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Xu Z, Fu X. Epidemic Spread on One-Way Circular-Coupled Networks. ACTA MATHEMATICA SCIENTIA = SHU XUE WU LI XUE BAO 2019; 39:1713-1732. [PMID: 32287713 PMCID: PMC7111949 DOI: 10.1007/s10473-019-0618-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Real epidemic spreading networks are often composed of several kinds of complex networks interconnected with each other, such as Lyme disease, and the interrelated networks may have different topologies and epidemic dynamics. Moreover, most human infectious diseases are derived from animals, and zoonotic infections always spread on directed interconnected networks. So, in this article, we consider the epidemic dynamics of zoonotic infections on a unidirectional circular-coupled network. Here, we construct two unidirectional three-layer circular interactive networks, one model has direct contact between interactive networks, the other model describes diseases transmitted through vectors between interactive networks, which are established by introducing the heterogeneous mean-field approach method. Then we obtain the basic reproduction numbers and stability of equilibria of the two models. Through mathematical analysis and numerical simulations, it is found that basic reproduction numbers of the models depend on the infection rates, infection periods, average degrees, and degree ratios. Numerical simulations illustrate and expand these theoretical results very well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongpu Xu
- Department of Mathematics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China
| | - Xinchu Fu
- Department of Mathematics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China
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52
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Semenza JC, Sewe MO, Lindgren E, Brusin S, Aaslav KK, Mollet T, Rocklöv J. Systemic resilience to cross-border infectious disease threat events in Europe. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1855-1863. [PMID: 31022321 PMCID: PMC6852001 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent health emergencies threaten global health security. International Health Regulations (IHR) aim to prevent, detect and respond to such threats, through increase in national public health core capacities, but whether IHR core capacity implementation is necessary and sufficient has been contested. With a longitudinal study we relate changes in national IHR core capacities to changes in cross-border infectious disease threat events (IDTE) between 2010 and 2016, collected through epidemic intelligence at the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). By combining all IHR core capacities into one composite measure we found that a 10% increase in the mean of this composite IHR core capacity to be associated with a 19% decrease (p = 0.017) in the incidence of cross-border IDTE in the EU. With respect to specific IHR core capacities, an individual increase in national legislation, policy & financing; coordination and communication with relevant sectors; surveillance; response; preparedness; risk communication; human resource capacity; or laboratory capacity was associated with a significant decrease in cross-border IDTE incidence. In contrast, our analysis showed that IHR core capacities relating to point-of-entry, zoonotic events or food safety were not associated with IDTE in the EU. Due to high internal correlations between core capacities, we conducted a principal component analysis which confirmed a 20% decrease in risk of IDTE for every 10% increase in the core capacity score (95% CI: 0.73, 0.88). Globally (EU excluded), a 10% increase in the mean of all IHR core capacities combined was associated with a 14% decrease (p = 0.077) in cross-border IDTE incidence. We provide quantitative evidence that improvements in IHR core capacities at country-level are associated with fewer cross-border IDTE in the EU, which may also hold true for other parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C Semenza
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maquines Odhiambo Sewe
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Lindgren
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergio Brusin
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Thomas Mollet
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joacim Rocklöv
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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53
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Collins MH. Serologic Tools and Strategies to Support Intervention Trials to Combat Zika Virus Infection and Disease. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:E68. [PMID: 31010134 PMCID: PMC6632022 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that recently caused a large epidemic in Latin America characterized by novel disease phenotypes, including Guillain-Barré syndrome, sexual transmission, and congenital anomalies, such as microcephaly. This epidemic, which was declared an international public health emergency by the World Health Organization, has highlighted shortcomings in our current understanding of, and preparation for, emerging infectious diseases in general, as well as challenges that are specific to Zika virus infection. Vaccine development for Zika virus has been a high priority of the public health response, and several candidates have shown promise in pre-clinical and early phase clinical trials. The optimal selection and implementation of imperfect serologic assays are among the crucial issues that must be addressed in order to advance Zika vaccine development. Here, I review key considerations for how best to incorporate into Zika vaccine trials the existing serologic tools, as well as those on the horizon. Beyond that, this discussion is relevant to other intervention strategies to combat Zika and likely other emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Collins
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Decatur, GA 30030, USA.
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54
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55
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Human Immunology through the Lens of Evolutionary Genetics. Cell 2019; 177:184-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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56
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Sohail MI, Waris AA, Ayub MA, Usman M, Zia ur Rehman M, Sabir M, Faiz T. Environmental application of nanomaterials: A promise to sustainable future. ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS AND PHYTONANOTECHNOLOGY: CHALLENGES FOR PLANT SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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57
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Spectrum of Rheumatic Manifestations. INFECTIONS AND THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2019. [PMCID: PMC7120519 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23311-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Emerging and reemerging viral infections have been a characteristic feature of the past several decades, with HIV infection being the most important example of an emergent viral infection. To date, the status of a considerable proportion of HIV/AIDS patients has changed from a near-fatal disorder secondary to opportunistic infections to a chronic disease in which a variety of co-morbid conditions have become prevalent and relevant. Arthralgia and myalgias are the most common symptoms. The rate of spondyloarthritis varies according to the geographic area, genetic and mode of transmission. Most RA and SLE patients might go into remission after the development of AIDS, but also there are patients that continue with active disease. Prevalence of DILS is highest among African Americans in less advanced stages. PAN is clinically less aggressive and peripheral neuropathy is the most common clinical manifestation. Anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS), systemic sclerosis and poly-dermatomyositis are uncommon. After the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), a decline of spondyloarthritis disorders and of DILS and development of new syndromes such as IRIS, osteoporosis and avascular bone necrosis have occurred. The treatment of patients with rheumatic diseases and HIV infection remains a challenge.
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58
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Phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing of pathogenic bacteria using photonic readout methods: recent achievements and impact. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:549-566. [PMID: 30443798 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of antibiotic resistances in common pathogens is an increasing challenge for therapy of infections and especially severe complications like sepsis. To prevent administration of broad-spectrum and potentially non-effective antibiotics, the susceptibility spectrum of the pathogens underlying the infection has to be determined. Current phenotypic standard methods for antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) require the isolation of pathogens from the patient and the subsequent culturing in the presence of antibiotics leading to results only after 24-72 h. Since the early initialization of an effective antibiotic therapy is crucial for positive treatment result in severe infections, faster methods of AST are urgently needed. A large number of different assay systems are currently tested for their practicability for fast detection of antibiotic resistance profiles. They can be divided into genotypic ones which detect the presence of certain genes or gene products associated with resistances and phenotypic assays which determine the effect of antibiotics on the pathogens. In this mini-review, we summarize current developments in fast phenotypic tests that use photonic approaches and critically discuss their status. We further outline steps that are required to bring these assays into clinical practice.
