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Salati S, D'Imporzano G, Menin B, Veronesi D, Scaglia B, Abbruscato P, Mariani P, Adani F. Mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella for local protein production using agro-food by-products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 230:82-89. [PMID: 28161624 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A local strain of Chlorella vulgaris was cultivated by using cheese whey (CW), white wine lees (WL) and glycerol (Gly), coming from local agro-industrial activities, as C sources (2.2gCL-1) to support algae production under mixotrophic conditions in Lombardy. In continuous mode, Chlorella increased biomass production compared with autotrophic conditions by 1.5-2 times, with the best results obtained for the CW substrate, i.e. 0.52gL-1d-1 of algal biomass vs. 0.24gL-1d-1 of algal biomass for autotrophic conditions, and protein content for both conditions adopted close to 500gkg-1 DM. Mixotrophic conditions gave a much higher energy recovery efficiency (EF) than autotrophic conditions, i.e. organic carbon energy efficiency (EFoc) of 32% and total energy efficiency (Eft) of 8%, respectively, suggesting the potential for the culture of algae as a sustainable practice to recover efficiently waste-C and a means of local protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Salati
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lab., Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; AJRP Algae Joint Research Platform, UNIMI, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy and PTP Science Park, Via Einstein, Loc. C.na Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Giuliana D'Imporzano
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lab., Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; AJRP Algae Joint Research Platform, UNIMI, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy and PTP Science Park, Via Einstein, Loc. C.na Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
| | - Barbara Menin
- AJRP Algae Joint Research Platform, UNIMI, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy and PTP Science Park, Via Einstein, Loc. C.na Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Bioeconomia, PTP Science Park, Via Einstein, Loc. C.na Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Davide Veronesi
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lab., Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; AJRP Algae Joint Research Platform, UNIMI, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy and PTP Science Park, Via Einstein, Loc. C.na Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Barbara Scaglia
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lab., Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; AJRP Algae Joint Research Platform, UNIMI, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy and PTP Science Park, Via Einstein, Loc. C.na Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Pamela Abbruscato
- AJRP Algae Joint Research Platform, UNIMI, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy and PTP Science Park, Via Einstein, Loc. C.na Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Bioeconomia, PTP Science Park, Via Einstein, Loc. C.na Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola Mariani
- AJRP Algae Joint Research Platform, UNIMI, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy and PTP Science Park, Via Einstein, Loc. C.na Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Bioeconomia, PTP Science Park, Via Einstein, Loc. C.na Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Adani
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lab., Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; AJRP Algae Joint Research Platform, UNIMI, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy and PTP Science Park, Via Einstein, Loc. C.na Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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Kim GY, Yun YM, Shin HS, Han JI. Cultivation of four microalgae species in the effluent of anaerobic digester for biodiesel production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 224:738-742. [PMID: 27887778 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated if an effluent from anaerobic digestion (AD) system can be used as a nutrients source for the microalgae cultivation, and in so doing, if the effluent can be properly treated. Nitrogen and phosphorus in the AD effluent well supported microalgal growth, and their removal efficiency reached >97.9% and 99.2%, respectively. Among four different algal species tested, Micractinium inermum particularly stood out, showing the highest biomass and FAME productivity: 0.16gL-1d-1 with 3.23gL-1 of dry cell weight, and 0.04gL-1d-1 with 27.54% (w/w) of FAME contents, respectively. As the concentrations of the nutrients decreased over time, the FAME contents were increased and its quality as well, satisfying several biodiesel quality standards. This study supports that the AD effluent can indeed serve as a cheap and nutrient-rich medium for microalgae cultivation, and equally importantly, microalgae can be a workable treatment option for it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Yeong Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo-Myeong Yun
- College of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resource Management, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili Street, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Hang-Sik Shin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-In Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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53
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Fica ZT, Sims RC. Algae-based biofilm productivity utilizing dairy wastewater: effects of temperature and organic carbon concentration. J Biol Eng 2016; 10:18. [PMID: 28018482 PMCID: PMC5159987 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-016-0039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biofilm-based microalgal growth was determined as functions of organic chemical loading and water temperature utilizing dairy wastewater from a full-scale dairy farm. The dairy industry is a significant source of wastewater worldwide that could provide an inexpensive and nutrient rich feedstock for the cultivation of algae biomass for use in downstream processing of animal feed and aquaculture applications. Algal biomass was cultivated using a Rotating Algal Biofilm Reactor (RABR) system. The RABR is a biofilm-based technology that has been designed and used to remediate municipal wastewater and was applied to treat dairy wastewater through nutrient uptake, and simultaneously provide biomass for the production of renewable bioproducts. Results Aerial algal biofilm growth rates in dairy wastewater at 7 and 27 °C temperatures were shown to be 4.55 ± 0.17 g/m2-day and 7.57 ± 1.12 g/m2-day ash free dry weight (AFDW), respectively. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) calculations indicated that both an increase in temperature of the wastewater and an increase in the level of organic carbon, from 300 to 1200 mg L-1, contributed significantly to an increase in the rate of biomass growth in the system. However, ANOVA results indicated that the interaction of temperature and organic carbon content was not significantly related to the biofilm-based growth rate. Conclusion A microalgae-based biofilm reactor was successfully used to treat turbid dairy wastewater. Temperature and organic carbon concentration had a statistically significant effect on algae-based biofilm productivity and treatment of dairy wastewater. The relationships between temperature, TOC, and productivity developed in this study may be used in the design and assessment of wastewater remediation systems and biomass production systems utilizing algae-based biofilm reactors for treating dairy wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Fica
- Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4015 USA
| | - Ronald C Sims
- Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4015 USA
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Wang Y, Ho SH, Cheng CL, Guo WQ, Nagarajan D, Ren NQ, Lee DJ, Chang JS. Perspectives on the feasibility of using microalgae for industrial wastewater treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 222:485-497. [PMID: 27765375 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Although microalgae can serve as an appropriate alternative feedstock for biofuel production, the high microalgal cultivation cost has been a major obstacle for commercializing such attempts. One of the feasible solution for cost reduction is to couple microalgal biofuel production system with wastewater treatment, as microalgae are known to effectively eliminate a variety of nutrients/pollutants in wastewater, such as nitrogen/phosphate, organic carbons, VFAs, pharmaceutical compounds, textile dye compounds, and heavy metals. This review aims to critically discuss the feasibility of microalgae-based wastewater treatment, including the strategies for strain selection, the effect of wastewater types, photobioreactor design, economic feasibility assessment, and other key issues that influence the treatment performance. The potential of microalgae-bacteria consortium for treatment of industrial wastewaters is also discussed. This review provides useful information for developing an integrated wastewater treatment with microalgal biomass and biofuel production facilities and establishing efficient co-cultivation for microalgae and bacteria in such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Chieh-Lun Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Qian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Dillirani Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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55
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Bohutskyi P, Chow S, Ketter B, Fung Shek C, Yacar D, Tang Y, Zivojnovich M, Betenbaugh MJ, Bouwer EJ. Phytoremediation of agriculture runoff by filamentous algae poly-culture for biomethane production, and nutrient recovery for secondary cultivation of lipid generating microalgae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 222:294-308. [PMID: 27728832 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An integrated system was implemented for water phytoremediation and biofuel production through sequential cultivation of filamentous algae followed by cultivation of lipid-producing microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana. Natural poly-culture of filamentous algae was grown in agricultural stormwater using the Algal Turf Scrubber®, harvested and subjected for lipid extraction and/or methane production using anaerobic digestion (AD). While filamentous algae lipid content was too low for feasible biodiesel production (<2%), both whole biomass and lipid-extracted algal residues (LEA) yielded ∼0.2LmethanepergVS at loading rates up to 5gVS/L-day. Importantly, essential macro-nutrients and trace elements captured from stormwater were released into the AD effluent as soluble nutrients and were successfully tested as fertilizer replacement for cultivation of lipid-accumulating C. sorokiniana in a subsequent stage. Accordingly, filamentous algae poly-culture was exploited for waste nutrient capturing and biofuel feedstock generation. These nutrients were recovered and reused as a concentrated supplement for potentially high-value microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Bohutskyi
- Department of Geography & Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-2686, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-2686, USA.
| | - Steven Chow
- Department of Geography & Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-2686, USA
| | - Ben Ketter
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-2686, USA
| | - Coral Fung Shek
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-2686, USA
| | - Dean Yacar
- Department of Geography & Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-2686, USA
| | - Yuting Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Street, Nanjing, JS 210037, PR China
| | | | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-2686, USA
| | - Edward J Bouwer
- Department of Geography & Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-2686, USA
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56
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Bohutskyi P, Kligerman DC, Byers N, Nasr LK, Cua C, Chow S, Su C, Tang Y, Betenbaugh MJ, Bouwer EJ. Effects of inoculum size, light intensity, and dose of anaerobic digestion centrate on growth and productivity of Chlorella and Scenedesmus microalgae and their poly-culture in primary and secondary wastewater. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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57
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Newby DT, Mathews TJ, Pate RC, Huesemann MH, Lane TW, Wahlen BD, Mandal S, Engler RK, Feris KP, Shurin JB. Assessing the potential of polyculture to accelerate algal biofuel production. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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58
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Phosphorus from wastewater to crops: An alternative path involving microalgae. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:550-564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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59
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Li Q, Powers W, Rozeboom D, Liu Y, Liao W. An integrated Water Curtain-Microalgal Culture system (WCMC) to mitigate air emissions and recover nutrients from animal feeding operations. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Shi J, Pandey PK, Franz AK, Deng H, Jeannotte R. Chlorella vulgaris production enhancement with supplementation of synthetic medium in dairy manure wastewater. AMB Express 2016; 6:15. [PMID: 26897534 PMCID: PMC4761362 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify innovative ways for better utilizing flushed dairy manure wastewater, we have assessed the effect of dairy manure and supplementation with synthetic medium on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris. A series of experiments were carried out to study the impacts of pretreatment of dairy wastewater and the benefits of supplementing dairy manure wastewater with synthetic medium on C. vulgaris growth increment and the ultrastructure (chloroplast, starch, lipid, and cell wall) of C. vulgaris cells. Results showed that the biomass production of C. vulgaris in dairy wastewater can be enhanced by pretreatment and using supplementation with synthetic media. A recipe combining pretreated dairy wastewater (40 %) and synthetic medium (60 %) exhibited an improved growth of C. vulgaris. The effects of dairy wastewater on the ultrastructure of C. vulgaris cells were distinct compared to that of cells grown in synthetic medium. The C. vulgaris growth in both synthetic medium and manure wastewater without supplementing synthetic medium was lower than the growth in dairy manure supplemented with synthetic medium. We anticipate that the results of this study will help in deriving an enhanced method of coupling nutrient-rich dairy manure wastewater for biofuel production.
