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Hesketh GG, Dennis JW. N-acetylglucosamine: more than a silent partner in insulin resistance. Glycobiology 2019; 27:595-598. [PMID: 29048482 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pedersen et al. (Pedersen HK, Gudmundsdottir V, Nielsen HB, Hyotylainen T, Nielsen T, Jensen BA, Forslund K, Hildebrand F, Prifti E, Falony G, et al. 2016. Human gut microbes impact host serum metabolome and insulin sensitivity. Nature. 535: 376-381.) report that human serum levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) increase in proportion to insulin resistance. They focus on the microbiome and the contributing subset of microbe species, thereby demonstrating disease causality in mice. As either oral GlcNAc or BCAA in mice are known to increase insulin resistance and weight gain, we note that recently published molecular data argues for a cooperative interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey G Hesketh
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave., Toronto, Canada ON M5G 1X5
| | - James W Dennis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave., Toronto, Canada ON M5G 1X5.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada ON M5S 1A8.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada ON M5S 1A8
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Lokman IH, Ibitoye EB, Hezmee MNM, Goh YM, Zuki ABZ, Jimoh AA. Effects of chitin and chitosan from cricket and shrimp on growth and carcass performance of broiler chickens. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:2219-2225. [PMID: 31134556 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01936-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Majority of the studies on the effect of chitin and chitosan on growth and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens has concentrated more on shrimp chitin and shrimp chitosan, and often with contradictory results. Therefore, the objective of this present study is to evaluate and compare the effect of dietary chitin and chitosan from cricket and shrimp on growth performance, carcass, and organ characteristics of broiler chickens. One hundred fifty-day-old male Cobb500 broiler chicks of similar average weight were randomly allotted into one of the five dietary treatments with three replicates. Treatment 1 (T1) chicks were fed basal diet only (control), treatment 2 and 3 (T2 and T3) chicks were given basal diet with 0.5 g/kg diet of cricket chitin and cricket chitosan, respectively, while treatment 4 and 5 (T4 and T5) chicks were served basal diet with 0.5 g/kg diet of shrimp chitin and shrimp chitosan respectively. No significant variation occurred between cricket chitin and shrimp chitin, although data on growth performance were higher in cricket chitin, but growth performance varied significantly between cricket chitosan and shrimp chitosan. This study revealed that cricket chitin at 0.5 g/kg significantly improved growth performance, carcass quality, and organ characteristics of broilers more than chitosan. Birds fed basal diet alone, although gained more weight, also accumulated more fat having the poorest feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the highest mortality. However, carcass of birds fed cricket chitin was the leanest and thus economically beneficial as they consumed the least amount of feed with the best FCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Lokman
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - E B Ibitoye
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. .,Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
| | - M N M Hezmee
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Y M Goh
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - A B Z Zuki
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - A A Jimoh
- Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
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Behera HT, Upadhyay AK, Raina V, Ray L. Optimization of media components for the production of N-acetylchitooligosaccharide from chitin by Streptomyces chilikensis through Taguchi experimental design. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 159:194-199. [PMID: 30890402 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of media composition for microbial growth is crucial particularly in industrial processes to obtain the desired end product. The waste from sea food industries includes the non-edible parts of shrimp, crabs and prawns which are rich in chitin as the major cause of pollution in coastal areas. Chitin degradation is carried out chemically. It can be degraded biologically also, particularly using microorganisms resulting in chitooligosaccahrides and the monomer N-acetylglucosamine. N-acetyl glucosamine and related chitooligosaccahrides have various applications such as treatment of cancer and metastasis, treatment of autoimmune reactions, as food supplements and increased plant stress tolerance against salinity and heavy metals. Thus, chitin waste can be efficiently degraded biologically using microorganisms to produce such useful products. Conventional methods such as One factor at a time (OFAT) are more time consuming and costly to address the problem. The current work focuses on the development of an experimental design to ascertain parameters optimized for chitin degradation by a Streptomyces chilikensis to produce various chitooligosaccharides. More than one factor was taken at a time to carry out the experiments and the data were fit into Taguchi Design to determine the contribution of the most important factors responsible for the production of the desired end product that is NAG and other chitooligosaccaharides. Highest NAG production (3741 μM/reaction) was observed in a media that contains 0.5% Raffinose (w/v), 0.5% peptone (w/v), 2.5% NaCl at pH 11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Tanaya Behera
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Anjani Kumar Upadhyay
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Vishakha Raina
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Lopamudra Ray
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India; School of Law, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India.
