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Psomas CK. Of HIV and men. J Virus Erad 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Dysregulation of Neuronal Cholesterol Homeostasis upon Exposure to HIV-1 Tat and Cocaine Revealed by RNA-Sequencing. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16300. [PMID: 30390000 PMCID: PMC6215004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34539-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat protein is released from HIV-1-infected cells and can enter non-permissive cells including neurons. Tat disrupts neuronal homeostasis and may contribute to the neuropathogenesis in people living with HIV (PLWH). The use of cocaine by PLWH exacerbates neuronal dysfunction. Here, we examined the mechanisms by which Tat and cocaine facilitate alterations in neuronal homeostatic processes. Bioinformatic interrogation of the results from RNA deep sequencing of rat hippocampal neurons exposed to Tat alone indicated the dysregulation of several genes involved in lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Following exposure to Tat and cocaine, the activation of cholesterol biosynthesis genes led to increased levels of free cholesterol and cholesteryl esters in rat neurons. Results from lipid metabolism arrays validated upregulation of several processes implicated in the biogenesis of β-amyloid and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), including sterol o-acyltransferase 1/acetyl-coenzyme A acyltransferase 1 (SOAT1/ACAT1), sortilin-related receptor L1 (SORL1) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 12 (LRP12). Further studies in Tat-treated primary neuronal cultures and brain tissues from HIV-1 transgenic mice as well as SIV-infected macaques confirmed elevated levels of SOAT1/ACAT 1 proteins. Our results offer novel insights into the molecular events involved in HIV and cocaine-mediated neuronal dysfunction that may also contribute to neuropathogenic events associated with the development of AD.
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Pilalas D, Skoura L, Margariti A, Chatzopoulou F, Chatzidimitriou D, Tsachouridou O, Zebekakis P, Metallidis S, Papaioannou M. Prevalence and correlates of persistent intracellular HIV transcription in individuals on efavirenz versus atazanavir-based regimens: A prospective cohort study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194262. [PMID: 29534103 PMCID: PMC5849343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite successful virological suppression, HIV transcription frequently persists intracellularly. In this study, we hypothesize that HIV persistent transcription(HIVpt) may affect to a different extent patients on stable efavirenz(EFV) versus atazanavir(ATV)-based regimens. The role of the expression of drug efflux transporters in HIVpt was also investigated. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 51 virologically suppressed patients on first-line treatment for one year with EFV or ATV combined with emtricitabine and tenofovir and followed them up for one year. Simultaneous ultrasensitive subpopulation staining/hybridization in situ(SUSHI) was performed to identify HIVpt in CD4+ T-cells and in the CD4+CD45RO+ T-cell subpopulation. The differential mRNA expression of P-glycoprotein(P-gp/ABCB1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein-1(MRP1/ABCC1) was also evaluated. Univariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate predictors of HIVpt. RESULTS In the CD4+ T-cell population, HIVpt affected 13/30 of patients on EFV versus 10/21 on ATV. In the CD4+CD45RO+ T-cell population, HIVpt was present in 14/30 of patients on EFV versus 15/21 on ATV. A trend for association was observed between the risk of HIVpt and ATV treatment in the CD4+CD45RO+ T-cell population (OR 2.86, 95% CI 0.87-9.37, p = 0.083). HIVpt status was not associated with loss of virological suppression or CD4 evolution. We found no evidence of differential expression of the drug efflux transporters P-gp and MRP1. CONCLUSIONS Further study is required to evaluate whether the HIVpt profile in specific cell populations may differ across different antiretroviral regimens and to elucidate the potential clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Pilalas
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lemonia Skoura
- National AIDS Reference Centre of Northern Greece, Department of Microbiology, Aristotle University Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Apostolia Margariti
- National AIDS Reference Centre of Northern Greece, Department of Microbiology, Aristotle University Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fani Chatzopoulou
- National AIDS Reference Centre of Northern Greece, Department of Microbiology, Aristotle University Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Chatzidimitriou
- National AIDS Reference Centre of Northern Greece, Department of Microbiology, Aristotle University Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga Tsachouridou
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pantelis Zebekakis
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Simeon Metallidis
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Papaioannou
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Henrich TJ, Deeks SG, Pillai SK. Measuring the Size of the Latent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reservoir: The Present and Future of Evaluating Eradication Strategies. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:S134-S141. [PMID: 28520968 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major barriers to the successful design and implementation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) curative strategies is the limited ability to sensitively, specifically, and precisely quantify and characterize the whole-body burden of replication-competent HIV in individuals on effective antiretroviral therapy. Here, we review the development and validation of assays that directly and indirectly measure the size and distribution of the reservoir in blood and tissues. We also discuss the role that treatment interruptions will have in validating these assays and ultimately as a "proof of cure."