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61
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The Environmental Biorefinery: Using Microalgae to Remediate Wastewater, a Win-Win Paradigm. ENERGIES 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/en9030132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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62
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Rajendran A, Hu B. Mycoalgae biofilm: development of a novel platform technology using algae and fungal cultures. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:112. [PMID: 27247623 PMCID: PMC4886447 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0533-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgae is considered a promising source for biofuel and bioenergy production, bio-remediation and production of high-value bioactive compounds, but harvesting microalgae is a major bottleneck in the algae based processes. The objective of this research is to mimic the growth of natural lichen and develop a novel biofilm platform technology using filamentous fungi and microalgae to form a lichen type of biofilm "mycoalgae" in a supporting polymer matrix. RESULTS The possibility of co-existence of Chlorella vulgaris with various fungal cultures was tested to identify the best strain combination for high algae harvest efficiency. The effect of different matrices for cell attachment and biofilm formation, cell surface characterization of mycoalgae biofilm, kinetics of the process with respect to the algae-fungi cell distribution and total biomass production was studied. Mycoalgae biofilm with algae attachment efficiency of 99.0 % and above was achieved in a polymer-cotton composite matrix with glucose concentration of 2 g/L in the growth medium and agitation intensity of 150 rpm at 27 °C. The total biomass in the co-culture with the selected strain combination (Mucor sp. and Chlorella sp.) was higher than the axenic cultures of fungi and algae at the conditions tested. CONCLUSIONS The results show that algae can be grown with complete attachment to a bio-augmenting fungal surface and can be harvested readily as a biofilm for product extraction from biomass. Even though, interaction between heterotrophic fungi and phototrophic algae was investigated in solid media after prolonged contact in a report, this research is the first of its kind in developing an artificial lichen type biofilm called "mycoalgae" biofilm completely attached on a matrix in liquid cultures. The mycoalgae biofilm based processes, propounds the scope for exploring new avenues in the bio-production industry and bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravindan Rajendran
- />Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, Room: 219, BioAgEng, 1390 Eckles Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108-6005 USA
| | - Bo Hu
- />Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, Room: 315, 1390 Eckles Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108-6005 USA
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63
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C. Sims R, K. Bedingfield S, Thompson R, L. Sims J. Bioenergy from wastewater-based biomass. AIMS BIOENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/bioeng.2016.1.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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64
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Cyclical changes in biomass productivity and amino acid content of freshwater macroalgae following nitrogen manipulation. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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65
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Tan CH, Show PL, Chang JS, Ling TC, Lan JCW. Novel approaches of producing bioenergies from microalgae: A recent review. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1219-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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66
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The effect of salinity on the biomass productivity, protein and lipid composition of a freshwater macroalga. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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67
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Kim GY, Yun YM, Shin HS, Kim HS, Han JI. Scenedesmus-based treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus from effluent of anaerobic digester and bio-oil production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 196:235-240. [PMID: 26247974 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a microalgae-based technology was employed to treat wastewater and produce biodiesel at the same time. A local isolate Scenedesmus sp. was found to be a well suited species, particularly for an effluent from anaerobic digester (AD) containing low carbon but high nutrients (NH3-N=273mgL(-1), total P=58.75mgL(-1)). This algae-based treatment was quite effective: nutrient removal efficiencies were over 99.19% for nitrogen and 98.01% for phosphorus. Regarding the biodiesel production, FAME contents of Scenedesmus sp. were found to be relatively low (8.74% (w/w)), but overall FAME productivity was comparatively high (0.03gL(-1)d(-1)) due to its high biomass productivity (0.37gL(-1)d(-1)). FAMEs were satisfactory to the several standards for the biodiesel quality. The Scenedesmus-based technology may serve as a promising option for the treatment of nutrient-rich wastewater and especially so for the AD effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Yeong Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo-Myeong Yun
- College of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resource Management, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720, United States
| | - Hang-Sik Shin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sik Kim
- Sustainable Bioresource Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-In Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Vasconcelos Fernandes T, Shrestha R, Sui Y, Papini G, Zeeman G, Vet LEM, Wijffels RH, Lamers P. Closing Domestic Nutrient Cycles Using Microalgae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12450-12456. [PMID: 26389714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that microalgae can effectively recover all P and N from anaerobically treated black water (toilet wastewater). Thus, enabling the removal of nutrients from the black water and the generation of a valuable algae product in one step. Screening experiments with green microalgae and cyanobacteria showed that all tested green microalgae species successfully grew on anaerobically treated black water. In a subsequent controlled experiment in flat-panel photobioreactors, Chlorella sorokiniana was able to remove 100% of the phosphorus and nitrogen from the medium. Phosphorus was depleted within 4 days while nitrogen took 12 days to reach depletion. The phosphorus and nitrogen removal rates during the initial linear growth phase were 17 and 122 mg·L(-1)·d(-1), respectively. After this initial phase, the phosphorus was depleted. The nitrogen removal rate continued to decrease in the second phase, resulting in an overall removal rate of 80 mg·L(-1)·d(-1). The biomass concentration at the end of the experiment was 11.5 g·L(-1), with a P content of approximately 1% and a N content of 7.6%. This high algal biomass concentration, together with a relatively short P recovery time, is a promising finding for future post-treatment of black water while gaining valuable algal biomass for further application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Vasconcelos Fernandes
