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Di Giaimo R, Penna E, Pizzella A, Cirillo R, Perrone-Capano C, Crispino M. Cross Talk at the Cytoskeleton-Plasma Membrane Interface: Impact on Neuronal Morphology and Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239133. [PMID: 33266269 PMCID: PMC7730950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton and its associated proteins present at the plasma membrane not only determine the cell shape but also modulate important aspects of cell physiology such as intracellular transport including secretory and endocytic pathways. Continuous remodeling of the cell structure and intense communication with extracellular environment heavily depend on interactions between cytoskeletal elements and plasma membrane. This review focuses on the plasma membrane-cytoskeleton interface in neurons, with a special emphasis on the axon and nerve endings. We discuss the interaction between the cytoskeleton and membrane mainly in two emerging topics of neurobiology: (i) production and release of extracellular vesicles and (ii) local synthesis of new proteins at the synapses upon signaling cues. Both of these events contribute to synaptic plasticity. Our review provides new insights into the physiological and pathological significance of the cytoskeleton-membrane interface in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Di Giaimo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (E.P.); (A.P.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence: (R.D.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Eduardo Penna
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (E.P.); (A.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Amelia Pizzella
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (E.P.); (A.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Raffaella Cirillo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (E.P.); (A.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Carla Perrone-Capano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati Traverso”, National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Crispino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (E.P.); (A.P.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence: (R.D.G.); (M.C.)
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Misrielal C, Mauthe M, Reggiori F, Eggen BJL. Autophagy in Multiple Sclerosis: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:603710. [PMID: 33328897 PMCID: PMC7714924 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.603710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex auto-immune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that involves a range of CNS and immune cells. MS is characterized by chronic neuroinflammation, demyelination, and neuronal loss, but the molecular causes of this disease remain poorly understood. One cellular process that could provide insight into MS pathophysiology and also be a possible therapeutic avenue, is autophagy. Autophagy is an intracellular degradative pathway essential to maintain cellular homeostasis, particularly in neurons as defects in autophagy lead to neurodegeneration. One of the functions of autophagy is to maintain cellular homeostasis by eliminating defective or superfluous proteins, complexes, and organelles, preventing the accumulation of potentially cytotoxic damage. Importantly, there is also an intimate and intricate interplay between autophagy and multiple aspects of both innate and adaptive immunity. Thus, autophagy is implicated in two of the main hallmarks of MS, neurodegeneration, and inflammation, making it especially important to understand how this pathway contributes to MS manifestation and progression. This review summarizes the current knowledge about autophagy in MS, in particular how it contributes to our understanding of MS pathology and its potential as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chairi Misrielal
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mario Mauthe
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Wang SP, Li W, Li C, Duan XY, Duan J. Effect of rs4719839 polymorphism on risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia, expression of microRNA-148 and autophagy-related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1). J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12599-12607. [PMID: 32940422 PMCID: PMC7686989 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MiR‐148 is a negative regulator of autophagy 16‐like 1 (ATG16L1), a gene implicated in the pathogenesis of ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP). Therefore, the role of miR‐148 polymorphism in the pathogenesis of VAP was studied here. The expression of miR‐148, ATG16L1, Beclin‐I, LC3‐II, TNF‐α and IL‐6 in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of VAP patients was detected to study their relationship in the pathogenesis of VAP. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients carrying the AA/AG genotypes of miR‐148 rs4719839 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) were more prone to VAP due to the higher expression of miR‐148, TNF‐α and IL‐6 along with suppressed expression of ATG16L1, Beclin‐I and LC3‐II in their serum and PBMCs. Transfection of miR‐148 mimics to primary PBMCs genotyped as GG and AA decreased the expression of ATG16L1, Beclin‐I and LC3‐II. Finally, cells carrying the AA genotype of rs4719839 SNP were more sensitive to the role of LPS stimulation in suppressing ATG16L1, Beclin‐I and LC3‐II expression while activating TNF‐α and IL‐6 expression. Our work presented detailed evidence, suggesting that the rs4719839 polymorphism can affect the risk of VAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Peng Wang
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Li
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Li
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Yan Duan
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jun Duan
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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Activate or Inhibit? Implications of Autophagy Modulation as a Therapeutic Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186739. [PMID: 32937909 PMCID: PMC7554997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases result in a range of conditions depending on the type of proteinopathy, genes affected or the location of the degeneration in the brain. Proteinopathies such as senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain are prominent features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Autophagy is a highly regulated mechanism of eliminating dysfunctional organelles and proteins, and plays an important role in removing these pathogenic intracellular protein aggregates, not only in AD, but also in other neurodegenerative diseases. Activating autophagy is gaining interest as a potential therapeutic strategy for chronic diseases featuring protein aggregation and misfolding, including AD. Although autophagy activation is a promising intervention, over-activation of autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases that display impaired lysosomal clearance may accelerate pathology, suggesting that the success of any autophagy-based intervention is dependent on lysosomal clearance being functional. Additionally, the effects of autophagy activation may vary significantly depending on the physiological state of the cell, especially during proteotoxic stress and ageing. Growing evidence seems to favour a strategy of enhancing the efficacy of autophagy by preventing or reversing the impairments of the specific processes that are disrupted. Therefore, it is essential to understand the underlying causes of the autophagy defect in different neurodegenerative diseases to explore possible therapeutic approaches. This review will focus on the role of autophagy during stress and ageing, consequences that are linked to its activation and caveats in modulating this pathway as a treatment.
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Lowe AJ, Sjödin S, Rodrigues FB, Byrne LM, Blennow K, Tortelli R, Zetterberg H, Wild EJ. Cerebrospinal fluid endo-lysosomal proteins as potential biomarkers for Huntington's disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233820. [PMID: 32804976 PMCID: PMC7430717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular markers derived from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) represent an accessible means of exploring the pathobiology of Huntington's disease (HD) in vivo. The endo-lysosomal/autophagy system is dysfunctional in HD, potentially contributing to disease pathogenesis and representing a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Several endo-lysosomal proteins have shown promise as biomarkers in other neurodegenerative diseases; however, they have yet to be fully explored in HD. We performed parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry analysis (PRM-MS) of multiple endo-lysosomal proteins in the CSF of 60 HD mutation carriers and 20 healthy controls. Using generalised linear models controlling for age and CAG, none of the 18 proteins measured displayed significant differences in concentration between HD patients and controls. This was affirmed by principal component analysis, in which no significant difference across disease stage was found in any of the three components representing lysosomal hydrolases, binding/transfer proteins and innate immune system/peripheral proteins. However, several proteins were associated with measures of disease severity and cognition: most notably amyloid precursor protein, which displayed strong correlations with composite Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale, UHDRS Total Functional Capacity, UHDRS Total Motor Score, Symbol Digit Modalities Test and Stroop Word Reading. We conclude that although endo-lysosomal proteins are unlikely to have value as disease state CSF biomarkers for Huntington's disease, several proteins demonstrate associations with clinical severity, thus warranting further, targeted exploration and validation in larger, longitudinal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Lowe
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Sjödin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Filipe B. Rodrigues
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren M. Byrne
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Rosanna Tortelli
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J. Wild
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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56
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Michalska P, León R. When It Comes to an End: Oxidative Stress Crosstalk with Protein Aggregation and Neuroinflammation Induce Neurodegeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080740. [PMID: 32806679 PMCID: PMC7463521 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a progressive loss of neurons in the brain or spinal cord that leads to a loss of function of the affected areas. The lack of effective treatments and the ever-increasing life expectancy is raising the number of individuals affected, having a tremendous social and economic impact. The brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage given the high energy demand, low levels of antioxidant defenses, and high levels of metal ions. Driven by age-related changes, neurodegeneration is characterized by increased oxidative stress leading to irreversible neuronal damage, followed by cell death. Nevertheless, neurodegenerative diseases are known as complex pathologies where several mechanisms drive neuronal death. Herein we discuss the interplay among oxidative stress, proteinopathy, and neuroinflammation at the early stages of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we discuss the use of the Nrf2-ARE pathway as a potential therapeutic strategy based on these molecular mechanisms to develop transformative medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Michalska
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (R.L.); Tel.: +34-91-497-27-66 (P.M. & R.L.)
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (R.L.); Tel.: +34-91-497-27-66 (P.M. & R.L.)