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Kloster AP, Lourenço Neto N, Costa SAD, Oliveira TM, Oliveira RCD, Machado MAAM. In Vitro Antimicrobial Effect of Bioadhesive Oral Membrane with Chlorhexidine Gel. Braz Dent J 2019; 29:354-358. [PMID: 30462761 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201801743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial effect of a bioadhesive chitosan-based oral membrane with chlorhexidine for local treatment of infections in the oral tissues. Five oral membranes of different compositions were tested: 5% chitosan (G1); 5% chitosan ± 0.2% chlorhexidine (G2), 5% chitosan ± 0.6% chlorhexidine (G3), 5% chitosan ± 1.0% chlorhexidine (G4), and 5% chitosan ± 2.0% chlorhexidine (G5). Also, five gel types were tested according to the following compositions: 5% chitosan gel (G6), 0.2% chlorhexidine gel (G7), 2.0% chlorhexidine gel (G8), 5% chitosan gel ± 0.2% chlorhexidine gel (G9), and 5% chitosan gel ± 2.0% chlorhexidine gel (G10). The antimicrobial action of the samples was tested against Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans through antibiogram by measuring the inhibition halos. Data were statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test (p<0.05). The 2.0% chlorhexidine membrane (G5) and the disks containing 2.0% chlorhexidine gel (G8) showed the greatest inhibition halos for both microorganisms, with statistically significant difference when compared to others tested groups (p=0.008) only for Candida albicans inhibitions results. All the other formulations of membranes and gels showed inhibition halos, but without statistically significant difference. The bioadhesive chitosan-based oral membrane with 2% chlorhexidine and 2% chlorhexidine gel were the most effective in inhibiting the tested microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelyze Podolan Kloster
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Community Dentistry, Bauru Dental School, USP - Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Natalino Lourenço Neto
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Community Dentistry, Bauru Dental School, USP - Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Silgia Aparecida da Costa
- Course on Textiles and Fashion, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, USP - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais Marchini Oliveira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Community Dentistry, Bauru Dental School, USP - Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cardoso de Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Discipline of Biochemistry, Bauru Dental School, USP - Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Synthesis, homology modeling, molecular docking, dynamics, and antifungal screening of new 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives as potential chitinase inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.11.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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56
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Rafiq M, Hussain A, Shah KH, Saeed Q, Sial MU, Ali Z, Buck F, Goodman RE, Khaliq B, Ishaq U, Baig MA, Munawar A, Mahmood S, Akrem A. Computational modeling and functional characterization of a GgChi: A class III chitinase from corms of Gladiolus grandiflorus. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2018; 34:673-683. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Kim SW, Kim JW, Noh SH, Kim EH, Ito Y, Nah JW, Son TI. Application of visible light curable furfuryl-low molecular chitosan derivative as an anti-adhesion agent. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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58
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Postnova I, Silant'ev V, Sarin S, Shchipunov Y. Chitosan Hydrogels and Bionanocomposites Formed through the Mineralization and Regulated Charging. CHEM REC 2018; 18:1247-1260. [PMID: 29791784 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The account presents survey of our systematic studies on chitosan. Only this polysaccharide bears cationic charges, possesses antimicrobial activity and wound healing ability that make it highly appropriate for using in medicine, biomedical engineering, cosmetics, food, packaging. However, its application meets with severe limitation. Chitosan belongs to polysaccharides that do not jellify solutions. Main approaches are based on the chemical modifications and cross-linking, but these treatments impairs therewith the biocompatibility and biological activity of chitosan. We have developed approaches in which monolithic hydrogels are fabricated via the mineralization of polysaccharide by method of green sol-gel chemistry and via the formation of polyelectrolyte complex with oppositely charged counterparts in the regime of its charging by means of regulated acidification. The latter approach was also extended for the preparation of chitosan bionanocomposites and films with nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Postnova
- Institute of Chemistry, Far East Department, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia.,Far-Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690091, Russia
| | - Vladimir Silant'ev
- Institute of Chemistry, Far East Department, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - Sergei Sarin
- Institute of Chemistry, Far East Department, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - Yury Shchipunov
- Institute of Chemistry, Far East Department, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
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59
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Creation of Optimal Combinations of Biosorbents to Eliminate Excessive Amounts of Metals from the Human Body. BIONANOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-018-0511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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60
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Surface modification of polypropylene film by grafting with vinyl monomers for the attachment of chitosan. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1517-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sharif R, Mujtaba M, Ur Rahman M, Shalmani A, Ahmad H, Anwar T, Tianchan D, Wang X. The Multifunctional Role of Chitosan in Horticultural Crops; A Review. Molecules 2018; 23:E872. [PMID: 29642651 PMCID: PMC6017927 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a naturally occurring compound and is commercially produced from seafood shells. It has been utilized in the induction of the defense system in both pre and post-harvest fruits and vegetables against fungi, bacteria, viruses, and other abiotic stresses. In addition to that, chitosan effectively improves the physiological properties of plants and also enhances the shelf life of post-harvest produces. Moreover, chitosan treatment regulates several genes in plants, particularly the activation of plant defense signaling pathways. That includes the elicitation of phytoalexins and pathogenesis-related (PR) protein. Besides that, chitosan has been employed in soil as a plant nutrient and has shown great efficacy in combination with other industrial fertilizers without affecting the soil's beneficial microbes. Furthermore, it is helpful in reducing the fertilizer losses due to its coating ability, which is important in keeping the environmental pollution under check. Based on exhibiting such excellent properties, there is a striking interest in using chitosan biopolymers in agriculture systems. Therefore, our current review has been centered upon the multiple roles of chitosan in horticultural crops that could be useful in future crop improvement programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Sharif
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Muhammad Mujtaba
- Institute of Biotechnology, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey.