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) , P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rabin Shrestha
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) , P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yixing Sui
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) , P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gustavo Papini
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) , P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Grietje Zeeman
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University , P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Louise E M Vet
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) , P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rene H Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University , P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- University of Nordland , Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, N-8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Packo Lamers
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University , P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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69
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Han W, Clarke W, Pratt S. Stabilisation of microalgae: Iodine mobilisation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 193:219-226. [PMID: 26141281 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mobilisation of iodine during microalgae stabilisation was investigated, with the view of assessing the potential of stabilised microalgae as an iodine-rich fertiliser. An iodine-rich waste microalgae (0.35 ± 0.05 mg I g(-1) VS(added)) was stabilised under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Iodine mobilisation was linearly correlated with carbon emission, indicating iodine was in the form of organoiodine. Comparison between iodine and nitrogen mobilisation relative to carbon emission indicated that these elements were, at least in part, housed separately within the cells. After stabilisation, there were 0.22 ± 0.05 and 0.19 ± 0.01 mg g(-1) VS(added) iodine remaining in the solid in the aerobic and anaerobic processed material respectively, meaning 38 ± 5.0% (aerobic) and 50 ± 8.6% (anaerobic) of the iodine were mobilised, and consequently lost from the material. The iodine content of the stabilised material is comparable to the iodine content of some seaweed fertilisers, and potentially satisfies an efficient I-fertilisation dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - William Clarke
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia; School of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven Pratt
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
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70
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Yun JH, Smith VH, Pate RC. Managing nutrients and system operations for biofuel production from freshwater macroalgae. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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71
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Patzelt DJ, Hindersin S, Elsayed S, Boukis N, Kerner M, Hanelt D. Microalgal growth and fatty acid productivity on recovered nutrients from hydrothermal gasification of Acutodesmus obliquus. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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72
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Chiu SY, Kao CY, Chen TY, Chang YB, Kuo CM, Lin CS. Cultivation of microalgal Chlorella for biomass and lipid production using wastewater as nutrient resource. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 184:179-189. [PMID: 25499744 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Using wastewater for microalgal cultures is beneficial for minimizing the use of freshwater, reducing the cost of nutrient addition, removing nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater and producing microalgal biomass as bioresources for biofuel or high-value by-products. There are three main sources of wastewater, municipal (domestic), agricultural and industrial wastewater, which contain a variety of ingredients. Some components in the wastewater, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, are useful ingredients for microalgal cultures. In this review, the effects on the biomass and lipid production of microalgal Chlorella cultures using different kinds of wastewater were summarized. The use of the nutrients resource in wastewater for microalgal cultures was also reviewed. The effect of ammonium in wastewater on microalgal Chlorella growth was intensively discussed. In the end, limitations of wastewater-based of microalgal culture were commented in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yi Chiu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Water Technology Division, Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ya Kao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Yu Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Bin Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Mei Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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73
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High light and carbon dioxide optimize surface productivity in a Twin-Layer biofilm photobioreactor. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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74
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75
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Dickinson K, Bjornsson W, Garrison L, Whitney C, Park K, Banskota A, McGinn P. Simultaneous remediation of nutrients from liquid anaerobic digestate and municipal wastewater by the microalga Scenedesmus
sp. AMDD grown in continuous chemostats. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 118:75-83. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K.E. Dickinson
- Algal Carbon Conversion Flagship Program; Aquatic and Crop Resources Development; National Research Council of Canada; Halifax N.S. Canada
| | - W.J. Bjornsson
- Algal Carbon Conversion Flagship Program; Aquatic and Crop Resources Development; National Research Council of Canada; Halifax N.S. Canada
| | - L.L. Garrison
- Algal Carbon Conversion Flagship Program; Aquatic and Crop Resources Development; National Research Council of Canada; Halifax N.S. Canada
| | - C.G. Whitney
- Algal Carbon Conversion Flagship Program; Aquatic and Crop Resources Development; National Research Council of Canada; Halifax N.S. Canada
| | - K.C. Park
- Algal Carbon Conversion Flagship Program; Aquatic and Crop Resources Development; National Research Council of Canada; Halifax N.S. Canada
| | - A.H. Banskota
- Algal Carbon Conversion Flagship Program; Aquatic and Crop Resources Development; National Research Council of Canada; Halifax N.S. Canada
| | - P.J. McGinn
- Algal Carbon Conversion Flagship Program; Aquatic and Crop Resources Development; National Research Council of Canada; Halifax N.S. Canada
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76
