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Wang L, Min J, Doig R, Elliott LT, Colijn C. Estimation of SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody prevalence through serological uncertainty and daily incidence. CAN J STAT 2022; 50:734-750. [PMID: 36248322 PMCID: PMC9538003 DOI: 10.1002/cjs.11722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Serology tests for SARS‐CoV‐2 provide a paradigm for estimating the number of individuals who have had an infection in the past (including cases that are not detected by routine testing, which has varied over the course of the pandemic and between jurisdictions). Such estimation is challenging in cases for which we only have limited serological data and do not take into account the uncertainty of the serology test. In this work, we provide a joint Bayesian model to improve the estimation of the sero‐prevalence (the proportion of the population with SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies) through integrating multiple sources of data, priors on the sensitivity and specificity of the serological test, and an effective epidemiological dynamics model. We apply our model to the Greater Vancouver area, British Columbia, Canada, with data acquired during the pandemic from the end of January to May 2020. Our estimated sero‐prevalence is consistent with previous literature but with a tighter credible interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Wang
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Joosung Min
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Renny Doig
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Lloyd T. Elliott
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Caroline Colijn
- Department of Mathematics Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
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Nguyen DC, Lamothe PA, Woodruff MC, Saini AS, Faliti CE, Sanz I, Lee FE. COVID-19 and plasma cells: Is there long-lived protection? Immunol Rev 2022; 309:40-63. [PMID: 35801537 PMCID: PMC9350162 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection with SARS-CoV-2, the etiology of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, has resulted in over 450 million cases with more than 6 million deaths worldwide, causing global disruptions since early 2020. Memory B cells and durable antibody protection from long-lived plasma cells (LLPC) are the mainstay of most effective vaccines. However, ending the pandemic has been hampered by the lack of long-lived immunity after infection or vaccination. Although immunizations offer protection from severe disease and hospitalization, breakthrough infections still occur, most likely due to new mutant viruses and the overall decline of neutralizing antibodies after 6 months. Here, we review the current knowledge of B cells, from extrafollicular to memory populations, with a focus on distinct plasma cell subsets, such as early-minted blood antibody-secreting cells and the bone marrow LLPC, and how these humoral compartments contribute to protection after SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan C. Nguyen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Pedro A. Lamothe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Matthew C. Woodruff
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ankur S. Saini
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Caterina E. Faliti
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Frances Eun‐Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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Detecting Waning Serological Response with Commercial Immunoassays: 18-Month Longitudinal Follow-up of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Antibodies. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0098622. [PMID: 35867423 PMCID: PMC9430644 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00986-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Past severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is an important determinant of protection from reinfection and of postvaccine immune responses. Herein, we conducted a follow-up analysis of health care workers previously infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with the aim of evaluating different immunoassays for their capability in detecting the waning anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune responses and accuracy in documenting past SARS-CoV-2 infections. We evaluated serum antinucleocapsid antibody levels in convalescent individuals following a 1.5-year interval from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Three different commercial immunoassays that qualitatively measure serum antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein, namely, the Abbott Architect SARS-CoV-2 IgG, the Euroimmun anti-SARS-CoV-2 NCP enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) IgG, and the Roche Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2, were tested for comparison of detectability. A total of 38 individuals consented to participating in this follow-up analysis. From assay to assay, seropositivity rate at 18 months from infection varied from lowest at 42% to highest at 92%. The Roche Elecsys immunoassay, dependent on the dual-antigen antibody detection method and tuned for the detection of high avidity antibodies, was most capable of accurately documenting past SARS-CoV-2 infections. Different immunoassays showed variable capability of determining previous infection status under waning antibody concentrations. Immunoassays with lower detection limits are to be selected, and adjusted thresholds are to be considered in order to maximize the tests’ performance. IMPORTANCE Past SARS-CoV-2 infection is an important determinant of protection from reinfection and of postvaccine immune responses. Our results show that different immunoassays, by design, harbor variable capability of tracking SARS-CoV-2 infection under waning antibody concentrations. With each recovered patient standing at a unique time point along the decline curve of antibodies, precise estimation of COVID-19 cumulative incidence remains a challenge. Since future surveillance studies will be targeting more than ever heterogenous cohorts, selecting the appropriate immunoassay is crucial in order to assure reliable decisions about an individual’s previous infection status.
