamers and its exploitation for ethanolamine detection. Anal Chem 2014; 87:677-85. [PMID: 25435319 DOI: 10.1021/ac5034819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers are promising recognition elements for sensitive and specific detection of small molecules. We have previously selected ssDNA aptamers for ethanolamine, one of the smallest aptamer targets so far. The work presented here focuses on the determination of the binding region within the aptamer structure and its exploitation for the development of an aptamer-based assay for detection of ethanolamine. Sequence analysis of the aptamers resulted in the identification of a G-rich consensus sequence, which was able to fold in a typical two- or three-layered G-quartet structure. Experiments with stepwise truncated variants of the aptamers revealed that the consensus sequence is responsible and sufficient for binding to the target. On the basis of the knowledge of the aptamers binding site, we developed an aptamer-based microarray assay relying on competition between ethanolamine and an oligonucleotide complementary to the consensus sequence. Competitive binding of ethanolamine and fluorescently labeled complementary oligonucleotides resulted in fluorescence intensities dependent on ethanolamine concentration with a limit of detection of 10 pM. This method enables detection of small molecules without any labeling of analytes. The competitive assay could potentially be transferred to other aptamers and thus provides a promising system for aptamer-based detection of diverse small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Heilkenbrinker
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Technische Chemie, Callinstr. 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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82
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Dietrich-Muszalska A, Bartosz G, Sadowska-Bartosz I. The Role of Nitric Oxide and Nitrosative Stress in Schizophrenia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0440-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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83
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Ayehu M, Shibre T, Milkias B, Fekadu A. Movement disorders in neuroleptic-naïve patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:280. [PMID: 25298069 PMCID: PMC4195874 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-014-0280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous Movements Disorders (SMDs) or dyskinetic movements are often seen in patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, and are widely considered to be adverse consequences of the use of antipsychotic medications. Nevertheless, SMDs are also observed in the pre-neuroleptic ear and among patients who were never exposed to antipsychotic medications. The aim of this study was to determine the extent of SMDs among antipsychotic-naïve patients in a low income setting, and to evaluate contextually relevant risk factors. METHODS The study was a cross-sectional facility-based survey conducted at a specialist psychiatric hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Consecutive consenting treatment-naïve patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and schizophreniform disorder contacting services for the first time were assessed using the Simpson-Angus Rating Scale (SAS) and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) to evaluate the presence of SMDS. Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) were administered to evaluate negative and positive symptom profiles respectively. Body mass index (BMI) was used as a proxy measure for nutritional status. RESULT Sixty-four patients, 67.2% male (n = 43), with first contact psychosis who met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for schizophrenia (n = 47), schizophreniform disorder (n= 5), and schizoaffective disorder (n = 12) were assessed over a two month study period. Seven patients (10.9%) had SMDs. BMI (OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.40, 0.89; p = 0.011) and increasing age (OR = 1.10; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.20; p = 0.017) were associated with SMD. CONCLUSIONS This finding supports previous suggestions that abnormal involuntary movements in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders may be related to the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders and therefore cannot be attributed entirely to the adverse effects of neuroleptic medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moges Ayehu
- Department of Psychiatry, Hawassa University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Shibre
- Department of Psychiatry, Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ,University of Toronto, Ontario Shores Center for Mental Health Sciences, Toronto, Canada
| | - Barkot Milkias
- Department of Psychiatry, Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebaw Fekadu
- Department of Psychiatry, Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Muscatello MRA, Bruno A, De Fazio P, Segura-Garcia C, Pandolfo G, Zoccali R. Augmentation strategies in partial responder and/or treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients treated with clozapine. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 15:2329-45. [PMID: 25284216 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.956082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although clozapine (CLZ) is considered the best evidence-based therapeutic option for treatment of resistant schizophrenia patients, a significant proportion of CLZ-treated patients show a partial or inadequate response to treatment, leading to increased healthcare cost and poor quality of life for affected individuals. AREAS COVERED This paper comprises a review of main research in CLZ augmentation strategies for treatment-refractory schizophrenia, with a focus on research conducted between 1990 and 2014. Databases that were searched include: PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE PsychINFO, AgeLine and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Primary search terms were 'clozapine augmentation', 'clozapine and add-on' and 'treatment-resistant schizophrenia', with cross reference to specific agents covered in this article. We reviewed the available evidence on CLZ augmentation with antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers and other agents. EXPERT OPINION Many drugs have been evaluated as CLZ add-on therapies without demonstrating convincing efficacy in treating refractory schizophrenia symptoms. More research is needed to better define outcomes in schizophrenia, the topic of treatment-resistance and more well-designed trials are required to establish true efficacy and safety of CLZ augmentation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria A Muscatello