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Chen X, Liu T, Wang Q. The growth of Scenedesmus sp. attachment on different materials surface. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:142. [PMID: 25270830 PMCID: PMC4203884 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microalgae has been concerned as a potential source of biodiesel in the recent years. However, it is costly to harvest microalgae as it is commonly cultured in water and the cells are too small to harvest. In order to reduce the cost of cultivation and harvesting, it is important to improve the biomass productivity of microalgae. Here, we utilized the attachment method to culture microalgae to cut off the cost of culture and harvest. Results In this paper, various supporting surface with different hydrophility including polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polysulfone (PS), which are not easy to be degraded in the culture medium, were used for microalgae culture by the attachment method. The results showed that PVDF supporting cloth was suitable for the algae growth, and its average biomass productivity was to 4.0 g/m2/day. Furthermore, a series of PVDF concentrations were tested, and cloth treated with 3% or 5% PVDF solution was better for the algae culture. In addition, Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with different molecular weight was added to the PVDF solution as porogens to produce rough surface. And the addition of PVP resulted in better growth with 6.0 g/m2/day of average biomass productivity. Conclusion This attachment method makes the harvest of microalgae easy and energy-saving, because the microalgae grow on the supporting material and is easy to be scraped. The results indicate that the PVDF-treated cloth is a potential alternative for the microalgae attachment culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Chen
- Insitute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Passero ML, Cragin B, Hall AR, Staley N, Coats ER, McDonald AG, Feris K. Ultraviolet radiation pre-treatment modifies dairy wastewater, improving its utility as a medium for algal cultivation. ALGAL RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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78
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The effect of light direction and suspended cell concentrations on algal biofilm growth rates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8553-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5964-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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79
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Blanken W, Janssen M, Cuaresma M, Libor Z, Bhaiji T, Wijffels RH. Biofilm growth ofChlorella sorokinianain a rotating biological contactor based photobioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:2436-45. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Blanken
- Bioprocess Engineering; AlgaePARC, Wageningen University; PO Box 8129 6700 EV Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - M. Janssen
- Bioprocess Engineering; AlgaePARC, Wageningen University; PO Box 8129 6700 EV Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - M. Cuaresma
- Bioprocess Engineering; AlgaePARC, Wageningen University; PO Box 8129 6700 EV Wageningen The Netherlands
- Algal Biotechnology Group; International Centre for Environmental Research (Ciecem), University of Huelva; Almonte Huelva Spain
| | - Z. Libor
- Manufacturing and Materials Department; School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University; Cranfield United Kingdom
| | - T. Bhaiji
- Manufacturing and Materials Department; School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University; Cranfield United Kingdom
| | - R. H. Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering; AlgaePARC, Wageningen University; PO Box 8129 6700 EV Wageningen The Netherlands
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Cole AJ, de Nys R, Paul NA. Removing constraints on the biomass production of freshwater macroalgae by manipulating water exchange to manage nutrient flux. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101284. [PMID: 25000501 PMCID: PMC4085068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater macroalgae represent a largely overlooked group of phototrophic organisms that could play an important role within an industrial ecology context in both utilising waste nutrients and water and supplying biomass for animal feeds and renewable chemicals and fuels. This study used water from the intensive aquaculture of freshwater fish (Barramundi) to examine how the biomass production rate and protein content of the freshwater macroalga Oedogonium responds to increasing the flux of nutrients and carbon, by either increasing water exchange rates or through the addition of supplementary nitrogen and CO2. Biomass production rates were highest at low flow rates (0.1–1 vol.day−1) using raw pond water. The addition of CO2 to cultures increased biomass production rates by between 2 and 25% with this effect strongest at low water exchange rates. Paradoxically, the addition of nitrogen to cultures decreased productivity, especially at low water exchange rates. The optimal culture of Oedogonium occurred at flow rates of between 0.5–1 vol.day−1, where uptake rates peaked at 1.09 g.m−2.day−1 for nitrogen and 0.13 g.m−2.day−1 for phosphorous. At these flow rates Oedogonium biomass had uptake efficiencies of 75.2% for nitrogen and 22.1% for phosphorous. In this study a nitrogen flux of 1.45 g.m−2.day−1 and a phosphorous flux of 0.6 g.m−2.day−1 was the minimum required to maintain the growth of Oedogonium at 16–17 g DW.m−2.day−1 and a crude protein content of 25%. A simple model of minimum inputs shows that for every gram of dry weight biomass production (g DW.m−2.day−1), Oedogonium requires 0.09 g.m−2.day−1 of nitrogen and 0.04 g.m−2.day−1 of phosphorous to maintain growth without nutrient limitation whilst simultaneously maintaining a high-nutrient uptake rate and efficiency. As such the integrated culture of freshwater macroalgae with aquaculture for the purposes of nutrient recovery is a feasible solution for the bioremediation of wastewater and the supply of a protein resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Cole
- MACRO — the Centre for Macroalgal Resources and Biotechnology, and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Rocky de Nys
- MACRO — the Centre for Macroalgal Resources and Biotechnology, and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas A. Paul
- MACRO — the Centre for Macroalgal Resources and Biotechnology, and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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83
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Wan M, Hou D, Li Y, Fan J, Huang J, Liang S, Wang W, Pan R, Wang J, Li S. The effective photoinduction of Haematococcus pluvialis for accumulating astaxanthin with attached cultivation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 163:26-32. [PMID: 24787315 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
As the optimal source of astaxanthin, Haematococcus pluvialis was cultured for commercial production of astaxanthin through two continuous phases: cell growth and astaxanthin induction. In this study, the efficiency of an attached system for producing astaxanthin from H. pluvialis was investigated and compared to that of the suspended system (bubble column bioreactor) under various conditions. Results showed that this attached system is more suitable for photoinduction of H. pluvialis than the suspended bioreactor. Under the optimal conditions, the astaxanthin productivity of the attached system was 65.8 mg m(-2)d(-1) and 2.4-fold of that in the suspended system. This attached approach also offers other advantages over suspended systems, such as, producing astaxanthin under a wide range of light intensities and temperatures, saving water, ease to harvest cells, resisting contamination. Therefore, the attached approach can be considered an economical, environmentally friendly and highly-efficient technology for producing astaxanthin from H. pluvialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Dongmei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yuanguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Jianhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jianke Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Songtao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Weiliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Ronghua Pan
