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Anti-Candida Properties of Gossypium hirsutum L.: Enhancement of Fungal Growth, Biofilm Production and Antifungal Resistance. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040698. [PMID: 35456532 PMCID: PMC9031239 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Candida is a genus of yeasts with notable pathogenicity and significant ability to develop antimicrobial resistance. Gossypium hirsutum L., a medicinal plant that is traditionally used due to its antimicrobial properties, has demonstrated significant antifungal activity. Therefore, this study investigated the chemical composition and anti-Candida effects of aqueous (AELG) and hydroethanolic (HELG) extracts obtained from the leaves of this plant. (2) Methods: The extracts were chemically characterized by UPLC–QTOF-MS/MS, and their anti-Candida activities were investigated by analyzing cell viability, biofilm production, morphological transition, and enhancement of antifungal resistance. (3) Results: The UPLC–QTOF-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of twenty-one compounds in both AELG and HELG, highlighting the predominance of flavonoids. The combination of the extracts with fluconazole significantly reduced its IC50 values against Candida albicans INCQS 40006, Candida tropicalis INCQS 40042, and C. tropicalis URM 4262 strains, indicating enhanced antifungal activity. About biofilm production, significant inhibition was observed only for the AELG-treated C. tropicalis URM 4262 strain in comparison with the untreated control. Accordingly, this extract showed more significant inhibitory effects on the morphological transition of the INCQS 40006 and URM 4387 strains of C. albicans (4) Conclusions: Gossypium hirsutum L. presents promising antifungal effects, that may be potentially linked to the combined activity of chemical constituents identified in its extracts.
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Wang Y, Guo Y, Jin Y, Wang Y, Wang C. Mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and anti-adherence characterization of pure titanium fabricated by casting, milling, and selective laser melting. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2022; 110:1523-1534. [PMID: 35226794 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Milling and selective laser melting (SLM) technology have become new options for removable partial denture (RPD) processing. However, whether milling and SLM technology has an impact on the properties of RPD remains unclear, which is also the aim of our study. To investigate the effects of milling and SLM technology on pure titanium, mechanical property, corrosion resistance, and anti-adherence of specimens were evaluated, and specimens processed by lost-wax casting were used as control. Compared with casting and milling groups, the SLM group showed enhanced Vickers hardness (402.1 ± 13.0 HV), tensile stress (694.4 ± 4.5 MPa), and larger electrochemical capacitance arc radius compared with casting and milling groups. A series of adhesion-related genes (Als1, Als3, and HWP1) of Candida albicans cultured on SLM specimens were upregulated for more than two times that of casting and milling groups. However, images from scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy exhibited similar biofilm morphology and biomass of C. albicans on a titanium disk processed by casting, milling, and SLM. Dwindled water contact angle (64.7 ± 0.6°) and higher TiO2 constituents (40.82%) in the SLM group might lead to the incompatibility of genetic expression and biofilm generation. Our findings indicated that SLM is an ideal process to produce titanium dentures, providing a reference on the selection of processing technology for dentists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yabing Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Zhang J, Gong H, Liao M, Li Z, Schweins R, Penny J, Lu JR. How do terminal modifications of short designed IIKK peptide amphiphiles affect their antifungal activity and biocompatibility? J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:193-206. [PMID: 34626966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The widespread and prolonged use of antifungal antibiotics has led to the rapid emergence of multidrug resistant Candida species that compromise current treatments. Natural and synthetic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) offer potential alternatives but require further development to overcome some of their current drawbacks. AMPs kill pathogenic fungi by permeabilising their membranes but it remains unclear how AMPs can be designed to maximise their antifungal potency whilst minimising their toxicity to host cells. EXPERIMENTS We have designed a group of short (IIKK)3 AMPs via selective terminal modifications ending up with different amphiphilicities. Their antifungal performance was assessed by minimum inhibition concentration (MICs) and dynamic killing to 4 Candida strains and Cryptococcus neoformans, and the minimum biofilm-eradicating concentrations to kill 95% of the C. albicans biofilms (BEC95). Different antifungal actions were interpreted on the basis of structural disruptions of the AMPs to small unilamellar vesicles from fluorescence leakage, Zeta potential, small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and molecular dynamics simulations (MD). FINDING AMPs possess high antifungal activities against the Candida species and Cryptococcus neoformans; some of them displayed faster dynamic killing than antibiotics like amphotericin B. G(IIKK)3I-NH2 and (IIKK)3II-NH2 were particularly potent against not only planktonic microbes but also fungal biofilms with low cytotoxicity to host cells. It was found that their high selectivity and fast action were well correlated to their fast membrane lysis, evident from data measured from Zeta potential measurements, SANS and MD, and also consistent with the previously observed antibacterial and anticancer performance. These studies demonstrate the important role of colloid and interface science in further developing short, potent and biocompatible AMPs towards clinical treatments via structure design and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Biological Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Oxford Road, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Haoning Gong
- Biological Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Oxford Road, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mingrui Liao
- Biological Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Oxford Road, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Zongyi Li
- Biological Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Oxford Road, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Institut Laue-Langevin, DS/LSS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS-20156, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Jeffrey Penny
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Oxford Road, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jian R Lu
- Biological Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Oxford Road, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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Green RM, Bicker KL. Development of an Anti-Biofilm Screening Technique Leads to the Discovery of a Peptoid with Efficacy against Candida albicans. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:310-320. [PMID: 35107257 PMCID: PMC9972850 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria and fungi can secrete and reside within a complex polysaccharide matrix, forming a biofilm that protects these pathogens from the immune response and conventional antibiotics. Because many microbial pathogens grow within biofilms in clinical settings, there is a need for antimicrobial agents effective against biofilm-protected infections. We report the adaptation of a phenotypic high-throughput assay for discovering antimicrobial peptoids toward the screening of combinatorial libraries against established biofilms. This method, termed the Inverted Peptoid Library Agar Diffusion (iPLAD) assay, required optimization of growth media, reducing reagent, and fungal viability reporter. Once optimized, iPLAD was used to screen a combinatorial peptoid library against Candida albicans, a biofilm-forming fungal pathogen responsible for most hospital-acquired infections. This screening resulted in a lipopeptoid termed RMG9-11 with excellent activity against several species of Candida, including drug-resistant strains of C. albicans and the emerging and dangerous C. auris. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of RMG9-11 against several mammalian cell lines was minimal. This work provides a new method for the identification of compounds effective against biofilm-protected pathogens and demonstrates its utility by identifying a promising anti-Candida peptoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Madison Green
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| | - Kevin L. Bicker
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
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The Anticancer Agent 3,3'-Diindolylmethane Inhibits Multispecies Biofilm Formation by Acne-Causing Bacteria and Candida albicans. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0205621. [PMID: 35107361 PMCID: PMC8809333 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02056-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium Cutibacterium acnes is a major inhabitant of human skin and has been implicated in acne vulgaris formation and in the formation of multispecies biofilms with other skin-inhabiting organisms like Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Indoles are widespread in nature (even in human skin) and function as important signaling molecules in diverse prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In the present study, we investigated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of 20 indoles against C. acnes. Of the indoles tested, indole-3-carbinol at 0.1 mM significantly inhibited biofilm formation by C. acnes without affecting planktonic cell growth, and the anticancer drug 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) at 0.1 mM (32 μg/mL) also significantly inhibited planktonic cell growth and biofilm formation by C. acnes, whereas the other indoles and indole itself were less effective. Also, DIM at 0.1 mM successfully inhibited multispecies biofilm formation by C. acnes, S. aureus, and C. albicans. Transcriptional analyses showed that DIM inhibited the expressions of several biofilm-related genes in C. acnes, and at 0.05 mM, DIM inhibited hyphal formation and cell aggregation by C. albicans. These results suggest that DIM and other indoles inhibit biofilm formation by C. acnes and have potential use for treating C. acnes associated diseases. IMPORTANCE Since indoles are widespread in nature (even in human skin), we hypothesized that indole and its derivatives might control biofilm formation of acne-causing bacteria (Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus) and fungal Candida albicans. The present study reports for the first time the antibiofilm and antimicrobial activities of several indoles on C. acnes. Of the indoles tested, two anticancer agents, indole-3-carbinol and 3,3'-diindolylmethane found in cruciferous vegetables, significantly inhibited biofilm formation by C. acnes. Furthermore, the most active 3,3'-diindolylmethane successfully inhibited multispecies biofilm formation by C. acnes, S. aureus, and C. albicans. Transcriptional analyses showed that 3,3'-diindolylmethane inhibited the expressions of several biofilm-related genes including lipase, hyaluronate lyase, and virulence-related genes in C. acnes, and 3,3'-diindolylmethane inhibited hyphal formation and cell aggregation by C. albicans. Our findings show that 3,3'-diindolylmethane offers a potential means of controlling acne vulgaris and multispecies biofilm-associated infections due to its antibiofilm and antibiotic properties.
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Kim Y, Lee J, Park S, Kim S, Lee J. Inhibition of polymicrobial biofilm formation by saw palmetto oil, lauric acid and myristic acid. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:590-602. [PMID: 34156757 PMCID: PMC8867970 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are communities of bacteria, fungi or yeasts that form on diverse biotic or abiotic surfaces, and play important roles in pathogenesis and drug resistance. A generic saw palmetto oil inhibited biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and fungal Candida albicans without affecting their planktonic cell growth. Two main components of the oil, lauric acid and myristic acid, are responsible for this antibiofilm activity. Their antibiofilm activities were observed in dual-species biofilms as well as three-species biofilms of S. aureus, E. coli O157:H7 and C. albicans. Transcriptomic analysis showed that lauric acid and myristic acid repressed the expressions of haemolysin genes (hla and hld) in S. aureus, several biofilm-related genes (csgAB, fimH and flhD) in E. coli and hypha cell wall gene HWP1 in C. albicans, which supported biofilm inhibition. Also, saw palmetto oil, lauric acid and myristic acid reduced virulence of three microbes in a nematode infection model and exhibited minimal cytotoxicity. Furthermore, combinatorial treatment of fatty acids and antibiotics showed synergistic antibacterial efficacy against S. aureus and E. coli O157:H7. These results demonstrate that saw palmetto oil and its main fatty acids might be useful for controlling bacterial infections as well as multispecies biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong‐Guy Kim
- School of Chemical EngineeringYeungnam University280 Daehak‐RoGyeongsanKorea
| | - Jin‐Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical EngineeringYeungnam University280 Daehak‐RoGyeongsanKorea
| | - Sunyoung Park
- School of Chemical EngineeringYeungnam University280 Daehak‐RoGyeongsanKorea
| | - Sanghun Kim
- School of Chemical EngineeringYeungnam University280 Daehak‐RoGyeongsanKorea
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical EngineeringYeungnam University280 Daehak‐RoGyeongsanKorea
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Fonseca MS, Rodrigues DM, Sokolonski AR, Stanisic D, Tomé LM, Góes-Neto A, Azevedo V, Meyer R, Araújo DB, Tasic L, Portela RD. Activity of Fusarium oxysporum-Based Silver Nanoparticles on Candida spp. Oral Isolates. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:501. [PMID: 35159845 PMCID: PMC8840154 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Candida spp. resistant to commercially available antifungals are often isolated from patients with oral candidiasis, a situation that points to the need for the development of new therapies. Thus, we evaluated the activity of Fusarium oxysporum-based silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on Candida spp. isolated from denture stomatitis lesions. Candida isolates were molecularly identified and submitted to susceptibility assays using AgNPs and commercial fungicides. The interference on biofilm formation and the mechanisms of action of AgNPs on Candida spp. were also investigated. Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate the morphology of AgNP-treated Candida. Candida albicans was the most frequent species isolated from denture stomatitis cases. All Candida spp. were susceptible to AgNPs at low concentrations, except Candida parapsilosis. AgNPs caused surface damage, cell disruption, and biofilm formation inhibition. The ergosterol supplementation protected C. albicans against the AgNP action. AgNPs are effective against Candida spp. and can be faced as a promising new therapeutic agent against oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maísa Santos Fonseca
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40110-100, BA, Brazil; (M.S.F.); (D.M.R.); (R.M.)