| | - Mati Ur Rahman
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Abdullah Shalmani
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Husain Ahmad
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Toheed Anwar
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
| | - Deng Tianchan
- School of Mechanical Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Xiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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Darwesh OM, Sultan YY, Seif MM, Marrez DA. Bio-evaluation of crustacean and fungal nano-chitosan for applying as food ingredient. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:348-356. [PMID: 29854604 PMCID: PMC5977412 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan, bio-polyaminosacharide, is derived from chitin. Two sources (shrimp wastes and fungus biomass) were used to produce chitosan. And then the chitosan was produced in the nano-form followed by characterization by transmission electron microscopy. The images obtained clearly showed that the size of nano-chitosan ranged between 7 and 13 and 3–6 nm with spherical shape for shrimp and fungal sources, respectively. The antimicrobial activities of the tested concentrations of chitosan and nano-chitosan were examined and found to have high activity against the tested pathogens. The evaluation of the toxicity of the tested concentrations of the produced chitosan and its nano-size were performed using brine shrimp and rat bioassay. Toxicity examination of chitosan and their nano derivatives is an essential procedure to assess the possibility of using these concentrations as food ingredient. Nine groups of rats were treated with either chitosan or nano-chitosan of both sources at 100 and 200 mg kg−1 bw. Adding chitosan in the diet of all groups showed no significant changes in both the blood biochemical and oxidative stress parameters when compared with control group. The histopathology of liver, kidney and stomach confirmed the results of the previous parameters. No signs of inflammation, fibrosis or cirrhosis were found in examined organs. It is concluded that chitosan and nano-chitosan of shrimp and Rhizopus stolonifer had high antimicrobial activity and are not toxic in the same time and it can be used as food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama M Darwesh
- Agricultural Microbiology Dept., National Research Centre, 33 Elbohoth St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yousef Y Sultan
- Toxicology and Food Contaminants Dept., National Research Centre, 33 Elbohoth St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Seif
- Toxicology and Food Contaminants Dept., National Research Centre, 33 Elbohoth St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Diaa A Marrez
- Toxicology and Food Contaminants Dept., National Research Centre, 33 Elbohoth St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Production and characterization of a nanocomposite of highly crystalline nanowhiskers from biologically extracted chitin in enzymatic poly(ε-caprolactone). Carbohydr Polym 2018; 181:684-692. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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64
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Ibitoye EB, Lokman IH, Hezmee MNM, Goh YM, Zuki ABZ, Jimoh AA. Extraction and physicochemical characterization of chitin and chitosan isolated from house cricket. Biomed Mater 2018; 13:025009. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa9dde] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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65
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Recovery of Nutraceuticals from Agri-Food Industry Waste by Lactic Acid Fermentation. BIOSYNTHETIC TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7434-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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66
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Amorim LLB, Ferreira-Neto JRC, Bezerra-Neto JP, Pandolfi V, de Araújo FT, da Silva Matos MK, Santos MG, Kido EA, Benko-Iseppon AM. Cowpea and abiotic stresses: identification of reference genes for transcriptional profiling by qPCR. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:88. [PMID: 30337949 PMCID: PMC6182843 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0354-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to cowpea ability to fix nitrogen in poor soils and relative tolerance to drought and salt stresses, efforts have been directed to identifying genes and pathways that confer stress tolerance in this species. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) has been widely used as the most reliable method to measure gene expression, due to its high accuracy and specificity. In the present study, nine candidate reference genes were rigorously tested for their application in normalization of qPCR data onto roots of four distinct cowpea accessions under two abiotic stresses: root dehydration and salt (NaCl, 100 mM). In addition, the regulation of four target transcripts, under the same referred conditions was also scrutinized. RESULTS geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and ΔCt method results indicated a set of three statistically validated RGs for each stress condition: (I) root dehydration (actin, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1D, and a Phaseolus vulgaris unknown gene-UNK), and (II) salt (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1D, F-box protein, and UNK). The expression profile of the target transcripts suggests that flavonoids are important players in the cowpea response to the abiotic stresses analyzed, since chalcone isomerase and chalcone synthase were up-regulated in the tolerant and sensitive accessions. A lipid transfer protein also participates in the cowpea tolerance mechanisms to root dehydration and salt stress. The referred transcript was up-regulated in the two tolerant accessions and presented no differential expression in the sensitive counterparts. Chitinase B, in turn, generally related to plant defense, was an important target transcript under salt stress, being up-regulated at the tolerant, and down-regulated in the sensitive accession. CONCLUSIONS Reference genes suitable for qPCR analyses in cowpea under root dehydration and salt stress were identified. This action will lead to a more accurate and reliable analysis of gene expression on this species. Additionally, the results obtained in this study may guide future research on gene expression in cowpea under other abiotic stress types that impose osmotic imbalance. The target genes analyzed, in turn, deserve functional evaluation due to their transcriptional regulation under stresses and biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiane Lindinalva Barbosa Amorim
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Piauí, Oeiras, Piauí Brazil
- Genetics Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco Brazil
| | | | | | - Valesca Pandolfi
- Genetics Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco Brazil
| | | | | | - Mauro Guida Santos
- Botany Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco Brazil
| | - Ederson Akio Kido
- Genetics Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco Brazil
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Kandile NG, Zaky HT, Mohamed MI, Nasr AS, Ali YG. Extraction and Characterization of Chitosan from Shrimp Shells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/ojopm.2018.83003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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68
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BMP-2 plasmid DNA-loaded chitosan films – A new strategy for bone engineering. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2017; 45:2084-2091. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Chen Z, Ning F, He X, Peng H, Xiong H. Controlled Release of Salidroside Microspheres Prepared Using a Chitosan and Methylcellulose Interpenetrating Polymer Network. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2017-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this work, salidroside, a functional food agent, was incorporated into novel interpenetrating polymer network microspheres (IPN-Ms) prepared by chitosan (CS) and methylcellulose (MC) for controlled release and stabilization. IPN-Ms were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. The result indicated that salidroside-loaded IPN-Ms (S-IPN-Ms) are hollow and highly spherical, with a coarse pleated surface and a particle size ranging from 5 to 30 µm. Schiff base formation and the hemiacetal reaction are the primary mechanisms underlying the interpenetrating network cross-linking of IPN-Ms. In S-IPN-Ms, the CS and MC were homogeneously blended, and the salidroside was molecularly and amorphously dispersed. The encapsulation efficiency of the salidroside within the S-IPN-Ms was up to 75.64 %. In the S-IPN-M complex, the release of salidroside by S-IPN-Ms was governed by burst and sustained release, and Fickian diffusion was the primary release mechanism for the entire release process. Thus, controlled release and stabilization of salidroside were achieved through incorporation of salidroside into IPN-Ms prepared by chitosan (CS) and methylcellulose.