- Jiaxing Zeyuan Bio-products Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314007, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiaxing Zeyuan Bio-products Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314007, PR China
| | - Shulan Li
- Shanghai Zeyuan Marine Bio-products Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200237, PR China
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84
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Solovchenko AE, Lukyanov AA, Vasilieva SG, Savanina YV, Solovchenko OV, Lobakova ES. Possibilities of bioconversion of agricultural waste with the use of microalgae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3103/s0096392514010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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85
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Gross M, Henry W, Michael C, Wen Z. Development of a rotating algal biofilm growth system for attached microalgae growth with in situ biomass harvest. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 150:195-201. [PMID: 24161650 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to develop a rotating algal biofilm (RAB) cultivation system that can be widely adopted by microalgae producers for easy biomass harvest. Algal cells were grown on the surface of a material rotating between nutrient-rich liquid and CO2-rich gaseous phase. Scrapping biomass from the attached surface avoided the expensive harvest operations such as centrifugation. Among various attachment materials, cotton sheet resulted in best algal growth, durability, and cost effectiveness. A lab-scale RAB system was further optimized with harvest frequency, rotation speed, and CO2 levels. The algal biomass from the RAB system had a similar water content as that in centrifuged biomass. An open pond raceway retrofitted with a pilot-scale RAB system resulted in a much higher biomass productivity when compared to a control open pond. Collectively, the research shows that the RAB system is an efficient algal culture system for easy biomass harvest with enhanced biomass productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gross
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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86
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Review of Microalgae Harvesting via Co-Pelletization with Filamentous Fungus. ENERGIES 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/en6115921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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87
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Mo W, Zhang Q. Energy-nutrients-water nexus: integrated resource recovery in municipal wastewater treatment plants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 127:255-267. [PMID: 23764477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment consumes large amounts of energy and materials to comply with discharge standards. At the same time, wastewater contains resources, which can be recovered for secondary uses if treated properly. Hence, the goal of this paper is to review the available resource recovery methods onsite or offsite of municipal wastewater treatment plants. These methods are categorized into three major resource recovery approaches: onsite energy generation, nutrient recycling and water reuse. Under each approach, the review provides the advantages and disadvantages, recovery potentials and current application status of each method, as well as the synthesized results of the life cycle studies for each approach. From a comprehensive literature review, it was found that, in addition to technology improvements, there is also a need to evaluate the applications of the resource recovery methods in wastewater treatment plants from a life cycle perspective. Future research should investigate the integration of the resource recovery methods to explore the combined benefits and potential tradeoffs of these methods under different scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Mo
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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88
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Gerardo ML, Zacharof MP, Lovitt RW. Strategies for the recovery of nutrients and metals from anaerobically digested dairy farm sludge using cross-flow microfiltration. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:4833-4842. [PMID: 23871254 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on the recovery of nutrients and metals from anaerobically digested manure sludge using a pilot scale microfiltration membrane system. Soluble nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and metals are valuable commodities which exist in high concentration in anaerobically digested manure sludge. The typical disposal of sludge on farmland can cause serious harm to the ecosystem due to eutrophication. The recovery of these materials in clarified solutions represents an added value product and a less contaminated sludge that is environmentally less hazardous. The objective of this study was to investigate the recovery of nutrients and metals using a pilot scale cross-flow membrane filtration system. A ceramic membrane of 0.22 m(2) and 0.2 μm pore size was used to perform solid-liquid separations and soluble materials were recovered in particle and bacteria free solutions. Strategies such as batch diafiltration (DF) and acid pre-treatment were investigated and the fractions collected compared against the initial permeate containing 686.2 mg NH3-N L(-1) and 41.51 mg PO4-P L(-1). Clarified fractions obtained through DF with no acid pre-treatment yielded N:P ratios of around 30 and relatively low levels of P (364.24 mg NH3-N L(-1) and 25.60 mg PO4-P L(-1)) and metals. Acid pre-treatment of the sludge resulted in a two-fold increase of P extracted (271.11 mg NH3-N L(-1) and 71.60 mg PO4-P L(-1)), altering N:P ratios to 8. Depending on the metal species, a 2-9 fold increase in concentration was also observed. Thus it has been demonstrated that different treatment strategies influence the removal and recovery of nutrients and metals from sludge. The best treatment conditions therefore depend on the targeted materials to be recovered. By careful manipulation of the treatment processes the production of specific nutrient compositions in terms of N:P ratios is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Gerardo
- Centre for Complex Fluid Processing (CCFP), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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89
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Effects of Environmental Factors and Nutrient Availability on the Biochemical Composition of Algae for Biofuels Production: A Review. ENERGIES 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/en6094607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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90