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59
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Highly infectious diseases in the Mediterranean Sea area: Inventory of isolation capabilities and recommendations for appropriate isolation. New Microbes New Infect 2018; 26:S65-S73. [PMID: 30402245 PMCID: PMC6205579 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemics such as viral haemorrhagic fevers, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus or yet unknown ones have few chances of disappearing. Globalization, worldwide travel, climate change, social conflicts and wars, among others, are likely to favor the emergence of epidemics. Preparedness of hospitals to prevent the spread of these outbreaks is among the prioritized political programmes of many countries. The EuroNHID network has in the past drawn a map of features and equipment of hospitals across Europe to take care of highly contagious patients. We update the data regarding isolation capabilities and recommendations, with an emphasis on Mediterranean countries.
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60
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Singh A, Dubey AK. Various Biomaterials and Techniques for Improving Antibacterial Response. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angaraj Singh
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Dubey
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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61
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Corona E, Wang L, Ko D, Patel CJ. Systematic detection of positive selection in the human-pathogen interactome and lasting effects on infectious disease susceptibility. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196676. [PMID: 29799843 PMCID: PMC5969750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious disease has shaped the natural genetic diversity of humans throughout the world. A new approach to capture positive selection driven by pathogens would provide information regarding pathogen exposure in distinct human populations and the constantly evolving arms race between host and disease-causing agents. We created a human pathogen interaction database and used the integrated haplotype score (iHS) to detect recent positive selection in genes that interact with proteins from 26 different pathogens. We used the Human Genome Diversity Panel to identify specific populations harboring pathogen-interacting genes that have undergone positive selection. We found that human genes that interact with 9 pathogen species show evidence of recent positive selection. These pathogens are Yersenia pestis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1, Zaire ebolavirus, Francisella tularensis, dengue virus, human respiratory syncytial virus, measles virus, Rubella virus, and Bacillus anthracis. For HIV-1, GWAS demonstrate that some naturally selected variants in the host-pathogen protein interaction networks continue to have functional consequences for susceptibility to these pathogens. We show that selected human genes were enriched for HIV susceptibility variants (identified through GWAS), providing further support for the hypothesis that ancient humans were exposed to lentivirus pandemics. Human genes in the Italian, Miao, and Biaka Pygmy populations that interact with Y. pestis show significant signs of selection. These results reveal some of the genetic footprints created by pathogens in the human genome that may have left lasting marks on susceptibility to infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Corona
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, RTI International, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Liuyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Dennis Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Chirag J. Patel
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
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62
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Narayanan N, Lacy CR, Cruz JE, Nahass M, Karp J, Barone JA, Hermes-DeSantis ER. Disaster Preparedness: Biological Threats and Treatment Options. Pharmacotherapy 2018; 38:217-234. [PMID: 29236288 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Biological disasters can be natural, accidental, or intentional. Biological threats have made a lasting impact on civilization. This review focuses on agents of clinical significance, bioterrorism, and national security, specifically Category A agents (anthrax, botulism, plague, tularemia, and smallpox), as well as briefly discusses other naturally emerging infections of public health significance, Ebola virus (also a Category A agent) and Zika virus. The role of pharmacists in disaster preparedness and disaster response is multifaceted and important. Their expertise includes clinical knowledge, which can aid in drug information consultation, patient-specific treatment decision making, and development of local treatment plans. To fulfill this role, pharmacists must have a comprehensive understanding of medical countermeasures for these significant biological threats across all health care settings. New and reemerging infectious disease threats will continue to challenge the world. Pharmacists will be at the forefront of preparedness and response, sharing knowledge and clinical expertise with responders, official decision makers, and the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navaneeth Narayanan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey.,Department of Pharmacy, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Clifton R Lacy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey.,Rutgers School of Communication and Information, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Joseph E Cruz
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey.,Department of Pharmacy, Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey
| | - Meghan Nahass
- Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jonathan Karp
- University of Vermont (at the time of writing), Burlington, Vermont
| | - Joseph A Barone
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey.,Department of Pharmacy, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Evelyn R Hermes-DeSantis
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey.,Department of Pharmacy, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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63
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Tannert A, Ramoji A, Neugebauer U, Popp J. Photonic monitoring of treatment during infection and sepsis: development of new detection strategies and potential clinical applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:773-790. [PMID: 29214536 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the strong decline in the infection-associated mortality since the development of the first antibiotics, infectious diseases are still a major cause of death in the world. With the rising number of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, the incidence of deaths caused by infections may increase strongly in the future. Survival rates in sepsis, which occurs when body response to infections becomes uncontrolled, are still very poor if an adequate therapy is not initiated immediately. Therefore, approaches to monitor the treatment efficacy are crucially needed to adapt therapeutic strategies according to the patient's response. An increasing number of photonic technologies are being considered for diagnostic purpose and monitoring of therapeutic response; however many of these strategies have not been introduced into clinical routine, yet. Here, we review photonic strategies to monitor response to treatment in patients with infectious disease, sepsis, and septic shock. We also include some selected approaches for the development of new drugs in animal models as well as new monitoring strategies which might be applicable to evaluate treatment response in humans in the future. Figure Label-free probing of blood properties using photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Tannert
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Jena Biophotonics and Imaging Laboratory, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Anuradha Ramoji
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Ute Neugebauer
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.
- Jena Biophotonics and Imaging Laboratory, 07745, Jena, Germany.