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Obergasteiger J, Frapporti G, Lamonaca G, Pizzi S, Picard A, Lavdas AA, Pischedda F, Piccoli G, Hilfiker S, Lobbestael E, Baekelandt V, Hicks AA, Corti C, Pramstaller PP, Volta M. Kinase inhibition of G2019S-LRRK2 enhances autolysosome formation and function to reduce endogenous alpha-synuclein intracellular inclusions. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:45. [PMID: 32550012 PMCID: PMC7280235 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Parkinson's disease (PD)-associated kinase Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a crucial modulator of the autophagy-lysosome pathway, but unclarity exists on the precise mechanics of its role and the direction of this modulation. In particular, LRRK2 is involved in the degradation of pathological alpha-synuclein, with pathogenic mutations precipitating neuropathology in cellular and animal models of PD, and a significant proportion of LRRK2 patients presenting Lewy neuropathology. Defects in autophagic processing and lysosomal degradation of alpha-synuclein have been postulated to underlie its accumulation and onset of neuropathology. Thus, it is critical to obtain a comprehensive knowledge on LRRK2-associated pathology. Here, we investigated a G2019S-LRRK2 recombinant cell line exhibiting accumulation of endogenous, phosphorylated alpha-synuclein. We found that G2019S-LRRK2 leads to accumulation of LC3 and abnormalities in lysosome morphology and proteolytic activity in a kinase-dependent fashion, but independent from constitutively active Rab10. Notably, LRRK2 inhibition was ineffective upon upstream blockade of autophagosome-lysosome fusion events, highlighting this step as critical for alpha-synuclein clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Obergasteiger
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck - Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Giulia Frapporti
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck - Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology-CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Povo, TN Italy
| | - Giulia Lamonaca
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck - Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Sara Pizzi
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck - Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Anne Picard
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck - Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alexandros A. Lavdas
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck - Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Francesca Pischedda
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology-CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Povo, TN Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology-CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Povo, TN Italy
| | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Medical Science Building, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103 USA
| | - Evy Lobbestael
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1023, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1023, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrew A. Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck - Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Corrado Corti
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck - Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck - Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Via Böhler 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mattia Volta
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck - Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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58
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Gao Y, Zhang T. The Application of Nanomaterials in Cell Autophagy. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 16:23-35. [PMID: 32357821 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200502000807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is defined as separation and degradation of cytoplasmic components through autophagosomes, which plays an essential part in physiological and pathological events. Hence it is also essential for cellular homeostasis. Autophagy disorder may bring about the failure of stem cells to maintain the fundamental transformation and metabolism of cell components. However, for cancer cells, the disorder of autophagy is a feasible antitumor idea. Nanoparticles, referring to particles of the size range 1-100 nanometers, are appearing as a category of autophagy regulators. These nanoparticles may revolutionize and broaden the therapeutic strategies of many diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, tumors, muscle disease, and so on. Researches of autophagy-induced nanomaterials mainly focus on silver particles, gold particles, silicon particles, and rare earth oxides. But in recent years, more and more materials have been found to regulate autophagy, such as nano-nucleic acid materials, nanofiber scaffolds, quantum dots, and so on. The review highlights that various kinds of nanoparticles have the power to regulate autophagy intensity in stem cells of interest and further control biological behaviors, which may become a reliable treatment choice for disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Alpha-Synuclein and LRRK2 in Synaptic Autophagy: Linking Early Dysfunction to Late-Stage Pathology in Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051115. [PMID: 32365906 PMCID: PMC7290471 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of effective disease-modifying strategies is the major unmet clinical need in Parkinson’s disease. Several experimental approaches have attempted to validate cellular targets and processes. Of these, autophagy has received considerable attention in the last 20 years due to its involvement in the clearance of pathologic protein aggregates and maintenance of neuronal homeostasis. However, this strategy mainly addresses a very late stage of the disease, when neuropathology and neurodegeneration have likely “tipped over the edge” and disease modification is extremely difficult. Very recently, autophagy has been demonstrated to modulate synaptic activity, a process distinct from its catabolic function. Abnormalities in synaptic transmission are an early event in neurodegeneration with Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) and alpha-synuclein strongly implicated. In this review, we analyzed these processes separately and then discussed the unification of these biomolecular fields with the aim of reconstructing a potential “molecular timeline” of disease onset and progression. We postulate that the elucidation of these pathogenic mechanisms will form a critical basis for the design of novel, effective disease-modifying therapies that could be applied early in the disease process.
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Bhattacharya D, Dutta M, Mukhopadhyay M, Bhattacharyya M, Chowdhury S, Karmakar P. The protective role of metformin in autophagic status in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of type 2 diabetic patients. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:1628-1639. [PMID: 32237184 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Metformin is the most common antidiabetic drug. The main objective of this study was to explore the molecular mechanism of metformin in starvation-induced autophagy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of type 2 diabetic patients. PBMCs were isolated from 10 diabetic patients and 7 non-diabetic healthy volunteers. The autophagic puncta and markers were measured with the help of monodansylcadaverine staining and western blot. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy was also performed. No significant changes were observed in the initial autophagy marker protein levels in PBMCs of T2D after metformin treatment though diabetic PBMCs showed a high level of phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin, p62 and reduced expression of phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase and lysosomal membrane-associated protein 2, indicating a defect in autophagy. Also, induction of autophagy by tunicamycin resulted in apoptosis in diabetic PBMCs as observed by caspase-3 cleavage and reduced expression of Bcl2. Inhibition of autophagy by bafilomycin rendered consistent expression of p62 indicating a defect in the final process of autophagy. Further, electron microscopic studies also confirmed massive vacuole overload and a sign of apoptotic cell death in PBMCs of diabetic patients, whereas metformin treatment reduced the number of autophagic vacuoles perhaps by lysosomal fusion. Thus, our results indicate that defective autophagy in T2D is associated with the fusion process of lysosomes which could be overcome by metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moumita Dutta
- Division of Electron Microscopy, ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mainak Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, JIS University, Agarpara, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Subhankar Chowdhury
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Parimal Karmakar
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Experimental Study Using Multiple Strains of Prion Disease in Cattle Reveals an Inverse Relationship between Incubation Time and Misfolded Prion Accumulation, Neuroinflammation, and Autophagy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1461-1473. [PMID: 32259521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteinopathies result from aberrant folding and accumulation of specific proteins. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge about the factors that influence disease progression, making this a key challenge for the development of therapies for proteinopathies. Because of the similarities between transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) and other protein misfolding diseases, TSEs can be used to understand other proteinopathies. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a TSE that occurs in cattle and can be subdivided into three strains: classic BSE and atypical BSEs (H and L types) that have shorter incubation periods. The NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 inflammasome is a critical component of the innate immune system that leads to release of IL-1β. Macroautophagy is an intracellular mechanism that plays an essential role in protein clearance. In this study, the retina was used as a model to investigate the relationship between disease incubation period, prion protein accumulation, neuroinflammation, and changes in macroautophagy. We demonstrate that atypical BSEs present with increased prion protein accumulation, neuroinflammation, and decreased autophagy. This work suggests a relationship between disease time course, neuroinflammation, and the autophagic stress response, and may help identify novel therapeutic biomarkers that can delay or prevent the progression of proteinopathies.
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62
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Wang Z, Yang C, Liu J, Chun-Kit Tong B, Zhu Z, Malampati S, Gopalkrishnashetty Sreenivasmurthy S, Cheung KH, Iyaswamy A, Su C, Lu J, Song J, Li M. A Curcumin Derivative Activates TFEB and Protects Against Parkinsonian Neurotoxicity in Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041515. [PMID: 32098449 PMCID: PMC7073207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TFEB (transcription factor EB), which is a master regulator of autophagy and lysosome biogenesis, is considered to be a new therapeutic target for Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, only several small-molecule TFEB activators have been discovered and their neuroprotective effects in PD are unclear. In this study, a curcumin derivative, named E4, was identified as a potent TFEB activator. Compound E4 promoted the translocation of TFEB from cytoplasm into nucleus, accompanied by enhanced autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis. Moreover, TFEB knockdown effectively attenuated E4-induced autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis. Mechanistically, E4-induced TFEB activation is mainly through AKT-MTORC1 inhibition. In the PD cell models, E4 promoted the degradation of α-synuclein and protected against the cytotoxicity of MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion) in neuronal cells. Overall, the TFEB activator E4 deserves further study in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, including PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Wang
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 000000, China; (Z.W.); (C.Y.); (J.L.); (B.C.-K.T.); (Z.Z.); (S.M.); (S.G.S.); (K.-H.C.); (A.I.); (C.S.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Chuanbin Yang
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 000000, China; (Z.W.); (C.Y.); (J.L.); (B.C.-K.T.); (Z.Z.); (S.M.); (S.G.S.); (K.-H.C.); (A.I.); (C.S.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 000000, China; (Z.W.); (C.Y.); (J.L.); (B.C.-K.T.); (Z.Z.); (S.M.); (S.G.S.); (K.-H.C.); (A.I.); (C.S.)
| | - Benjamin Chun-Kit Tong
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 000000, China; (Z.W.); (C.Y.); (J.L.); (B.C.-K.T.); (Z.Z.); (S.M.); (S.G.S.); (K.-H.C.); (A.I.); (C.S.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 000000, China; (Z.W.); (C.Y.); (J.L.); (B.C.-K.T.); (Z.Z.); (S.M.); (S.G.S.); (K.-H.C.); (A.I.); (C.S.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Sandeep Malampati
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 000000, China; (Z.W.); (C.Y.); (J.L.); (B.C.-K.T.); (Z.Z.); (S.M.); (S.G.S.); (K.-H.C.); (A.I.); (C.S.)
| | - Sravan Gopalkrishnashetty Sreenivasmurthy
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 000000, China; (Z.W.); (C.Y.); (J.L.); (B.C.-K.T.); (Z.Z.); (S.M.); (S.G.S.); (K.-H.C.); (A.I.); (C.S.)
| | - King-Ho Cheung
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 000000, China; (Z.W.); (C.Y.); (J.L.); (B.C.-K.T.); (Z.Z.); (S.M.); (S.G.S.); (K.-H.C.); (A.I.); (C.S.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ashok Iyaswamy
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 000000, China; (Z.W.); (C.Y.); (J.L.); (B.C.-K.T.); (Z.Z.); (S.M.); (S.G.S.); (K.-H.C.); (A.I.); (C.S.)
| | - Chengfu Su
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 000000, China; (Z.W.); (C.Y.); (J.L.); (B.C.-K.T.); (Z.Z.); (S.M.); (S.G.S.); (K.-H.C.); (A.I.); (C.S.)
| | - Jiahong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 000000, China;
| | - Juxian Song
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 000000, China; (Z.W.); (C.Y.); (J.L.); (B.C.-K.T.); (Z.Z.); (S.M.); (S.G.S.); (K.-H.C.); (A.I.); (C.S.)
- Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Min Li
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 000000, China; (Z.W.); (C.Y.); (J.L.); (B.C.-K.T.); (Z.Z.); (S.M.); (S.G.S.); (K.-H.C.); (A.I.); (C.S.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (M.L.)