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Mehranian M, Pourabad RF, Bashir NS, Taieban S. Physicochemical characterization of chitin from the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2017.1332461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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De Angelis E, Ravanetti F, Martelli P, Cacchioli A, Ivanovska A, Corradi A, Nasi S, Bianchera A, Passeri B, Canelli E, Bettini R, Borghetti P. The in vitro biocompatibility of d-(+) raffinose modified chitosan: Two-dimensional and three-dimensional systems for culturing of horse articular chondrocytes. Res Vet Sci 2017. [PMID: 28647600 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the biocompatibility of chitosan films and scaffolds modified with d-(+)raffinose and their capability to support the growth and maintenance of the differentiation of articular chondrocytes in vitro. Primary equine articular chondrocytes were cultured on films and scaffolds of modified d-(+) raffinose chitosan. Their behavior was compared to that of chondrocytes grown in conventional bi- and three-dimensional culture systems, such as micromasses and alginate beads. Chitosan films maintained the phenotype of differentiated chondrocytes (typical round morphology) and sustained the synthesis of cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM), even at 4weeks of culture. Indeed, starting from 2weeks of culture, chondrocytes seeded on chitosan scaffolds were able to penetrate the surface pores and to colonize the internal matrix. Moreover they produced ECM expressing the genes of typical chondrocytes differentiation markers such as collagen II and aggrecan. In conclusion, chitosan modified with d-raffinose represents an ideal support for chondrocyte adhesion, proliferation and for the maintenance of cellular phenotypic and genotypic differentiation. This novel biomaterial could potentially be a reliable support for the re-differentiation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Italy
| | | | - Ana Ivanovska
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Attilio Corradi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Sonia Nasi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bianchera
- Department of Pharmacy, Interdepartmental Centre Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma, Italy
| | | | - Elena Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Ruggero Bettini
- Department of Pharmacy, Interdepartmental Centre Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Italy
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72
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Hao C, Wang W, Wang S, Zhang L, Guo Y. An Overview of the Protective Effects of Chitosan and Acetylated Chitosan Oligosaccharides against Neuronal Disorders. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15040089. [PMID: 28333077 PMCID: PMC5408235 DOI: 10.3390/md15040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is the second most abundant biopolymer on Earth and is mainly comprised of a marine invertebrate, consisting of repeating β-1,4 linked N-acetylated glucosamine units, whereas its N-deacetylated product, chitosan, has broad medical applications. Interestingly, chitosan oligosaccharides have therapeutic effects on different types of neuronal disorders, including, but not limited to, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and nerve crush injury. A common link among neuronal disorders is observed at a sub-cellular level, such as atypical protein assemblies and induced neuronal death. Chronic activation of innate immune responses that lead to neuronal injury is also common in these diseases. Thus, the common mechanisms of neuronal disorders might explain the general therapeutic effects of chitosan oligosaccharides and their derivatives in these diseases. This review provides an update on the pathogenesis and therapy for neuronal disorders and will be mainly focused on the recent progress made towards the neuroprotective properties of chitosan and acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides. Their structural features and the underlying molecular mechanisms will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Hao
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Shuyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Yunliang Guo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
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73
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Jang Y, Je YT, Yun CW, Chung H. Chitosan dosage regimen to trap fecal oil excretion after peroral lipase inhibitor administration in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 94:484-491. [PMID: 27746355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the oil entrapment and systemic oil absorption-reducing activities of chitosan. High-molecular-weight chitosan formed gel aggregates with oil and bile salts in vitro. The oil/chitosan ratio and the molecular weight of chitosan were optimized for the in vivo study, and a molecular weight >100,000 was effective in reducing the oil contamination of mouse fur. The oil/chitosan weight ratio required for effective oil entrapment was less than 13 and 5 in the in vitro and in vivo experiments, respectively. Chitosan administration was most effective during meals, and high-molecular-weight chitosan could trap and facilitate the reduction of systemic absorption of oil droplets separated by orlistat. The activity of the lipase inhibitor was not altered by chitosan as evidenced by thin layer chromatography, and orlistat was not absorbed systemically by the co-administration of chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yura Jang
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Tae Je
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Won Yun
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hesson Chung
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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74
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Ghannam HE, S. Talab A, V. Dolgano N, M.S. Husse A, Abdelmagui NM. Characterization of Chitosan Extracted from Different Crustacean Shell Wastes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/jas.2016.454.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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75
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Abstract
Shell biorefinery, referring to the fractionation of crustacean shells into their major components and the transformation of each component into value-added chemicals and materials, has attracted growing attention in recent years. Since the large quantities of waste shells remain underexploited, their valorization can potentially bring both ecological and economic benefits. This Review provides an overview of the current status of shell biorefinery. It first describes the structural features of crustacean shells, including their composition and their interactions. Then, various fractionation methods for the shells are introduced. The last section is dedicated to the valorization of chitin and its derivatives for chemicals, porous carbon materials and functional polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Huiying Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore.