| | - Daniela Méria Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40110-100, BA, Brazil; (M.S.F.); (D.M.R.); (R.M.)
| | - Ana Rita Sokolonski
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Oral, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40110-100, BA, Brazil; (A.R.S.); (D.B.A.)
| | - Danijela Stanisic
- Laboratório de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil; (D.S.); (L.T.)
| | - Luiz Marcelo Tomé
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Computacional de Fungos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (L.M.T.); (A.G.-N.)
| | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Computacional de Fungos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (L.M.T.); (A.G.-N.)
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil;
| | - Roberto Meyer
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40110-100, BA, Brazil; (M.S.F.); (D.M.R.); (R.M.)
| | - Danilo Barral Araújo
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Oral, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40110-100, BA, Brazil; (A.R.S.); (D.B.A.)
| | - Ljubica Tasic
- Laboratório de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil; (D.S.); (L.T.)
| | - Ricardo Dias Portela
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40110-100, BA, Brazil; (M.S.F.); (D.M.R.); (R.M.)
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Ardizzoni A, Boaretto G, Pericolini E, Pinetti D, Capezzone de Joannon A, Durando L, Ragni L, Blasi E. Effects of benzydamine and mouthwashes containing benzydamine on Candida albicans adhesion, biofilm formation, regrowth, and persistence. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:3613-3625. [PMID: 35066687 PMCID: PMC8979862 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04330-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To assess the effects of benzydamine and mouthwashes (MoWs) containing benzydamine on different stages of Candida albicans biofilm: adhesion, formation, persistence, and regrowth (if perturbed). Materials and methods C. albicans CA1398, carrying the bioluminescence ACT1p-gLUC59 fusion product, was employed. Fungal cells were exposed for 1′, 5′, or 15′ to 4 different benzydamine concentrations (0.075 to 0.6%) to 2 mouthwashes (MoWs) containing benzydamine and to a placebo MoW (without benzydamine). Treated cells were tested for adhesion (90 min) and biofilm formation (24-h assay). Next, 24- and 48-h-old biofilms were exposed to benzydamine and MoWs to assess regrowth and persistence, respectively. The effects of benzydamine, MoWs containing benzydamine, and placebo on different biofilm stages were quantified by bioluminescence assay and by the production of quorum sensing (QS) molecules. Results Benzydamine and MoWs containing benzydamine impaired C. albicans ability to adhere and form biofilm, counteracted C. albicans persistence and regrowth, and impaired a 48-h-old biofilm. Some of these effects paralleled with alterations in QS molecule secretion. Conclusions Our results show for the first time that benzydamine and MoWs containing benzydamine impair C. albicans capacity to form biofilm and counteract biofilm persistence and regrowth. Clinical relevance Benzydamine and MoWs containing benzydamine capacity to affect C. albicans biofilm provides an interesting tool to prevent and treat oral candidiasis. Likely, restraining C. albicans colonization through daily oral hygiene may counteract colonization and persistence by other critical oral pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans, whose increased virulence has been linked to the presence of C. albicans biofilm. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00784-021-04330-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ardizzoni
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 287, 41125, Modena, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Boaretto
- Graduate School of Microbiology and Virology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Eva Pericolini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
- Graduate School of Microbiology and Virology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Diego Pinetti
- Centro Interdipartimentale Grandi Strumenti (C.I.G.S.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Durando
- Global R&D PLCM-Angelini Pharma S.p.A., via Vecchia del Pinocchio 22, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lorella Ragni
- Global R&D PLCM-Angelini Pharma S.p.A., via Vecchia del Pinocchio 22, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Blasi
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
- Graduate School of Microbiology and Virology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Agboigba E, Kuchaev E, Garaeva N, Klochkova E, Varfolomeev A, Usachev K, Yusupov M, Validov S. ORF19.2286 Gene: Isolation and Purification of Deoxyhypusine Hydroxylase from the Human Pathogenic Yeast Candida albicans. Mol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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60
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Ahamad I, Bano F, Anwer R, Srivastava P, Kumar R, Fatma T. Antibiofilm Activities of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Against Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:741493. [PMID: 35069463 PMCID: PMC8782275 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.741493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are microbial colonies that are encased in an organic polymeric matrix and are resistant to antimicrobial treatments. Biofilms can adhere to both biotic and abiotic surfaces, allowing them to colonize medical equipment such as urinary and intravenous catheters, mechanical heart valves, endotracheal tubes, and prosthetic joints. Candida albicans biofilm is the major etiological cause of the pathogenesis of candidiasis in which its unobstructed growth occurs in the oral cavity; trachea, and catheters that progress to systemic infections in the worst scenarios. There is an urgent need to discover novel biofilm preventive and curative agents. In the present investigation, an effort is made to observe the role of cyanobacteria-derived AgNPs as a new antibiofilm agent with special reference to candidiasis. AgNPs synthesized through the green route using Anabaena variabilis cell extract were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy. The nanoparticles were spherical in shape with 11-15 nm size and were monodispersed. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AgNPs was obtained at 12.5 μg/mL against C. albicans. AgNPs 25 μg/mL showed 79% fungal cell membrane permeability and 22.2% ROS production. AgNPs (25 μg/mL) also facilitated 62.5% of biofilm inhibition and degradation. Therefore, AgNPs could be considered as a promising antifungal agent to control biofilm produced by C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Ahamad
- Cyanobacterial Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Fareha Bano
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts, Taibah University (Female Branch), AlUla, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razique Anwer
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pooja Srivastava
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO), Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO), Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Tasneem Fatma
- Cyanobacterial Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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Heredia MY, Andes D. Production and Isolation of the Candida Species Biofilm Extracellular Matrix. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2542:257-268. [PMID: 36008671 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2549-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic structure comprising of all four classes of macromolecules. In the biofilm setting, this matrix is key to the survival of microbial communities by conferring to biofilms both structural integrity and protection against diverse environmental insults. In Candida spp., this matrix contributes to pathogenesis by conferring to biofilms both drug resistance and protection against immune attack. Understanding the biochemical nature of the matrix and its individual components is critical to the development of novel diagnostics and antifungal strategies against persistent Candida biofilm infections. Therefore, efficient methods for ECM isolation are required. The two matrix isolation protocols described herein are adapted for both small- and large-scale isolation of biofilm matrix. Both procedures involve seeding of biofilms in either 6-well plates or large-surface-area roller bottles, followed by cell adhesion and biofilm maturation for 2 days with continuous motion. In both cases, the matrix is separated from the biomass via sonication, a step which gently and effectively removes the matrix without disturbing the fungal cell wall. The large-scale protocol includes additional filtration, lyophilization, and dialysis steps to yield purified matrix material sufficient for numerous biochemical, structural, and functional assays. Small-scale isolation yields enough matrix for gas chromatography (GC), total carbohydrate quantification via the phenol-sulfuric acid method, and total protein quantification via the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay. Large-scale isolation yields enough matrix to perform NMR spectroscopy, liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nucleic acid sequencing. These protocols have been adapted for use in Candida species but may be adapted for other biofilm-forming fungal species and bacteria.