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Jena Biophotonics and Imaging Laboratory, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena, Germany
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64
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Abstract
Monitoring response to treatment is a key element in the management of infectious diseases, yet controversies still persist on reliable biomarkers for noninvasive response evaluation. Considering the limitations of invasiveness of most diagnostic procedures and the issue of expression heterogeneity of pathology, molecular imaging is better able to assay in vivo biologic processes noninvasively and quantitatively. The usefulness of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in assessing treatment response in infectious diseases is more promising than for conventional imaging. However, there are currently no clinical criteria or recommended imaging modalities to objectively evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment. Therapeutic effectiveness is currently gauged by the patient's subjective clinical response. In this review, we present the current studies for monitoring treatment response, with a focus on Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as it remains a major worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality. The role of molecular imaging in monitoring other infections including spondylodiscitis, infected prosthetic vascular grafts, invasive fungal infections, and a parasitic disease is highlighted. The role of functional imaging in monitoring lipodystrophy associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus is considered. We also discuss the key challenges and emerging data in optimizing noninvasive response evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike M Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, South Africa..
| | - Alfred O Ankrah
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, South Africa.; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ismaheel Lawal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, South Africa
| | - Mariza Vorster
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, South Africa
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65
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Fogel I, David O, Balik CH, Eisenkraft A, Poles L, Shental O, Kassirer M, Brosh-Nissimov T. The association between self-perceived proficiency of personal protective equipment and objective performance: An observational study during a bioterrorism simulation drill. Am J Infect Control 2017; 45:1238-1242. [PMID: 28673681 PMCID: PMC7132699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent Ebola virus disease outbreak emphasized the potential misuse of personal protective equipment (PPE) by health care workers (HCWs) during such an event. We aimed to compare self-perceived proficiency of PPE use and objective performance, and identify predictors of low compliance and PPE misuse. METHODS An observational study combined with subjective questionnaires were carried out during a bioterror simulation drill. Forty-two observers evaluated performance under PPE. Mistakes were recorded and graded using a structured observational format and were correlated with the subjective questionnaires and with demographic parameters. RESULTS One hundred seventy-eight HCWs from community clinics and hospitals were included. The mean self-perceived proficiency was high (6.1 out of 7), mean level of comfort was moderate (4.0 out of 7), and mean objective performance was intermediate (9.5 out of 13). There was no correlation between comfort and objective performance scores. Self-perceived proficiency was in correlation with donning and continuous performance with PPE but not with doffing. Clinic personnel performed better than personnel in hospitals (40.3% vs 67.8% with 3 or more mistakes, respectively; P = .001). Demographic characteristics had no correlation with objective or self-perceived performance. CONCLUSIONS Self-perceived proficiency is a poor predictor of appropriate PPE use. The results suggest poor awareness of the possibility of PPE misuse.
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66
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Coghlan A, Hoad VC, Seed CR, Flower RL, Harley RJ, Herbert D, Faddy HM. Emerging infectious disease outbreaks: estimating disease risk in Australian blood donors travelling overseas. Vox Sang 2017; 113:21-30. [PMID: 29052242 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES International travel assists spread of infectious pathogens. Australians regularly travel to South-eastern Asia and the isles of the South Pacific, where they may become infected with infectious agents, such as dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses that pose a potential risk to transfusion safety. In Australia, donors are temporarily restricted from donating for fresh component manufacture following travel to many countries, including those in this study. We aimed to estimate the unmitigated transfusion-transmission (TT) risk from donors travelling internationally to areas affected by emerging infectious diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used the European Up-Front Risk Assessment Tool, with travel and notification data, to estimate the TT risk from donors travelling to areas affected by disease outbreaks: Fiji (DENV), Bali (DENV), Phuket (DENV), Indonesia (CHIKV) and French Polynesia (ZIKV). RESULTS We predict minimal risk from travel, with the annual unmitigated risk of an infected component being released varying from 1 in 1·43 million to <1 in one billion and the risk of severe consequences ranging from 1 in 130 million to <1 in one billion. CONCLUSION The predicted unmitigated likelihood of infection in blood components manufactured from donors travelling to the above-mentioned areas was very low, with the possibility of severe consequences in a transfusion recipient even smaller. Given the increasing demand for plasma products in Australia, the current strategy of restricting donors returning from select infectious disease outbreak areas to source plasma collection provides a simple and effective risk management approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Coghlan
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - V C Hoad
- Medical Services, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - C R Seed
- Medical Services, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - R Lp Flower
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - R J Harley
- Medical Services, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - D Herbert
- Medical Services, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - H M Faddy
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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67
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Bell SM, Bedford T. Modern-day SIV viral diversity generated by extensive recombination and cross-species transmission. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006466. [PMID: 28672035 PMCID: PMC5510905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-species transmission (CST) has led to many devastating epidemics, but is still a poorly understood phenomenon. HIV-1 and HIV-2 (human immunodeficiency virus 1 and 2), which have collectively caused over 35 million deaths, are the result of multiple CSTs from chimpanzees, gorillas, and sooty mangabeys. While the immediate history of HIV is known, there are over 45 lentiviruses that infect specific species of primates, and patterns of host switching are not well characterized. We thus took a phylogenetic approach to better understand the natural history of SIV recombination and CST. We modeled host species as a discrete character trait on the viral phylogeny and inferred historical host switches and the pairwise transmission rates between each pair of 24 primate hosts. We identify 14 novel, well-supported, ancient cross-species transmission events. We also find that lentiviral lineages vary widely in their ability to infect new host species: SIVcol (from colobus monkeys) is evolutionarily isolated, while SIVagms (from African green monkeys) frequently move between host subspecies. We also examine the origins of SIVcpz (the predecessor of HIV-1) in greater detail than previous studies, and find that there are still large portions of the genome with unknown origins. Observed patterns of CST are likely driven by a combination of ecological circumstance and innate immune factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney M. Bell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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68
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Vimbela GV, Ngo SM, Fraze C, Yang L, Stout DA. Antibacterial properties and toxicity from metallic nanomaterials. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:3941-3965. [PMID: 28579779 PMCID: PMC5449158 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s134526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The era of antibiotic resistance is a cause of increasing concern as bacteria continue to develop adaptive countermeasures against current antibiotics at an alarming rate. In recent years, studies have reported nanoparticles as a promising alternative to antibacterial reagents because of their exhibited antibacterial activity in several biomedical applications, including drug and gene delivery, tissue engineering, and imaging. Moreover, nanomaterial research has led to reports of a possible relationship between the morphological characteristics of a nanomaterial and the magnitude of its delivered toxicity. However, conventional synthesis of nanoparticles requires harsh chemicals and costly energy consumption. Additionally, the exact relationship between toxicity and morphology of nanomaterials has not been well established. Here, we review the recent advancements in synthesis techniques for silver, gold, copper, titanium, zinc oxide, and magnesium oxide nanomaterials and composites, with a focus on the toxicity exhibited by nanomaterials of multidimensions. This article highlights the benefits of selecting each material or metal-based composite for certain applications while also addressing possible setbacks and the toxic effects of the nanomaterials on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sang M Ngo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California State University, Long Beach, CA
| | | | - Lei Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital.,International Research Center for Translational Orthopaedics (IRCTO), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - David A Stout
- International Research Center for Translational Orthopaedics (IRCTO), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA
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69
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Casadevall A. Crisis in Infectious Diseases: 2 Decades Later. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 64:823-828. [PMID: 28362950 PMCID: PMC5849092 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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70
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Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases: Insights, Advances, and Challenges. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5245021. [PMID: 28286767 PMCID: PMC5327784 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5245021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a significant burden on public health and economic stability of societies all over the world. They have for centuries been among the leading causes of death and disability and presented growing challenges to health security and human progress. The threat posed by infectious diseases is further deepened by the continued emergence of new, unrecognized, and old infectious disease epidemics of global impact. Over the past three and half decades at least 30 new infectious agents affecting humans have emerged, most of which are zoonotic and their origins have been shown to correlate significantly with socioeconomic, environmental, and ecological factors. As these factors continue to increase, putting people in increased contact with the disease causing pathogens, there is concern that infectious diseases may continue to present a formidable challenge. Constant awareness and pursuance of effective strategies for controlling infectious diseases and disease emergence thus remain crucial. This review presents current updates on emerging and neglected infectious diseases and highlights the scope, dynamics, and advances in infectious disease management with particular focus on WHO top priority emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and neglected tropical infectious diseases.