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Asplund Högelin K, Ruffin N, Pin E, Hober S, Nilsson P, Starvaggi Cucuzza C, Khademi M, Olsson T, Piehl F, Al Nimer F. B cell repopulation dynamics and drug pharmacokinetics impact SARS-CoV-2 vaccine efficacy in anti-CD20-treated multiple sclerosis patients. Eur J Neurol 2022; 29:3317-3328. [PMID: 35808856 PMCID: PMC9349816 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent findings document a blunted humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients on anti-CD20 treatment. Although most patients develop a cellular response, it is still important to identify predictors of seroconversion in order to optimize vaccine responses. METHODS We determined antibody responses after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in a real-world cohort of multiple sclerosis patients (n = 94) treated with anti-CD20, mainly rituximab, with variable treatment duration (median 2.9; range 0.4-9.6 years) and time from last anti-CD20 infusion to vaccination (median 190; range 60-1032 days). RESULTS We find that presence of B cells and/or rituximab in blood predict seroconversion better than time since last infusion. Using multiple logistic regression, presence of >0.5% B cells increased probability for seroconversion with an odds ratio (OR) of 5.0 (CI 1.0-28.1, p = 0.055), while the corresponding OR for ≥ 6 months since last infusion was 1.45 (CI 0.20-10.15, p = 0.705). In contrast, detectable rituximab levels were negatively associated with seroconversion (OR 0.05; CI 0.002-0.392, p = 0.012). Furthermore, naïve and memory IgG+ B cells correlated with antibody levels. Although re-treatment with rituximab at four weeks or more after booster depleted spike-specific B cells, it did not noticeably affect the rate of decline in antibody titers. Interferon-γ and/or interleukin-13 T cell responses to the spike S1 domain were observed in most patients, but with no correlation to spike antibody levels. CONCLUSIONS These findings are relevant for providing individualized guidance to patients and planning of vaccination schemes, in turn optimizing benefit-risk with anti-CD20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Asplund Högelin
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine L8:04, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Ruffin
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine L8:04, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisa Pin
- Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Hober
- Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chiara Starvaggi Cucuzza
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine L8:04, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Khademi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine L8:04, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine L8:04, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine L8:04, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Faiez Al Nimer
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine L8:04, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
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Tut G, Lancaster T, Sylla P, Butler MS, Kaur N, Spalkova E, Bentley C, Amin U, Jadir A, Hulme S, Ayodele M, Bone D, Tut E, Bruton R, Krutikov M, Giddings R, Shrotri M, Azmi B, Fuller C, Baynton V, Irwin-Singer A, Hayward A, Copas A, Shallcross L, Moss P. Antibody and cellular immune responses following dual COVID-19 vaccination within infection-naive residents of long-term care facilities: an observational cohort study. THE LANCET. HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2022; 3:e461-e469. [PMID: 35813280 PMCID: PMC9252532 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(22)00118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Older age and frailty are risk factors for poor clinical outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. As such, COVID-19 vaccination has been prioritised for individuals with these factors, but there is concern that immune responses might be impaired due to age-related immune dysregulation and comorbidity. We aimed to study humoral and cellular responses to COVID-19 vaccines in residents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Methods In this observational cohort study, we assessed antibody and cellular immune responses following COVID-19 vaccination in members of staff and residents at 74 LTCFs across the UK. Staff and residents were eligible for inclusion if it was possible to link them to a pseudo-identifier in the COVID-19 datastore, if they had received two vaccine doses, and if they had given a blood sample 6 days after vaccination at the earliest. There were no comorbidity exclusion criteria. Participants were stratified by age (<65 years or ≥65 years) and infection status (previous SARS-CoV-2 infection [infection-primed group] or SARS-CoV-2 naive [infection-naive group]). Anticoagulated edetic acid (EDTA) blood samples were assessed and humoral and cellular responses were quantified. Findings Between Dec 11, 2020, and June 27, 2021, blood samples were taken from 220 people younger than 65 years (median age 51 years [IQR 39-61]; 103 [47%] had previously had a SARS-CoV-2 infection) and 268 people aged 65 years or older of LTCFs (median age 87 years [80-92]; 144 [43%] had a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection). Samples were taken a median of 82 days (IQR 72-100) after the second vaccination. Antibody responses following dual vaccination were strong and equivalent between participants younger then 65 years and those aged 65 years and older in the infection-primed group (median 125 285 Au/mL [1128 BAU/mL] for <65 year olds vs 157 979 Au/mL [1423 BAU/mL] for ≥65 year olds; p=0·47). The antibody response was reduced by 2·4-times (467 BAU/mL; p≤0·0001) in infection-naive people younger than 65 years and 8·1-times (174 BAU/mL; p≤0·0001) in infection-naive residents compared with their infection-primed counterparts. Antibody response was 2·6-times lower in infection-naive residents than in infection-naive people younger than 65 years (p=0·0006). Impaired neutralisation of delta (1.617.2) variant spike binding was also apparent