- University of Messina, Department of Neurosciences , Policlinico Universitario Via Consolare Valeria - Messina 98125 , Italy +39 090 22212092 ; +39 090 695136 ;
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85
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McGorry P, Keshavan M, Goldstone S, Amminger P, Allott K, Berk M, Lavoie S, Pantelis C, Yung A, Wood S, Hickie I. Biomarkers and clinical staging in psychiatry. World Psychiatry 2014; 13:211-23. [PMID: 25273285 PMCID: PMC4219053 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized medicine is rapidly becoming a reality in today's physical medicine. However, as yet this is largely an aspirational goal in psychiatry, despite significant advances in our understanding of the biochemical, genetic and neurobiological processes underlying major mental disorders. Preventive medicine relies on the availability of predictive tools; in psychiatry we still largely lack these. Furthermore, our current diagnostic systems, with their focus on well-established, largely chronic illness, do not support a pre-emptive, let alone a preventive, approach, since it is during the early stages of a disorder that interventions have the potential to offer the greatest benefit. Here, we present a clinical staging model for severe mental disorders and discuss examples of biological markers that have already undergone some systematic evaluation and that could be integrated into such a framework. The advantage of this model is that it explicitly considers the evolution of psychopathology during the development of a mental illness and emphasizes that progression of illness is by no means inevitable, but can be altered by providing appropriate interventions that target individual modifiable risk and protective factors. The specific goals of therapeutic intervention are therefore broadened to include the prevention of illness onset or progression, and to minimize the risk of harm associated with more complex treatment regimens. The staging model also facilitates the integration of new data on the biological, social and environmental factors that influence mental illness into our clinical and diagnostic infrastructure, which will provide a major step forward in the development of a truly pre-emptive psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick McGorry
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, MelbourneAustralia
| | - Matcheri Keshavan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Sherilyn Goldstone
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, MelbourneAustralia
| | - Paul Amminger
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, MelbourneAustralia
| | - Kelly Allott
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, MelbourneAustralia
| | - Michael Berk
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, MelbourneAustralia,School of Medicine, Deakin UniversityGeelong, Australia
| | - Suzie Lavoie
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, MelbourneAustralia
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, MelbourneAustralia
| | - Alison Yung
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, ManchesterUK
| | - Stephen Wood
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, BirminghamUK
| | - Ian Hickie
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, SydneyAustralia
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86
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Jamilian H, Solhi H, Jamilian M. Randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of omega-3 as supplemental treatment in schizophrenia. Glob J Health Sci 2014; 6:103-8. [PMID: 25363186 PMCID: PMC4796520 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v6n7p103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Recent studies found omega-3 fatty acid deficiency in brain cell membranes of schizophrenic patients. Conventional antipsychotics have many adverse reactions. Safety, availability and low price made omega-3 as a potential supplement for treatment of these patients. This study investigated the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid as add-on treatment in schizophrenia. Material & Methods: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled fixed-dose, add-on clinical trial conducted over 8 weeks. 60 patients with documented schizophrenia randomly divided into two groups: omega-3(1000 mg/day) (n=30) and placebo (n=30). Patients received omega-3 or placebo in addition to their standard antipsychotic treatment. Patient follow up was done using Positive and Negative syndrome Scale (PANSS). Data analyzed using SPSS software v.20. Result: At the end of 8 weeks treatment, PANSS score decreased significantly in both groups (p<0.05) in comparison to baseline. Efficacy of omega-3 in decreasing general psychopathologic and total scores was significant in comparison to placebo group from 4 and 6 weeks after onset of treatment, respectively (p<0.05). Totally, omega-3 supplement therapy efficacy in comparison to sole conventional antipsychotics was 0.86 which was not significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: We found that supplemental omega-3 might increase efficacy of conventional antipsychotics in decreasing symptoms of schizophrenia. Low price, rare adverse reactions and availability of omega-3 made this substance a potential supplement in improved treatment of schizophrenia.