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71
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72
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Waldman EA, Sato APS. Path of infectious diseases in Brazil in the last 50 years: an ongoing challenge. Rev Saude Publica 2016; 50:68. [PMID: 28099652 PMCID: PMC5152805 DOI: 10.1590/s1518-8787.2016050000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we comment on the main features of infectious diseases in Brazil in the last 50 years, highlighting how much of this path Revista de Saúde Pública could portray. From 1967 to 2016, 1,335 articles focusing on infectious diseases were published in Revista de Saúde Pública. Although the proportion of articles on the topic have decreased from about 50.0% to 15.0%, its notability remained and reflected the growing complexity of the research required for its control. It is noteworthy that studies design and analysis strategies progressively became more sophisticated, following the great development of epidemiology in Brazil in the recent decades. Thus, the journal has followed the success of public health interventions that permitted to control or eliminate numerous infectious diseases - which were responsible, in the past, for high rates of morbidity and mortality -, and also followed the reemergence of diseases already controlled and the emergence of until then unknown diseases, with a strong impact on the Brazilian population, establishing a little predictable and very challenging path. RESUMO Neste artigo, comentamos as principais características das doenças infecciosas no Brasil, nos últimos 50 anos, destacando o quanto a Revista de Saúde Pública conseguiu capturar essa trajetória. De 1967 a 2016, foram publicados 1.335 artigos na Revista de Saúde Pública com foco em doenças infecciosas. Ainda que a proporção de artigos sobre esse tema tenha declinado de cerca de 50,0% para 15,0%, seu destaque se manteve e refletiu a crescente complexidade das pesquisas necessárias para o seu controle. Nota-se que os desenhos dos estudos e as estratégias de análise ganharam progressivamente maior sofisticação, acompanhando o grande desenvolvimento da epidemiologia no Brasil, nas últimas décadas. Assim, foi registrado não apenas o sucesso de intervenções de saúde pública que permitiram o controle ou a eliminação de inúmeras doenças infecciosas responsáveis, no passado, por elevadas taxas de morbimortalidade, como também a reemergência de males já controlados e o surgimento de doenças até então desconhecidas, com forte impacto na população brasileira, desenhando uma trajetória pouco previsível e muito desafiadora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseu Alves Waldman
- Departamento de Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula Sayuri Sato
- Departamento de Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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73
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Semenza JC, Lindgren E, Balkanyi L, Espinosa L, Almqvist MS, Penttinen P, Rocklöv J. Determinants and Drivers of Infectious Disease Threat Events in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:581-9. [PMID: 26982104 DOI: 10.3201/eid2204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious disease threat events (IDTEs) are increasing in frequency worldwide. We analyzed underlying drivers of 116 IDTEs detected in Europe during 2008-2013 by epidemic intelligence at the European Centre of Disease Prevention and Control. Seventeen drivers were identified and categorized into 3 groups: globalization and environment, sociodemographic, and public health systems. A combination of >2 drivers was responsible for most IDTEs. The driver category globalization and environment contributed to 61% of individual IDTEs, and the top 5 individual drivers of all IDTEs were travel and tourism, food and water quality, natural environment, global trade, and climate. Hierarchical cluster analysis of all drivers identified travel and tourism as a distinctly separate driver. Monitoring and modeling such disease drivers can help anticipate future IDTEs and strengthen control measures. More important, intervening directly on these underlying drivers can diminish the likelihood of the occurrence of an IDTE and reduce the associated human and economic costs.
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74
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Semenza JC, Lindgren E, Balkanyi L, Espinosa L, Almqvist MS, Penttinen P, Rocklöv J. Determinants and Drivers of Infectious Disease Threat Events in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2016. [PMID: 26982104 PMCID: PMC4806948 DOI: 10.3201/eid2204.151073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Globalization and environment, the most frequent underlying drivers, should be targeted for interventions to prevent such events. Infectious disease threat events (IDTEs) are increasing in frequency worldwide. We analyzed underlying drivers of 116 IDTEs detected in Europe during 2008–2013 by epidemic intelligence at the European Centre of Disease Prevention and Control. Seventeen drivers were identified and categorized into 3 groups: globalization and environment, sociodemographic, and public health systems. A combination of >2 drivers was responsible for most IDTEs. The driver category globalization and environment contributed to 61% of individual IDTEs, and the top 5 individual drivers of all IDTEs were travel and tourism, food and water quality, natural environment, global trade, and climate. Hierarchical cluster analysis of all drivers identified travel and tourism as a distinctly separate driver. Monitoring and modeling such disease drivers can help anticipate future IDTEs and strengthen control measures. More important, intervening directly on these underlying drivers can diminish the likelihood of the occurrence of an IDTE and reduce the associated human and economic costs.