in infection-naive people younger than 65 years and in those aged 65 years and older. Spike-specific T-cell responses were also significantly enhanced in the infection-primed group. Infection-naive people aged 65 years and older (203 SFU per million [IQR 89-374]) had a 52% lower T-cell response compared with infection-naive people younger than 65 years (85 SFU per million [30-206]; p≤0·0001). Post-vaccine spike-specific CD4 T-cell responses displayed single or dual production of IFN-γ and IL-2 were similar across infection status groups, whereas the infection-primed group had an extended functional profile with TNFα and CXCL10 production. Interpretation These data reveal suboptimal post-vaccine immune responses within infection-naive residents of LTCFs, and they suggest the need for optimisation of immune protection through the use of booster vaccination. Funding UK Government Department of Health and Social Care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Tut
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tara Lancaster
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Panagiota Sylla
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Megan S Butler
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nayandeep Kaur
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eliska Spalkova
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher Bentley
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Umayr Amin
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Azar Jadir
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samuel Hulme
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Morenike Ayodele
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David Bone
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elif Tut
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rachel Bruton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Maria Krutikov
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Giddings
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Madhumita Shrotri
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Borscha Azmi
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Copas
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Shallcross
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Rodríguez M, Porras-Villamil J, Martin L, Rivera J, Mantilla Y, Olivera M. Seroprevalence of IgM and IgG anti-SARS-COV-2 and associated factors among agricultural workers in Colombia. New Microbes New Infect 2022; 48:101026. [PMID: 36090798 PMCID: PMC9441476 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2022.101026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The population of South America has been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this region, during the year 2020, high seroprevalence percentages were reported, which have been associated with the socioeconomic characteristics of the population, mainly in urban areas. However, a relative lack of information on the dynamics of the pandemic in rural areas of these countries, where the population is more vulnerable, is still present. This study determined antibody prevalence against SARS-CoV-2 in urban and rural food producing workers in Colombia. Methods A total of 1242 workers, urban and rural, linked to poultry, dairy, and meat production and supply chains, were analyzed through a sociodemographic survey and two serological tests against S and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Results 78.7% were male. 50.9% of the participants were rural inhabitants, with an average age of 40.9 years old. 39.2% had IgM and IgG against SARS-CoV-2 S protein and 31.3% against N protein for the same virus; 83.6% had not been tested with an RT-PCR test for COVID-19 and 75.7% did not report symptoms related to the disease. The associated risk factors were low education, OR: 1.46, greater number of cohabitants, OR: 1.36, and contact with people infected with COVID-19, OR: 2.03. Conclusions The seroprevalences found suggest an important interconnectivity between rural and urban areas, where asymptomatic subjects and sociodemographic factors facilitate the virus' spread in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.F. Rodríguez
- Faculty of Health Sciences Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia
- Corresponding author: Martha Fabiola Rodríguez Álvarez, Carrera 5 No 59 A 44, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | | | - L.V. Martin
- Faculty of Health Sciences Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J.E. Rivera
- LIAC Laboratory, Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Y.C. Mantilla
- LIAC Laboratory, Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - M.J. Olivera
- Parasitology Group from the Colombian National Health Institute, Colombia
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Abe KT, Rathod B, Colwill K, Gingras AC, Tuite A, Robbins NF, Orjuela G, Jenkins C, Conrod V, Yi QL, O’Brien SF, Drews SJ. A Qualitative Comparison of the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant Assay against Commonly Used Canadian SARS-CoV-2 Enzyme Immunoassays in Blood Donor Retention Specimens, April 2020 to March 2021. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0113422. [PMID: 35652636 PMCID: PMC9241784 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01134-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Our group has previously used laboratory and commercially developed assays to understand the IgG responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens, including nucleocapsid (N), spike (S), and receptor binding domain (RBD), in Canadian blood donors. In this current study, we analyzed 17,428 available and previously characterized retention samples collected from April 2020 to March 2021. The analysis compared the characteristics of the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant assay (Abbott anti-spike [S], Abbott, Chicago, IL) against four other IgG assays. The Abbott anti-S assay has a qualitative threshold of 50 AU/mL. The four comparator assays were the Abbott anti-nucleocapsid (N) assay and three commonly used Canadian in-house IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) recognizing