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Mohanta YK, Chakrabartty I, Mishra AK, Chopra H, Mahanta S, Avula SK, Patowary K, Ahmed R, Mishra B, Mohanta TK, Saravanan M, Sharma N. Nanotechnology in combating biofilm: A smart and promising therapeutic strategy. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1028086. [PMID: 36938129 PMCID: PMC10020670 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1028086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the birth of civilization, people have recognized that infectious microbes cause serious and often fatal diseases in humans. One of the most dangerous characteristics of microorganisms is their propensity to form biofilms. It is linked to the development of long-lasting infections and more severe illness. An obstacle to eliminating such intricate structures is their resistance to the drugs now utilized in clinical practice (biofilms). Finding new compounds with anti-biofilm effect is, thus, essential. Infections caused by bacterial biofilms are something that nanotechnology has lately shown promise in treating. More and more studies are being conducted to determine whether nanoparticles (NPs) are useful in the fight against bacterial infections. While there have been a small number of clinical trials, there have been several in vitro outcomes examining the effects of antimicrobial NPs. Nanotechnology provides secure delivery platforms for targeted treatments to combat the wide range of microbial infections caused by biofilms. The increase in pharmaceuticals' bioactive potential is one of the many ways in which nanotechnology has been applied to drug delivery. The current research details the utilization of several nanoparticles in the targeted medication delivery strategy for managing microbial biofilms, including metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, liposomes, micro-, and nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, and polymeric nanoparticles. Our understanding of how these nanosystems aid in the fight against biofilms has been expanded through their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugal Kishore Mohanta
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya (USTM), Techno City, Meghalaya, India
- *Correspondence: Yugal Kishore Mohanta,
| | - Ishani Chakrabartty
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya (USTM), Techno City, Meghalaya, India
- Indegene Pvt. Ltd., Manyata Tech Park, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Saurov Mahanta
- National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT), Guwahati Centre, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Satya Kumar Avula
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Kaustuvmani Patowary
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya (USTM), Techno City, Meghalaya, India
| | - Ramzan Ahmed
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya (USTM), Techno City, Meghalaya, India
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bibhudutta Mishra
- Department of Gastroenterology and HNU, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Mohanta
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
- Tapan Kumar Mohanta,
| | - Muthupandian Saravanan
- AMR and Nanotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Nanaocha Sharma
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Imphal, Manipur, India
- Nanaocha Sharma,
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Zoccolotti JDO, Cavalheiro AJ, Tasso CO, Ribas BR, Ferrisse TM, Jorge JH. Antimicrobial efficacy and biocompatibility of extracts from Cryptocarya species. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261884. [PMID: 34972152 PMCID: PMC8719776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the efficacy of Cryptocarya spp extracts on biofilm of Candida albicans and its biocompatibility. Mature biofilm of C. albicans was formed on denture base acrylic resin samples and the fungicidal effect of the extracts was evaluated by Alamar Blue® assay, counting colony-forming units (CFU/mL) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Cytotoxicity of extracts from Cryptocarya species was evaluated by AlamarBlue® assay, using normal oral keratinocytes (NOK) cells. In additional, Analysis of plant extracts by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-MS) was performed. The results showed significant reduction in the cellular metabolism and in the number of CFU/mL of C. albicans (p<0.05). The concentration of 0.045 g/mL completely inhibited the number of CFU/mL. Regarding cytotoxicity, all extracts decreased cell viability compared to the control group. CLSM analysis showed predominance of live cells, but with a great difference between the groups. Antimicrobial activity of extracts from Cryptocarya on C. albicans biofilm was confirmed. However, all extracts showed toxicity on NOK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline de Oliveira Zoccolotti
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto José Cavalheiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camilla Olga Tasso
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Ribeiro Ribas
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Túlio Morandin Ferrisse
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janaina Habib Jorge
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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In Vitro Anti-Biofilm Activity of Hydrogen-Peroxide Generating Electrochemical Bandage Against Yeast Biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 66:e0179221. [PMID: 34930030 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01792-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound infections are caused by bacteria and/or fungi. The presence of fungal biofilms in wound beds presents a unique challenge, as fungal biofilms may be difficult to eradicate. The goal of this work was to assess the in vitro anti-biofilm activity of a H2O2-producing electrochemical bandage (e-bandage) against 15 yeast isolates representing commonly-encountered species. Time-dependent decreases in viable biofilm CFU counts of all isolates tested were observed, resulting in no visible colonies with 48 hours of exposure by plate culture. Fluorescence microscopic analysis showed extensive cell membrane damage of biofilm cells after e-bandage treatment. Reductions in intracellular ATP levels of yeast biofilm cells were recorded post e-bandage treatment. Our results suggest that exposure to H2O2-producing e-bandages reduce in vitro viable cell counts of yeast biofilms, making this a potential new topical treatment approach for fungal wound infections.
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Eichelberger KR, Cassat JE. Metabolic Adaptations During Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans Co-Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:797550. [PMID: 34956233 PMCID: PMC8692374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.797550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful pathogens require metabolic flexibility to adapt to diverse host niches. The presence of co-infecting or commensal microorganisms at a given infection site can further influence the metabolic processes required for a pathogen to cause disease. The Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the polymorphic fungus Candida albicans are microorganisms that asymptomatically colonize healthy individuals but can also cause superficial infections or severe invasive disease. Due to many shared host niches, S. aureus and C. albicans are frequently co-isolated from mixed fungal-bacterial infections. S. aureus and C. albicans co-infection alters microbial metabolism relative to infection with either organism alone. Metabolic changes during co-infection regulate virulence, such as enhancing toxin production in S. aureus or contributing to morphogenesis and cell wall remodeling in C. albicans. C. albicans and S. aureus also form polymicrobial biofilms, which have greater biomass and reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials relative to mono-microbial biofilms. The S. aureus and C. albicans metabolic programs induced during co-infection impact interactions with host immune cells, resulting in greater microbial survival and immune evasion. Conversely, innate immune cell sensing of S. aureus and C. albicans triggers metabolic changes in the host cells that result in an altered immune response to secondary infections. In this review article, we discuss the metabolic programs that govern host-pathogen interactions during S. aureus and C. albicans co-infection. Understanding C. albicans-S. aureus interactions may highlight more general principles of how polymicrobial interactions, particularly fungal-bacterial interactions, shape the outcome of infectious disease. We focus on how co-infection alters microbial metabolism to enhance virulence and how infection-induced changes to host cell metabolism can impact a secondary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara R. Eichelberger
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Kara R. Eichelberger, ; James E. Cassat,
| | - James E. Cassat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation (VI4), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Kara R. Eichelberger, ; James E. Cassat,
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Alshaikh NA, Perveen K. Susceptibility of Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans to Thyme Essential Oil. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122454. [PMID: 34946056 PMCID: PMC8707020 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida spp. is the most common microbial pathogen in fungal infections. There has been a tremendous increase in cases of candidiasis, especially among critically ill non-neutropenic patients. Candida albicans’ isolates were procured from the Prince Sultan Military Hospital, Riyadh, KSA. The isolates were characterized for their identification using CHROMagar, carbohydrate metabolism, germ tube formation, and RAPD-PCR techniques. The essential oil of Thymus vulgaris was obtained by hydro-distillation and characterized to decipher the major bioactive phytoconstituents. The antifungal activity of the thyme essential oil (TEO) was evaluated against fluconazole-resistant C. albicans isolates. The major phytocomponents identified by GC/MS were thymol (68.1%) followed by γ-terpinene (8.9%), cymol (7.7%), caryophyllene (1.1%), linalool (1.4%). The TEO successfully reduced the growth of C. albicans isolates. At very low doses, the TEO proved to be fungi static and fungicidal. TEO also effectively inhibited the germ tube formation and budging of fungal pathogens. The time kill assays have shown that TEO was more effective against drug resistant clinical isolates than fluconazole. This study provides an array of experimental evidence regarding the therapeutic efficacy of TEO against the drug-resistant clinical isolates of C. albicans. The findings may be used in the development of a new antifungal agent accordingly.
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Activity of antifungal drugs and Brazilian red and green propolis extracted with different methodologies against oral isolates of Candida spp. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:286. [PMID: 34814913 PMCID: PMC8611924 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic disease caused by fungi of the Candida genus. The occurrence of Candida spp. resistance to the commercial antifungal drugs points to the search for alternative treatments. Propolis has been successfully used in the treatment of infectious diseases for centuries. It has been proposed that an ultrasound pretreatment in the propolis extraction protocol can enhance the concentrations of molecules with antimicrobial activities in the final extract. Thus, this study aimed to compare the antifungal activity against oral Candida spp. isolates of green and red propolis extracts submitted or not to an ultrasound pretreatment before the extraction procedure. Methods Candida spp. were isolated from denture stomatitis lesions and identified by sequencing. Oral Candida spp. isolates and reference strains were submitted to broth microdilution assays using commercial antifungals and Brazilian green and red propolis extracts submitted or not to an ultrasound pretreatment. Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimal Fungicide Concentrations (MFC) were determined and biofilm formation interference was evaluated for resistant isolates. Results C. albicans, Candida tropicalis and Candida dubliniensis were isolated from denture stomatitis lesions. Growth inhibition was observed in all Candida isolates incubated with all green and red propolis extracts. At lower doses, red propolis extracts presented significant antifungal activity. The ultrasound pretreatment did not promote an increase in the antifungal activity of green or red propolis. Three isolates, which were highly resistant to fluconazole and itraconazole, were susceptible to low doses of red propolis extracts. These same three specimens had their biofilm formation inhibted by red propolis ethanolic extract. Conclusions Thus, red propolis can be faced as a promising natural product to be used in the auxiliary antifungal therapy of denture stomatitis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-021-03445-5.
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Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Inhibits Candida Biofilm Formation, Increases Susceptibility to Antifungal Agents and Reduces Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212523. [PMID: 34830415 PMCID: PMC8624521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Candida is the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide, but due to the limited option of antifungal therapies, alternative strategies are required. (2) Methods: Adenophora triphylla var. japonica extract was used for the biofilm formation assay using RPMI1640. The combinatorial antifungal assay, the dimorphic transition assay, and the adherence assay were done to see the influence of inhibition of biofilm formation. qRT-PCR analysis were performed to check the gene expression. (3) Results: Adenophora triphylla var. japonica extract inhibited the Candida biofilm formation. Treatment of extract increased the antifungal susceptibility of miconazole from a 37% reduction in fungal growth to 99.05%, and also dose-dependently reduced the dimorphic transition of Candida and the attachment of Candida to HaCaT cells. The extract blocked the expression of hyphal-related genes, extracellular matrix genes, Ras1-cAMP-PKA pathway genes, Cph2-Tec1 pathway gene, and MAP kinase pathway gene. (4) Conclusions: In this study, the treatment of Adenophora triphylla var. japonica extract showed inhibition of fungal biofilm formation, activation of antifungal susceptibility, and reduction of infection. These results suggest that fungal biofilm formation is a good target for the development of antifungal adjuvants, and Adenophora triphylla var. japonica extract should be a good candidate for biofilm-associated fungal infections.
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D’Angeli F, Guadagni F, Genovese C, Nicolosi D, Trovato Salinaro A, Spampinato M, Mannino G, Lo Furno D, Petronio Petronio G, Ronsisvalle S, Sipala F, Falzone L, Calabrese V. Anti-Candidal Activity of the Parasitic Plant Orobanche crenata Forssk. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1373. [PMID: 34827311 PMCID: PMC8615231 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Candida glabrata (C. glabrata) are part of the human microbiome. However, they possess numerous virulence factors, which confer them the ability to cause both local and systemic infections. Candidiasis can involve multiple organs, including the eye. In the present study, we investigated the anti-candidal activity and the re-epithelizing effect of Orobanche crenata leaf extract (OCLE). By the microdilution method, we demonstrated an inhibitory effect of OCLE on both C. albicans and C. glabrata growth. By crystal violet and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, we showed the ability of OCLE to inhibit the biofilm formation and the viability of yeast cells, respectively. By germ tube and adhesion assays, we proved the capacity of OCLE to affect the morphological transition of C. albicans and the adhesion of both pathogens to human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19), respectively. Besides, by MTT and wound healing assay, we evaluated the cytotoxic and re-epithelizing effects of OCLE on ARPE-19. Finally, the Folin-Ciocalteu and the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry revealed a high content of phenols and the presence of several bioactive molecules in the extract. Our results highlighted new properties of O. crenata, useful in the control of Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana D’Angeli
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (F.G.)
| | - Fiorella Guadagni
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (F.G.)
- InterInstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank (BioBIM), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Genovese
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, “Kore” University of Enna, Contrada Santa Panasia, 94100 Enna, Italy
- Nacture S.r.l, Spin-Off University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Daria Nicolosi
- Nacture S.r.l, Spin-Off University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy;
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Trovato Salinaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.T.S.); (M.S.); (V.C.)
| | - Mariarita Spampinato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.T.S.); (M.S.); (V.C.)
| | - Giuliana Mannino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (D.L.F.)
| | - Debora Lo Furno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (D.L.F.)
| | - Giulio Petronio Petronio
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “Vincenzo Tiberio”, University of Molise, Via Francesco de Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Simone Ronsisvalle
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (S.R.); (F.S.)
| | - Federica Sipala
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (S.R.); (F.S.)
| | - Luca Falzone
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.T.S.); (M.S.); (V.C.)
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Babii C, Savu M, Motrescu I, Birsa LM, Sarbu LG, Stefan M. The Antibacterial Synthetic Flavonoid BrCl-Flav Exhibits Important Anti- Candida Activity by Damaging Cell Membrane Integrity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111130. [PMID: 34832912 PMCID: PMC8622092 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Candida are very difficult to treat due to increasing antifungal resistance. Recent studies showed that patients with Candida infections resistant to fluconazole have very few treatment options. Therefore, finding new efficient antifungal agents is a matter of medical high priority. The aim of this study was to explore the antifungal potential of BrCl-flav-a representative of a new class of synthetic flavonoids with bromine as halogen substituent at the benzopyran core against four Candida clinical strains. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration along with the time kill assay indicated a strong antifungal effect of BrCl-flav against C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei and C. glabrata. The investigation of anti-Candida mechanism of action using fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that Br-Cl flav could inhibit fungal growth by impairing the membrane integrity, the resulting structural damages leading to cell lysis. BrCl-flav also showed important anti-virulence properties against Candida spp., inhibiting biofilm formation and yeast to hyphal transition. A strong synergistic antifungal effect against C. albicans strain was observed when BrCl-flav was used in combination with fluconazole. BrCl-flav has a good potential to develop new effective antifungal agents in the context of Candida spp. multidrug resistance phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Babii
- Biology Department, Faculty of Biology, The Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bld. Carol I, Nr. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (C.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Mihaela Savu
- Biology Department, Faculty of Biology, The Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bld. Carol I, Nr. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (C.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Iuliana Motrescu
- Sciences Department, Research Institute for Agriculture and Environment, Iasi University of Life Sciences, 3 Sadoveanu Alley, 700490 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Lucian Mihail Birsa
- Faculty of Chemistry, The Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bld. Carol I, Nr. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Laura Gabriela Sarbu
- Faculty of Chemistry, The Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bld. Carol I, Nr. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
- Correspondence: (L.G.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Marius Stefan
- Biology Department, Faculty of Biology, The Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bld. Carol I, Nr. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (C.B.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (L.G.S.); (M.S.)
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Efficacy of alpha-mangostin for antimicrobial activity against endodontopathogenic microorganisms in a multi-species bacterial-fungal biofilm model. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 133:105304. [PMID: 34775269 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the activity of alpha-mangostin on preformed bacterial-fungal multi-species biofilms in vitro, and to ascertain the impact on metabolic activity, biofilm structure and viability. DESIGN Inhibitory concentrations (ICs) for alpha-mangostin against planktonic cultures of Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Streptococcus gordonii were determined using a standard broth microdilution method. Single and multi-species (all species 1:1:1:1) biofilms were grown on polystyrene coverslips in Roswell Park Memorial Institute Medium for 48 h. The biofilms were then exposed to 0.2% (w/v) alpha-mangostin for 24 h. These concentrations were selected based on pilot experiments and the solubility of these compounds. 2% (v/v) chlorhexidine was used as a positive control and Roswell Park Memorial Institute Medium as a negative control. The metabolic activity of the biofilms after exposure was measured using metabolic (XTT) assays. Biofilms were visualised and quantified using fluorescent BacLight™ LIVE/DEAD staining. The biofilms were assessed for cell viability by culture and colony counting (CFU/mL). RESULTS 8 mg/L of alpha-mangostin was cidal against planktonic bacteria and 1000 mg/L for Candida. Alpha-mangostin was most active against L. rhamonosus biofilms and least active against C. albicans biofilm (metabolism inhibited by 99% and 78%, respectively). Alpha-mangostin exposure reduced the number of viable cells in the biofilms. CONCLUSION Alpha-mangostin inhibited the metabolic activity of bacterial-fungal biofilms effectively. The anti-biofilm activity of alpha-mangostin was comparable to chlorhexidine and thus has potential as a novel agent for endodontic therapy.
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Casagrande Pierantoni D, Corte L, Casadevall A, Robert V, Cardinali G, Tascini C. How does temperature trigger biofilm adhesion and growth in Candida albicans and two non-Candida albicans Candida species? Mycoses 2021; 64:1412-1421. [PMID: 33894074 PMCID: PMC8597170 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm formation on biotic and abiotic surfaces is finely regulated by genetic factors but also by oxygen concentration, pH, temperature and other environmental factors, already extensively explored for bacterial biofilms. Much less is known about fungal biofilm, that is considered a virulence factor for Candida pathogenic species among the few fungal species able to grow and survive at high temperatures such as 37°C as well as those induced by fever. The resistance to high temperatures coupled with the ability to form biofilm are threatening factors of these fungal species that could severely impact at an epidemiological level. OBJECTIVES In this framework, we decided to study the thermal tolerance of biofilms formed by three medical relevant species such as Candida albicans and two non-Candida albicans Candida species. METHODS Thirty nosocomial strains were investigated for their ability to adhere and grow in proximity and over body temperature (from 31 to 43°C), mimicking different environmental conditions or severe febrile-like reactions. RESULTS Candida sessile cells reacted to different temperatures showing a strain-specific response. It was observed that the attachment and growth respond differently to the temperature and that mechanism of adhesion has different outputs at high temperature than the growth. CONCLUSIONS This strain-dependent response is probably instrumental to guarantee the best success to cells for the infection, attachment and growth to occur. These observations reinforce the concept of temperature as a major trigger in the evolution of these species especially in this period of increasing environmental temperatures and excessive domestic heating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Corte
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthJHSPH Molecular, Microbiology & Immunology; JHUSOM,BaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Vincent Robert
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity InstituteAD UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Carlo Tascini
- University Hospital "S. Maria della Misericordia" – Clinic of Infectious DiseasesUdineItaly
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Willaert RG, Kayacan Y, Devreese B. The Flo Adhesin Family. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111397. [PMID: 34832553 PMCID: PMC8621652 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step in the infection of fungal pathogens in humans is the adhesion of the pathogen to host tissue cells or abiotic surfaces such as catheters and implants. One of the main players involved in this are the expressed cell wall adhesins. Here, we review the Flo adhesin family and their involvement in the adhesion of these yeasts during human infections. Firstly, we redefined the Flo adhesin family based on the domain architectures that are present in the Flo adhesins and their functions, and set up a new classification of Flo adhesins. Next, the structure, function, and adhesion mechanisms of the Flo adhesins whose structure has been solved are discussed in detail. Finally, we identified from Pfam database datamining yeasts that could express Flo adhesins and are encountered in human infections and their adhesin architectures. These yeasts are discussed in relation to their adhesion characteristics and involvement in infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie G. Willaert
- Research Group Structural Biology Brussels (SBB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Alliance Research Group VUB-UGent NanoMicrobiology (NAMI), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- International Joint Research Group VUB-EPFL NanoBiotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2629-1846
| | - Yeseren Kayacan
- Research Group Structural Biology Brussels (SBB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Alliance Research Group VUB-UGent NanoMicrobiology (NAMI), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- International Joint Research Group VUB-EPFL NanoBiotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bart Devreese
- Alliance Research Group VUB-UGent NanoMicrobiology (NAMI), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- International Joint Research Group VUB-EPFL NanoBiotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Gent University (UGent), 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Spałek J, Daniluk T, Godlewski A, Deptuła P, Wnorowska U, Ziembicka D, Cieśluk M, Fiedoruk K, Ciborowski M, Krętowski A, Góźdź S, Durnaś B, Savage PB, Okła S, Bucki R. Assessment of Ceragenins in Prevention of Damage to Voice Prostheses Caused by Candida Biofilm Formation. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111371. [PMID: 34832527 PMCID: PMC8622639 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the potential application of ceragenins (CSAs) as new candidacidal agents to prevent biofilm formation on voice prostheses (VPs). The deterioration of the silicone material of VPs is caused by biofilm growth on the device which leads to frequent replacement procedures and sometimes serious complications. A significant proportion of these failures is caused by Candida species. We found that CSAs have significant candidacidal activities in vitro (MIC; MFC; MBIC), and they effectively eradicate species of yeast responsible for VP failure. Additionally, in our in vitro experimental setting, when different Candida species were subjected to CSA-13 and CSA-131 during 25 passages, no tested Candida strain showed the significant development of resistance. Using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we found that VP immersion in an ethanol solution containing CSA-131 results in silicon impregnation with CSA-131 molecules, and in vitro testing revealed that fungal biofilm formation on such VP surfaces was inhibited by embedded ceragenins. Future in vivo studies will validate the use of ceragenin-coated VP for improvement in the life quality and safety of patients after a total laryngectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Spałek
- Institute of Medical Science, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, IX Wieków Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland; (J.S.); (S.G.); (B.D.); (S.O.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Holy-Cross Cancer Center, Artwińskiego 3, 25-734 Kielce, Poland
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (T.D.); (P.D.); (U.W.); (M.C.); (K.F.)
| | - Tamara Daniluk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (T.D.); (P.D.); (U.W.); (M.C.); (K.F.)
| | - Adrian Godlewski
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (A.G.); (M.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Piotr Deptuła
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (T.D.); (P.D.); (U.W.); (M.C.); (K.F.)
| | - Urszula Wnorowska
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (T.D.); (P.D.); (U.W.); (M.C.); (K.F.)
| | - Dominika Ziembicka
- Department of Public Health, Medical University of Białystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Cieśluk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (T.D.); (P.D.); (U.W.); (M.C.); (K.F.)
| | - Krzysztof Fiedoruk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (T.D.); (P.D.); (U.W.); (M.C.); (K.F.)