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87
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Emsley R, Chiliza B, Asmal L, du Plessis S, Phahladira L, van Niekerk E, van Rensburg SJ, Harvey BH. A randomized, controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids plus an antioxidant for relapse prevention after antipsychotic discontinuation in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2014; 158:230-5. [PMID: 24996507 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While antipsychotics are effective in the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia they have safety and tolerability risks. We investigated whether a combination of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) and a metabolic antioxidant, alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA), is effective in preventing relapse after antipsychotic discontinuation in subjects who were successfully treated for 2-3 years after a first-episode of schizophrenia, schizo-affective or schizophreniform disorder. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study antipsychotic treatment was tapered and discontinued and participants received either ω-3 PUFAs (eicosapentaenoic acid 2g/day and docosahexaenoic acid 1g/day)+α-LA 300 mg/day or placebo. Subjects were followed up for two years, or until relapse. RESULTS Recruitment was terminated prematurely due to the high relapse rates in both treatment groups as well as the severity of some of the relapse episodes. Of the 33 participants, 19/21(90%) randomized to ω-3 PUFAs+α-LA relapsed and one (5%) completed two years without relapse (p=0.6); and 9/12 (75%) randomized to placebo relapsed and none completed two years without relapse. Mean times to relapse were 39.8 ± 25.4 and 38.3 ± 26.6 weeks for the ω-3 PUFAs+α-LA and placebo groups, respectively (p=0.9). There were no significant differences between the groups in relapse symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence that ω-3 PUFAs+α-LA could be a suitable alternative to maintenance antipsychotic treatment in relapse prevention, in this small study. Antipsychotic discontinuation after a single episode of schizophrenia carries a very high risk of relapse, and treatment guidelines endorsing this practice should be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Emsley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Bonginkosi Chiliza
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Laila Asmal
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Stefan du Plessis
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Lebogang Phahladira
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Evette van Niekerk
- Division of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Susan J van Rensburg
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North West University, South Africa.
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Schlögelhofer M, Amminger GP, Schaefer MR, Fusar-Poli P, Smesny S, McGorry P, Berger G, Mossaheb N. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in emerging psychosis: a safer alternative? Early Interv Psychiatry 2014; 8:199-208. [PMID: 24861004 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM A promising approach of indicated prevention in individuals at increased risk of psychosis was based on the finding of potential neuroprotective properties of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Considering the rising interest in omega-3 PUFA supplementation as preventive treatment strategy in young people at risk of psychosis, the question of safety issues must be addressed. METHODS For this systematic review, a literature search for studies on omega-3 PUFAs for emerging psychosis with a focus on the safety profile was undertaken. Because limited data are available, information regarding potential side effects of omega-3 PUFAs was additionally derived from currently available data in psychotic disorders at different stages of the illness. Furthermore, helpful evidence from somatic disorders and healthy controls was used. RESULTS In terms of safety issues, evidence from the randomized controlled trial in ultra-high-risk individuals and a variety of studies in schizophrenia patients strongly suggests that omega-3 PUFAs are safe and well tolerated even when used in relatively high doses. Most commonly occurring but clinically rarely significant are mild gastrointestinal symptoms; similarly, the slight risk of prolonged bleeding time has not been shown to be clinically relevant. Differential effects on metabolic parameters, most of which appear beneficial, have been reported. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, one promising aspect of omega-3 PUFAs is that there seem to be no reports of relevant deleterious side effects in humans, even at high doses. The differential effects on lipid parameters and bleeding time are noteworthy and need further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schlögelhofer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Biological Psychiatry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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89
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Systems biology strategies to study lipidomes in health and disease. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 55:43-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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90