distinct recombinant viral antigens, full-length spike glycoprotein, glycoprotein RBD, and nucleocapsid. The strongest qualitative relationship was between Sinai RBD and the Abbott anti-S assay (kappa, 0.707; standard error [SE] of kappa, 0.018; 95% confidence interval, 0.671 to 0.743). We then scored each previously characterized specimen as positive when two anti-SARS-COV-2 assays identified anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG in the specimen. Using this composite reference standard approach, the sensitivity of the Abbott anti-S assay was 95.96% (95% confidence interval [CI], 93.27 to 97.63%). The specificity of the Abbott anti-S assay was 99.35% (95% CI, 99.21 to 99.46%). Our study provides context on the use of commonly used SARS-CoV-2 serologies in Canada and identifies how these assays qualitatively compare to newer commercial assays. Our next steps are to assess how well the Abbott anti-S assays quantitatively detect wild-type and SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. IMPORTANCE We describe the qualitative test characteristics of the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant assay against four other anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG assays commonly used in Canada. Although there is no gold standard for identifying anti-SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity, aggregate standards can be used to assess seropositivity. In this study, we used a specimen bank of previously well-characterized specimens collected between April 2020 and March 2021. The Abbott anti-S assay showed the strongest qualitative relationship with a widely used laboratory-developed IgG assay for the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain. Using the composite reference standard approach, we also showed that the Abbott anti-S assay was highly sensitive and specific. As new anti-SARS-CoV-2 assays are developed, it is important to compare their test characteristics against other assays that have been extensively used in prior research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento T. Abe
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mt. Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bhavisha Rathod
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mt. Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Colwill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Treadwell Therapeutics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mt. Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashleigh Tuite
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Craig Jenkins
- COVID-19 Serological Screening Laboratory, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valerie Conrod
- COVID-19 Serological Screening Laboratory, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qi-Long Yi
- Epidemiology and Surveillance, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheila F. O’Brien
- Epidemiology and Surveillance, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven J. Drews
- Canadian Blood Services, Microbiology, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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58
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Decarreaux D, Pouquet M, Souty C, Vilcu AM, Prévot-Monsacre P, Fourié T, Villarroel PMS, Priet S, Blanché H, Sebaoun JM, Deleuze JF, Turbelin C, Werner A, Kochert F, Grosgogeat B, Rabiega P, Laupie J, Abraham N, Guerrisi C, Noël H, van der Werf S, Carrat F, Hanslik T, Charrel R, de Lamballerie X, Blanchon T, Falchi A. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibodies and Factors Associated with SARS-CoV-2 IgG Neutralizing Activity among Primary Health Care Workers 6 Months after Vaccination Rollout in France. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050957. [PMID: 35632699 PMCID: PMC9148144 DOI: 10.3390/v14050957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the immunoglobulin G response and neutralizing activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) among primary health care workers (PHCW) in France and assess the association between the neutralizing activity and several factors, including the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination scheme. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between 10 May 2021 and 31 August 2021. Participants underwent capillary blood sampling and completed a questionnaire. Sera were tested for the presence of antibodies against the nucleocapsid (N) protein and the S-1 portion of the spike (S) protein and neutralizing antibodies. In total, 1612 PHCW were included. The overall seroprevalences were: 23.6% (95% confidence interval (CI) 21.6–25.7%) for antibodies against the N protein, 94.7% (93.6–95.7%) for antibodies against the S protein, and 81.3% (79.4–83.2%) for neutralizing antibodies. Multivariate regression analyses showed that detection of neutralizing antibodies was significantly more likely in PHCW with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection than in those with no such history among the unvaccinated (odds ratio (OR) 16.57, 95% CI 5.96–59.36) and those vaccinated with one vaccine dose (OR 41.66, 95% CI 16.05–120.78). Among PHCW vaccinated with two vaccine doses, the detection of neutralizing antibodies was not significantly associated with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR 1.31, 95% CI 0.86–2.07), but was more likely in those that received their second vaccine dose within the three months before study entry than in those vaccinated more than three months earlier (OR 5.28, 95% CI 3.51–8.23). This study highlights that previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and the time since vaccination should be considered when planning booster doses and the design of COVID-19 vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorine Decarreaux
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse Pascal Paoli, UR7310 Bioscope, 20250 Corte, France
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, (IPLESP), Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France; (C.S.); (A.-M.V.); (P.P.-M.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (F.C.); (T.H.); (T.B.)