| | - Michał Ciborowski
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (A.G.); (M.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Adam Krętowski
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (A.G.); (M.C.); (A.K.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Stanisław Góźdź
- Institute of Medical Science, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, IX Wieków Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland; (J.S.); (S.G.); (B.D.); (S.O.)
| | - Bonita Durnaś
- Institute of Medical Science, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, IX Wieków Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland; (J.S.); (S.G.); (B.D.); (S.O.)
| | - Paul B. Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Sławomir Okła
- Institute of Medical Science, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, IX Wieków Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland; (J.S.); (S.G.); (B.D.); (S.O.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Holy-Cross Cancer Center, Artwińskiego 3, 25-734 Kielce, Poland
| | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (T.D.); (P.D.); (U.W.); (M.C.); (K.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-748-54-83
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Wang T, Pan M, Xiao N, Wu J, Wang Q, Cheng T, Yan G, Wu D, Li N, Shao J. In vitro and in vivo analysis of monotherapy and dual therapy with ethyl caffeate and fluconazole on virulence factors of Candida albicans and systemic candidiasis. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 27:253-266. [PMID: 34700054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Candida albicans is the most clinically prevalent cause of systemic fungal infections in the immunocompromised population. The biofilm-forming ability of C. albicans confers resistance to conventional antifungal agents. The main aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal effects of ethyl caffeate (EC) alone and in combination with fluconazole (FLU) against C. albicans isolates. METHODS The single and combined antifungal activities of EC and FLU were evaluated against planktonic and biofilm cells of C. albicans by the checkerboard assay, time-kill test, crystal violet assay, live/dead staining, rhodamine 6G (R6G) efflux analysis and hydrolase activity. Monotherapy and dual therapy of EC and FLU against systemic candidiasis in a mouse model was also evaluated. RESULTS The results showed that EC+FLU displayed synergism in 14/26 planktonic C. albicans isolates and 11/26 C. albicans biofilms with fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values ranging between 0.06-0.49 and 0.02-0.38, respectively. Compared with monotherapy, the combination of EC+FLU can markedly inhibit adhesion, yeast-to-hyphae transition, premature and mature biofilm metabolism, hydrolase secretion and drug efflux function of C. albicans Z1407 and Z4935. Moreover, EC can potentiate the antifungal activity of FLU to improve mouse survival, reduce fungal burden and alleviate pathological damage in both C. albicans isolates compared with EC or FLU used alone. CONCLUSION EC exhibits a moderate antifungal potential but can be a strong synergist with FLU against C. albicans, highlighting the potential of EC in clinical antifungal therapy as a sensitiser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, 230032, Hefei, P.R. China; Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 436 Room, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, 230012, Hefei, P.R. China; Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Min Pan
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 436 Room, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, 230012, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Nan Xiao
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 436 Room, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, 230012, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Jiadi Wu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, 430074, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Qirui Wang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 436 Room, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, 230012, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Ting Cheng
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 436 Room, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, 230012, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Guiming Yan
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 436 Room, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, 230012, Hefei, P.R. China; Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Daqiang Wu
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 436 Room, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, 230012, Hefei, P.R. China; Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, P.R. China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, 230032, Hefei, P.R. China.
| | - Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 436 Room, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, 230012, Hefei, P.R. China; Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, P.R. China.
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Hedera rhombea inhibits the biofilm formation of Candida, thereby increases the susceptibility to antifungal agent, and reduces infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258108. [PMID: 34614005 PMCID: PMC8494327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida is an opportunistic pathogen and a common cause of fungal infections worldwide. Anti-fungal use against Candida infections has resulted in the appearance of resistant strains. The limited choice of anti-fungal therapy means alternative strategies are needed to control fungal infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibition of Candida biofilm formation by Hedera rhombea (Korean name: songak) extract. Biofilm formation was assessed using the crystal violet assay which showed a dose dependent reduction in the presence of extract with the biofilm formation inhibitory concentration of C. albicans (IC50 = 12.5μg/ml), C. tropicalis var. tropicalis (IC50 = 25μg/ml), C. parapsilosis var. parapsilosis (IC50 = 6.25μg/ml), C. glabrata (IC50 = 6.25μg/ml), C. tropicalis (IC50 = 12.5μg/ml), and C. parapsilosis (IC50 = 12.5μg/ml) without directly reducing Candida growth. Treatment with 6.25μg/mL of extract increased the antifungal susceptibility to miconazole from 32% decreasing of fungal growth to 98.8% of that based on the fungal growth assay. Treatment of extract dose-dependently reduced the dimorphic transition of Candida based on the dimorphic transition assay and treatment of 3.125μg/mL of extract completely blocked the adherence of Candida to the HaCaT cells. To know the molecular mechanisms of biofilm formation inhibition by extract, qRT-PCR analysis was done, and the extract was found to dose dependently reduce the expression of hyphal-associated genes (ALS3, ECE1, HWP1, PGA50, and PBR1), extracellular matrix genes (GSC1, ZAP1, ADH5, and CSH1), Ras1-cAMP-PKA pathway genes (CYR1, EFG1, and RAS1), Cph2-Tec1 pathway gene (TEC1) and MAP kinases pathway gene (HST7). In this study, Hedera rhombea extract showed inhibition of fungal biofilm formation, activation of antifungal susceptibility, and reduction of infection. These results suggest that fungal biofilm formation is good screen for developing the antifungal adjuvant and Hedera rhombea extract should be a good candidate against biofilm-related fungal infection.
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77
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Prado A, Brito RO, Pereira ECA, Correa JL, Neto MG, Dayyeh BKA, Negri M, Svidzinski TIE. First Study of Naturally Formed Fungal Biofilms on the Surface of Intragastric Balloons. Obes Surg 2021; 31:5348-5357. [PMID: 34570305 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-021-05730-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intragastric balloon (IGB) is a medical device used in the endoscopic treatment of pre-obesity and obesity. The involvement of IGB with biofilms has been previously reported; however, little is still known. We determine the frequency of biofilms naturally formed on the external surface of IGB, as well as some variables related to IGB types and patients features, species of fungi involved, and biofilm evidence. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted based on endoscopies and medical records of patients with explanted IGB between 2015 and 2018, which had masses strongly adhered to the surface of the balloon, suspecting the presence of a biofilm. From 2018, the samples of those masses were investigated seeking biofilm characterization based on mycological and structural aspects. RESULTS A total of 149 endoscopies were surveyed; 27 IGBs (18.12%) showed signs suggesting biofilm formation. There was no significant difference between biofilm involvement in IGB and the anthropometric and demographic profile of the patients. On the other hand, there was a significant difference regarding the IGB type, 24.05% of the adjustable IGB were compromised by biofilm, while in non-adjustable IGB, it was 11.43% (p = 0.04; OR 2.45; 95% CI, 0.98-6.12). Candida glabrata was the most isolated fungal species from the well-organized fungal biofilm. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of fungal biofilm naturally formed on the external surface of IGB was elevated. The risk of biofilm formation was increased for the adjustable IGB, but it did not relate to the demographic data and anthropometric patient profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Prado
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Laboratory for Teaching and Research in Clinical Analysis, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Rubens O Brito
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy, Mgastro Digestive Tract Medical Center, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Elton C A Pereira
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Laboratory for Teaching and Research in Clinical Analysis, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Jakeline L Correa
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Laboratory for Teaching and Research in Clinical Analysis, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Manoel G Neto
- Division of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, ABC Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barham K A Dayyeh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Melyssa Negri
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Laboratory for Teaching and Research in Clinical Analysis, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Terezinha I E Svidzinski
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Laboratory for Teaching and Research in Clinical Analysis, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil.
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Fatahi Dehpahni M, Chehri K, Azadbakht M. Effect of Silver Nanoparticles and L-Carnitine Supplement on Mixed Vaginitis Caused by Candida albicans/ Staphylococcus aureus in Mouse Models: An Experimental Study. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3945-3956. [PMID: 34542662 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens is a global health and development threat. Nanomedicine is rapidly becoming the main driving force behind ongoing changes in antimicrobial studies. Among nanoparticles, silver (AgNPs) have attracted attention due to their versatile properties. The study aimed to investigate the effects of AgNPs and L-carnitine (LC) on mixed Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus in the mice vaginitis model. Study of antimicrobial activity of AgNPs evaluated by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Biocidal Concentration (MBC) assays. AgNPs inhibited biofilm formation of microbial strains, which was tested by using crystal violet staining. In the current study, we evaluated the effects of AgNPs and LC in NMRI mice infected intravaginally with C. albicans/ S. aureus for two weeks. The proportion of mice in each stage of the estrous cycle (proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus) was examined. Histological properties were assessed by hematoxylin/ eosin (H&E) staining of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded vaginal tissue sections. Based on the results, MICs of AgNPs against S. aureus, C. albicans, and their combination were 252.3, 124.8, and 501.8 ppm, and their minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) was 500, 250, and 1000 ppm, respectively. The estrous cycle in the treated group was similar to the control. Vaginal histology and cytology showed that LC can improve tissue damages caused by vaginitis and AgNPs. This study demonstrates the promising use of AgNPs as antimicrobial agents and the combination of AgNPs/ LC could be a great future alternative in the control of vaginitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khosrow Chehri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Mehri Azadbakht
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Ganan M, Lorentzen SB, Gaustad P, Sørlie M. Synergistic Antifungal Activity of Chito-Oligosaccharides and Commercial Antifungals on Biofilms of Clinical Candida Isolates. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:718. [PMID: 34575756 PMCID: PMC8464920 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of yeast biofilms is a major problem due to their increased antifungal resistance, which leads to persistent infections with severe clinical implications. The high antifungal activity of well-characterized chitosan polymers makes them potential alternatives for treating yeast biofilms. The activity of a chito-oligosaccharide with a depolymerization degree (DPn) of 32 (C32) and a fraction of acetylation (FA) of 0.15 on Candida sp. biofilms was studied. The results showed a concentration-dependent reduction in the number of viable cells present in C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. guillermondii preformed biofilms in the presence of C32, especially on intermediate and mature biofilms. A significant decrease in the metabolic activity of yeast biofilms treated with C32 was also observed. The antifungals fluconazole (Flu) and miconazole (Mcz) decreased the number of viable cells in preformed early biofilms, but not in the intermediate or mature biofilms. Contrary to Flu or Mcz, C32 also reduced the formation of new biofilms. Interestingly, a synergistic effect on yeast biofilm was observed when C32 and Flu/Mcz were used in combination. C32 has the potential to become an alternative therapeutic agent against Candida biofilms alone or in combination with antifungal drugs and this will reduce the use of antifungals and decrease antifungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Ganan
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Aas, Norway; (M.G.); (S.B.L.)