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76
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Worsnop CZ. Domestic politics and the WHO's International Health Regulations: Explaining the use of trade and travel barriers during disease outbreaks. THE REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 2016; 12:365-395. [PMID: 38624276 PMCID: PMC7149042 DOI: 10.1007/s11558-016-9260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
During the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO), acting under the authority of the International Health Regulations (IHR), recommended against the imposition of trade or travel restrictions because, according to WHO, these barriers would not prevent disease spread. Why did 47 states impose barriers anyway? This article argues that states use barriers as political cover to prevent a loss of domestic political support. This logic suggests that governments anticipating high domestic political benefits for imposing barriers during an outbreak will be likely to do so. Logistic regression and duration analysis of an original dataset coding state behavior during H1N1 provide support for this argument: democracies with weak health infrastructure-those that stand to gain the most from imposing barriers during an outbreak because they are particularly vulnerable to a negative public reaction-are more likely than others to impose barriers and to do so quickly.
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77
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Shultz JM, Cooper JL, Baingana F, Oquendo MA, Espinel Z, Althouse BM, Marcelin LH, Towers S, Espinola M, McCoy CB, Mazurik L, Wainberg ML, Neria Y, Rechkemmer A. The Role of Fear-Related Behaviors in the 2013-2016 West Africa Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2016; 18:104. [PMID: 27739026 PMCID: PMC5241909 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-016-0741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 2013-2016 West Africa Ebola virus disease pandemic was the largest, longest, deadliest, and most geographically expansive outbreak in the 40-year interval since Ebola was first identified. Fear-related behaviors played an important role in shaping the outbreak. Fear-related behaviors are defined as "individual or collective behaviors and actions initiated in response to fear reactions that are triggered by a perceived threat or actual exposure to a potentially traumatizing event. FRBs modify the future risk of harm." This review examines how fear-related behaviors were implicated in (1) accelerating the spread of Ebola, (2) impeding the utilization of life-saving Ebola treatment, (3) curtailing the availability of medical services for treatable conditions, (4) increasing the risks for new-onset psychological distress and psychiatric disorders, and (5) amplifying the downstream cascades of social problems. Fear-related behaviors are identified for each of these outcomes. Particularly notable are behaviors such as treating Ebola patients in home or private clinic settings, the "laying of hands" on Ebola-infected individuals to perform faith-based healing, observing hands-on funeral and burial customs, foregoing available life-saving treatment, and stigmatizing Ebola survivors and health professionals. Future directions include modeling the onset, operation, and perpetuation of fear-related behaviors and devising strategies to redirect behavioral responses to mass threats in a manner that reduces risks and promotes resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Shultz
- Center for Disaster and Extreme Event Preparedness (DEEP Center), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 251 174 St. #2319, Sunny Isles Beach, Miami, FL USA
| | - Janice L. Cooper
- The Carter Center, Mental Health Program Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
| | | | - Maria A. Oquendo
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA
| | - Zelde Espinel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL USA
| | - Benjamin M. Althouse
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, WA USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
- New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM USA
| | - Louis Herns Marcelin
- Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development (INURED), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
- Department of Anthropology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL USA
| | - Sherry Towers
- Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Maria Espinola
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Clyde B. McCoy
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Comprehensive Drug Research Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
| | - Laurie Mazurik
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Milton L. Wainberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA
| | - Yuval Neria
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA
| | - Andreas Rechkemmer
- Graduate School of Social Work (GSSW), University of Denver, Denver, CO USA
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78
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Wankar S, Turner NW, Krupadam RJ. Polythiophene nanofilms for sensitive fluorescence detection of viruses in drinking water. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 82:20-5. [PMID: 27031187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imprints of the tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) have been formed within polythiophene nanofilms with an approximate thickness of 200nm. These films have been electrochemically deposited onto conducting Au surfaces. Upon rebinding, the TNV-polythiophene complex changes the fluorescence intensity of the nanofilm. The fluorescence intensity at 410nm was observed to be proportional to the concentration of viruses in the range of 0.1-10ngL(-1) (0.15-15pg) with the lower calculated detection limit of 2.29ngL(-1) (3.4pg). The intensity of the fluorescence emission is not affected by the thickness of the polythiophene film and the nature of TNV specific binding sites. Kinetic data analyses showed that the nanofilm responds to TNV within 2min; and cross-selectivity studies with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) showed an excellent specificity for the targeted TNV. These binding experiments demonstrate the potential of fluorescence emission for the specific, label free and rapid detection of viruses using nanofilm sensors. Taking into account the lower limit of detection, the fluorescence sensing reported here is reliable, simple to perform, rapid, cost-effective and offers a sensitive analytical method for virus detection in water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashwati Wankar
- Environmental Impact and Risk Assessment Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, India
| | - Nicholas W Turner
- Faculty of Science, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
| | - Reddithota J Krupadam
- Environmental Impact and Risk Assessment Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, India.
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79
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Jońca J, Tukaj C, Werel W, Mizerska U, Fortuniak W, Chojnowski J. Bacterial membranes are the target for antimicrobial polysiloxane-methacrylate copolymer. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2016; 27:55. [PMID: 26787487 PMCID: PMC4718939 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-016-5669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial polysiloxane polymers with pending tert-butylamine groups are a novel class of compounds that are compatible with silicone elastomers, but their mechanism of action is not well understood. The research into their action mechanism was conducted on a polysiloxane copolymer grafted with tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate and covalently attached fluorescein. Fluorometric measurements results suggest that the polymer forms a stable link with bacteria. The results of β-galactosidase enzyme assay with the use of ortho-nitrophenyl-β-galactoside as a substrate show that the polymer has a damaging effect on bacterial membranes. The scanning and transmission electron micrographs of Escherichia coli cells incubated with the polymer prove further that the polymer's site of action is bacterial cell membranes. In order to investigate the polymer interaction with bacterial membranes the fluorescein labelled polymer was incubated with bacterial cells and membranes isolation and identification method was next applied. The E. coli membrane fractions were identified by light scattering, protein content, oxidase NADH activity and N-phenylnaphtylamine fluorescence measurements, as well as electron microscopy. Oxidase NADH and N-phenylnaphtylamine were the inner membrane markers. The bacterial membranes were then tested for the presence of the polymer. The experiments gave evidence that the copolymer binds to the inner bacterial membrane. Further studies, where the copolymer was incubated with isolated mixed (inner and outer) membrane fractions, proved that the copolymer exerts more destructive effect on E. coli outer membrane. The damaging effect on the membranes is concentration dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jońca
- Chair & Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Cecylia Tukaj
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Debinki 1, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Władysław Werel
- Chair & Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Urszula Mizerska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lódź, Poland
| | - Witold Fortuniak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lódź, Poland
| | - Julian Chojnowski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lódź, Poland
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Abstract
Zoonotic diseases are the main contributor to emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and present a major threat to global public health. Bushmeat is an important source of protein and income for many African people, but bushmeat-related activities have been linked to numerous EID outbreaks, such as Ebola, HIV, and SARS. Importantly, increasing demand and commercialization of bushmeat is exposing more people to pathogens and facilitating the geographic spread of diseases. To date, these linkages have not been systematically assessed. Here we review the literature on bushmeat and EIDs for sub-Saharan Africa, summarizing pathogens (viruses, fungi, bacteria, helminths, protozoan, and prions) by bushmeat taxonomic group to provide for the first time a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge concerning zoonotic disease transmission from bushmeat into humans. We conclude by drawing lessons that we believe are applicable to other developing and developed regions and highlight areas requiring further research to mitigate disease risk.