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76
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Enzymatic modification of polysaccharides: Mechanisms, properties, and potential applications: A review. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 90:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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77
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Chen X, Jiang Q, Xu Y, Xia W. Recovery of Chitin from Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) Shell Waste by Microbial Deproteinization and Demineralization. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2015.1094686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Qixing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Yanshun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Wenshui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
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78
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Rafique A, Mahmood Zia K, Zuber M, Tabasum S, Rehman S. Chitosan functionalized poly(vinyl alcohol) for prospects biomedical and industrial applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 87:141-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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79
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Suleria HAR, Masci P, Gobe G, Osborne S. Current and potential uses of bioactive molecules from marine processing waste. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:1064-1067. [PMID: 26332893 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Food industries produce huge amounts of processing waste that are often disposed of incurring expenses and impacting upon the environment. For these and other reasons, food processing waste streams, in particular marine processing waste streams, are gaining popularity amongst pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutraceutical industries as sources of bioactive molecules. In the last 30 years, there has been a gradual increase in processed marine products with a concomitant increase in waste streams that include viscera, heads, skins, fins, bones, trimmings and shellfish waste. In 2010, these waste streams equated to approximately 24 million tonnes of mostly unused resources. Marine processing waste streams not only represent an abundant resource, they are also enriched with structurally diverse molecules that possess a broad panel of bioactivities including anti-oxidant, anti-coagulant, anti-thrombotic, anti-cancer and immune-stimulatory activities. Retrieval and characterisation of bioactive molecules from marine processing waste also contributes valuable information to the vast field of marine natural product discovery. This review summarises the current use of bioactive molecules from marine processing waste in different products and industries. Moreover, this review summarises new research into processing waste streams and the potential for adoption by industries in the creation of new products containing marine processing waste bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Australia, Translational Research Institute, Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Paul Masci
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Australia, Translational Research Institute, Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - Glenda Gobe
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Australia, Translational Research Institute, Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - Simone Osborne
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia
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80
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Metabolic Reprogramming by Hexosamine Biosynthetic and Golgi N-Glycan Branching Pathways. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23043. [PMID: 26972830 PMCID: PMC4789752 DOI: 10.1038/srep23043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo uridine-diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) biosynthesis requires glucose, glutamine, acetyl-CoA and uridine, however GlcNAc salvaged from glycoconjugate turnover and dietary sources also makes a significant contribution to the intracellular pool. Herein we ask whether dietary GlcNAc regulates nutrient transport and intermediate metabolism in C57BL/6 mice by increasing UDP-GlcNAc and in turn Golgi N-glycan branching. GlcNAc added to the drinking water showed a dose-dependent increase in growth of young mice, while in mature adult mice fat and body-weight increased without affecting calorie-intake, activity, energy expenditure, or the microbiome. Oral GlcNAc increased hepatic UDP-GlcNAc and N-glycan branching on hepatic glycoproteins. Glucose homeostasis, hepatic glycogen, lipid metabolism and response to fasting were altered with GlcNAc treatment. In cultured cells GlcNAc enhanced uptake of glucose, glutamine and fatty-acids, and enhanced lipid synthesis, while inhibition of Golgi N-glycan branching blocked GlcNAc-dependent lipid accumulation. The N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase enzymes of the N-glycan branching pathway (Mgat1,2,4,5) display multistep ultrasensitivity to UDP-GlcNAc, as well as branching-dependent compensation. Indeed, oral GlcNAc rescued fat accumulation in lean Mgat5−/− mice and in cultured Mgat5−/− hepatocytes, consistent with N-glycan branching compensation. Our results suggest GlcNAc reprograms cellular metabolism by enhancing nutrient uptake and lipid storage through the UDP-GlcNAc supply to N-glycan branching pathway.
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81
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Sarin S, Kolesnikova S, Postnova I, Ha CS, Shchipunov Y. Bionanocomposite from self-assembled building blocks of nacre-like crystalline polymorph of chitosan with clay nanoplatelets. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02996e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Films containing a new crystalline polymorph are prepared by a one-pot technique combining the formation of building blocks of clay nanoplatelets with chitosan macromolecules and their evaporation-induced self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Sarin
- Institute of Chemistry
- Far East Department
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Vladivostok
- Russia
| | - Sophia Kolesnikova
- G. B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Far East Department
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Vladivostok
- Russia
| | - Irina Postnova
- Far Eastern Federal University
- School of Natural Sciences
- Vladivostok
- 690090 Russia
| | - Chang-Sik Ha
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Pusan National University
- 609-735 Busan
- Korea
| | - Yury Shchipunov
- Institute of Chemistry
- Far East Department
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Vladivostok
- Russia
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82