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Aix Marseille University, IRD 190, INSERM U1207, 13005 Marseille, France; (T.F.); (P.M.S.V.); (S.P.); (R.C.); (X.d.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.D.); (M.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Marie Pouquet
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, (IPLESP), Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France; (C.S.); (A.-M.V.); (P.P.-M.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (F.C.); (T.H.); (T.B.)
- Correspondence: (D.D.); (M.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Cecile Souty
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, (IPLESP), Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France; (C.S.); (A.-M.V.); (P.P.-M.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (F.C.); (T.H.); (T.B.)
| | - Ana-Maria Vilcu
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, (IPLESP), Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France; (C.S.); (A.-M.V.); (P.P.-M.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (F.C.); (T.H.); (T.B.)
| | - Pol Prévot-Monsacre
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, (IPLESP), Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France; (C.S.); (A.-M.V.); (P.P.-M.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (F.C.); (T.H.); (T.B.)
| | - Toscane Fourié
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Aix Marseille University, IRD 190, INSERM U1207, 13005 Marseille, France; (T.F.); (P.M.S.V.); (S.P.); (R.C.); (X.d.L.)
| | - Paola Mariela Saba Villarroel
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Aix Marseille University, IRD 190, INSERM U1207, 13005 Marseille, France; (T.F.); (P.M.S.V.); (S.P.); (R.C.); (X.d.L.)
| | - Stephane Priet
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Aix Marseille University, IRD 190, INSERM U1207, 13005 Marseille, France; (T.F.); (P.M.S.V.); (S.P.); (R.C.); (X.d.L.)
| | - Hélène Blanché
- Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH, 75000 Paris, France; (H.B.); (J.-M.S.); (J.-F.D.)
| | - Jean-Marc Sebaoun
- Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH, 75000 Paris, France; (H.B.); (J.-M.S.); (J.-F.D.)
| | | | - Clément Turbelin
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, (IPLESP), Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France; (C.S.); (A.-M.V.); (P.P.-M.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (F.C.); (T.H.); (T.B.)
| | - Andréas Werner
- Association Française de Pédiatrie Ambulatoire (AFPA), 69000 Orléans, France; (A.W.); (F.K.)
| | - Fabienne Kochert
- Association Française de Pédiatrie Ambulatoire (AFPA), 69000 Orléans, France; (A.W.); (F.K.)
| | - Brigitte Grosgogeat
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France;
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR CNRS 5615, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
- Réseau ReCOL, Association Dentaire Française, 75000 Paris, France;
- Service d’Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | | | - Julien Laupie
- Réseau ReCOL, Association Dentaire Française, 75000 Paris, France;
| | - Nathalie Abraham
- IQVIA, Réseau de Pharmaciens, 75000 Paris, France; (P.R.); (N.A.)
| | - Caroline Guerrisi
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, (IPLESP), Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France; (C.S.); (A.-M.V.); (P.P.-M.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (F.C.); (T.H.); (T.B.)
| | - Harold Noël
- Infectious Diseases Division, Santé Publique France, 94410 Saint Maurice, France;
| | - Sylvie van der Werf
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses Unit, 75015 Paris, France;
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Carrat
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, (IPLESP), Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France; (C.S.); (A.-M.V.); (P.P.-M.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (F.C.); (T.H.); (T.B.)
- Département de Santé Publique, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, APHP, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Hanslik
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, (IPLESP), Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France; (C.S.); (A.-M.V.); (P.P.-M.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (F.C.); (T.H.); (T.B.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences Simone Veil, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UVSQ, UFR de Médecine, 78000 Versailles, France
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), 92100 Boulogne Billancourt, France
| | - Remi Charrel
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Aix Marseille University, IRD 190, INSERM U1207, 13005 Marseille, France; (T.F.); (P.M.S.V.); (S.P.); (R.C.); (X.d.L.)