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Fürst Medical Laboratory, 0154 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Silje B. Lorentzen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Aas, Norway; (M.G.); (S.B.L.)
| | - Peter Gaustad
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Fürst Medical Laboratory, 0154 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Aas, Norway; (M.G.); (S.B.L.)
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CO 2 enhances the formation, nutrient scavenging and drug resistance properties of C. albicans biofilms. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2021; 7:67. [PMID: 34385462 PMCID: PMC8361082 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00238-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
C. albicans is the predominant human fungal pathogen and frequently colonises medical devices, such as voice prostheses, as a biofilm. It is a dimorphic yeast that can switch between yeast and hyphal forms in response to environmental cues, a property that is essential during biofilm establishment and maturation. One such cue is the elevation of CO2 levels, as observed in exhaled breath for example. However, despite the clear medical relevance, the effect of CO2 on C. albicans biofilm growth has not been investigated to date. Here we show that physiologically relevant CO2 elevation enhances each stage of the C. albicans biofilm-forming process: from attachment through maturation to dispersion. The effects of CO2 are mediated via the Ras/cAMP/PKA signalling pathway and the central biofilm regulators Efg1, Brg1, Bcr1 and Ndt80. Biofilms grown under elevated CO2 conditions also exhibit increased azole resistance, increased Sef1-dependent iron scavenging and enhanced glucose uptake to support their rapid growth. These findings suggest that C. albicans has evolved to utilise the CO2 signal to promote biofilm formation within the host. We investigate the possibility of targeting CO2-activated processes and propose 2-deoxyglucose as a drug that may be repurposed to prevent C. albicans biofilm formation on medical airway management implants. We thus characterise the mechanisms by which CO2 promotes C. albicans biofilm formation and suggest new approaches for future preventative strategies.
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Bhattacharya R, Rolta R, Dev K, Sourirajan A. Synergistic potential of essential oils with antibiotics to combat fungal pathogens: Present status and future perspectives. Phytother Res 2021; 35:6089-6100. [PMID: 34324240 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The steady rise in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant fungal pathogens has rendered most of the clinical antibiotics available in the market to be ineffective. Therefore, alternative strategies are required to tackle drug-resistant fungal infections. An effective solution is to combine the available antibiotics with adjuvants such as phytochemicals or essential oils to enhance the efficacy and activity of antibiotics. The present review aims to summarize the studies on synergistic combinations of essential oils and anti-fungal antibiotics. The current findings, methods used for measuring synergistic effects, possible mechanisms of synergism, and future perspectives for developing synergistic EO-antibiotic therapeutic formulations are discussed in this study. Several essential oils exhibit synergistic effect in combination with antibiotics against human fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans. The possible mechanisms of synergy exhibited by essential oil- antibiotic combinations in fungi include disruption of cell wall structure/ ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, enhanced transdermal penetration of antibiotics, alterations in membrane permeability, intracellular leakage of cellular contents, inhibition of germ tube formation or fungal biofilm formation, and competition for a primary target. Synergistic combination of essential oils and antibiotics can prove to be a valid and pragmatic alternative to develop drugs with increased drug-efficacy, and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Bhattacharya
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajan Rolta
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Kamal Dev
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anuradha Sourirajan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Jamiu AT, Albertyn J, Sebolai OM, Pohl CH. Update on Candida krusei, a potential multidrug-resistant pathogen. Med Mycol 2021; 59:14-30. [PMID: 32400853 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Candida albicans remains the main cause of candidiasis, in recent years a significant number of infections has been attributed to non-albicans Candida (NAC) species, including Candida krusei. This epidemiological change can be partly explained by the increased resistance of NAC species to antifungal drugs. C. krusei is a diploid, dimorphic ascomycetous yeast that inhabits the mucosal membrane of healthy individuals. However, this yeast can cause life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients, with hematologic malignancy patients and those using prolonged azole prophylaxis being at higher risk. Fungal infections are usually treated with five major classes of antifungal agents which include azoles, echinocandins, polyenes, allylamines, and nucleoside analogues. Fluconazole, an azole, is the most commonly used antifungal drug due to its low host toxicity, high water solubility, and high bioavailability. However, C. krusei possesses intrinsic resistance to this drug while also rapidly developing acquired resistance to other antifungal drugs. The mechanisms of antifungal resistance of this yeast involve the alteration and overexpression of drug target, reduction in intracellular drug concentration and development of a bypass pathway. Antifungal resistance menace coupled with the paucity of the antifungal arsenal as well as challenges involved in antifungal drug development, partly due to the eukaryotic nature of both fungi and humans, have left researchers to exploit alternative therapies. Here we briefly review our current knowledge of the biology, pathophysiology and epidemiology of a potential multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen, C. krusei, while also discussing the mechanisms of drug resistance of Candida species and alternative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Jamiu
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, 9301
| | - J Albertyn
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, 9301
| | - O M Sebolai
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, 9301
| | - C H Pohl
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, 9301
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83
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Kim JH, Lee HN, Bae SK, Shin DH, Ku BH, Park HY, Jeong TS. Development of a novel denture care agent with highly active enzyme, arazyme. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:365. [PMID: 34294054 PMCID: PMC8299675 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01733-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of efficient denture deposit removal and oral hygiene has been further underscored by the continuous increase of denture wearers. Denture hygiene management has also become an important aspect associated with denture-induced stomatitis. This study aims to evaluate the denture cleaning effect of arazyme, the metalloprotease produced from the Serratia proteamaculans HY-3. We performed growth inhibition tests against oral opportunistic pathogens to be used as a potential oral health care agent. METHODS The proteolytic activities of arazyme was evaluated over broad ranges of temperature, pH, and denture components compared to those of subtilisin in commercially available denture cleansers. The washing effects of arazyme were also measured by using homogeneously soiled EMPA 105 cottons. To investigate the denture cleaning capability of arazyme, artificially contaminated dentures were treated with arazyme, subtilisin (Everlase 6.0T), and Polident®, respectively. The growth kinetics of Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Streptococcus mutans were evaluated in the presence of different concentrations of arazyme to estimate the prevention effects of arazyme against major oral opportunistic pathogens. RESULTS Arazyme showed strong proteolytic activities over wide temperature and pH ranges compared with the serine protease of the subtilisin family. Arazyme demonstrated efficient removal and decomposition of artificially contaminated dentures and showed explicit washing effects against soiled cottons. Moreover arazyme inhibited the growth of oral opportunistic pathogens, including C. albicans, E. faecalis, S. epidermis, and S. mutans, with more than 80% inhibition against C. albicans, the major cause of denture stomatitis, with 250 mg/mL arazyme. CONCLUSIONS Arazyme shows promise as a biological oral health care agent with effective cleaning and antimicrobial activities and is a potential source for developing novel denture care agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hoon Kim
- Industrial Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Neul Lee
- Industrial Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Kyeong Bae
- Industrial Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ha Shin
- Insect Biotech Co. Ltd., Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon-Hwan Ku
- Insect Biotech Co. Ltd., Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Yong Park
- Industrial Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae-Sook Jeong
- Industrial Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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84
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Dahiya S, Sharma N, Punia A, Choudhary P, Gulia P, Parmar VS, Chhillar AK. Antimycotic Drugs and their Mechanisms of Resistance to Candida Species. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:116-125. [PMID: 34551694 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210719124143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections have shown an upsurge in recent decades, which is mainly because of the increasing number of immunocompromised patients and the occurrence of invasive candidiasis has been found to be 7-15 fold greater than that of invasive aspergillosis. The genus Candida comprises more than 150 distinct species, however, only a few of them are found to be pathogenic to humans. Mortality rates of Candida species are found to be around 45% and the reasons for this intensified mortality are inefficient diagnostic techniques and unfitting initial treatment strategies. There are only a few antifungal drug classes that are employed for the remedy of invasive fungal infections. which include azoles, polyenes, echinocandins, and pyrimidine analogs. During the last 2-3 decades, the usage of antifungal drugs has increased several folds due to which the reports of escalating antifungal drug resistance have also been recorded. The resistance is mostly to the triazole- based compounds. Due to the occurrence of antifungal drug resistance, the success rates of treatment have been reduced as well as major changes have been observed in the frequency of fungal infections. In this review, we have summarized the major molecular mechanisms for the development of antifungal drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweety Dahiya
- Centre for Biotechnology, MaharshiDayanand University Rohtak, Haryana. India
| | - Namita Sharma
- Centre for Biotechnology, MaharshiDayanand University Rohtak, Haryana. India
| | - Aruna Punia
- Centre for Biotechnology, MaharshiDayanand University Rohtak, Haryana. India
| | - Pooja Choudhary
- Centre for Biotechnology, MaharshiDayanand University Rohtak, Haryana. India
| | - Prity Gulia
- Centre for Biotechnology, MaharshiDayanand University Rohtak, Haryana. India
| | - Virinder S Parmar
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Medgar Evers College, The City University of New York, 1638 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11225. India
| | - Anil K Chhillar
- Centre for Biotechnology, MaharshiDayanand University Rohtak, Haryana. India
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85
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Salama OE, Gerstein AC. High-Throughput Computational Analysis of Biofilm Formation from Time-Lapse Microscopy. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e194. [PMID: 34242490 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans biofilm formation in the presence of drugs can be examined through time-lapse microscopy. In many cases, the images are used qualitatively, which limits their utility for hypothesis testing. We employed a machine-learning algorithm implemented in the Orbit Image Analysis program to detect the percent area covered by cells from each image. This is combined with custom R scripts to determine the growth rate, growth asymptote, and time to reach the asymptote as quantitative proxies for biofilm formation. We describe step-by-step protocols that go from sample preparation for time-lapse microscopy through image analysis parameterization and visualization of the model fit. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Sample preparation Basic Protocol 2: Time-lapse microscopy: Evos protocol Basic Protocol 3: Batch file renaming Basic Protocol 4: Machine learning analysis of Evos images with Orbit Basic Protocol 5: Parametrization of Orbit output in R Basic Protocol 6: Visualization of logistic fits in R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola E Salama
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Aleeza C Gerstein
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Statistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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86
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ElGindi M, Al-Baghdadi R, Jackman AB, Antonyan AS, McMahon DL, Taj-Aldeen SJ, Finkel JS. Where the infection is isolated rather than the specific species correlates with adherence strength, whereas biofilm density remains static in clinically isolated Candida and arthroconidial yeasts. Can J Microbiol 2021; 67:497-505. [PMID: 34232751 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To colonize and infect the host, arthroconidial yeasts must avoid being killed by the host's defenses. The formation of biofilms on implanted devices allows fungi to avoid host responses and to disseminate into the host. To better study the mechanisms of infection by arthroconidial yeasts, adherence and biofilm formation were assayed using patient samples collected over 10 years. In clinical samples, adherence varies within species, but the relative adherence is constant for those samples isolated from the same infection site. Herein we document, for the first time, in-vitro biofilm formation by Trichosporon dohaense, T. ovoides, T. japonicum, T. coremiiforme, Cutaneotrichosporon mucoides, Cutaneotrichosporon cutaneum, Galactomyces candidus, and Magnusiomyces capitatus on clinically relevant catheter material. Analysis of biofilm biomass assays indicated that biofilm mass changes less than 2-fold, regardless of the species. Our results support the hypothesis that most pathogenic fungi can form biofilms, and that biofilm formation is a source of systemic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei ElGindi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Education City, PO Box 24866, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rula Al-Baghdadi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Education City, PO Box 24866, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alex B Jackman