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81
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Patarčić I, Gelemanović A, Kirin M, Kolčić I, Theodoratou E, Baillie KJ, de Jong MD, Rudan I, Campbell H, Polašek O. The role of host genetic factors in respiratory tract infectious diseases: systematic review, meta-analyses and field synopsis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16119. [PMID: 26524966 PMCID: PMC4630784 DOI: 10.1038/srep16119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Host genetic factors have frequently been implicated in respiratory infectious diseases, often with inconsistent results in replication studies. We identified 386 studies from the total of 24,823 studies identified in a systematic search of four bibliographic databases. We performed meta-analyses of studies on tuberculosis, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, SARS-Coronavirus and pneumonia. One single-nucleotide polymorphism from IL4 gene was significant for pooled respiratory infections (rs2070874; 1.66 [1.29–2.14]). We also detected an association of TLR2 gene with tuberculosis (rs5743708; 3.19 [2.03–5.02]). Subset analyses identified CCL2 as an additional risk factor for tuberculosis (rs1024611; OR = 0.79 [0.72–0.88]). The IL4-TLR2-CCL2 axis could be a highly interesting target for translation towards clinical use. However, this conclusion is based on low credibility of evidence - almost 95% of all identified studies had strong risk of bias or confounding. Future studies must build upon larger-scale collaborations, but also strictly adhere to the highest evidence-based principles in study design, in order to reduce research waste and provide clinically translatable evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Patarčić
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Andrea Gelemanović
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Mirna Kirin
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Kolčić
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Evropi Theodoratou
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics , University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kenneth J Baillie
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.,Intensive Care Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Menno D de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics , University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics , University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.,Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics , University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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82
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Spillover and pandemic properties of zoonotic viruses with high host plasticity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14830. [PMID: 26445169 PMCID: PMC4595845 DOI: 10.1038/srep14830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human infectious diseases, especially recently emerging pathogens, originate from animals, and ongoing disease transmission from animals to people presents a significant global health burden. Recognition of the epidemiologic circumstances involved in zoonotic spillover, amplification, and spread of diseases is essential for prioritizing surveillance and predicting future disease emergence risk. We examine the animal hosts and transmission mechanisms involved in spillover of zoonotic viruses to date, and discover that viruses with high host plasticity (i.e. taxonomically and ecologically diverse host range) were more likely to amplify viral spillover by secondary human-to-human transmission and have broader geographic spread. Viruses transmitted to humans during practices that facilitate mixing of diverse animal species had significantly higher host plasticity. Our findings suggest that animal-to-human spillover of new viruses that are capable of infecting diverse host species signal emerging disease events with higher pandemic potential in that these viruses are more likely to amplify by human-to-human transmission with spread on a global scale.
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83
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Marston HD, Folkers GK, Morens DM, Fauci AS. Emerging viral diseases: confronting threats with new technologies. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:253ps10. [PMID: 25210060 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Emerging viral diseases pose ongoing health threats, particularly in an era of globalization; however, new biomedical research technologies such as genome sequencing and structure-based vaccine and drug design have improved our ability to respond to viral threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary D Marston
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gregory K Folkers
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David M Morens
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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84
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Viral biocontrol: grand experiments in disease emergence and evolution. Trends Microbiol 2014; 23:83-90. [PMID: 25455418 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although viral emergence is commonly associated with cross-species transmission, the processes and determinants of viral evolution in a novel host environment are poorly understood. We address key questions in virus emergence and evolution using data generated from two unique natural experiments: the deliberate release of myxoma virus (MYXV) and rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) as biological control (biocontrol) agents against the European rabbit in Australia, and which have been of enormous benefit to Australia's ecosystem and agricultural industries. Notably, although virulence evolution in MYXV and RHDV followed different trajectories, a strongly parallel evolutionary process was observed in Australia and Europe. These biocontrol agents were also characterized by a lack of transmission to nontarget host species, suggesting that there are major barriers to successful emergence.