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Satish K Pillai
- Blood Systems Research Institute and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
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Stanley K, Lora M, Merjavy S, Chang J, Arora S, Menchine M, Jacobson KR. HIV Prevention and Treatment: The Evolving Role of the Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med 2017; 70:562-572.e3. [PMID: 28347557 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the role of the emergency physician in HIV care has been constrained to treating sick patients with opportunistic infections and postexposure prophylaxis for occupational exposures. However, advances in HIV care have led to medications that have substantially fewer issues with toxicity and resistance, opening up an exciting new opportunity for emergency physicians to participate in treating the HIV virus itself. With this new role, it is crucial that emergency physicians be familiar with the advances in testing and medications for HIV prevention and treatment. To our knowledge, to date there has not yet been an article addressing this expansion of practice. We have compiled a summary of what the emergency physician needs to know, including misconceptions associated with antiretroviral therapy, medication complexity, toxicity, resistance, and usability. Additionally, we review potential indications for prescribing these drugs in the emergency department, including the role of the emergency physician in postexposure prophylaxis, preexposure prophylaxis, and treatment of acute HIV, as well as how emergency physicians can engage with chronic HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Stanley
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Meredith Lora
- Department of Family Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stephen Merjavy
- Department of Family Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jennifer Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sanjay Arora
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael Menchine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kathleen R Jacobson
- Department of Family Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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58
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Novel AIDS therapies based on gene editing. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2439-2450. [PMID: 28210784 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2479-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
HIV/AIDS remains a major public health issue. In 2014, it was estimated that 36.9 million people are living with HIV worldwide, including 2.6 million children. Since the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), in the 1990s, treatment has been so successful that in many parts of the world, HIV has become a chronic condition in which progression to AIDS has become increasingly rare. However, while people with HIV can expect to live a normal life span with cART, lifelong medication is required and cardiovascular, renal, liver, and neurologic diseases are still possible, which continues to prompt research for a cure for HIV. Infected reservoir cells, such as CD4+ T cells and myeloid cells, allow persistence of HIV as an integrated DNA provirus and serve as a potential source for the re-emergence of virus. Attempts to eradicate HIV from these cells have focused mainly on the so-called "shock and kill" approach, where cellular reactivation is induced so as to trigger the purging of virus-producing cells by cytolysis or immune attack. This approach has several limitations and its usefulness in clinical applications remains to be assessed. Recent advances in gene-editing technology have allowed the use of this approach for inactivating integrated proviral DNA in the genome of latently infected cells or knocking out HIV receptors. Here, we review this strategy and its potential to eliminate the latent HIV reservoir resulting in a sterile cure of AIDS.
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Le Heron A, Patterson S, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Dickson G. Chimeric Trojan Protein Insertion in Lentiviral Membranes Makes Lentiviruses Susceptible to Neutralization by Anti-Tetanus Serum Antibodies. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 28:242-254. [PMID: 27889981 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the initial testing of a novel strategy for neutralization of lentiviruses using the fundamental biology of enveloped viruses' assembly and budding. In the field of gene therapy, viral vector surface proteins have been manipulated in order to redirect host cell specificity by alteration of pseudo-types. This study tested whether known viral pseudo-typing proteins or surface proteins known to be recruited to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope could be engineered to carry neutralizing epitopes from another microorganism onto the lentiviral surface. The results identify ICAM1 as a novel vehicle for lentiviral pseudo-typing. Importantly, the study shows that in a model lentiviral system, ICAM1 can be engineered in chimeric form to result in expression of a fragment of the tetanus toxoid on the viral membrane and that these viruses can then be neutralized by human serum antibodies protective against tetanus. This raises the possibility of delivering chimeric antigens as a gene therapy in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Le Heron
- 1 Centre of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London , Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Patterson
- 2 Department of Immunology, Imperial College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael J Yáñez-Muñoz
- 1 Centre of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London , Egham, United Kingdom
| | - George Dickson
- 1 Centre of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London , Egham, United Kingdom