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Smesny S, Milleit B, Hipler UC, Milleit C, Schäfer MR, Klier CM, Holub M, Holzer I, Berger GE, Otto M, Nenadic I, Berk M, McGorry PD, Sauer H, Amminger GP. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation changes intracellular phospholipase A2 activity and membrane fatty acid profiles in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:317-24. [PMID: 23478748 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The identification of an ultra-high risk (UHR) profile for psychosis and a greater understanding of its prodrome have led to increasing interest in early intervention to delay or prevent the onset of psychotic illness. In a randomized placebo-controlled trial, we have identified long-chain ω-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation as potentially useful, as it reduced the rate of transition to psychosis by 22.6% 1 year after baseline in a cohort of 81 young people at UHR of transition to psychosis. However, the mechanisms whereby the ω-3 PUFAs might be neuroprotective are incompletely understood. Here, we report on the effects of ω-3 PUFA supplementation on intracellular phospholipase A2 (inPLA(2)) activity, the main enzymes regulating phospholipid metabolism, as well as on peripheral membrane lipid profiles in the individuals who participated in this randomized placebo-controlled trial. Patients were studied cross-sectionally (n=80) and longitudinally (n=65) before and after a 12-week intervention with 1.2 g per day ω-3 PUFAs or placebo, followed by a 40-week observation period to establish the rates of transition to psychosis. We investigated inPLA(2) and erythrocyte membrane FAs in the treatment groups (ω-3 PUFAs vs placebo) and the outcome groups (psychotic vs non-psychotic). The levels of membrane ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs and inPLA(2) were significantly related. Some of the significant associations (that is, long-chain ω-6 PUFAs, arachidonic acid) with inPLA(2) activity were in opposite directions in individuals who did (a positive correlation) and who did not (a negative correlation) transition to psychosis. Supplementation with ω-3 PUFA resulted in a significant decrease in inPLA(2) activity. We conclude that ω-3 PUFA supplementation may act by normalizing inPLA(2) activity and δ-6-desaturase-mediated metabolism of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs, suggesting their role in neuroprogression of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Smesny
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - B Milleit
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - U-C Hipler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - C Milleit
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany [2] Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - M R Schäfer
- 1] Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria [2] Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - C M Klier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Holub
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - I Holzer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - G E Berger
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry Winterthur-Zürcher Unterland, Switzerland
| | - M Otto
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - I Nenadic
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - M Berk
- 1] Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia [2] Deakin University of Melbourne, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia [3] Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P D McGorry
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - H Sauer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - G P Amminger
- 1] Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria [2] Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Feigenson KA, Kusnecov AW, Silverstein SM. Inflammation and the two-hit hypothesis of schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 38:72-93. [PMID: 24247023 PMCID: PMC3896922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The high societal and individual cost of schizophrenia necessitates finding better, more effective treatment, diagnosis, and prevention strategies. One of the obstacles in this endeavor is the diverse set of etiologies that comprises schizophrenia. A substantial body of evidence has grown over the last few decades to suggest that schizophrenia is a heterogeneous syndrome with overlapping symptoms and etiologies. At the same time, an increasing number of clinical, epidemiological, and experimental studies have shown links between schizophrenia and inflammatory conditions. In this review, we analyze the literature on inflammation and schizophrenia, with a particular focus on comorbidity, biomarkers, and environmental insults. We then identify several mechanisms by which inflammation could influence the development of schizophrenia via the two-hit hypothesis. Lastly, we note the relevance of these findings to clinical applications in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Feigenson
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Alex W Kusnecov
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience Program and Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University, 52 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA.
| | - Steven M Silverstein
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; University Behavioral Health Care at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 671 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA.