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85
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Zumla A, Hui DS, Al-Tawfiq JA, Gautret P, McCloskey B, Memish ZA. Emerging respiratory tract infections. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014; 14:910-1. [PMID: 25189348 PMCID: PMC7128723 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospital, London NW3 2PF, UK; Global Center for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - David S Hui
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Stanley Ho Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq
- John Hopkins Aramco healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
| | - Phillipe Gautret
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Pôle Infectieux, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection & Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Marseille, France
| | - Brian McCloskey
- Global Health and WHO Collaborating Centre on Mass Gatherings, Public Health England, London, UK; Global Center for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Global Center for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Ministry of Health and Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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86
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Fumagalli M, Sironi M. Human genome variability, natural selection and infectious diseases. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 30:9-16. [PMID: 24880709 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The recent availability of large-scale sequencing DNA data allowed researchers to investigate how genomic variation is distributed among populations. While demographic factors explain genome-wide population genetic diversity levels, scans for signatures of natural selection pinpointed several regions under non-neutral evolution. Recent studies found an enrichment of immune-related genes subjected to natural selection, suggesting that pathogens and infectious diseases have imposed a strong selective pressure throughout human history. Pathogen-mediated selection often targeted regulatory sites of genes belonging to the same biological pathway. Results from these studies have the potential to identify mutations that modulate infection susceptibility by integrating a population genomic approach with molecular immunology data and large-scale functional annotations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Fumagalli
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Bioinformatics - Scientific Institute IRCCS E.MEDEA, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
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87
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Anderson B, Gray G. Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases. REFERENCE MODULE IN BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2014. [PMCID: PMC7150262 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.00165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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88
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Booss J, Tselis AC. A history of viral infections of the central nervous system: foundations, milestones, and patterns. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 123:3-44. [PMID: 25015479 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53488-0.00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John Booss
- Departments of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Connecticut, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alex C Tselis
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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89
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Benbelaïd F, Khadir A, Abdoune MA, Bendahou M. Phytochemical screening and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Thymus lanceolatus Desf. from Algeria. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(13)60100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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90
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Mongodin EF, Casjens SR, Bruno JF, Xu Y, Drabek EF, Riley DR, Cantarel BL, Pagan PE, Hernandez YA, Vargas LC, Dunn JJ, Schutzer SE, Fraser CM, Qiu WG, Luft BJ. Inter- and intra-specific pan-genomes of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: genome stability and adaptive radiation. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:693. [PMID: 24112474 PMCID: PMC3833655 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lyme disease is caused by spirochete bacteria from the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (B. burgdorferi s.l.) species complex. To reconstruct the evolution of B. burgdorferi s.l. and identify the genomic basis of its human virulence, we compared the genomes of 23 B. burgdorferi s.l. isolates from Europe and the United States, including B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (B. burgdorferi s.s., 14 isolates), B. afzelii (2), B. garinii (2), B. "bavariensis" (1), B. spielmanii (1), B. valaisiana (1), B. bissettii (1), and B. "finlandensis" (1). RESULTS Robust B. burgdorferi s.s. and B. burgdorferi s.l. phylogenies were obtained using genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms, despite recombination. Phylogeny-based pan-genome analysis showed that the rate of gene acquisition was higher between species than within species, suggesting adaptive speciation. Strong positive natural selection drives the sequence evolution of lipoproteins, including chromosomally-encoded genes 0102 and 0404, cp26-encoded ospC and b08, and lp54-encoded dbpA, a07, a22, a33, a53, a65. Computer simulations predicted rapid adaptive radiation of genomic groups as population size increases. CONCLUSIONS Intra- and inter-specific pan-genome sizes of B. burgdorferi s.l. expand linearly with phylogenetic diversity. Yet gene-acquisition rates in B. burgdorferi s.l. are among the lowest in bacterial pathogens, resulting in high genome stability and few lineage-specific genes. Genome adaptation of B. burgdorferi s.l. is driven predominantly by copy-number and sequence variations of lipoprotein genes. New genomic groups are likely to emerge if the current trend of B. burgdorferi s.l. population expansion continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel F Mongodin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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91
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Abstract
Syphilis, cholera and TB have re-emerged and now affect the health of countless humans globally. In this article, we review current information concerning the biology and epidemiology of these bacterial diseases with the goal of developing a better understanding of factors that have led to their resurgence and that threaten to compromise their control. The impact of microbial and environmental change notwithstanding, the main factors common to the re-emergence of syphilis, cholera and TB are human demographics and behavior. This information is critical to developing targeted strategies aimed at preventing and controlling these potentially deadly infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola V Stamm
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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92
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Morens
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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93
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Barrow E, Nicola AV, Liu J. Multiscale perspectives of virus entry via endocytosis. Virol J 2013; 10:177. [PMID: 23734580 PMCID: PMC3679726 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Most viruses take advantage of endocytic pathways to gain entry into host cells and initiate infections. Understanding of virus entry via endocytosis is critically important for the design of antiviral strategies. Virus entry via endocytosis is a complex process involving hundreds of cellular proteins. The entire process is dictated by events occurring at multiple time and length scales. In this review, we discuss and evaluate the available means to investigate virus endocytic entry, from both experimental and theoretical/numerical modeling fronts, and highlight the importance of multiscale features. The complexity of the process requires investigations at a systems biology level, which involves the combination of different experimental approaches, the collaboration of experimentalists and theorists across different disciplines, and the development of novel multiscale models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Barrow
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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94
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Delany I, Rappuoli R, Seib KL. Vaccines, reverse vaccinology, and bacterial pathogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 3:a012476. [PMID: 23637311 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Advances in genomics and innovative strategies such as reverse vaccinology have changed the concepts and approaches to vaccine candidate selection and design. Genome mining and blind selection of novel antigens provide a novel route to investigate the mechanisms that underpin pathogenesis. The resulting lists of novel candidates are revealing new aspects of pathogenesis of target organisms, which in turn drives the rational design of optimal vaccine antigens. Here we use the discovery, characterization, and exploitation of fHbp, a vaccine candidate and key virulence factor of meningococcus, as an illustrative case in point. Applying genomic approaches to study both the pathogen and host will ultimately increase our fundamental understanding of pathogen biology, mechanisms responsible for the development of protective immunity, and guide next-generation vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Delany
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 53100 Siena, Italy
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95