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Abdelaziz AEM, Leite GB, Hallenbeck PC. Addressing the challenges for sustainable production of algal biofuels: I. Algal strains and nutrient supply. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2013; 34:1783-805. [PMID: 24350435 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2013.827748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae hold promise for the production of sustainable replacement of fossil fuels due to their high growth rates, ability to grow on non-arable land and their high content, under the proper conditions, of high energy compounds that can be relatively easily chemically converted to fuels using existing technology. However, projected large-scale algal production raises a number of sustainability concerns concerning land use, net energy return, water use and nutrient supply. The state-of-the-art of algal production of biofuels is presented with emphasis on some possible avenues to provide answers to the sustainability questions that have been raised. Here, issues concerning algal strains and supply of nutrients for large-scale production are discussed. Since sustainability concerns necessitate the use of wastewaters for supply of bulk nutrients, emphasis is placed on the composition and suitability of different wastewater streams. At the same time, algal cultivation has proven useful in waste treatment processes, and thus this aspect is also treated in some detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E M Abdelaziz
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Centre-ville, Montréal, Canada PQ H3C 3J7
| | - Gustavo B Leite
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Centre-ville, Montréal, Canada PQ H3C 3J7
| | - Patrick C Hallenbeck
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Centre-ville, Montréal, Canada PQ H3C 3J7
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91
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Posadas E, García-Encina PA, Soltau A, Domínguez A, Díaz I, Muñoz R. Carbon and nutrient removal from centrates and domestic wastewater using algal-bacterial biofilm bioreactors. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 139:50-8. [PMID: 23644070 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of carbon and nutrient removal in an open algal-bacterial biofilm reactor and an open bacterial biofilm reactor were comparatively evaluated during the treatment of centrates and domestic wastewater. Comparable carbon removals (>80%) were recorded in both bioreactors, despite the algal-bacterial biofilm supported twice higher nutrient removals than the bacterial biofilm. The main carbon and nitrogen removal mechanisms in the algal-bacterial photobioreactor were assimilation into algal biomass and stripping, while stripping accounted for most carbon and nitrogen removal in the bacterial biofilm. Phosphorus was removed by assimilation into algal-bacterial biomass while no effective phosphorous removal was observed in the bacterial biofilm. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus removals of 91 ± 3%, 70 ± 8% and 85 ± 9%, respectively, were recorded in the algal-bacterial bioreactor at 10d of hydraulic retention time when treating domestic wastewater. However, the high water footprint recorded (0.5-6.7 Lm(-2)d(-1)) could eventually compromise the environmental sustainability of this microalgae-based technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Posadas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n Valladolid, Spain
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Ge Z, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Yan C, Zhao Y. Purifying synthetic high-strength wastewater by microalgae chlorella vulgaris under various light emitting diode wavelengths and intensities. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2013; 11:8. [PMID: 24499586 PMCID: PMC3776299 DOI: 10.1186/2052-336x-11-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The high-strength wastewater is now well known as a threat to the natural water since it is highly possible to arouse water eutrophication or algal blooms. The effects of various light emitting diode wavelengths and intensities on the microalgae biological wastewater treatment system was studied in this research. The various nutrient removals and economic efficiencies represented similar variation trends, and these variations under both high C and N loading treatments were similar too. The order for microalgae C. vulgaris reproduction in terms of dry weight and nutrient removal efficiency both were red > white > yellow > blue, under high carbon and nitrogen loading treatments, indicating that the red light was the optimum light wavelength. Furthermore, considering the optimal light intensity in terms of nutrient removal efficiency was 2500 and 2000 μmol/m2•s, while in terms of economic efficiency was 1000, 1500 and 2000 μmol/m2•s. Therefore, the optimum light intensity was found to be 2000 μmol/m2•s. In addition, the optimal experimental illumination time was determined as 120 h. The Chlorella vulgaris microalgae biological wastewater treatment system utilized in this research was able to purify the high-strength carbon and nitrogen wastewater effectively under optimum light wavelength and intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Ge
- College of Biological Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Biological Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, P.R. China
| | - Yuejin Zhang
- College of Biological Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Yan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yongjun Zhao
- College of Biological Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, P.R. China
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93
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Rashid N, Rehman MSU, Han JI. Recycling and reuse of spent microalgal biomass for sustainable biofuels. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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94
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Hernández D, Riaño B, Coca M, García-González MC. Treatment of agro-industrial wastewater using microalgae-bacteria consortium combined with anaerobic digestion of the produced biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 135:598-603. [PMID: 23069610 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two combined processes were studied in order to produce second generation biofuels: microalgae biomass production and its further use to produce biogas. Two 5 L photobioreactors for treating wastewater from a potato processing industry (from now on RPP) and from a treated liquid fraction of pig manure (from now on RTE) were inoculated with Chlorella sorokiniana and aerobic bacteria at 24±2.7 °C and 6000 lux for 12 h per day of light supply. The maximum biomass growth was obtained for RTE wastewater, with 26.30 mg dry weight L(-1) d(-1). Regarding macromolecular composition of collected biomass, lipid concentration reached 30.20% in RPP and 4.30% in RTE. Anaerobic digestion results showed that methane yield was highly influenced by substrate/inoculum ratio and by lipids concentration of the biomass, with a maximum methane yield of 518 mL CH4 g COD(-1)added using biomass with a lipid content of 30% and a substrate/inoculum ratio of 0.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hernández
- Agricultural Technological Institute of Castilla y León, Ctra. Burgos, km. 119, 47071 Valladolid, Spain.