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Joshi V, Upadhyay A, Prajapati VK, Mishra A. How autophagy can restore proteostasis defects in multiple diseases? Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1385-1439. [PMID: 32043639 DOI: 10.1002/med.21662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular evolution develops several conserved mechanisms by which cells can tolerate various difficult conditions and overall maintain homeostasis. Autophagy is a well-developed and evolutionarily conserved mechanism of catabolism, which endorses the degradation of foreign and endogenous materials via autolysosome. To decrease the burden of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), autophagy also promotes the selective degradation of proteins in a tightly regulated way to improve the physiological balance of cellular proteostasis that may get perturbed due to the accumulation of misfolded proteins. However, the diverse as well as selective clearance of unwanted materials and regulations of several cellular mechanisms via autophagy is still a critical mystery. Also, the failure of autophagy causes an increase in the accumulation of harmful protein aggregates that may lead to neurodegeneration. Therefore, it is necessary to address this multifactorial threat for in-depth research and develop more effective therapeutic strategies against lethal autophagy alterations. In this paper, we discuss the most relevant and recent reports on autophagy modulations and their impact on neurodegeneration and other complex disorders. We have summarized various pharmacological findings linked with the induction and suppression of autophagy mechanism and their promising preclinical and clinical applications to provide therapeutic solutions against neurodegeneration. The conclusion, key questions, and future prospectives sections summarize fundamental challenges and their possible feasible solutions linked with autophagy mechanism to potentially design an impactful therapeutic niche to treat neurodegenerative diseases and imperfect aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti Joshi
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, India
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, India
| | - Vijay K Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, India
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64
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Targeting Mitochondrial Defects to Increase Longevity in Animal Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1134:89-110. [PMID: 30919333 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12668-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bioenergetic homeostasis is a vital process maintaining cellular health and has primary importance in neuronal cells due to their high energy demand markedly at synapses. Mitochondria, the metabolic hubs of the cells, are the organelles responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP by using nutrients and oxygen. Defects in mitochondrial homeostasis result in energy deprivation and can lead to disrupted neuronal functions. Mitochondrial defects adversely contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Mitochondrial defects not only include reduced ATP levels but also increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to cellular damage. Here, we detail the mechanisms that lead to neuronal pathologies involving mitochondrial defects. Furthermore, we discuss how to target these mitochondrial defects in order to have beneficial effects as novel and complementary therapeutic avenues in neurodegenerative diseases. The critical evaluation of these strategies and their potential outcome can pave the way for finding novel therapies for neurodegenerative pathologies.
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65
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Lakatos Z, Lőrincz P, Szabó Z, Benkő P, Kenéz LA, Csizmadia T, Juhász G. Sec20 is Required for Autophagic and Endocytic Degradation Independent of Golgi-ER Retrograde Transport. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080768. [PMID: 31344970 PMCID: PMC6721519 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis and autophagy are evolutionarily conserved degradative processes in all eukaryotes. Both pathways converge to the lysosome where cargo is degraded. Improper lysosomal degradation is observed in many human pathologies, so its regulatory mechanisms are important to understand. Sec20/BNIP1 (BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 1) is a BH3 (Bcl-2 homology 3) domain-containing SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptors) protein that has been suggested to promote Golgi-ER retrograde transport, mitochondrial fission, apoptosis and mitophagy in yeast and vertebrates. Here, we show that loss of Sec20 in Drosophila fat cells causes the accumulation of autophagic vesicles and prevents proper lysosomal acidification and degradation during bulk, starvation-induced autophagy. Furthermore, Sec20 knockdown leads to the enlargement of late endosomes and accumulation of defective endolysosomes in larval Drosophila nephrocytes. Importantly, the loss of Syx18 (Syntaxin 18), one of the known partners of Sec20, led to similar changes in nephrocytes and fat cells. Interestingly. Sec20 appears to function independent of its role in Golgi-ER retrograde transport in regulating lysosomal degradation, as the loss of its other partner SNAREs Use1 (Unconventional SNARE In The ER 1) and Sec22 or tethering factor Zw10 (Zeste white 10), which function together in the Golgi-ER pathway, does not cause defects in autophagy or endocytosis. Thus, our data identify a potential new transport route specific to lysosome biogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Lakatos
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Lőrincz
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Premium Postdoctoral Research Program, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szabó
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Benkő
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lili Anna Kenéz
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Csizmadia
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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66
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The Best for the Most Important: Maintaining a Pristine Proteome in Stem and Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:1608787. [PMID: 31191665 PMCID: PMC6525796 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1608787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells give rise to reproductively enabled offsprings by generating progressively lineage-restricted multipotent stem cells that would differentiate into lineage-committed stem and progenitor cells. These lineage-committed stem and progenitor cells give rise to all adult tissues and organs. Adult stem and progenitor cells are generated as part of the developmental program and play critical roles in tissue and organ maintenance and/or regeneration. The ability of pluripotent stem cells to self-renew, maintain pluripotency, and differentiate into a multicellular organism is highly dependent on sensing and integrating extracellular and extraorganismal cues. Proteins perform and integrate almost all cellular functions including signal transduction, regulation of gene expression, metabolism, and cell division and death. Therefore, maintenance of an appropriate mix of correctly folded proteins, a pristine proteome, is essential for proper stem cell function. The stem cells' proteome must be pristine because unfolded, misfolded, or otherwise damaged proteins would interfere with unlimited self-renewal, maintenance of pluripotency, differentiation into downstream lineages, and consequently with the development of properly functioning tissue and organs. Understanding how various stem cells generate and maintain a pristine proteome is therefore essential for exploiting their potential in regenerative medicine and possibly for the discovery of novel approaches for maintaining, propagating, and differentiating pluripotent, multipotent, and adult stem cells as well as induced pluripotent stem cells. In this review, we will summarize cellular networks used by various stem cells for generation and maintenance of a pristine proteome. We will also explore the coordination of these networks with one another and their integration with the gene regulatory and signaling networks.
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67
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Hafycz JM, Naidoo NN. Sleep, Aging, and Cellular Health: Aged-Related Changes in Sleep and Protein Homeostasis Converge in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:140. [PMID: 31244649 PMCID: PMC6579877 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases manifest in an overall aged population, the pathology of which is hallmarked by abnormal protein aggregation. It is known that across aging, sleep quality becomes less efficient and protein homeostatic regulatory mechanisms deteriorate. There is a known relationship between extended wakefulness and poorly consolidated sleep and an increase in cellular stress. In an aged population, when sleep is chronically poor, and proteostatic regulatory mechanisms are less efficient, the cell is inundated with misfolded proteins and suffers a collapse in homeostasis. In this review article, we explore the interplay between aging, sleep quality, and proteostasis and how these processes are implicated in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). We also present data suggesting that reducing cellular stress and improving proteostasis and sleep quality could serve as potential therapeutic solutions for the prevention or delay in the progression of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Hafycz
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, United States
| | - Nirinjini N Naidoo
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, United States
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68
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Haidar M, Asselbergh B, Adriaenssens E, De Winter V, Timmermans JP, Auer-Grumbach M, Juneja M, Timmerman V. Neuropathy-causing mutations in HSPB1 impair autophagy by disturbing the formation of SQSTM1/p62 bodies. Autophagy 2019; 15:1051-1068. [PMID: 30669930 PMCID: PMC6526868 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1569930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HSPB1 (heat shock protein family B [small] member 1) is a ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone. Most mutations in HSPB1 cause axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy and/or distal hereditary motor neuropathy. In this study we show that mutations in HSPB1 lead to impairment of macroautophagic/autophagic flux. In HSPB1 knockout cells, we demonstrate that HSPB1 is necessary for autophagosome formation, which was rescued upon re-expression of HSPB1. Employing a label-free LC-MS/MS analysis on the various HSPB1 variants (wild type and mutants), we identified autophagy-specific interactors. We reveal that the wild-type HSPB1 protein binds to the autophagy receptor SQSTM1/p62 and that the PB1 domain of SQSTM1 is essential for this interaction. Mutations in HSPB1 lead to a decrease in the formation of SQSTM1/p62 bodies, and subsequent impairment of phagophore formation, suggesting a regulatory role for HSPB1 in autophagy via interaction with SQSTM1. Remarkably, autophagy deficits could also be confirmed in patient-derived motor neurons thereby indicating that the impairment of autophagy might be one of the pathomechanisms by which mutations in HSPB1 lead to peripheral neuropathy. Abbreviations: ACD: alpha-crystallin domain; ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; ATG14: autophagy related 14; BAG1/3: BCL2 associated athanogene 1/3; CMT: Charcot-Marie-Tooth; dHMN: distal hereditary motor neuropathy; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HSPA8: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 8; HSPB1/6/8: heat shock protein family B (small) member 1/6/8; LIR: LC3-interacting region; LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; PB1: Phox and Bem1; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; STUB1/CHIP: STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1; UBA: ubiquitin-associated; WIPI1: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 1; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Haidar
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Institute Born Bunge and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bob Asselbergh
- VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elias Adriaenssens
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Institute Born Bunge and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vicky De Winter
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Institute Born Bunge and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology & Histology, Antwerp Centre for Advanced Microscopy (ACAM), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Manisha Juneja
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Institute Born Bunge and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Institute Born Bunge and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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69
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Bar-Yosef T, Damri O, Agam G. Dual Role of Autophagy in Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:196. [PMID: 31191249 PMCID: PMC6548059 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a vital lysosomal degradation and recycling pathway in the eukaryotic cell, responsible for maintaining an intricate balance between cell survival and cell death, necessary for neuronal survival and function. This dual role played by autophagy raises the question whether this process is a protective or a destructive pathway, the contributor of neuronal cell death or a failed attempt to repair aberrant processes? Deregulated autophagy at different steps of the pathway, whether excessive or downregulated, has been proposed to be associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's-, Huntington's-, and Parkinson's-disease, known for their intracellular accumulation of protein aggregates. Recent observations of impaired autophagy also appeared in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder suggesting an additional contribution to the pathophysiology of mental illness. Here we review the current understanding of autophagy's role in various neuropsychiatric disorders and, hitherto, the prevailing new potential autophagy-related therapeutic strategies for their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Bar-Yosef
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Psychiatry Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Mental Health Center, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Odeya Damri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Psychiatry Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Mental Health Center, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Galila Agam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Psychiatry Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Mental Health Center, Beersheba, Israel
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70
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Nutrient Sensing and Redox Balance: GCN2 as a New Integrator in Aging. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5730532. [PMID: 31249645 PMCID: PMC6556294 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5730532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a complex process in which the accumulation of molecular, cellular, and organism dysfunction increases the probability of death. Several pieces of evidence have revealed a contribution of stress responses in aging and in aging-related diseases, in particular, the key role of signaling pathways associated to nutritional stress. Here, we review the possible interplay between amino acid sensing and redox balance maintenance mediated by the nutritional sensor general control nonderepressive 2 (GCN2). We discuss this new dimension of nutritional stress sensing consequences, standing out GCN2 as a central coordinator of key cellular processes that assure healthy homeostasis in the cell, raising GCN2 as a novel interesting target, that when activated, could imply pleiotropic benefits, particularly GCN2 intervention and its new unexplored therapeutic role as a player in the aging process.