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Zugno AI, Chipindo HL, Volpato AM, Budni J, Steckert AV, de Oliveira MB, Heylmann AS, da Rosa Silveira F, Mastella GA, Maravai SG, Wessler PG, Binatti AR, Panizzutti B, Schuck PF, Quevedo J, Gama CS. Omega-3 prevents behavior response and brain oxidative damage in the ketamine model of schizophrenia. Neuroscience 2013; 259:223-31. [PMID: 24316471 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Supplementation with omega-3 has been identified as an adjunctive alternative for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, in order to minimize symptoms. Considering the lack of understanding concerning the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, the present study hypothesized that omega 3 prevents the onset of symptoms similar to schizophrenia in young Wistar rats submitted to ketamine treatment. Moreover, the role of oxidative stress in this model was assessed. Omega-3 (0.8g/kg) or vehicle was given by orogastric gavage once daily. Both treatments were performed during 21days, starting at the 30th day of life in young rats. After 14days of treatment with omega-3 or vehicle, a concomitant treatment with saline or ketamine (25mg/kg ip daily) was started and maintained until the last day of the experiment. We evaluated the pre-pulse inhibition of the startle reflex, activity of antioxidant systems and damage to proteins and lipids. Our results demonstrate that supplementation of omega-3 prevented: decreased inhibition of startle reflex, damage to lipids in the hippocampus and striatum and damage to proteins in the prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, these changes are associated with decreased GPx in brain tissues evaluated. Together, our results suggest the prophylactic role of omega-3 against the outcome of symptoms associated with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Zugno
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - H L Chipindo
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - A M Volpato
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - J Budni
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - A V Steckert
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - M B de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - A S Heylmann
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - F da Rosa Silveira
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - G A Mastella
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - S G Maravai
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - P G Wessler
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - A R Binatti
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - B Panizzutti
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - P F Schuck
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - J Quevedo
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - C S Gama
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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93
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Kaddurah-Daouk R, Weinshilboum RM. Pharmacometabolomics: Implications for Clinical Pharmacology and Systems Pharmacology. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2013; 95:154-67. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2013.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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94
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English JA, Harauma A, Föcking M, Wynne K, Scaife C, Cagney G, Moriguchi T, Cotter DR. Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency disrupts endocytosis, neuritogenesis, and mitochondrial protein pathways in the mouse hippocampus. Front Genet 2013; 4:208. [PMID: 24194745 PMCID: PMC3809566 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) deficiency is an environmental risk factor for schizophrenia, yet characterization of the consequences of deficiency at the protein level in the brain is limited. We aimed to identify the protein pathways disrupted as a consequence of chronic n-3 deficiency in the hippocampus of mice. Fatty acid analysis of the hippocampus following chronic dietary deficiency revealed a 3-fold decrease (p < 0.001) in n-3 FA levels. Label free LC-MS/MS analysis identified and profiled 1008 proteins, of which 114 were observed to be differentially expressed between n-3 deficient and control groups (n = 8 per group). The cellular processes that were most implicated were neuritogenesis, endocytosis, and exocytosis, while specific protein pathways that were most significantly dysregulated were mitochondrial dysfunction and clathrin mediated endocytosis (CME). In order to characterize whether these processes and pathways are ones influenced by antipsychotic medication, we used LC-MS/MS to test the differential expression of these 114 proteins in the hippocampus of mice chronically treated with the antipsychotic agent haloperidol. We observed 23 of the 114 proteins to be differentially expressed, 17 of which were altered in the opposite direction to that observed following n-3 deficiency. Overall, our findings point to disturbed synaptic function, neuritogenesis, and mitochondrial function as a consequence of dietary deficiency in n-3 FA. This study greatly aids our understanding of the molecular mechanism by which n-3 deficiency impairs normal brain function, and provides clues as to how n-3 FA exert their therapeutic effect in early psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A English
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, ERC Beaumont Hospital Dublin, Ireland ; Proteome Research Centre, School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College of Dublin Dublin, Ireland
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95