- Department of Biology, College of Engineering and Science, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 W McNichols Road, Detroit, MI 48221-3038, USA
| | - Angelina S Antonyan
- Department of Biology, College of Engineering and Science, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 W McNichols Road, Detroit, MI 48221-3038, USA
| | - Diana L McMahon
- Department of Biology, College of Engineering and Science, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 W McNichols Road, Detroit, MI 48221-3038, USA
| | - Saad J Taj-Aldeen
- University of Babylon, Hilla, Iraq.,Microbiology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mycology Unit, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jonathan S Finkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Education City, PO Box 24866, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Biology, College of Engineering and Science, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 W McNichols Road, Detroit, MI 48221-3038, USA
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87
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Khan F, Bamunuarachchi NI, Tabassum N, Jo DM, Khan MM, Kim YM. Suppression of hyphal formation and virulence of Candida albicans by natural and synthetic compounds. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:626-655. [PMID: 34284656 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1948538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans undergoes a morphological yeast-to-hyphal transition during infection, which plays a significant role in its pathogenesis. The filamentous morphology of the hyphal form has been identified as a virulence factor as it facilitates surface adherence, intertwining with biofilm, invasion, and damage to host tissues and organs. Hence, inhibition of filamentation in addition to biofilm formation is considered a viable strategy against C. albicans infections. Furthermore, a good understanding of the signaling pathways involved in response to environmental cues driving hyphal growth is also critical to an understanding of C. albicans pathogenicity and to develop novel therapies. In this review, first the clinical significance and transcriptional control of C. albicans hyphal morphogenesis are addressed. Then, various strategies employed to suppress filamentation, prevent biofilm formation, and reduce virulence are discussed. These strategies include the inhibition of C. albicans filament formation using natural or synthetic compounds, and their combination with other agents or nanoformulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlurrahman Khan
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Nilushi Indika Bamunuarachchi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Ocean University of Sri Lanka, Tangalle, Sri Lanka
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Industrial Convergence Bionix Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Du-Min Jo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Mohammad Mansoob Khan
- Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
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88
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Pekmezovic M, Kalagasidis Krusic M, Malagurski I, Milovanovic J, Stępień K, Guzik M, Charifou R, Babu R, O’Connor K, Nikodinovic-Runic J. Polyhydroxyalkanoate/Antifungal Polyene Formulations with Monomeric Hydroxyalkanoic Acids for Improved Antifungal Efficiency. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:737. [PMID: 34207011 PMCID: PMC8234488 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel biodegradable and biocompatible formulations of "old" but "gold" drugs such as nystatin (Nys) and amphotericin B (AmB) were made using a biopolymer as a matrix. Medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA) were used to formulate both polyenes (Nys and AmB) in the form of films (~50 µm). Thermal properties and stability of the materials were not significantly altered by the incorporation of polyenes in mcl-PHA, but polyene containing materials were more hydrophobic. These formulations were tested in vitro against a panel of pathogenic fungi and for antibiofilm properties. The films containing 0.1 to 2 weight % polyenes showed good activity and sustained polyene release for up to 4 days. A PHA monomer, namely 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (C10-OH), was added to the films to achieve an enhanced synergistic effect with polyenes against fungal growth. Mcl-PHA based polyene formulations showed excellent growth inhibitory activity against both Candida yeasts (C. albicans ATCC 1023, C. albicans SC5314 (ATCC MYA-2876), C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019) and filamentous fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 13073; Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC 9533, Microsporum gypseum ATCC 24102). All antifungal PHA film preparations prevented the formation of a C. albicans biofilm, while they were not efficient in eradication of mature biofilms, rendering them suitable for the transdermal application or as coatings of implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pekmezovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.P.); (I.M.); (J.M.)
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Beutenberstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Melina Kalagasidis Krusic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ivana Malagurski
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.P.); (I.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Jelena Milovanovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.P.); (I.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Karolina Stępień
- Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Maciej Guzik
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Romina Charifou
- AMBER Centre, CRANN Institute, School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, D2 Dublin, Ireland; (R.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Ramesh Babu
- AMBER Centre, CRANN Institute, School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, D2 Dublin, Ireland; (R.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Kevin O’Connor
- BiOrbic Bioeconomy SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, D4 Dublin 4, Ireland;
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, D4 Dublin 4, Ireland
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, D4 Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.P.); (I.M.); (J.M.)
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89
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Judan Cruz KG, Alfonso ED, Fernando SID, Watanabe K. Candida albicans Biofilm Inhibition by Ethnobotanicals and Ethnobotanically-Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:665113. [PMID: 34108950 PMCID: PMC8180598 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.665113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The virulence and drug resistance of globally prevalent Candida albicans has presented complications toward its control while advances in effective antivirulence drugs remain critical. Emerging methods are now being evaluated to facilitate development of novel therapeutic approaches against this pathogen. This study focuses on the biofilm formation inhibition of ethnobotanical crude extracts and the use of nanotechnology through the ethnobotanically-synthesized gold nanoparticles to control C. albicans. Control on biofilm formation was compared using crude extracts (CEs) and biologically synthesized gold nanoparticles (CEs + AuNPs). Significantly lower biofilm formation was exhibited in thirteen (13) CEs and fourteen (14) CEs + AuNPs. Biofilm-linked genes Bcr1 and HSP90 expression were consequently downregulated. Higher biofilm inhibition activity was noted in some CEs + AuNPs compared to its counterpart CEs. This study emphasizes the biofilm inhibition activity of ethnobotanicals and the use of nanoparticles to enhance delivery of compounds, and points to its prospects for developing anti-pathogenic drugs without evolving resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khristina G Judan Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Eleonor D Alfonso
- College of Agriculture, Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Somar Israel D Fernando
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Kozo Watanabe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.,Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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90
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Raas MWD, Silva TP, Freitas JCO, Campos LM, Fabri RL, Melo RCN. Whole slide imaging is a high-throughput method to assess Candida biofilm formation. Microbiol Res 2021; 250:126806. [PMID: 34157481 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
New strategies that enable fast and accurate visualization of Candida biofilms are necessary to better study their structure and response to antifungals agents. Here, we applied whole slide imaging (WSI) to study biofilm formation of Candida species. Three relevant biofilm-forming Candida species (C. albicans ATCC 10231, C. glabrata ATCC 2001, and C. tropicalis ATCC 750) were cultivated on glass coverslips both in presence and absence of widely used antifungals. Accumulated biofilms were stained with fluorescent markers and scanned in both bright-field and fluorescence modes using a WSI digital scanner. WSI enabled clear assessment of both size and structural features of Candida biofilms. Quantitative analyses readily detected reductions in biofilm-covered surface area upon antifungal exposure. Furthermore, we show that the overall biofilm growth can be adequately assessed across both bright-field and fluorescence modes. At the single-cell level, WSI proved adequate, as morphometric parameters evaluated with WSI did not differ significantly from those obtained with scanning electron microscopy, considered as golden standard at single-cell resolution. Thus, WSI allows for reliable visualization of Candida biofilms enabling both large-scale growth assessment and morphometric characterization of single-cell features, making it an important addition to the available microscopic toolset to image and analyse fungal biofilm growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian W D Raas
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, ICB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Thiago P Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, ICB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Jhamine C O Freitas
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Lara M Campos
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L Fabri
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, ICB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
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91
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Lotfali E, Fattahi A, Sayyahfar S, Ghasemi R, Rabiei MM, Fathi M, Vakili K, Deravi N, Soheili A, Toreyhi H, Shirvani F. A Review on Molecular Mechanisms of Antifungal Resistance in Candida glabrata: Update and Recent Advances. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 27:1371-1388. [PMID: 33956513 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is the second frequent etiologic agent of mucosal and invasive candidiasis. Based on the recent developments in molecular methods, C. glabrata has been introduced as a complex composed of C. glabrata, Candida nivariensis, and Candida bracarensis. The four main classes of antifungal drugs effective against C. glabrata are pyrimidine analogs (flucytosine), azoles, echinocandins, and polyenes. Although the use of antifungal drugs is related to the predictable development of drug resistance, it is not clear why C. glabrata is able to rapidly resist against multiple antifungals in clinics. The enhanced incidence and antifungal resistance of C. glabrata and the high mortality and morbidity need more investigation regarding the resistance mechanisms and virulence associated with C. glabrata; additional progress concerning the drug resistance of C. glabrata has to be further prevented. The present review highlights the mechanism of resistance to antifungal drugs in C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensieh Lotfali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Fattahi
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Sayyahfar
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ghasemi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Rabiei
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mobina Fathi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Vakili
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Deravi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirali Soheili
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Toreyhi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Shirvani
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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92
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Atriwal T, Azeem K, Husain FM, Hussain A, Khan MN, Alajmi MF, Abid M. Mechanistic Understanding of Candida albicans Biofilm Formation and Approaches for Its Inhibition. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:638609. [PMID: 33995297 PMCID: PMC8121174 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.638609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the demand for novel antifungal therapies has increased several- folds due to its potential to treat severe biofilm-associated infections. Biofilms are made by the sessile microorganisms attached to the abiotic or biotic surfaces, enclosed in a matrix of exopolymeric substances. This results in new phenotypic characteristics and intrinsic resistance from both host immune response and antimicrobial drugs. Candida albicans biofilm is a complex association of hyphal cells that are associated with both abiotic and animal tissues. It is an invasive fungal infection and acts as an important virulent factor. The challenges linked with biofilm-associated diseases have urged scientists to uncover the factors responsible for the formation and maturation of biofilm. Several strategies have been developed that could be adopted to eradicate biofilm-associated infections. This article presents an overview of the role of C. albicans biofilm in its pathogenicity, challenges it poses and threats associated with its formation. Further, it discusses strategies that are currently available or under development targeting prostaglandins, quorum-sensing, changing surface properties of biomedical devices, natural scaffolds, and small molecule-based chemical approaches to combat the threat of C. albicans biofilm. This review also highlights the recent developments in finding ways to increase the penetration of drugs into the extracellular matrix of biofilm using different nanomaterials against C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Atriwal