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71
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Ho WY, Tai YK, Chang JC, Liang J, Tyan SH, Chen S, Guan JL, Zhou H, Shen HM, Koo E, Ling SC. The ALS-FTD-linked gene product, C9orf72, regulates neuronal morphogenesis via autophagy. Autophagy 2019; 15:827-842. [PMID: 30669939 PMCID: PMC6526867 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1569441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in C9orf72 leading to hexanucleotide expansions are the most common genetic causes for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). A phenotype resembling ALS and FTD is seen in transgenic mice overexpressing the hexanucleotide expansions, but is absent in C9orf72-deficient mice. Thus, the exact function of C9orf72 in neurons and how loss of C9orf72 may contribute to neuronal dysfunction remains to be clearly defined. Here, we showed that primary hippocampal neurons cultured from c9orf72 knockout mice have reduced dendritic arborization and spine density. Quantitative proteomic analysis identified C9orf72 as a component of the macroautophagy/autophagy initiation complex composed of ULK1-RB1CC1-ATG13-ATG101. The association was mediated through the direct interaction with ATG13 via the isoform-specific carboxyl-terminal DENN and dDENN domain of C9orf72. Furthermore, c9orf72 knockout neurons showed reduced LC3-II puncta accompanied by reduced ULK1 levels, suggesting that loss of C9orf72 impairs basal autophagy. Conversely, wild-type neurons treated with a ULK1 kinase inhibitor showed a dose-dependent reduction of dendritic arborization and spine density. Furthermore, expression of the long isoform of human C9orf72 that interacts with the ULK1 complex, but not the short isoform, rescues autophagy and the dendritic arborization phenotypes of c9orf72 knockout neurons. Taken together, our data suggests that C9orf72 has a cell-autonomous role in neuronal and dendritic morphogenesis through promotion of ULK1-mediated autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yun Ho
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee Kit Tai
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jer-Cherng Chang
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason Liang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sheue-Houy Tyan
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Song Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Huilin Zhou
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Han-Ming Shen
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edward Koo
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shuo-Chien Ling
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Neurobiology/Ageing Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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Cordani M, Somoza Á. Targeting autophagy using metallic nanoparticles: a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1215-1242. [PMID: 30483817 PMCID: PMC6420884 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2973-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the extensive genetic and phenotypic variations present in the different tumors, they frequently share common metabolic alterations, such as autophagy. Autophagy is a self-degradative process in response to stresses by which damaged macromolecules and organelles are targeted by autophagic vesicles to lysosomes and then eliminated. It is known that autophagy dysfunctions can promote tumorigenesis and cancer development, but, interestingly, its overstimulation by cytotoxic drugs may also induce cell death and chemosensitivity. For this reason, the possibility to modulate autophagy may represent a valid therapeutic approach to treat different types of cancers and a variety of clinical trials, using autophagy modulators, are currently employed. On the other hand, recent progress in nanotechnology offers plenty of tools to fight cancer with innovative and efficient therapeutic agents by overcoming obstacles usually encountered with traditional drugs. Interestingly, nanomaterials can modulate autophagy and have been exploited as therapeutic agents against cancer. In this article, we summarize the most recent advances in the application of metallic nanostructures as potent modulators of autophagy process through multiple mechanisms, stressing their therapeutic implications in cancer diseases. For this reason, we believe that autophagy modulation with nanoparticle-based strategies would acquire clinical relevance in the near future, as a complementary therapy for the treatment of cancers and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cordani
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), CNB-CSIC-IMDEA Nanociencia Associated Unit "Unidad de Nanobiotecnología", Madrid, Spain.
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanociencia), Faraday 9, Office 129, Lab 137 Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Álvaro Somoza
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), CNB-CSIC-IMDEA Nanociencia Associated Unit "Unidad de Nanobiotecnología", Madrid, Spain.
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanociencia), Faraday 9, Office 129, Lab 137 Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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Brain tyrosinase overexpression implicates age-dependent neuromelanin production in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:973. [PMID: 30846695 PMCID: PMC6405777 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD) there is a selective degeneration of neuromelanin-containing neurons, especially substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. In humans, neuromelanin accumulates with age, the latter being the main risk factor for PD. The contribution of neuromelanin to PD pathogenesis remains unknown because, unlike humans, common laboratory animals lack neuromelanin. Synthesis of peripheral melanins is mediated by tyrosinase, an enzyme also present at low levels in the brain. Here we report that overexpression of human tyrosinase in rat substantia nigra results in age-dependent production of human-like neuromelanin within nigral dopaminergic neurons, up to levels reached in elderly humans. In these animals, intracellular neuromelanin accumulation above a specific threshold is associated to an age-dependent PD phenotype, including hypokinesia, Lewy body-like formation and nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. Enhancing lysosomal proteostasis reduces intracellular neuromelanin and prevents neurodegeneration in tyrosinase-overexpressing animals. Our results suggest that intracellular neuromelanin levels may set the threshold for the initiation of PD.
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Carballo-Carbajal I, Laguna A, Romero-Giménez J, Cuadros T, Bové J, Martinez-Vicente M, Parent A, Gonzalez-Sepulveda M, Peñuelas N, Torra A, Rodríguez-Galván B, Ballabio A, Hasegawa T, Bortolozzi A, Gelpi E, Vila M. Brain tyrosinase overexpression implicates age-dependent neuromelanin production in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Nat Commun 2019. [PMID: 30846695 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08858-y.pmid:30846695;pmcid:pmc6405777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD) there is a selective degeneration of neuromelanin-containing neurons, especially substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. In humans, neuromelanin accumulates with age, the latter being the main risk factor for PD. The contribution of neuromelanin to PD pathogenesis remains unknown because, unlike humans, common laboratory animals lack neuromelanin. Synthesis of peripheral melanins is mediated by tyrosinase, an enzyme also present at low levels in the brain. Here we report that overexpression of human tyrosinase in rat substantia nigra results in age-dependent production of human-like neuromelanin within nigral dopaminergic neurons, up to levels reached in elderly humans. In these animals, intracellular neuromelanin accumulation above a specific threshold is associated to an age-dependent PD phenotype, including hypokinesia, Lewy body-like formation and nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. Enhancing lysosomal proteostasis reduces intracellular neuromelanin and prevents neurodegeneration in tyrosinase-overexpressing animals. Our results suggest that intracellular neuromelanin levels may set the threshold for the initiation of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Carballo-Carbajal
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Laguna
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Romero-Giménez
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thais Cuadros
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Bové
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Martinez-Vicente
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annabelle Parent
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Sepulveda
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Peñuelas
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Torra
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rodríguez-Galván
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078, Naples, Italy
| | - Takafumi Hasegawa
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Analía Bortolozzi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, IIBB-CSIC, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS)-Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ellen Gelpi
- Neurological Tissue Bank, Biobanc Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miquel Vila
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
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Ramesh J, Ronsard L, Gao A, Venugopal B. Autophagy Intertwines with Different Diseases-Recent Strategies for Therapeutic Approaches. Diseases 2019; 7:diseases7010015. [PMID: 30717078 PMCID: PMC6473623 DOI: 10.3390/diseases7010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a regular and substantial “clear-out process” that occurs within the cell and that gets rid of debris that accumulates in membrane-enclosed vacuoles by using enzyme-rich lysosomes, which are filled with acids that degrade the contents of the vacuoles. This machinery is well-connected with many prevalent diseases, including cancer, HIV, and Parkinson’s disease. Considering that autophagy is well-known for its significant connections with a number of well-known fatal diseases, a thorough knowledge of the current findings in the field is essential in developing therapies to control the progression rate of diseases. Thus, this review summarizes the critical events comprising autophagy in the cellular system and the significance of its key molecules in manifesting this pathway in various diseases for down- or upregulation. We collectively reviewed the role of autophagy in various diseases, mainly neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, inflammatory diseases, and renal disorders. Here, some collective reports on autophagy showed that this process might serve as a dual performer: either protector or contributor to certain diseases. The aim of this review is to help researchers to understand the role of autophagy-regulating genes encoding functional open reading frames (ORFs) and its connection with diseases, which will eventually drive better understanding of both the progression and suppression of different diseases at various stages. This review also focuses on certain novel therapeutic strategies which have been published in the recent years based on targeting autophagy key proteins and its interconnecting signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Ramesh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. A.L.M. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai 600113, India.