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McEvoy J, Baillie RA, Zhu H, Buckley P, Keshavan MS, Nasrallah HA, Dougherty GG, Yao JK, Kaddurah-Daouk R. Lipidomics reveals early metabolic changes in subjects with schizophrenia: effects of atypical antipsychotics. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68717. [PMID: 23894336 PMCID: PMC3722141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need for mapping early metabolic changes in schizophrenia to capture failures in regulation of biochemical pathways and networks. This information could provide valuable insights about disease mechanisms, trajectory of disease progression, and diagnostic biomarkers. We used a lipidomics platform to measure individual lipid species in 20 drug-naïve patients with a first episode of schizophrenia (FE group), 20 patients with chronic schizophrenia that had not adhered to prescribed medications (RE group), and 29 race-matched control subjects without schizophrenia. Lipid metabolic profiles were evaluated and compared between study groups and within groups before and after treatment with atypical antipsychotics, risperidone and aripiprazole. Finally, we mapped lipid profiles to n3 and n6 fatty acid synthesis pathways to elucidate which enzymes might be affected by disease and treatment. Compared to controls, the FE group showed significant down-regulation of several n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including 20:5n3, 22:5n3, and 22:6n3 within the phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine lipid classes. Differences between FE and controls were only observed in the n3 class PUFAs; no differences where noted in n6 class PUFAs. The RE group was not significantly different from controls, although some compositional differences within PUFAs were noted. Drug treatment was able to correct the aberrant PUFA levels noted in FE patients, but changes in re patients were not corrective. Treatment caused increases in both n3 and n6 class lipids. These results supported the hypothesis that phospholipid n3 fatty acid deficits are present early in the course of schizophrenia and tend not to persist throughout its course. These changes in lipid metabolism could indicate a metabolic vulnerability in patients with schizophrenia that occurs early in development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph McEvoy
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Hongjie Zhu
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peter Buckley
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matcheri S. Keshavan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Henry A. Nasrallah
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - George G. Dougherty
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey K. Yao
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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96
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Ramos-Loyo J, Medina-Hernández V, Estarrón-Espinosa M, Canales-Aguirre A, Gómez-Pinedo U, Cerdán-Sánchez LF. Sex differences in lipid peroxidation and fatty acid levels in recent onset schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 44:154-61. [PMID: 23421976 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in the symptomatology and course of illness have been reported among schizophrenic patients. Hence, the principal objective of the present study was to investigate sex differences in the concentrations of the lipid peroxidation metabolites MDA and 4-HNE, and in the membrane phospholipid levels of ARA, EPA and DHA in patients with schizophrenia. A total of 46 paranoid schizophrenics (25 women) with short-term evolution who were in an acute psychotic stage and 40 healthy controls (23 women) participated in the study. Psychopathology was evaluated by BPRS and PANSS. Lipid peroxidation sub-products (MDA, 4-HNE) and fatty acid levels (ARA, EPA, DHA) were determined in erythrocyte membranes. The men in both groups showed higher lipid peroxidation levels and those values were higher in schizophrenic patients than controls, with only EPA fatty acid concentrations found to be lower in the former than the latter. These results suggest that men may suffer greater oxidative neuronal damage than women, and that this could worsen the course of illness and result in greater disease severity.
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97
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Smesny S, Schmelzer CEH, Hinder A, Köhler A, Schneider C, Rudzok M, Schmidt U, Milleit B, Milleit C, Nenadic I, Sauer H, Neubert RHH, Fluhr JW. Skin ceramide alterations in first-episode schizophrenia indicate abnormal sphingolipid metabolism. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39:933-41. [PMID: 22589371 PMCID: PMC3686445 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbs058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable evidence for specific pathology of lipid metabolism in schizophrenia, affecting polyunsaturated fatty acids and in particular sphingolipids. These deficits are assumed to interfere with neuronal membrane functioning and the development and maintenance of myelin sheaths. Recent studies suggest that some of these lipid pathologies might also be detected in peripheral skin tests. In this study, we examined different skin lipids and their relation to schizophrenia. We assessed epidermal lipid profiles in 22 first-episode antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia patients and 22 healthy controls matched for age and gender using a hexan/ethanol extraction technique and combined high-performance thin-layer chromatography/gas-chromatography. We found highly significant increase of ceramide AH and NH/AS classes in patients and decrease of EOS and NP ceramide classes. This is the first demonstration of specific peripheral sphingolipid alterations in schizophrenia. The results support recent models of systemic lipid pathology and in particular of specific sphingolipids, which are crucial in neuronal membrane integrity. Given recent findings showing amelioration of psychopathology using fatty acid supplementation, our findings also bear relevance for sphingolipids as potential biomarkers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Smesny
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | | | - Anke Hinder
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Alexandra Köhler
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christiane Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Rudzok
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Berko Milleit
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Milleit
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Igor Nenadic