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Kashish Azeem
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Fohad Mabood Husain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammed Nadeem Khan
- Department of Tashreehul Badan, Faculty of Unani Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohamed F Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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93
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Chan AKY, Tsang YC, Chu CH, Tsang CSP. Aspirin as an Antifungal-Lock Agent in Inhibition of Candidal Biofilm Formation in Surgical Catheters. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:1427-1433. [PMID: 33888996 PMCID: PMC8058035 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s308262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The antibiotic lock technique (ALT) has been recommended for the prevention and treatment of catheter-related candidaemia. Biofilms of Candida species are resistant to some of the antifungal agents currently used. Aspirin has been shown to have anti-fungal effect but its effect on candidal biofilm is poorly understood. Purpose The aim of the current study was to evaluate the anti-biofilm effect of aspirin on Candida biofilms including C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. tropicalis formed on surgical catheters and the concentration and time required to eradicate the biofilms. Methods Biofilms of Candida species were grown on silicone catheters and incubated in aspirin at different concentrations for 2, 4 and 24 hours. The biofilms remaining were then determined quantitatively by colony-forming unit (CFU) counts and XTT assays. Results The results demonstrated that among the tested Candida species, C. albicans was the most sensitive species towards aspirin. Aspirin at a concentration of 40 mg/mL in 4 hours was effective in eradicating the biofilm. For all the other tested species, they were eradicated by aspirin at a concentration of 40 mg/mL in 24 hours. Conclusion Our results showed that aspirin may be used as an anti-fungal agent in lock therapy in the treatment of catheter-related candidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Kit Ying Chan
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Yiu Cheung Tsang
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Chiu Shun Peter Tsang
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
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94
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Lee Y, Puumala E, Robbins N, Cowen LE. Antifungal Drug Resistance: Molecular Mechanisms in Candida albicans and Beyond. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3390-3411. [PMID: 32441527 PMCID: PMC8519031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections are a major contributor to infectious disease-related deaths across the globe. Candida species are among the most common causes of invasive mycotic disease, with Candida albicans reigning as the leading cause of invasive candidiasis. Given that fungi are eukaryotes like their human host, the number of unique molecular targets that can be exploited for antifungal development remains limited. Currently, there are only three major classes of drugs approved for the treatment of invasive mycoses, and the efficacy of these agents is compromised by the development of drug resistance in pathogen populations. Notably, the emergence of additional drug-resistant species, such as Candida auris and Candida glabrata, further threatens the limited armamentarium of antifungals available to treat these serious infections. Here, we describe our current arsenal of antifungals and elaborate on the resistance mechanisms Candida species possess that render them recalcitrant to therapeutic intervention. Finally, we highlight some of the most promising therapeutic strategies that may help combat antifungal resistance, including combination therapy, targeting fungal-virulence traits, and modulating host immunity. Overall, a thorough understanding of the mechanistic principles governing antifungal drug resistance is fundamental for the development of novel therapeutics to combat current and emerging fungal threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjin Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Emily Puumala
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Nicole Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
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95
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Zuo XS, Liu Y, Hu K. Epidemiology and risk factors of candidemia due to Candida parapsilosis in an intensive care unit. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2021; 63:e20. [PMID: 33787740 PMCID: PMC7997672 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202163020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the clinical features and risk factors of candidemia due to
C. parapsilosis (n=104) in the intensive care unit of a
tertiary hospital over six years. This was a monocentric, retrospective study of
candidemia, conducted from January 2013 to March 2019. Epidemiological
characteristics, clinical features, invasive procedures, laboratory data and
outcomes of 267 patients with candidemia were analyzed to determine risk factors
of candidemia due to C. parapsilosis. Sixty-three cases of
C. albicans and 204 cases of non-C. albicans
Candida (NCAC) species were included, the latter was composed of
104 cases of C. parapsilosis and 100 cases of non-C.
albicans species (46 cases of C. tropicalis, 22
cases of C. glabrata, 23 cases of C.
guilliermondii, 5 cases of C. krusei and 4 cases
of C. lusitaniae), suggesting that C.
parapsilosis was the predominant Candida species
isolated from cases of candidemia. A binary multivariate logistic regression
analysis showed that APACHE II scores, central venous catheterization and the
use of broad-spectrum antibiotics were closely related to C.
parapsilosis candidemia, with OR values of 1.159, 3.913 and 2.217,
respectively. In conclusion, we found that C. parapsilosis was
the main pathogen among the NCAC candidemia in the ICU patients. APACHE II
scores, central venous catheterization and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
were independent risk factors for the occurrence of C.
parapsilosis candidemia, which may provide data to support the
early introduction of anti-fungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shu Zuo
- Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Hu
- Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
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96
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Prusty JS, Kumar A. Innovative screening and drug susceptibility analysis on Candida albicans using Foldscope microscopy. RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-021-00974-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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97
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Yapıcı M, Gürsu BY, Dağ İ. In vitro antibiofilm efficacy of farnesol against Candida species. Int Microbiol 2021; 24:251-262. [PMID: 33604754 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-021-00162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Candida species are opportunistic fungi that can cause mucosal or invasive infections. Especially in biofilm-related infections, resistance is very high to anifungals; therefore more effective treatment strategies are needed. Farnesol(3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatriene-1-ol) is the quorum sensing (QS) signal molecule and can interact with Candida species both as a QS molecule and as an exogenous agent. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of farnesol on both the planktonic and biofilm forms of Candida species by colorimetric, microbiological, and electron microscopic methods. Obtained results demonstrated the inhibitory effect of farnesol on the planktonic and biofilm forms of Candida. Farnesol showed a biofilm-enhancing effect at lower concentrations. TEM findings showed the membrane and wall damage, vacuolization, or granulation in cells. SEM images confirmed biofilm reduction in pre-/post-biofilm applications as a result of farnesol treatment. In conclusion, farnesol can be used as an alternative agent to reduce the Candida biofilms, with future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihrinur Yapıcı
- Department of Biotechology and Biosafety, Institute of Life Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Bükay Yenice Gürsu
- Central Research Laboratory Application and Research Center, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - İlknur Dağ
- Central Research Laboratory Application and Research Center, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey.,Vocational Health Services High School, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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98
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Chen X, Iwatani S, Kitamoto T, Chibana H, Kajiwara S. The Lack of SNARE Protein Homolog Syn8 Influences Biofilm Formation of Candida glabrata. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:607188. [PMID: 33644045 PMCID: PMC7907433 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.607188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation of Candida species is considered to be a pathogenic factor of host infection. Since biofilm formation of Candida glabrata has not been as well studied as that of Candida albicans, we performed genetic screening of C. glabrata, and three candidate genes associated with biofilm formation were identified. Candida glabrata SYN8 (CAGL0H06325g) was selected as the most induced gene in biofilm cells for further research. Our results indicated that the syn8Δ mutant was defective not only in biofilm metabolic activity but also in biofilm morphological structure and biomass. Deletion of SYN8 seemed to have no effect on extracellular matrix production, but it led to a notable decrease in adhesion ability during biofilm formation, which may be linked to the repression of two adhesin genes, EPA10 and EPA22. Furthermore, hypersensitivity to hygromycin B and various ions in addition to the abnormal vacuolar morphology in the syn8Δ mutant suggested that active vacuolar function is required for biofilm formation of C. glabrata. These findings enhance our understanding of biofilm formation in this fungus and provide information for the development of future clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shun Iwatani
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Kitamoto
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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99
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Reactive oxygen mediated apoptosis as a therapeutic approach against opportunistic Candida albicans. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 125:25-49. [PMID: 33931141 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans are polymorphic fungal species commonly occurs in a symbiotic association with the host's usual microflora. Certain specific changes in its usual microenvironment can lead to diseases ranging from external mucosal to severally lethal systemic infections like invasive candidiasis hospital-acquired fatal infection caused by different species of Candida. The patient acquired with this infection has a high mortality and morbidity rate, ranging from 40% to 60%. This is an ill-posed problem by its very nature. Hence, early diagnosis and management is a crucial part. Antifungal drug resistance against the first and second generation of antifungal drugs has made it difficult to treat such fatal diseases. After a few dormant years, recently, there has been a rapid turnover of identifying novel drugs with low toxicity to limit the problem of drug resistance. After an initial overview of related work, we examine specific prior work on how a change in oxidative stress can facilitate apoptosis in C. albicans. Subsequently, it was investigated that Candida spp. suppresses the production of ROS mediated host defense system. Here, we have reviewed possibly all the small molecule inhibitors, natural products, antimicrobial peptide, and some naturally derived semi-synthetic compounds which are known to influence oxidative stress, to generate a proper apoptotic response in C. albicans and thus might be a novel therapeutic approach to augment the current treatment options.
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100
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Lavaee F, Yousefi M, Haddadi P. Comparison of the fungicidal efficacy of photodynamic therapy with methylene blue, silver nanoparticle, and their conjugation on oral Candida isolates using cell viability assay. Curr Med Mycol 2021; 6:35-40. [PMID: 34195458 PMCID: PMC8226044 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.6.4.5332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of common photodynamic therapy and photodynamic therapy by the silver nanoparticle, methylene blue, and their combination on biofilm and plankton cells of standard oral Candida isolates using cell viability assay. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, biofilm and plankton cells of Candida species(i.e. C .albicans and C. parapsilosis) and plankton cells of Candida glabrata were treated with methylene blue, silver nanoparticle, and their combination once alone and then with the irradiation of total dose of 1.92 J/cm² for 60 sec. The minimum inhibitory concentration and antifungal activity of each approach were evaluated using the XTT assay. Results: After photodynamic therapy, methylene blue showed antifungal effect only on Candida albicans, while the antifungal effect of silver nanoparticles was increased on all Candida species. On the other hand, photodynamic therapy with the combination of methylene blue and silver nanoparticles did not have any effect on C. albicans. However, it reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration value of C. parapsilosis, and the most antifungal effect was observed on C. glabrata. Conclusion: Photodynamic therapy with photosensitizers can serve as a treatment modality in Candida infections of the oral cavity. Antifungal effect of photodynamic therapy was strain- and photosensitizer-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Lavaee
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Motahare Yousefi
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pardis Haddadi
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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