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Aix Marseille University, IRD 190, INSERM U1207, 13005 Marseille, France; (T.F.); (P.M.S.V.); (S.P.); (R.C.); (X.d.L.)
| | - Thierry Blanchon
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, (IPLESP), Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France; (C.S.); (A.-M.V.); (P.P.-M.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (F.C.); (T.H.); (T.B.)
| | - Alessandra Falchi
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse Pascal Paoli, UR7310 Bioscope, 20250 Corte, France
- Correspondence: (D.D.); (M.P.); (A.F.)
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Krutikov M, Stirrup O, Nacer-Laidi H, Azmi B, Fuller C, Tut G, Palmer T, Shrotri M, Irwin-Singer A, Baynton V, Hayward A, Moss P, Copas A, Shallcross L. Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 omicron infection in residents of long-term care facilities in England (VIVALDI): a prospective, cohort study. THE LANCET. HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2022; 3:e347-e355. [PMID: 35531432 PMCID: PMC9067940 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(22)00093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant (B.1.1.529) is highly transmissible, but disease severity appears to be reduced compared with previous variants such as alpha and delta. We investigated the risk of severe outcomes following infection in residents of long-term care facilities. Methods We did a prospective cohort study in residents of long-term care facilities in England who were tested regularly for SARS-CoV-2 between Sept 1, 2021, and Feb 1, 2022, and who were participants of the VIVALDI study. Residents were eligible for inclusion if they had a positive PCR or lateral flow device test during the study period, which could be linked to a National Health Service (NHS) number, enabling linkage to hospital admissions and mortality datasets. PCR or lateral flow device test results were linked to national hospital admission and mortality records using the NHS-number-based pseudo-identifier. We compared the risk of hospital admission (within 14 days following a positive SARS-CoV-2 test) or death (within 28 days) in residents who had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the period shortly before omicron emerged (delta-dominant) and in the omicron-dominant period, adjusting for age, sex, primary vaccine course, past infection, and booster vaccination. Variants were confirmed by sequencing or spike-gene status in a subset of samples. Results 795 233 tests were done in 333 long-term care facilities, of which 159 084 (20·0%) could not be linked to a pseudo-identifier and 138 012 (17·4%) were done in residents. Eight residents had two episodes of infection (>28 days apart) and in these cases the second episode was excluded from the analysis. 2264 residents in 259 long-term care facilities (median age 84·5 years, IQR 77·9-90·0) were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2, of whom 253 (11·2%) had a previous infection and 1468 (64·8%) had received a booster vaccination. About a third of participants were male. Risk of hospital admissions was markedly lower in the 1864 residents infected in the omicron-period (4·51%, 95% CI 3·65-5·55) than in the 400 residents infected in the pre-omicron period (10·50%, 7·87-13·94), as was risk of death (5·48% [4·52-6·64] vs 10·75% [8·09-14·22]). Adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) also indicated a reduction in hospital admissions (0·64, 95% CI 0·41-1·00; p=0·051) and mortality (aHR 0·68, 0·44-1·04; p=0·076) in the omicron versus the pre-omicron period. Findings were similar in residents with a confirmed variant. Interpretation Observed reduced severity of the omicron variant compared with previous variants suggests that the wave of omicron infections is unlikely to lead to a major surge in severe disease in long-term care facility populations with high levels of vaccine coverage or natural immunity. Continued surveillance in this vulnerable population is important to protect residents from infection and monitor the public health effect of emerging variants. Funding UK Department of Health and Social Care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Krutikov
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver Stirrup
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Borscha Azmi
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chris Fuller
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gokhan Tut
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tom Palmer
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Madhumita Shrotri
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Andrew Hayward
- UCL Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK, London, UK
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew Copas
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Shallcross
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
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60
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Stirrup O, Krutikov M, Tut G, Palmer T, Bone D, Bruton R, Fuller C, Azmi B, Lancaster T, Sylla P, Kaur N, Spalkova E, Bentley C, Amin U, Jadir A, Hulme S, Giddings R, Nacer-Laidi H, Baynton V, Irwin-Singer A, Hayward A, Moss P, Copas A, Shallcross L. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Anti-Spike Antibody Levels Following Second Dose of ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BNT162b2 Vaccine in Residents of Long-term Care Facilities in England (VIVALDI). J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1877-1881. [PMID: 35429382 PMCID: PMC9047242 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