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sauer
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Joachim W. Fluhr
- Department of Dermatology, University of Berlin - Charité, Division of Dermato-Surgery and Centre of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Berlin, Germany
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98
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Eggers AE. A serotonin hypothesis of schizophrenia. Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:791-4. [PMID: 23557849 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic widespread stress-induced serotonergic overdrive in the cerebral cortex in schizophrenia, especially in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral frontal lobe, is the basic cause of the disease. The concept of excessive serotonergic stimulation is supported by NMR spectroscopy; peripheral depletion of phospholipids, serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors being linked to phospholipase A2; positron emission tomography data with serotonergic ligands; and the fact that blockade of serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors by atypical neuroleptics slows down the course of the disease. Disruption of glutamate signalling by serotonergic overdrive leads to neuronal hypometabolism and ultimately synaptic atrophy and grey matter loss according to principles of brain plasticity. Normal dopamine input to an impaired ACC causes positive symptoms. Frontal lobe hibernation causes negative symptoms and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold E Eggers
- SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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99
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A comparative genomic study in schizophrenic and in bipolar disorder patients, based on microarray expression profiling meta-analysis. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:685917. [PMID: 23554570 PMCID: PMC3608181 DOI: 10.1155/2013/685917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia affecting almost 1% and bipolar disorder affecting almost 3%–5% of the global population constitute two severe mental disorders. The catecholaminergic and the serotonergic pathways have been proved to play an important role in the development of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other related psychiatric disorders. The aim of the study was to perform and interpret the results of a comparative genomic profiling study in schizophrenic patients as well as in healthy controls and in patients with bipolar disorder and try to relate and integrate our results with an aberrant amino acid transport through cell membranes. In particular we have focused on genes and mechanisms involved in amino acid transport through cell membranes from whole genome expression profiling data. We performed bioinformatic analysis on raw data derived from four different published studies. In two studies postmortem samples from prefrontal cortices, derived from patients with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and control subjects, have been used. In another study we used samples from postmortem orbitofrontal cortex of bipolar subjects while the final study was performed based on raw data from a gene expression profiling dataset in the postmortem superior temporal cortex of schizophrenics. The data were downloaded from NCBI's GEO datasets.
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100
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Mühle C, Reichel M, Gulbins E, Kornhuber J. Sphingolipids in psychiatric disorders and pain syndromes. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2013:431-456. [PMID: 23563670 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1511-4_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence and devastating impact of psychiatric disorders, little is known about their etiopathology. In this review, we provide an overview on the participation of sphingolipids and enzymes responsible for their metabolism in mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders. We focus on the pathway from sphingomyelin to proapoptotic ceramide and the subsequent metabolism of ceramide to sphingosine, which is in turn phosphorylated to yield anti-apoptotic sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P).The sphingomyelinase/ceramide system has been linked to effects of reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory cytokines in the central nervous system as well as to synaptic transmission. Compared to ubiquitously expressed acid sphingomyelinase, acid and neutral ceramidase and neutral sphingomyelinase are highly active in brain regions. Depressed patients show elevated plasma ceramide levels and increased activities of acid sphingomyelinase which is functionally inhibited by many anti-depressive drugs. Exposure to alcohol is associated with an activation of acid and neutral sphingomyelinase observed in cell culture, mouse models and in alcohol-dependent patients and with increased concentrations of ceramide in various organs.Levels of sphingomyelin and ceramide are altered in erythrocytes and post-mortem brain tissues of schizophrenic patients in addition to changes in expression patterns for serine palmitoyltransferase and acid ceramidase leading to impaired myelination. After induction of anxiety-like behavior in animal models, higher serum levels of S1P were reported to lead to neurodegeneration. Correspondingly, S1P infusion appeared to increase anxiety-like behavior. Significantly upregulated levels of the endogenous ceramide catabolite N,N-dimethylsphingosine were observed in rat models of allodynia. Conversely, rats injected intrathecally with N,N-dimethylsphingosine developed mechanical allodynia. Moreover, S1P has been implicated in spinal nociceptive processing.The increasing interest in lipidomics and improved analytical methods led to growing insight into the connection between psychiatric and neurological disorders and sphingolipid metabolism and may once provide new targets and strategies for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mühle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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