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95
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Li C, Yang H, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhang M, Zhang L, Wang W. Novel bioconversions of municipal effluent and CO₂ into protein riched Chlorella vulgaris biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 132:171-177. [PMID: 23399495 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Batch, modified semi-continuous and continuous cultivations of Chlorella vulgaris C9-JN 2010 cells in municipal effluent were performed and analyzed. The experiments were carried out in 7.5-L photo-bioreactors, to which 2% of CO2 was supplied. Biomass and specific growth rate of C. vulgaris were 0.528-0.760gl(-1) and 0.200-0.374d(-1), respectively. Meanwhile, it could efficiently remove ammonia-N, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, CODCr and BOD5 by around 98.0%, 90.9-93.6%, 89.9-91.8%, 60.7-90.0% and 83.4-88.4%, respectively. Algal protein content was 550±30.0mgg(-1) of the harvested biomass of C. vulgaris which was rich in eight kinds of essential amino acids (around 44.5% of the total). The processes of cultivation of C. vulgaris in municipal effluent could be proposed as dual-beneficial approaches, which could produce profitable byproducts and simultaneously reduce the contaminations to environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
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96
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Turbulence and nutrient interactions that control benthic algal production in an engineered cultivation raceway. ALGAL RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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97
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González-Fernández C, Sialve B, Bernet N, Steyer JP. Effect of organic loading rate on anaerobic digestion of thermally pretreated Scenedesmus sp. biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 129:219-223. [PMID: 23247149 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Biogas production is one of the means to produce a biofuel from microalgae. Biomass consisting mainly of Scenedesmus sp. was thermally pretreated and optimum pretreatment length (1 h) and temperature (90 °C) was selected. Different chemical composition among batches stored at 4 °C for different lengths of time resulted in organic matter hydrolysis percentages ranging from 3% to 7%. The lower percentages were attributed to cell wall thickening observed during storage for 45 days. The different hydrolysis percentages did not cause differences in anaerobic digestion. Pretreatment of Scenedesmus sp. at 90 °C for 1h increased methane production 2.9 and 3.4-fold at organic loading rates (OLR) of 1 and 2.5 kg COD m(-3) day(-1), respectively. Regardless the OLR, inhibition caused by organic overloading or ammonia toxicity were not detected. Despite enhanced methane production, anaerobic biodegradability of this biomass remained low (32%). Therefore, this microalga is not a suitable feedstock for biogas production unless a more suitable pretreatment can be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- C González-Fernández
- INRA, UR50, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de L'Environnement, Avenue des Etangs, Narbonne 11100, France.
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98
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Fortier MOP, Sturm BSM. Geographic analysis of the feasibility of collocating algal biomass production with wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:11426-34. [PMID: 22970803 DOI: 10.1021/es302127f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Resource demand analyses indicate that algal biodiesel production would require unsustainable amounts of freshwater and fertilizer supplies. Alternatively, municipal wastewater effluent can be used, but this restricts production of algae to areas near wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and to date, there has been no geospatial analysis of the feasibility of collocating large algal ponds with WWTPs. The goals of this analysis were to determine the available areas by land cover type within radial extents (REs) up to 1.5 miles from WWTPs; to determine the limiting factor for algal production using wastewater; and to investigate the potential algal biomass production at urban, near-urban, and rural WWTPs in Kansas. Over 50% and 87% of the land around urban and rural WWTPs, respectively, was found to be potentially available for algal production. The analysis highlights a trade-off between urban WWTPs, which are generally land-limited but have excess wastewater effluent, and rural WWTPs, which are generally water-limited but have 96% of the total available land. Overall, commercial-scale algae production collocated with WWTPs is feasible; 29% of the Kansas liquid fuel demand could be met with implementation of ponds within 1 mile of all WWTPs and supplementation of water and nutrients when these are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Odile P Fortier
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, 2150 Learned Hall, 1530 West 15th Street Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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99
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Zhang J, Hu B. A novel method to harvest microalgae via co-culture of filamentous fungi to form cell pellets. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 114:529-35. [PMID: 22494571 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
While current approaches have limitations for efficient and cost-effective microalgal biofuel production, new processes, which are financially economic, environmentally sustainable, and ecologically stable, are needed. Typically, microalgae cells are small and grow individually. Harvest of these cells is technically difficult and it contributes to 20-30% of the total cost of biomass production. A new process of pelletized cell cultivation is described in this study to co-culture a filamentous fungal species with microalgae so that microalgae cells can be co-pelletized into fungal pellets for easier harvest. This new process can be applied to microalgae cultures in both autotrophic and heterotrophic conditions to allow microalgae cells attach to each other. The cell pellets, due to their large size, can be harvested through sieve, much easier than individual cells. This method has the potential to significantly decrease the processing cost for generating microagal biofuel or other products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108-6005, USA
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100
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Achieving a Green Solution: Limitations and Focus Points for Sustainable Algal Fuels. ENERGIES 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/en5051613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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