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Marban C, Forouzanfar F, Ait-Ammar A, Fahmi F, El Mekdad H, Daouad F, Rohr O, Schwartz C. Targeting the Brain Reservoirs: Toward an HIV Cure. Front Immunol 2016; 7:397. [PMID: 27746784 PMCID: PMC5044677 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the top research priorities of the international AIDS society by the action “Towards an HIV Cure” is the purge or the decrease of the pool of all latently infected cells. This strategy is based on reactivation of latently reservoirs (the shock) followed by an intensifying combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) to kill them (the kill). The central nervous system (CNS) has potential latently infected cells, i.e., perivascular macrophages, microglial cells, and astrocytes that will need to be eliminated. However, the CNS has several characteristics that may preclude the achievement of a cure. In this review, we discuss several limitations to the eradication of brain reservoirs and how we could circumvent these limitations by making it efforts in four directions: (i) designing efficient latency-reversal agents for CNS-cell types, (ii) improving cART by targeting HIV transcription, (iii) improving delivery of HIV drugs in the CNS and in the CNS-cell types, and (iv) developing therapeutic immunization. As a prerequisite to these efforts, we also believe that a better comprehension of molecular mechanisms involved in establishment and persistence of HIV latency in brain reservoirs are essential to design new molecules for strategies aiming to achieve a cure for instance the “shock and kill” strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Marban
- INSERM UMR 1121 Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | | | - Amina Ait-Ammar
- EA7292, DHPI, Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Faiza Fahmi
- EA7292, DHPI, Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Hala El Mekdad
- EA7292, DHPI, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; IUT Louis Pasteur de Schiltigheim, Université de Strasbourg, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Fadoua Daouad
- EA7292, DHPI, Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Olivier Rohr
- EA7292, DHPI, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; IUT Louis Pasteur de Schiltigheim, Université de Strasbourg, Schiltigheim, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Christian Schwartz
- EA7292, DHPI, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; IUT Louis Pasteur de Schiltigheim, Université de Strasbourg, Schiltigheim, France
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Ananworanich J, Chomont N, Eller LA, Kroon E, Tovanabutra S, Bose M, Nau M, Fletcher JLK, Tipsuk S, Vandergeeten C, O'Connell RJ, Pinyakorn S, Michael N, Phanuphak N, Robb ML. HIV DNA Set Point is Rapidly Established in Acute HIV Infection and Dramatically Reduced by Early ART. EBioMedicine 2016; 11:68-72. [PMID: 27460436 PMCID: PMC5049918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV DNA is a marker of HIV persistence that predicts HIV progression and remission, but its kinetics in early acute HIV infection (AHI) is poorly understood. We longitudinally measured the frequency of peripheral blood mononuclear cells harboring total and integrated HIV DNA in 19 untreated and 71 treated AHI participants, for whom 50 were in the earliest Fiebig I/II (HIV IgM-) stage, that is ≤2weeks from infection. Without antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV DNA peaked at 2weeks after enrollment, reaching a set-point 2weeks later with little change thereafter. There was a marked divergence of HIV DNA values between the untreated and treated groups that occurred within the first 2weeks of ART and increased with time. ART reduced total HIV DNA levels by 20-fold after 2weeks and 316-fold after 3years. Therefore, very early ART offers the opportunity to significantly reduce the frequency of cells harboring HIV DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintanat Ananworanich
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA; SEARCH, The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- CRCHUM and Department of microbiology, infectiology and immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; The Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Leigh Ann Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eugene Kroon
- SEARCH, The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meera Bose
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martin Nau
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James L K Fletcher
- SEARCH, The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somporn Tipsuk
- SEARCH, The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Claire Vandergeeten
- The Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Robert J O'Connell
- CRCHUM and Department of microbiology, infectiology and immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Suteeraporn Pinyakorn
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nelson Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nittaya Phanuphak
- SEARCH, The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Merlin L Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Baxter AE, Niessl J, Fromentin R, Richard J, Porichis F, Charlebois R, Massanella M, Brassard N, Alsahafi N, Delgado GG, Routy JP, Walker BD, Finzi A, Chomont N, Kaufmann DE. Single-Cell Characterization of Viral Translation-Competent Reservoirs in HIV-Infected Individuals. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 20:368-380. [PMID: 27545045 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV cure efforts are hampered by limited characterization of the cells supporting HIV replication in vivo and inadequate methods for quantifying the latent viral reservoir in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. We combine fluorescent in situ RNA hybridization with detection of HIV protein and flow cytometry, enabling detection of 0.5-1 gag-pol mRNA(+)/Gag protein(+)-infected cells per million. In the peripheral blood of untreated persons, active HIV replication correlated with viremia and occurred in CD4 T cells expressing T follicular helper cell markers and inhibitory co-receptors. In virally suppressed subjects, the approach identified latently infected cells capable of producing HIV mRNA and protein after stimulation with PMA/ionomycin and latency-reversing agents (LRAs). While ingenol-induced reactivation mirrored the effector and central/transitional memory CD4 T cell contribution to the pool of integrated HIV DNA, bryostatin-induced reactivation occurred predominantly in cells expressing effector memory markers. This indicates that CD4 T cell differentiation status differentially affects LRA effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Baxter
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Julia Niessl
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Filippos Porichis
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Roxanne Charlebois
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Marta Massanella
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nathalie Brassard
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nirmin Alsahafi
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Gloria-Gabrielle Delgado