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Liu BM, Li M, Yin BS, Zou JY, Zhang WG, Wang SY. Effects of Incorporating Carboxymethyl Chitosan into PMMA Bone Cement Containing Methotrexate. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144407. [PMID: 26657526 PMCID: PMC4690603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of bone metastases usually includes surgical resection with local filling of methotrexate (MTX) in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) cement. We investigated whether incorporating carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) in MTX-PMMA cement might overcome disadvantages associated with MTX. To determine the optimal CMCS+MTX concentration to suppress the viability of cancer cells, an integrated microfluidic chip culturing highly metastatic lung cancer cells (H460) was employed. The mechanical properties, microstructure, and MTX release of (CMCS+MTX)-PMMA cement were evaluated respectively by universal mechanical testing machine, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and incubation in simulated body fluid with subsequent HPLC-MS. Implants of MTX-PMMA and (CMCS+MTX)-PMMA cement were evaluated in vivo in guinea pig femurs over time using spiral computed tomography with three-dimensional image reconstruction, and SEM at 6 months. Viability of H460 cells was significantly lowest after treatment with 57 μg/mL CMCS + 21 μg/mL MTX, which was thus used in subsequent experiments. Incorporation of 1.6% (w/w) CMCS to MTX-PMMA significantly increased the bending modulus, bending strength, and compressive strength by 5, 2.8, and 5.2%, respectively, confirmed by improved microstructural homogeneity. Incorporation of CMCS delayed the time-to-plateau of MTX release by 2 days, but increased the fraction released at the plateau from 3.24% (MTX-PMMA) to 5.34%. Relative to the controls, the (CMCS+MTX)-PMMA implants integrated better with the host bone. SEM revealed pores in the cement of the (CMCS+MTX)-PMMA implants that were not obvious in the controls. In conclusion, incorporation of CMCS in MTX-PMMA appears a feasible and effective modification for improving the anti-tumor properties of MTX-PMMA cement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ming Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Bao-Sheng Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Ji-Yang Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
- * E-mail: (WGZ); (SYW)
| | - Shou-Yu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
- * E-mail: (WGZ); (SYW)
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83
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Kuroiwa T, Kobayashi I, Chuah AM, Nakajima M, Ichikawa S. Formulation and stabilization of nano-/microdispersion systems using naturally occurring edible polyelectrolytes by electrostatic deposition and complexation. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 226:86-100. [PMID: 26441384 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review paper presents an overview of the formulation and functionalization of nano-/microdispersion systems composed of edible materials. We first summarized general aspects on the stability of colloidal systems and the roles of natural polyelectrolytes such as proteins and ionic polysaccharides for the formation and stabilization of colloidal systems. Then we introduced our research topics on (1) stabilization of emulsions by the electrostatic deposition using natural polyelectrolytes and (2) formulation of stable nanodispersion systems by complexation of natural polyelectrolytes. In both cases, the preparation procedures were relatively simple, without high energy input or harmful chemical addition. The properties of the nano-/microdispersion systems, such as particle size, surface charge and dispersion stability were significantly affected by the concerned materials and preparation conditions, including the type and concentration of used natural polyelectrolytes. These dispersion systems would be useful for developing novel foods having high functionality and good stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kuroiwa
- Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo City University, Japan; National Food Research Institute, NARO, Japan.
| | | | - Ai Mey Chuah
- National Food Research Institute, NARO, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Sosaku Ichikawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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84
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Chitinases from Bacteria to Human: Properties, Applications, and Future Perspectives. Enzyme Res 2015; 2015:791907. [PMID: 26664744 PMCID: PMC4668315 DOI: 10.1155/2015/791907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is the second most plenteous polysaccharide in nature after cellulose, present in cell walls of several fungi, exoskeletons of insects, and crustacean shells. Chitin does not accumulate in the environment due to presence of bacterial chitinases, despite its abundance. These enzymes are able to degrade chitin present in the cell walls of fungi as well as the exoskeletons of insect. They have shown being the potential agents for biological control of the plant diseases caused by various pathogenic fungi and insect pests and thus can be used as an alternative to chemical pesticides. There has been steady increase in demand of chitin derivatives, obtained by action of chitinases on chitin polymer for various industrial, clinical, and pharmaceutical purposes. Hence, this review focuses on properties and applications of chitinases starting from bacteria, followed by fungi, insects, plants, and vertebrates. Designing of chitinase by applying directed laboratory evolution and rational approaches for improved catalytic activity for cost-effective field applications has also been explored.
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85
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Suleria HAR, Osborne S, Masci P, Gobe G. Marine-Based Nutraceuticals: An Innovative Trend in the Food and Supplement Industries. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:6336-51. [PMID: 26473889 PMCID: PMC4626693 DOI: 10.3390/md13106336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent trends in functional foods and supplements have demonstrated that bioactive molecules play a major therapeutic role in human disease. Nutritionists and biomedical and food scientists are working together to discover new bioactive molecules that have increased potency and therapeutic benefits. Marine life constitutes almost 80% of the world biota with thousands of bioactive compounds and secondary metabolites derived from marine invertebrates such as tunicates, sponges, molluscs, bryozoans, sea slugs and many other marine organisms. These bioactive molecules and secondary metabolites possess antibiotic, antiparasitic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic and anticancer activities. They are also inhibitors or activators of critical enzymes and transcription factors, competitors of transporters and sequestrants that modulate various physiological pathways. The current review summaries the widely available marine-based nutraceuticals and recent research carried out for the purposes of isolation, identification and characterization of marine-derived bioactive compounds with various therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria
- School of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane 4102, Australia.
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia.
| | - Simone Osborne
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia.
| | - Paul Masci
- School of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane 4102, Australia.
| | - Glenda Gobe
- School of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane 4102, Australia.