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Larance Ronsard
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
| | - Anthony Gao
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Bhuvarahamurthy Venugopal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. A.L.M. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai 600113, India.
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Singh AK, Singh S, Tripathi VK, Bissoyi A, Garg G, Rizvi SI. Rapamycin Confers Neuroprotection Against Aging-Induced Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Neurodegeneration in Old Rats Through Activation of Autophagy. Rejuvenation Res 2019; 22:60-70. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2018.2070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, , India
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, , India
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, , India
| | - Vinay Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Akalabya Bissoyi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, , India
| | - Geetika Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, , India
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Cheng C, Liu ZG. Autophagy and the Metabolism of Misfolding Protein. AUTOPHAGY: BIOLOGY AND DISEASES 2019; 1206:375-420. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-0602-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Autophagy: An Essential Degradation Program for Cellular Homeostasis and Life. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120278. [PMID: 30572663 PMCID: PMC6315530 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent cellular degradation program that responds to a variety of environmental and cellular stresses. It is an evolutionarily well-conserved and essential pathway to maintain cellular homeostasis, therefore, dysfunction of autophagy is closely associated with a wide spectrum of human pathophysiological conditions including cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. The discovery and characterization of the kingdom of autophagy proteins have uncovered the molecular basis of the autophagy process. In addition, recent advances on the various post-translational modifications of autophagy proteins have shed light on the multiple layers of autophagy regulatory mechanisms, and provide novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of the diseases.
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Abstract
The lung is often overlooked as a metabolically active organ, yet biochemical studies have long demonstrated that glucose utilization surpasses that of many other organs, including the heart, kidney, and brain. For most cells in the lung, energy consumption is relegated to performing common cellular tasks, like mRNA transcription and protein translation. However, certain lung cell populations engage in more specialized types of energy-consuming behaviors, such as the beating of cilia or the production of surfactant. While many extrapulmonary diseases are now linked to abnormalities in cellular metabolism, the pulmonary community has only recently embraced the concept of metabolic dysfunction as a driver of respiratory pathology. Herein, we provide an overview of the major metabolic pathways in the lung and discuss how cells sense and adapt to low-energy states. Moreover, we review some of the emerging evidence that links alterations in cellular metabolism to the pathobiology of several common respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Ross Summer
- Center for Translational Medicine and Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA;
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80
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Cao Y, Luo Y, Zou J, Ouyang J, Cai Z, Zeng X, Ling H, Zeng T. Autophagy and its role in gastric cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 489:10-20. [PMID: 30472237 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, which is tightly regulated by a series of autophagy-related genes (ATGs), is a vital intracellular homeostatic process through which defective proteins and organelles are degraded and recycled under starvation, hypoxia or other specific cellular stress conditions. For both normal cells and tumour cells, autophagy not only sustains cell survival but can also promote cell death. Autophagy-related signalling pathways include mTOR-dependent pathways, such as the AMPK/mTOR and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways, and non-mTOR dependent pathways, such as the P53 pathway. Additionally, autophagy plays a dual role in gastric carcinoma (GC), including a tumour-suppressor role and a tumour-promoter role. Long-term Helicobacter pylori infection can impair autophagy, which may eventually promote tumourigenesis of the gastric mucosa. Moreover, Beclin1, LC3 and P62/SQSTM1 are regarded as autophagy-related markers with GC prognostic value. Autophagy inhibitors and autophagy inducers show promise for GC treatment. This review describes research progress regarding autophagy and its significant role in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Yichen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Juan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Zhihong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Xi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Hui Ling
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
| | - Tiebing Zeng
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
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Lillethorup TP, Glud AN, Alstrup AKO, Noer O, Nielsen EHT, Schacht AC, Landeck N, Kirik D, Orlowski D, Sørensen JCH, Doudet DJ, Landau AM. Longitudinal monoaminergic PET imaging of chronic proteasome inhibition in minipigs. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15715. [PMID: 30356172 PMCID: PMC6200778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairment of the ubiquitin proteasome system has been implicated in Parkinson’s disease. We used positron emission tomography to investigate longitudinal effects of chronic intracerebroventricular exposure to the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin on monoaminergic projections and neuroinflammation. Göttingen minipigs were implanted in the cisterna magna with a catheter connected to a subcutaneous injection port. Minipigs were imaged at baseline and after cumulative doses of 200 and 400 μg lactacystin, respectively. Main radioligands included [11C]-DTBZ (vesicular monoamine transporter type 2) and [11C]-yohimbine (α2-adrenoceptor). [11C]-DASB (serotonin transporter) and [11C]-PK11195 (activated microglia) became available later in the study and we present their results in a smaller subset of animals for information purposes only. Striatal [11C]-DTBZ binding potentials decreased significantly by 16% after 200 μg compared to baseline, but the decrease was not sustained after 400 μg (n = 6). [11C]-yohimbine volume of distribution increased by 18–25% in the pons, grey matter and the thalamus after 200 μg, which persisted at 400 μg (n = 6). In the later subset of minipigs, we observed decreased [11C]-DASB (n = 5) and increased [11C]-PK11195 (n = 3) uptake after 200 μg. These changes may mimic monoaminergic changes and compensatory responses in early Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea P Lillethorup
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas N Glud
- Center for Experimental Neuroscience (CENSE), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Aage K O Alstrup
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ove Noer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erik H T Nielsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna C Schacht
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Natalie Landeck
- Brain Repair and Imaging in Neural Systems (BRAINS) Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Deniz Kirik
- Brain Repair and Imaging in Neural Systems (BRAINS) Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dariusz Orlowski
- Center for Experimental Neuroscience (CENSE), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Christian H Sørensen
- Center for Experimental Neuroscience (CENSE), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Doris J Doudet
- Department of Medicine/Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anne M Landau
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Mustaly-Kalimi S, Littlefield AM, Stutzmann GE. Calcium Signaling Deficits in Glia and Autophagic Pathways Contributing to Neurodegenerative Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1158-1175. [PMID: 29634342 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Numerous cellular processes and signaling mechanisms have been identified that contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology; however, a comprehensive or unifying pathway that binds together the major disease features remains elusive. As an upstream mechanism, altered calcium (Ca2+) signaling is a common driving force for many pathophysiological events that emerge during normal aging and development of neurodegenerative disease. Recent Advances: Over the previous three decades, accumulated evidence has validated the concept that intracellular Ca2+ dysregulation is centrally involved in AD pathogenesis, including the aggregation of pathogenic β-amyloid (Aβ) and phospho-τ species, synapse loss and dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and neurotoxicity. CRITICAL ISSUES Although neuronal Ca2+ signaling within the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has been well studied, other critical central nervous system-resident cell types affected by aberrant Ca2+ signaling, such as astrocytes and microglia, have not been considered as thoroughly. In addition, certain intracellular Ca2+-harboring organelles have been well studied, such as the ER and mitochondria; however other critical Ca2+-regulated organelles, such as lysosomes and autophagosomes, have only more recently been investigated. In this review, we examine Ca2+ dysregulation in microglia and astrocytes, as well as key intracellular organelles important for cellular maintenance and protein handling. Ca2+ dysregulation within these non-neuronal cells and organelles is hypothesized to disrupt the effective clearance of misaggregated proteins and cellular signaling pathways needed for memory networks. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Overall, we aim to explore how these disrupted mechanisms could be involved in AD pathology and consider their role as potential therapeutic targets. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 1158-1175.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mustaly-Kalimi
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science , North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alyssa M Littlefield
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science , North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Grace E Stutzmann
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science , North Chicago, Illinois
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Li Y, Zhou D, Ren Y, Zhang Z, Guo X, Ma M, Xue Z, Lv J, Liu H, Xi Q, Jia L, Zhang L, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Yan J, Da Y, Gao F, Yue J, Yao Z, Zhang R. Mir223 restrains autophagy and promotes CNS inflammation by targeting ATG16L1. Autophagy 2018; 15:478-492. [PMID: 30208760 PMCID: PMC6351131 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1522467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are innate immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), that supplies neurons with key factors for executing autophagosomal/lysosomal functions. Macroautophagy/autophagy is a cellular catabolic process that maintains cell balance in response to stress-related stimulation. Abnormal autophagy occurs with many pathologies, such as cancer, and autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, clarification of the mechanisms of autophagy regulation is of utmost importance. Recently, researchers presented microRNAs (miRNAs) as novel and potent modulators of autophagic activity. Here, we found that Mir223 deficiency significantly ameliorated CNS inflammation, demyelination and the clinical symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and increased resting microglia and autophagy in brain microglial cells. In contrast, the autophagy inhibitor 3-methylademine (3-MA) aggravated the clinical symptoms of EAE in wild-type (WT) and Mir223-deficienct mice. Furthermore, it was confirmed that Mir223 deficiency in mice increased the protein expression of ATG16L1 (autophagy related 16-like 1 [S. cerevisiae]) and LC3-II in bone marrow-derived macrophage cells compared with cells from WT mice. Indeed, the cellular level of Atg16l1 was decreased in BV2 cells upon Mir223 overexpression and increased following the introduction of antagomirs. We also showed that the 3’ UTR of Atg16l1 contained functional Mir223-responsive sequences and that overexpression of ATG16L1 returned autophagy to normal levels even in the presence of Mir223 mimics. Collectively, these data indicate that Mir223 is a novel and important regulator of autophagy and that Atg16l1 is a Mir223 target in this process, which may have implications for improving our understanding of the neuroinflammatory process of EAE. Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methylademine; ACTB/β-actin: actin, beta; ATG: autophagy related; ATG16L1: autophagy related 16-like 1 (S. cerevisiae); BECN1: beclin 1, autophagy related; CNR2: cannabinoid receptor 2 (macrophage); CNS: central nervous system; CQ: chloroquine; EAE: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; FOXO3: forkhead box O3; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; H&E: hematoxylin and eosin; ITGAM: integrin alpha M; LPS: lipoplysaccharide; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; miRNAs: microRNAs; MS: multiple sclerosis; PPARG: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma; PTPRC: protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TB: tuberculosis; TIMM23: translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 23; TLR: toll-like receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- a Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health) , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- a Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health) , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Yinghui Ren
- b Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute , Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin , China
| | - Zimu Zhang
- a Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health) , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Xiangdong Guo
- a Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health) , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - MingKun Ma
- a Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health) , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China.,c Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin , China