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illnesses Service and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Kaminski R, Bella R, Yin C, Otte J, Ferrante P, Gendelman HE, Li H, Booze R, Gordon J, Hu W, Khalili K. Excision of HIV-1 DNA by gene editing: a proof-of-concept in vivo study. Gene Ther 2016; 23:690-5. [PMID: 27194423 PMCID: PMC4974122 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing strategy has been remarkable in excising segments of integrated HIV-1 DNA sequences from the genome of latently infected human cell lines and by introducing InDel mutations, suppressing HIV-1 replication in patient-derived CD4+ T-cells, ex vivo. Here, we employed a short version of the Cas9 endonuclease, saCas9, together with a multiplex of guide RNAs (gRNAs) for targeting the viral DNA sequences within the 5'-LTR and the Gag gene for removing critically important segments of the viral DNA in transgenic mice and rats encompassing the HIV-1 genome. Tail-vein injection of transgenic mice with a recombinant Adeno-associated virus 9 (rAAV9) vector expressing saCas9 and the gRNAs, rAAV:saCas9/gRNA, resulted in the cleavage of integrated HIV-1 DNA and excision of a 978 bp DNA fragment spanning between the LTR and Gag gene in the spleen, liver, heart, lung and kidney as well as in the circulating lymphocytes. Retro-orbital inoculation of rAAV9:saCas9/gRNA in transgenic rats eliminated a targeted segment of viral DNA and substantially decreased the level of viral gene expression in circulating blood lymphocytes. The results from the proof-of-concept studies, for the first time, demonstrate the in vivo eradication of HIV-1 DNA by CRISPR/Cas9 on delivery by an rAAV9 vector in a range of cells and tissues that harbor integrated copies of viral DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Kaminski
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Ramona Bella
- Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Hailong Li
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Rosemarie Booze
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Jennifer Gordon
- Co-corresponding authors: (senior corresponding author), Phone: 215.707.4500; Fax: 215.707.4888, ,
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Co-corresponding authors: (senior corresponding author), Phone: 215.707.4500; Fax: 215.707.4888, ,
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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Bialek JK, Dunay GA, Voges M, Schäfer C, Spohn M, Stucka R, Hauber J, Lange UC. Targeted HIV-1 Latency Reversal Using CRISPR/Cas9-Derived Transcriptional Activator Systems. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158294. [PMID: 27341108 PMCID: PMC4920395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 technology is currently considered the most advanced tool for targeted genome engineering. Its sequence-dependent specificity has been explored for locus-directed transcriptional modulation. Such modulation, in particular transcriptional activation, has been proposed as key approach to overcome silencing of dormant HIV provirus in latently infected cellular reservoirs. Currently available agents for provirus activation, so-called latency reversing agents (LRAs), act indirectly through cellular pathways to induce viral transcription. However, their clinical performance remains suboptimal, possibly because reservoirs have diverse cellular identities and/or proviral DNA is intractable to the induced pathways. We have explored two CRISPR/Cas9-derived activator systems as targeted approaches to induce dormant HIV-1 proviral DNA. These systems recruit multiple transcriptional activation domains to the HIV 5' long terminal repeat (LTR), for which we have identified an optimal target region within the LTR U3 sequence. Using this target region, we demonstrate transcriptional activation of proviral genomes via the synergistic activation mediator complex in various in culture model systems for HIV latency. Observed levels of induction are comparable or indeed higher than treatment with established LRAs. Importantly, activation is complete, leading to production of infective viral particles. Our data demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9-derived technologies can be applied to counteract HIV latency and may therefore represent promising novel approaches in the quest for HIV elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K. Bialek
- Heinrich Pette Institute – Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gábor A. Dunay
- Heinrich Pette Institute – Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maike Voges
- Heinrich Pette Institute – Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carola Schäfer
- Heinrich Pette Institute – Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Spohn
- Heinrich Pette Institute – Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Stucka
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Hauber
- Heinrich Pette Institute – Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike C. Lange
- Heinrich Pette Institute – Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site, Hamburg, Germany
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Fidler S, Fox J. Primary HIV infection: a medical and public health emergency requiring rapid specialist management. Clin Med (Lond) 2016; 16:180-3. [PMID: 27037390 PMCID: PMC4952974 DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.16-2-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary HIV infection (PHI) refers to the first six months following HIV acquisition and represents a unique opportunity for expedited diagnosis, and consideration of rapid antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation to improve immune function, reduce the size of the viral reservoir and limit the risk of onward viral transmission. Failure to diagnose and rapidly treat individuals with PHI has significant individual and public health implications. The Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment trial recently identified a clinical benefit of immediate ART over deferral of treatment according to CD4 count threshold, and has led to rapid changes in World Health Organization and specialist national guidelines. For all individuals living with HIV, the offer of immediate therapy irrespective of CD4 count is now recommended. This paper summarises the presentation and management of PHI, incorporating current research and guideline changes and discusses the role of PHI in onward transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Fox
- Guys and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, UK
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