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86
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Herrera Bravo de Laguna I, Toledo Marante FJ, Mioso R. Enzymes and bioproducts produced by the ascomycete fungus Paecilomyces variotii. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:1455-66. [PMID: 26274842 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Due its innate ability to produce extracellular enzymes which can provide eco-friendly solutions for a variety of biotechnological applications, Paecilomyces variotii is a potential source of industrial bioproducts. In this review, we report biotechnological records on the biochemistry of different enzymes produced by the fermentation of the P. variotii fungus, including tannases, phytases, cellulases, xylanases, chitinases, amylases and pectinases. Additionally, the main physicochemical properties which can affect the enzymatic reactions of the enzymes involved in the conversion of a huge number of substrates to high-value bioproducts are described. Despite all the background information compiled in this review, more research is required to consolidate the catalytic efficiency of P. variotii, which must be optimized so that it is more accurate and reproducible on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Herrera Bravo de Laguna
- Department of Biology, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - F J Toledo Marante
- Department of Chemistry, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - R Mioso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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87
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Preservation properties of in situ modified CaCO3–chitosan composite coatings. Food Chem 2015; 183:217-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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88
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Le Cunff J, Tomašić V, Wittine O. Photocatalytic degradation of the herbicide terbuthylazine: Preparation, characterization and photoactivity of the immobilized thin layer of TiO2/chitosan. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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89
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Akocak PB, Churey JJ, Worobo RW. Antagonistic effect of chitinolytic Pseudomonas and Bacillus on growth of fungal hyphae and spores of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus. FOOD BIOSCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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90
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Hamed I, Özogul F, Özogul Y, Regenstein JM. Marine Bioactive Compounds and Their Health Benefits: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imen Hamed
- Biotechnology Centre; Cukurova Univ; Adana Turkey
| | - Fatih Özogul
- Dept. of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries; Cukurova Univ; Adana Turkey
| | - Yesim Özogul
- Dept. of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries; Cukurova Univ; Adana Turkey
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91
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Chiu CY, Chan IL, Yang TH, Liu SH, Chiang MT. Supplementation of chitosan alleviates high-fat diet-enhanced lipogenesis in rats via adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase activation and inhibition of lipogenesis-associated genes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:2979-2988. [PMID: 25756465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of chitosan in lipogenesis in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. The lipogenesis-associated genes and their upstream regulatory proteins were explored. Diet supplementation of chitosan efficiently decreased the increased weights in body, livers, and adipose tissues in high-fat diet-fed rats. Chitosan supplementation significantly raised the lipolysis rate; attenuated the adipocyte hypertrophy, triglyceride accumulation, and lipoprotein lipase activity in epididymal adipose tissues; and decreased hepatic enzyme activities of lipid biosynthesis. Chitosan supplementation significantly activated adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and attenuated high-fat diet-induced protein expressions of lipogenic transcription factors (PPAR-γ and SREBP1c) in livers and adipose tissues. Moreover, chitosan supplementation significantly inhibited the expressions of downstream lipogenic genes (FAS, HMGCR, FATP1, and FABP4) in livers and adipose tissues of high-fat diet-fed rats. These results demonstrate for the first time that chitosan supplementation alleviates high-fat diet-enhanced lipogenesis in rats via AMPK activation and lipogenesis-associated gene inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yuan Chiu
- †Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Im-Lam Chan
- ‡Department of Food Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Yang
- ‡Department of Food Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- †Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- §Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- #Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 104, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Tsan Chiang
- ‡Department of Food Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
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92
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Differentiations of chitin content and surface morphologies of chitins extracted from male and female grasshopper species. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115531. [PMID: 25635814 PMCID: PMC4312026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis (EA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate chitin structure isolated from both sexes of four grasshopper species. FT-IR, EA, XRD, and TGA showed that the chitin was in the alpha form. With respect to gender, two main differences were observed. First, we observed that the quantity of chitin was greater in males than in females and the dry weight of chitin between species ranged from 4.71% to 11.84%. Second, using SEM, we observed that the male chitin surface structure contained 25-90 nm wide nanofibers and 90-250 nm nanopores, while no pores or nanofibers were observed in the chitin surface structure of the majority of females (nanofibers were observed only in M. desertus females). In contrast, the elemental analysis, thermal properties, and crystalline index values for chitin were similar in males and females. Also, we carried out enzymatic digestion of the isolated chitins using commercial chitinase from Streptomyces griseus. We observed that there were no big differences in digestion rate of the chitins from both sexes and commercial chitin. The digestion rates were for grasshoppers' chitins; 88.45-95.48% and for commercial chitin; 94.95%.
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93
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Pandis C, Madeira S, Matos J, Kyritsis A, Mano JF, Ribelles JLG. Chitosan–silica hybrid porous membranes. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 42:553-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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94
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Amphiphilic chitosan derivative-based core–shell micelles: Synthesis, characterisation and properties for sustained release of Vitamin D3. Food Chem 2014; 152:307-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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95
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Li R, Zhou Y, Wang L, Ren G, Zou E. Effects of cadmium alone and in combination with low molecular weight chitosan on metallothionein, glutathione-S-transferase, acid phosphatase, and ATPase of freshwater crab Sinopotamon yangtsekiense. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:298-309. [PMID: 22331632 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental contaminant showing a variety of deleterious effects, including the potential threat for the ecological environment and human health via food chains. Low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) has been demonstrated to be an effective antioxidant. Metallothionein (MT) mRNA levels and activities of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), acid phosphatase (ACP), Na(+),K(+)-ATPase, and Ca(2+)-ATPase as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in the gills of the freshwater crab Sinopotamon yangtsekiense were analyzed in vivo in order to determine the injury of Cd exposure on the gill tissues as well as the protective effect of LMWC against this injury. The results showed that there was an apparent accumulation of Cd in the gills, which was lessened by the presence of LMWC. Moreover, Cd(2+) significantly increased the gill MT mRNA levels, ACP activity and MDA content while decreasing the activities of SOD, GST, Na(+),K(+)-ATPase, and Ca(2+)-ATPase in the crabs relative to the control. Cotreatment with LMWC reduced the levels of MT mRNA and ACP but raised the activities of GST, Na(+),K(+)-ATPase, and Ca(2+)-ATPase in gill tissues compared with the crabs exposed to Cd(2+) alone. These results suggest that LMWC may exert its protective effect through chelating Cd(2+) to form LMWC-Cd(2+) complex, elevating the antioxidative activities of GST, Na(+),K(+)-ATPase, and Ca(2+)-ATPase as well as alleviating the stress pressure on MT and ACP, consequently protecting the cell from the adverse effects of Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijin Li
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China; Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
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96
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Comparison of extraction methods of chitin from Ganoderma lucidum mushroom obtained in submerged culture. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:169071. [PMID: 24551839 PMCID: PMC3914579 DOI: 10.1155/2014/169071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The chitin was isolated from the Ganoderma lucidum submerged cultures mycelium as potential source of chitin under biotechnological processes. The extraction of chitin was carried out through 5 different assays which involved mainly three phases: pulverization of the mushroom, deproteinization of the mycelia with NaOH solution, and a process of decolorization with potassium permanganate and oxalic acid. The chitin contents extracted from 9-day mycelia were 413, 339, 87, 78, and 144 mg/g−1 (milligrams of chitin/grams of dry biomass) for A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5, respectively. Obtained chitin was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and by thermal analysis (TGA). The results showed that Ganoderma lucidum chitin has similar characteristic of chitin from different fonts. The advantage of the biotechnological processes and the fact that Ganoderma lucidum fungus may be used as a potential raw material for chitin production were demonstrated.