| | - Zhenyi Xue
- a Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health) , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Jienv Lv
- a Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health) , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China.,d Hexi Women & Children Healthcare and Family Planning Service Center , Tianjin , China
| | - Hongkun Liu
- a Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health) , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Qing Xi
- a Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health) , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Long Jia
- a Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health) , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- a Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health) , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Ying Liu
- a Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health) , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Qi Zhang
- e Institute of Integrative Medicines for Acute Abdominal Diseases , Nankai Hospital , Tianjin , China
| | - Jun Yan
- f Tianjin Institute of Animal husbandry and veterinary , Tianjin , China
| | - Yurong Da
- a Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health) , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Fei Gao
- g State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Jianbo Yue
- h Department of Biomedical Sciences , City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Zhi Yao
- a Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health) , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- a Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health) , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China.,i Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
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Naguib M, Rashed LA. Serum level of the autophagy biomarker Beclin-1 in patients with diabetic kidney disease. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018; 143:56-61. [PMID: 29959950 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Autophagy is a major cellular clearance mechanism that maintains cellular survival and homeostasis. Autophagy has a crucial role in the progression of diabetes and kidney diseases. AIMS To investigate serum concentrations of Beclin-1, a key regulator of autophagy, in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). METHODS The study included 70 patients with type 2 diabetes and DKD (group 1; 35 patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 and group 2; 35 patients with eGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2) and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects (group 3). Laboratory work up included; glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum creatinine, eGFR using modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula, urine albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR), and serum Beclin-1 measurement. RESULTS Patients with DKD had significantly lower Beclin-1 levels (2.38 ± 1.46 ng/mL) compared to control group (6.03 ± 1.94 ng/mL; P < 0.001). Moreover, serum Beclin-1 significantly decreased in group 2 (1.43 ± 0.83 ng/mL) compared to group 1 (3.36 ± 1.30 ng/mL; P < 0.001). In univariate analysis, the concentration of Beclin-1 correlated well with eGFR (r = 0.64, P < 0.001), ACR (r = -0.63, P < 0.001), and duration of diabetes (r = -0.43, P < 0.001) but didn't correlate with HbA1c (r = -0.17, P = 0.15). However, ACR was the only significant predictor of Beclin-1 level on performing multiple regression analysis (β = -0.40, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION Serum level of Beclin-1 is reduced in patients with DKD. Furthermore, its level is related to the stage of DKD and correlates with the degree of albuminuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervat Naguib
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Laila A Rashed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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85
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Cho S, Jung YJ, Suh EC, Baik HJ, Han JI, Lee GY, Lee KE. The recovery from transient cognitive dysfunction induced by propofol was associated with enhanced autophagic flux in normal healthy adult mice. Brain Res 2018; 1700:99-108. [PMID: 30006294 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Propofol is the most widely accepted intravenous anesthetic available for clinical use. However, neurotoxicity of propofol in the developing brain has been reported. This study investigated the effects of propofol on cognitive function in normal healthy adult mice. Thirty-three GFP-LC3 adult mice were included. Propofol was injected for anesthesia (n = 22). The sham control (n = 11) received intralipid injections. The mice completed a Y-maze test on 3 and 7 days after being anesthetized. Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analyses were performed with their hippocampi. In addition, we conducted a separate ex vivo experiment using organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs) to investigate the effects of propofol on induced autophagy. There was a significantly lower percentage of alternation in the Y-maze test on day 3 after propofol anesthesia than the control, but no difference was observed on day 7. Western blot analyses and immunofluorescence assays showed that the levels of cognitive function-related proteins significantly decreased in the propofol group compared to the control on day 3 but had recovered by day 7. In terms of autophagy-related proteins, western blot analyses and immunofluorescence assays showed that propofol increased autophagic induction, flux, and degradation of autophagosomes. Ex vivo experiments showed that propofol enhanced autophagic flux of the induced autophagy. In conclusion, although transient cognitive dysfunction occurred, adult mice recovered their cognitive function after the administration of propofol anesthesia. And this finding may be associated with enhanced autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyoung Cho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Joo Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Cheng Suh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jung Baik
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong In Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Guie Yong Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea.
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86
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Gubbi S, Quipildor GF, Barzilai N, Huffman DM, Milman S. 40 YEARS of IGF1: IGF1: the Jekyll and Hyde of the aging brain. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:T171-T185. [PMID: 29739805 PMCID: PMC5988994 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signaling pathway has emerged as a major regulator of the aging process, from rodents to humans. However, given the pleiotropic actions of IGF1, its role in the aging brain remains complex and controversial. While IGF1 is clearly essential for normal development of the central nervous system, conflicting evidence has emerged from preclinical and human studies regarding its relationship to cognitive function, as well as cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. This review delves into the current state of the evidence examining the role of IGF1 in the aging brain, encompassing preclinical and clinical studies. A broad examination of the data indicates that IGF1 may indeed play opposing roles in the aging brain, depending on the underlying pathology and context. Some evidence suggests that in the setting of neurodegenerative diseases that manifest with abnormal protein deposition in the brain, such as Alzheimer's disease, reducing IGF1 signaling may serve a protective role by slowing disease progression and augmenting clearance of pathologic proteins to maintain cellular homeostasis. In contrast, inducing IGF1 deficiency has also been implicated in dysregulated function of cognition and the neurovascular system, suggesting that some IGF1 signaling may be necessary for normal brain function. Furthermore, states of acute neuronal injury, which necessitate growth, repair and survival signals to persevere, typically demonstrate salutary effects of IGF1 in that context. Appreciating the dual, at times opposing 'Dr Jekyll' and 'Mr Hyde' characteristics of IGF1 in the aging brain, will bring us closer to understanding its impact and devising more targeted IGF1-related interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Gubbi
- Institute for Aging ResearchAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Internal MedicineJacobi Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Gabriela Farias Quipildor
- Institute for Aging ResearchAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Institute for Aging ResearchAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of GeriatricsDepartment of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Derek M Huffman
- Institute for Aging ResearchAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Sofiya Milman
- Institute for Aging ResearchAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of GeriatricsDepartment of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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87
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Wang Y, Song M, Song F. Neuronal autophagy and axon degeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2389-2406. [PMID: 29675785 PMCID: PMC11105516 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Axon degeneration is a pathophysiological process of axonal dying and breakdown, which is characterized by several morphological features including the accumulation of axoplasmic organelles, disassembly of microtubules, and fragmentation of the axonal cytoskeleton. Autophagy, a highly conserved lysosomal-degradation machinery responsible for the control of cellular protein quality, is widely believed to be essential for the maintenance of axonal homeostasis in neurons. In recent years, more and more evidence suggests that dysfunctional autophagy is associated with axonal degeneration in many neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the core machinery of autophagy in neuronal cells, and provide several major steps that interfere with autophagy flux in neurodegenerative conditions. Furthermore, this review highlights the potential role of neuronal autophagy in axon degeneration, and presents some possible molecular mechanisms by which dysfunctional autophagy leads to axon degeneration in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxue Song
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuyong Song
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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88
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Meng HY, Shao DC, Li H, Huang XD, Yang G, Xu B, Niu HY. Resveratrol improves neurological outcome and neuroinflammation following spinal cord injury through enhancing autophagy involving the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:2237-2244. [PMID: 29956767 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol, a natural phenolic compound, provides neuroprotective effects, however, the specific mechanisms of action remain to be elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to examine the neuroprotective effect of resveratrol on spinal cord injury (SCI) and the potential molecular mechanisms of action. A rat model of SCI was induced using Allen's method, and resveratrol (100 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected 1 day following surgery. The recovery of neurological function was assessed using the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan scoring system and an inclined plane test. The concentrations of pro‑ and anti‑inflammatory factors were measured using ELISA. The expression and location of autophagy markers were measured using western blot and immunofluorescence analyses. The results suggested that resveratrol administration resulted in functional improvement of locomotor activity and reduced neuroinflammation following the induction of SCI. In addition, autophagy was activated following SCI, as demonstrated by the significantly increased ratio of microtubule‑associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)‑II/LC3‑I and expression of Beclin‑1 in the injured spinal cord. Of note, the enhancement of phosphorylated (p)‑AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the reduction of p‑mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) following SCI indicated that the SCI‑induced activation of autophagy was associated with the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Resveratrol treatment further enhanced the activation of autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR pathway following SCI. By contrast, the autophagic inhibitor, 3‑methyladenine, partially inhibited the neuroprotective effects of resveratrol treatment. Together, these findings suggested that resveratrol promoted functional recovery and inhibited neuroinflammation through the activation of autophagy mediated by the AMPK/mTOR pathway following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, and Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - De-Cheng Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, and Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Orthopedics, and Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dan Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, and Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, and Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, and Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yun Niu
- Department of Orthopedics, and Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
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von Haefen C, Sifringer M, Endesfelder S, Kalb A, González-López A, Tegethoff A, Paeschke N, Spies CD. Physostigmine Restores Impaired Autophagy in the Rat Hippocampus after Surgery Stress and LPS Treatment. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:383-395. [PMID: 29790105 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue damage and pathogen invasion during surgical trauma have been identified as contributing factors leading to neuroinflammation in the hippocampus, which can be protected by stimulation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway using the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine. Macroautophagy, an intracellular degradation pathway used to recycle and eliminate damaged proteins and organelles by lysosomal digestion, seems to be important for cell survival under stress conditions. This study aimed to examine the role of autophagy in physostigmine-mediated hippocampal cell protection in a rat model of surgery stress. In the presence or absence of physostigmine, adult Wistar rats underwent surgery in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Activated microglia, apoptosis-, autophagy-, and anti-inflammatory-related genes and -proteins in the hippocampus were determined by Real-Time PCR, Western blot and fluorescence microscopy after 1 h, 24 h and 3 d. Surgery combined with LPS-treatment led to microglia activation after 1 h and 24 h which was accompanied by apoptotic cell death after 24 h in the hippocampus. Furthermore, it led to a decreased expression of ATG-3 after 24 h and an increased expression of p62/ SQSTM1 after 1 h and 24 h. Administration of physostigmine significantly increased autophagy related markers and restored the autophagic flux after surgery stress, detected by increased degradation of p62/ SQSTM1 in the hippocampus after 1 h and 24 h. Furthermore, physostigmine reduced activated microglia and apoptosis relevant proteins and elevated the increased expression of TGF-beta1 and MFG-E8 after surgery stress. In conclusion, activation of autophagy may be essential in physostigmine-induced neuroprotection against surgery stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa von Haefen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marco Sifringer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Endesfelder