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Marais BJ, Lönnroth K, Lawn SD, Migliori GB, Mwaba P, Glaziou P, Bates M, Colagiuri R, Zijenah L, Swaminathan S, Memish ZA, Pletschette M, Hoelscher M, Abubakar I, Hasan R, Zafar A, Pantaleo G, Craig G, Kim P, Maeurer M, Schito M, Zumla A. Tuberculosis comorbidity with communicable and non-communicable diseases: integrating health services and control efforts. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2013; 13:436-48. [PMID: 23531392 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent data for the global burden of disease reflect major demographic and lifestyle changes, leading to a rise in non-communicable diseases. Most countries with high levels of tuberculosis face a large comorbidity burden from both non-communicable and communicable diseases. Traditional disease-specific approaches typically fail to recognise common features and potential synergies in integration of care, management, and control of non-communicable and communicable diseases. In resource-limited countries, the need to tackle a broader range of overlapping comorbid diseases is growing. Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS persist as global emergencies. The lethal interaction between tuberculosis and HIV coinfection in adults, children, and pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa exemplifies the need for well integrated approaches to disease management and control. Furthermore, links between diabetes mellitus, smoking, alcoholism, chronic lung diseases, cancer, immunosuppressive treatment, malnutrition, and tuberculosis are well recognised. Here, we focus on interactions, synergies, and challenges of integration of tuberculosis care with management strategies for non-communicable and communicable diseases without eroding the functionality of existing national programmes for tuberculosis. The need for sustained and increased funding for these initiatives is greater than ever and requires increased political and funder commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Marais
- Sydney Emerging Infections and Biosecurity Institute, and The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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96
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Faria NR, Suchard MA, Rambaut A, Streicker DG, Lemey P. Simultaneously reconstructing viral cross-species transmission history and identifying the underlying constraints. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120196. [PMID: 23382420 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The factors that determine the origin and fate of cross-species transmission events remain unclear for the majority of human pathogens, despite being central for the development of predictive models and assessing the efficacy of prevention strategies. Here, we describe a flexible Bayesian statistical framework to reconstruct virus transmission between different host species based on viral gene sequences, while simultaneously testing and estimating the contribution of several potential predictors of cross-species transmission. Specifically, we use a generalized linear model extension of phylogenetic diffusion to perform Bayesian model averaging over candidate predictors. By further extending this model with branch partitioning, we allow for distinct host transition processes on external and internal branches, thus discriminating between recent cross-species transmissions, many of which are likely to result in dead-end infections, and host shifts that reflect successful onwards transmission in the new host species. Our approach corroborates genetic distance between hosts as a key determinant of both host shifts and cross-species transmissions of rabies virus in North American bats. Furthermore, our results indicate that geographical range overlap is a modest predictor for cross-species transmission, but not for host shifts. Although our evolutionary framework focused on the multi-host reservoir dynamics of bat rabies virus, it is applicable to other pathogens and to other discrete state transition processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Rodrigues Faria
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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97
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França RFO, da Silva CC, De Paula SO. Recent advances in molecular medicine techniques for the diagnosis, prevention, and control of infectious diseases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32:723-8. [PMID: 23339016 PMCID: PMC7087945 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years we have observed great advances in our ability to combat infectious diseases. Through the development of novel genetic methodologies, including a better understanding of pathogen biology, pathogenic mechanisms, advances in vaccine development, designing new therapeutic drugs, and optimization of diagnostic tools, significant infectious diseases are now better controlled. Here, we briefly describe recent reports in the literature concentrating on infectious disease control. The focus of this review is to describe the molecular methods widely used in the diagnosis, prevention, and control of infectious diseases with regard to the innovation of molecular techniques. Since the list of pathogenic microorganisms is extensive, we emphasize some of the major human infectious diseases (AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, rotavirus, herpes virus, viral hepatitis, and dengue fever). As a consequence of these developments, infectious diseases will be more accurately and effectively treated; safe and effective vaccines are being developed and rapid detection of infectious agents now permits countermeasures to avoid potential outbreaks and epidemics. But, despite considerable progress, infectious diseases remain a strong challenge to human survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F O França
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
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98
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Sorci G, Cornet S, Faivre B. Immunity and the emergence of virulent pathogens. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 16:441-6. [PMID: 23333337 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The emergence/re-emergence of infectious diseases has been one of the major concerns for human and wildlife health. In spite of the medical and veterinary progresses as to prevent and cure infectious diseases, during the last decades we have witnessed the emergence/re-emergence of virulent pathogens that pose a threat to humans and wildlife. Many factors that might drive the emergence of these novel pathogens have been identified and several reviews have been published on this topic in the last years. Among the most cited and recognized drivers of pathogen emergence are climate change, habitat destruction, increased contact with reservoirs, etc. These factors mostly refer to environmental determinants of emergence. However, the immune system of the host is probably the most important environmental trait parasites have to cope with. Here, we wish to discuss how immune-mediated selection might affect the emergence/re-emergence of infectious diseases and drive the evolution of disease severity. Vaccination, natural (age-associated) and acquired immunodeficiencies, organ transplantation, environmental contamination with chemicals that disrupt immune functions form populations of hosts that might exert specific immune-mediated selection on a range of pathogens, shaping their virulence and evolution, and favoring their spread to other populations of hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sorci
- Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
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99
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Small oversights that led to the Great Plague of Marseille (1720-1723): lessons from the past. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 14:169-85. [PMID: 23246639 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the issue of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases has become an increasingly important area of concern in public health. Today, like centuries ago, infectious diseases confront us with the fear of death and have heavily influenced social behaviors and policy decisions at local, national and international levels. Remarkably, an infectious disease such as plague, which is disseminated from one country to another mainly by commercial transportation, remains today, as it was in the distant past, a threat for human societies. Throughout history, plague outbreaks prevailed on numerous occasions in Mediterranean harbors, including Marseille in the south of France. A few months ago, the municipal authorities of the city of Marseille, announced the archaeological discovery of the last remnants of a "lazaretto" or "lazaret" (http://20.minutes.fr, March 3th, 2012), a place equipped with an infirmary and destined to isolate ship passengers quarantined for health reasons. More recently, on September 16th, 2012, the anchor of the ship "Grand Saint Antoine" responsible for bringing the plague to Marseille in 1720, was recovered and it will be restored before being presented to the public in 2013 (http://www.libemarseille.fr/henry/2012/09/lancre-du-bateau-qui-amena-la-grande-peste-%C3%A0-marseille.html). In the light of these recent archaeological discoveries, it is quite instructive to revisit the sequence of events and decisions that led to the outbreak of the Great Plague of Marseille between 1720 and 1723. It comes to the evidence that although the threat was known and health surveillance existed with quite effective preventive measures such as quarantine, the accumulation of small negligence led to one of the worst epidemics in the city (about 30% of casualties among the inhabitants). This is an excellent model to illustrate the issues we are facing with emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases today and to define how to improve biosurveillance and response tomorrow. Importantly, the risk of plague dissemination by transport trade is negligible between developed countries, however, this risk still persists in developing countries. In addition, the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains of Yersinia pestis, the infectious agent of plague, is raising serious concerns for public health.
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100
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Morens DM, Fauci AS. Emerging infectious diseases in 2012: 20 years after the institute of medicine report. mBio 2012; 3:e00494-12. [PMID: 23232716 PMCID: PMC3520107 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00494-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty years ago (1992), a landmark Institute of Medicine report entitled "Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States" underscored the important but often underappreciated concept of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). A review of the progress made and setbacks experienced over the past 2 decades suggests that even though many new diseases have emerged, such as SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and the 2009 pandemic influenza, significant advances have occurred in EID control, prevention, and treatment. Among many elements of the increase in the capacity to control EIDs are genomics-associated advances in microbial detection and treatment, improved disease surveillance, and greater awareness of EIDs and the complicated variables that underlie emergence. In looking back over the past 20 years, it is apparent that we are in a time of great change in which both the challenge of EIDs and our responses to them are being transformed. Recent advances support guarded optimism that further breakthroughs lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Morens
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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