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97
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Abdeen Z, G. Mohammad S. Study of the Adsorption Efficiency of an Eco-Friendly Carbohydrate Polymer for Contaminated Aqueous Solution by Organophosphorus Pesticide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ojopm.2014.41004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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98
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Natural and synthetic polymers for wounds and burns dressing. Int J Pharm 2013; 463:127-36. [PMID: 24368109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the last years, health care professionals faced with an increasing number of patients suffering from wounds and burns difficult to treat and heal. During the wound healing process, the dressing protects the injury and contributes to the recovery of dermal and epidermal tissues. Because their biocompatibility, biodegradability and similarity to macromolecules recognized by the human body, some natural polymers such as polysaccharides (alginates, chitin, chitosan, heparin, chondroitin), proteoglycans and proteins (collagen, gelatin, fibrin, keratin, silk fibroin, eggshell membrane) are extensively used in wounds and burns management. Obtained by electrospinning technique, some synthetic polymers like biomimetic extracellular matrix micro/nanoscale fibers based on polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, polyacrylic acid, poly-ɛ-caprolactone, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, exhibit in vivo and in vitro wound healing properties and enhance re-epithelialization. They provide an optimal microenvironment for cell proliferation, migration and differentiation, due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, peculiar structure and good mechanical properties. Thus, synthetic polymers are used also in regenerative medicine for cartilage, bone, vascular, nerve and ligament repair and restoration. Biocompatible with fibroblasts and keratinocytes, tissue engineered skin is indicated for regeneration and remodeling of human epidermis and wound healing improving the treatment of severe skin defects or partial-thickness burn injuries.
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99
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Wei L, Cheng J, Meng Y, Ren Y, Deng H, Guo Y. A novel formulation of thiamine dilaurylsulphate and its preservative effect on apple juice and sterilised milk. Food Chem 2013; 152:415-22. [PMID: 24444956 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thiamine dilaurylsulphate (TLS), synthesised by a new method, was developed for a formulation with a wide antimicrobial spectrum and evaluated in apple juice and milk. The result of a disc diffusion method showed that TLS, which was synthesised from sodium lauryl sulphate and thiamine hydrochloride, had strong growth-inhibitory effects on Gram-positive bacteria, yeasts, and moulds, but had weak inhibitory effects on Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli. Moreover, the TLS antibacterial spectrum could be broadened to all microbes by formulation with organic acids, such as gluconic acid or acetic acid, since organic acids have synergistic effects on TLS bacteriostasis. Compared to TLS, the formulation had a better preservation in milk (pH 6.64) by viable microbial counting, although the antibacterial effect of the formulation with TLS showed no significant difference in apple juice (pH 3.98). Therefore, the TLS formulation has wide application and better potential, as a preservative, to enhance food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wei
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Jing Cheng
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Yonghong Meng
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China.
| | - Yuanyuan Ren
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Hong Deng
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Yurong Guo
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
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100
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Lieder R, Darai M, Orlygsson G, Sigurjonsson OE. Solution casting of chitosan membranes for in vitro evaluation of bioactivity. Biol Proced Online 2013; 15:11. [PMID: 24192423 PMCID: PMC4175485 DOI: 10.1186/1480-9222-15-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Considerable research is focusing on the surface modification of titanium implants for the treatment of orthopaedic tissue injuries to increase the success of orthopaedic fixations. Chitosan is one of the natural materials under investigation based on several favourable properties. Numerous techniques have been described for the preparation of chitosan membranes, including solution casting methods for the investigation of bioactivity before applying coatings onto potential titanium implants. Solution casting enables the easy in-house evaluation of chitosan membranes and allows for the selection of promising chitosan materials. Results We present a method for the standardized and easily applied preparation of chitosan membranes by solution casting. This protocol is suitable for chitosan materials spanning a wide degree of deacetylation, being derived from different chitin sources and chitosan derivatives with novel properties. We detail the preparation and quality control methods in order to prepare membranes with favourable bioactivity, sustaining cell attachment and proliferation for extended culture periods. Conclusions The possibilities associated with the use of chitosan in tissue engineering applications are far from being exhausted and numerous challenges remain prior to successful translation into the clinics. Based on our experience, we have developed simple in-house methods for quality control of homogeneous membrane casting and early prediction of successful experimental outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Olafur E Sigurjonsson
- REModeL Laboratory, The Blood Bank, Landspitali University Hospital, Snorrabraut 60, 105 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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