- Department of Neonatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Kalb
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adrián González-López
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,CIBER-Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Annalena Tegethoff
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Paeschke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia D Spies
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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90
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Maity J, Das B, Bohr VA, Karmakar P. Acidic domain of WRNp is critical for autophagy and up-regulates age associated proteins. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 68:1-11. [PMID: 29800817 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Impaired autophagy may be associated with normal and pathological aging. Here we explore a link between autophagy and domain function of Werner protein (WRNp). Werner (WRN) mutant cell lines AG11395, AG05229 and normal aged fibroblast AG13129 display a deficient response to tunicamycin mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced autophagy compared to clinically unaffected GM00637 and normal young fibroblast GM03440. Cellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress mediated autophagy in WS and normal aged cells is restored after transfection with wild type full length WRN, but deletion of the acidic domain from wild type WRN fails to restore autophagy. The acidic domain of WRNp was shown to regulate its transcriptional activity, and here, we show that it affects the transcription of certain proteins involved in autophagy and aging. Furthermore, siRNA mediated silencing of WRN in normal fibroblast WI-38 resulted in decrease of age related proteins Lamin A/C and Mre11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirindra Maity
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Biswadip Das
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Parimal Karmakar
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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91
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Mishra R, Upadhyay A, Prajapati VK, Mishra A. Proteasome-mediated proteostasis: Novel medicinal and pharmacological strategies for diseases. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1916-1973. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ribhav Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit; Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur; Rajasthan India
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit; Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur; Rajasthan India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry; School of Life Sciences; Central University of Rajasthan; Rajasthan India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit; Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur; Rajasthan India
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92
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Zhang C, Yu X, Gao J, Zhang Q, Sun S, Zhu H, Yang X, Yan H. PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy was activated against 1,4-Benzoquinone-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 50:217-224. [PMID: 29567065 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hematotoxicity of benzene is derived mainly from its active metabolite, 1,4-Benzoquinone (1,4-BQ), which induces cell apoptosis and mitochondrial damage. Damaged mitochondria are degraded through a specialized autophagy pathway, called mitophagy, which is driven by PINK1/Parkin signaling. However, whether mitophagy is involved in 1,4-BQ-induced toxicity remains unclear. This study was designed to investigate whether PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy is activated in 1,4-BQ-treated HL-60 cells, and the roles mitophagy plays in 1,4-BQ-induced apoptosis. Our results demonstrated that 1,4-BQ induced autophagy in HL-60 cells, characterized by increased LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and Beclin1 expression, as well as decreased expression of p62. We confirmed the presence of mitophagosomes using electron microscopy, and found that 1,4-BQ-induced autophagy was blocked by pretreatment with the mitophagy inhibitor Cyclosporine A (CsA). In addition, we found that 1,4-BQ induced mitochondrial stress through decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and increasedproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We also confirmed that 1,4-BQ-induced mitophagy was mediated by the PINK1/Parkin pathway, illustrated by increased expression of PINK1 and Parkin mRNA and protein. Finally, we examined 1,4-BQ-induced apoptosis with or without CsA, which demonstrated that apoptosis increased after mitophagy inhibition, suggesting that mitophagy has a protective effect in this context. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the activated PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy exerts a significantly protective effect against 1,4-BQ-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Xiuyuan Yu
- Clinical Laboratory, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Jimo City, Shandong Province 266200, PR China; Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Jiahao Gao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Shuqiang Sun
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Hua Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Xinjun Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Hongtao Yan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China.
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93
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Maan M, Peters JM, Dutta M, Patterson AD. Lipid metabolism and lipophagy in cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:582-589. [PMID: 29438712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment can be hypoxic, acidic, and deficient in nutrients, thus causing the metabolism of tumor cells as well as the neighboring stromal cells to be remodelled to facilitate tumor survival, proliferation, and metastasis. Abnormal tumor lipid metabolism is a fairly new field, which has received attention in the past few years. Cross-talk between tumor cells and tumor-associated stromal cells modulates the high metabolic needs of the tumor. Fatty acid turnover is high in tumor cells to meet the energy as well as synthetic requirements of the growing tumor. Lipolysis of lipids stored in lipid droplets was earlier considered to be solely carried out by cytosolic lipases. However recent studies demonstrate that lipophagy (autophagic degradation of lipids by acidic lipases) serves as an alternate pathway for the degradation of lipid droplets. Involvement of lipophagy in lipid turnover makes it a crucial player in tumorigenesis and metastasis. In this review we discuss the metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells with special focus on lipid metabolism. We also address the lipid turnover machinery in the tumor cell, especially the lipophagic pathway. Finally, we integrate the current understanding of lipophagy with tumor lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Maan
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Jeffrey M Peters
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Mainak Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology, BITS Pilani-Dubai Campus, Academic City, Dubai 345055, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
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94
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Minakaki G, Menges S, Kittel A, Emmanouilidou E, Schaeffner I, Barkovits K, Bergmann A, Rockenstein E, Adame A, Marxreiter F, Mollenhauer B, Galasko D, Buzás EI, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Marcus K, Xiang W, Lie DC, Vekrellis K, Masliah E, Winkler J, Klucken J. Autophagy inhibition promotes SNCA/alpha-synuclein release and transfer via extracellular vesicles with a hybrid autophagosome-exosome-like phenotype. Autophagy 2018; 14:98-119. [PMID: 29198173 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1395992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP) regulates intracellular homeostasis of the cytosolic protein SNCA/alpha-synuclein and is impaired in synucleinopathies, including Parkinson disease and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Emerging evidence suggests that ALP influences SNCA release, but the underlying cellular mechanisms are not well understood. Several studies identified SNCA in exosome/extracellular vesicle (EV) fractions. EVs are generated in the multivesicular body compartment and either released upon its fusion with the plasma membrane, or cleared via the ALP. We therefore hypothesized that inhibiting ALP clearance 1) enhances SNCA release via EVs by increasing extracellular shuttling of multivesicular body contents, 2) alters EV biochemical profile, and 3) promotes SNCA cell-to-cell transfer. Indeed, ALP inhibition increased the ratio of extra- to intracellular SNCA and upregulated SNCA association with EVs in neuronal cells. Ultrastructural analysis revealed a widespread, fused multivesicular body-autophagosome compartment. Biochemical characterization revealed the presence of autophagosome-related proteins, such as LC3-II and SQSTM1. This distinct "autophagosome-exosome-like" profile was also identified in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) EVs. After a single intracortical injection of SNCA-containing EVs derived from CSF into mice, human SNCA colocalized with endosome and neuronal markers. Prominent SNCA immunoreactivity and a higher number of neuronal SNCA inclusions were observed after DLB patient CSF EV injections. In summary, this study provides compelling evidence that a) ALP inhibition increases SNCA in neuronal EVs, b) distinct ALP components are present in EVs, and c) CSF EVs transfer SNCA from cell to cell in vivo. Thus, macroautophagy/autophagy may regulate EV protein composition and consequently progression in synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Minakaki
- a Department of Molecular Neurology , University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Stefanie Menges
- a Department of Molecular Neurology , University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Agnes Kittel
- b Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Evangelia Emmanouilidou
- c Department of Neuroscience, Center for Basic Research , Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | | | - Katalin Barkovits
- e Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Medical Faculty , Ruhr University Bochum , Bochum , Germany
| | - Anna Bergmann
- a Department of Molecular Neurology , University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- f Department of Neurosciences , University of California , San Diego , CA USA
| | - Anthony Adame
- f Department of Neurosciences , University of California , San Diego , CA USA
| | - Franz Marxreiter
- a Department of Molecular Neurology , University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- g Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel and Departments of Neuropathology & Neurosurgery , & University Medical Center , Göttingen
| | - Douglas Galasko
- f Department of Neurosciences , University of California , San Diego , CA USA
| | - Edit Irén Buzás
- h Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | | | - Katrin Marcus
- e Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Medical Faculty , Ruhr University Bochum , Bochum , Germany
| | - Wei Xiang
- d Institute of Biochemistry , FAU , Erlangen , Germany
| | | | - Kostas Vekrellis
- c Department of Neuroscience, Center for Basic Research , Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- f Department of Neurosciences , University of California , San Diego , CA USA.,j Department of Pathology , University of California , San Diego , CA USA
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- a Department of Molecular Neurology , University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Jochen Klucken
- a Department of Molecular Neurology , University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Erlangen , Germany
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95
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Modulation of Protein Quality Control and Proteasome to Autophagy Switch in Immortalized Myoblasts from Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010178. [PMID: 29316663 PMCID: PMC5796127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of proteome integrity is of primary importance in post-mitotic tissues such as muscle cells; thus, protein quality control mechanisms must be carefully regulated to ensure their optimal efficiency, a failure of these processes being associated with various muscular disorders. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is one of the most common and severe forms of muscular dystrophies and is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. Protein quality control modulations have been diversely observed in degenerating muscles of patients suffering from DMD or in animal models of the disease. In this study, we investigated whether modulations of protein quality control mechanisms already pre-exist in undifferentiated myoblasts originating from DMD patients. We report for the first time that the absence of dystrophin in human myoblasts is associated with protein aggregation stress characterized by an increase of protein aggregates. This stress is combined with BAG1 to BAG3 switch, NFκB activation and up-regulation of BAG3/HSPB8 complexes that ensure preferential routing of misfolded/aggregated proteins to autophagy rather than to deficient 26S proteasome. In this context, restoration of pre-existing alterations of protein quality control processes might represent an alternative strategy for DMD therapies.
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96
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Noormohammadi A, Calculli G, Gutierrez-Garcia R, Khodakarami A, Koyuncu S, Vilchez D. Mechanisms of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) maintain stem cell identity in mammalian pluripotent stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:275-290. [PMID: 28748323 PMCID: PMC11105389 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, is essential for cell function, development, and organismal viability. The composition of the proteome is adjusted to the specific requirements of a particular cell type and status. Moreover, multiple metabolic and environmental conditions challenge the integrity of the proteome. To maintain the quality of the proteome, the proteostasis network monitors proteins from their synthesis through their degradation. Whereas somatic stem cells lose their ability to maintain proteostasis with age, immortal pluripotent stem cells exhibit a stringent proteostasis network associated with their biological function and intrinsic characteristics. Moreover, growing evidence indicates that enhanced proteostasis mechanisms play a central role in immortality and cell fate decisions of pluripotent stem cells. Here, we will review new insights into the melding fields of proteostasis and pluripotency and their implications for the understanding of organismal development and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Noormohammadi
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Calculli
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ricardo Gutierrez-Garcia
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Amirabbas Khodakarami
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Seda Koyuncu
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Vilchez
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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97
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Calder PC, Bosco N, Bourdet-Sicard R, Capuron L, Delzenne N, Doré J, Franceschi C, Lehtinen MJ, Recker T, Salvioli S, Visioli F. Health relevance of the modification of low grade inflammation in ageing (inflammageing) and the role of nutrition. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 40:95-119. [PMID: 28899766 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ageing of the global population has become a public health concern with an important socio-economic dimension. Ageing is characterized by an increase in the concentration of inflammatory markers in the bloodstream, a phenomenon that has been termed "inflammageing". The inflammatory response is beneficial as an acute, transient reaction to harmful conditions, facilitating the defense, repair, turnover and adaptation of many tissues. However, chronic and low grade inflammation is likely to be detrimental for many tissues and for normal functions. We provide an overview of low grade inflammation (LGI) and determine the potential drivers and the effects of the "inflamed" phenotype observed in the elderly. We discuss the role of gut microbiota and immune system crosstalk and the gut-brain axis. Then, we focus on major health complications associated with LGI in the elderly, including mental health and wellbeing, metabolic abnormalities and infections. Finally, we discuss the possibility of manipulating LGI in the elderly by nutritional interventions. We provide an overview of the evidence that exists in the elderly for omega-3 fatty acid, probiotic, prebiotic, antioxidant and polyphenol interventions as a means to influence LGI. We conclude that slowing, controlling or reversing LGI is likely to be an important way to prevent, or reduce the severity of, age-related functional decline and the onset of conditions affecting health and well-being; that there is evidence to support specific dietary interventions as a strategy to control LGI; and that a continued research focus on this field is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nabil Bosco
- Nestlé Research Center Asia, 21 Biopolis Road, 138567, Singapore
| | | | - Lucile Capuron
- INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology (NutriNeuro), UMR 1286, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Catholic University of Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joel Doré
- MetaGénoPolis, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna 40124, Italy
| | - Markus J Lehtinen
- DuPont Nutrition and Health, Global Health and Nutrition Science, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Tobias Recker
- International Life Sciences Institute European Branch, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Visioli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; IMDEA-Food, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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98
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Sifuentes-Franco S, Pacheco-Moisés FP, Rodríguez-Carrizalez AD, Miranda-Díaz AG. The Role of Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Function, and Autophagy in Diabetic Polyneuropathy. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:1673081. [PMID: 29204450 PMCID: PMC5674726 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1673081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is the most frequent and prevalent chronic complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). The state of persistent hyperglycemia leads to an increase in the production of cytosolic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and favors deregulation of the antioxidant defenses that are capable of activating diverse metabolic pathways which trigger the presence of nitro-oxidative stress (NOS) and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Hyperglycemia provokes the appearance of micro- and macrovascular complications and favors oxidative damage to the macromolecules (lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins) with an increase in products that damage the DNA. Hyperglycemia produces mitochondrial dysfunction with deregulation between mitochondrial fission/fusion and regulatory factors. Mitochondrial fission appears early in diabetic neuropathy with the ability to facilitate mitochondrial fragmentation. Autophagy is a catabolic process induced by oxidative stress that involves the formation of vesicles by the lysosomes. Autophagy protects cells from diverse stress factors and routine deterioration. Clarification of the mechanisms involved in the appearance of complications in DM will facilitate the selection of specific therapeutic options based on the mechanisms involved in the metabolic pathways affected. Nowadays, the antioxidant agents consumed exogenously form an adjuvant therapeutic alternative in chronic degenerative metabolic diseases, such as DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sifuentes-Franco
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, University Health Sciences Centre, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - Fermín Paul Pacheco-Moisés
- Department of Chemistry, University Centre for Exact and Engineering Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - Adolfo Daniel Rodríguez-Carrizalez
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, University Health Sciences Centre, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Guillermina Miranda-Díaz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, University Health Sciences Centre, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
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99
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Theofilas P, Ehrenberg AJ, Nguy A, Thackrey JM, Dunlop S, Mejia MB, Alho AT, Paraizo Leite RE, Rodriguez RD, Suemoto CK, Nascimento CF, Chin M, Medina-Cleghorn D, Cuervo AM, Arkin M, Seeley WW, Miller BL, Nitrini R, Pasqualucci CA, Filho WJ, Rueb U, Neuhaus J, Heinsen H, Grinberg LT. Probing the correlation of neuronal loss, neurofibrillary tangles, and cell death markers across the Alzheimer's disease Braak stages: a quantitative study in humans. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 61:1-12. [PMID: 29031088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Clarifying the mechanisms connecting neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) neurotoxicity to neuronal dysfunction in humans is likely to be pivotal for developing effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD). To model the temporal progression of AD in humans, we used a collection of brains with controls and individuals from each Braak stage to quantitatively investigate the correlation between intraneuronal caspase activation or macroautophagy markers, NFT burden, and neuronal loss, in the dorsal raphe nucleus and locus coeruleus, the earliest vulnerable areas to NFT accumulation. We fit linear regressions with each count as outcomes, with Braak score and age as the predictors. In progressive Braak stages, intraneuronal active caspase-6 positivity increases both alone and overlapping with NFTs. Likewise, the proportion of NFT-bearing neurons showing autophagosomes increases. Overall, caspases may be involved in upstream cascades in AD and are associated with higher NFTs. Macroautophagy changes correlate with increasing NFT burden from early AD stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos Theofilas
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexander J Ehrenberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Austin Nguy
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julia M Thackrey
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara Dunlop
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria B Mejia
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ana T Alho
- Hospital Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, LIM-22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Claudia K Suemoto
- Division of Geriatrics, LIM-22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila F Nascimento
- Department of Pathology, LIM-22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus Chin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Medina-Cleghorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Departments of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Anatomy and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Arkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Wilson Jacob Filho
- Division of Geriatrics, LIM-22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Udo Rueb
- Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Department of Anatomy, J. W. Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - John Neuhaus
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Helmut Heinsen
- Department of Pathology, LIM-22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, LIM-22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
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100
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Autophagy enhancement is rendered ineffective in presence of α-synuclein in melanoma cells. J Cell Commun Signal 2017; 11:381-394. [PMID: 28748508 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased cellular concentration of α-synuclein (α-syn) predisposes it to misfolding and aggregation that in turn impair the degradation pathways. This poses a limitation to the use of overexpression models for studies on α-syn clearance by autophagy, which is widely investigated for its therapeutic potential. This limitation can be overcome with the use of endogenous models. In this study, SK-MEL-28, a melanoma cell model with endogenous α-syn expression, was employed to study α-syn clearance through autophagy. We demonstrated the dual localization of α-syn to nucleus and cytoplasm that varied in response to changes in cellular environment. Autophagy inhibition and exposure to dopamine favored cytoplasmic localization of α-syn, while autophagy induction favored increased localization to the nucleus. The inhibitory effect of dopamine on autophagy was heightened in presence of α-syn. Additionally, because α-syn had a regulatory effect on autophagy, cells showed an increased resistance to autophagy induction in presence of α-syn. This resistance prevented effective induction of autophagy even under conditions of prolonged autophagy inhibition. These results highlight alternate physiological roles of α-syn, particularly in non-neuronal cells. Because autophagy enhancement could reverse neither the increase in α-syn levels nor the autophagy inhibition, there arises a need to evaluate the efficacy of autophagy-based therapeutic strategies.
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