General population studies have shown strong humoral response following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination with subsequent waning of anti-spike antibody levels. Vaccine-induced immune responses are often attenuated in frail and older populations, but published data are scarce. We measured SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibody levels in long-term care facility residents and staff following a second vaccination dose with Oxford-AstraZeneca or Pfizer-BioNTech. Vaccination elicited robust antibody responses in older residents, suggesting comparable levels of vaccine-induced immunity to that in the general population. Antibody levels are higher after Pfizer-BioNTech vaccination but fall more rapidly compared to Oxford-AstraZeneca recipients and are enhanced by prior infection in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Krutikov
- Correspondence: Maria Krutikov MRCP MBChB MSc, UCL Institute of Health Informatics, 222 Euston Rd, London NW1 2DA, UK ()
| | | | - Tom Palmer
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - David Bone
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Bruton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Fuller
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Borscha Azmi
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Tara Lancaster
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiota Sylla
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nayandeep Kaur
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Eliska Spalkova
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Bentley
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Umayr Amin
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Azar Jadir
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Hulme
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Giddings
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Hadjer Nacer-Laidi
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Verity Baynton
- Department of Health and Social Care, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew Hayward
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, United Kingdom,Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Copas
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, United Kingdom
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The Beneficial Effect of the COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Dose among Healthcare Workers in an Infectious Diseases Center. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040552. [PMID: 35455301 PMCID: PMC9029317 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Healthcare workers in Poland received a booster dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech, Manufacturer: Pfizer, Inc., and BioNTech; Moguncja, Germany) at the beginning of October 2021. Here, we report on the preliminary results of an ongoing clinical study into the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 of healthcare workers previously exposed to the virus, with or without evidence of past infection, in the Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw before and after the vaccine booster dose. Methods: Blood samples were collected on the day the vaccine booster dose was administered and again 14 days later. The levels of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies (against the n-protein, indicative of disease) and S-RBD (indicative of a response to vaccination) were measured. Results: One hundred and ten health care workers from the Hospital for Infectious Diseases were included in the study. The percentage of subjects with a positive test for anti-n-protein IgG antibodies at both time points remained unchanged (16, 14%), while a statistically significant increase in the percentage of subjects producing high levels of S-RBD antibodies (i.e., >433 BAU/mL) was observed (from 23, 21% to 109, 99%; p = 0.00001). Conclusions: The results of the study indicate that the booster dose of the vaccine significantly increases the percentage of people with high levels of S-RBD antibodies, regardless of previous contact with the virus, which may indicate greater protection against both the disease and a severe course of COVID-19.
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62
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Axfors C, Ioannidis JPA. Infection fatality rate of COVID-19 in community-dwelling elderly populations. Eur J Epidemiol 2022; 37:235-249. [PMID: 35306604 PMCID: PMC8934243 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-022-00853-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This mixed design synthesis aimed to estimate the infection fatality rate (IFR) of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in community-dwelling elderly populations and other age groups from seroprevalence studies. Protocol: https://osf.io/47cgb. Eligible were seroprevalence studies done in 2020 and identified by any of four existing systematic reviews; with ≥ 500 participants aged ≥ 70 years; presenting seroprevalence in elderly people; aimed to generate samples reflecting the general population; and whose location had available data on cumulative COVID-19 deaths in elderly (primary cutoff ≥ 70 years; ≥ 65 or ≥ 60 also eligible). We extracted the most fully adjusted (if unavailable, unadjusted) seroprevalence estimates; age- and residence-stratified cumulative COVID-19 deaths (until 1 week after the seroprevalence sampling midpoint) from official reports; and population statistics, to calculate IFRs adjusted for test performance. Sample size-weighted IFRs were estimated for countries with multiple estimates. Thirteen seroprevalence surveys representing 11 high-income countries were included in the main analysis. Median IFR in community-dwelling elderly and elderly overall was 2.9% (range 1.8–9.7%) and 4.5% (range 2.5–16.7%) without accounting for seroreversion (2.2% and 4.0%, respectively, accounting for 5% monthly seroreversion). Multiple sensitivity analyses yielded similar results. IFR was higher with larger proportions of people > 85 years. The IFR of COVID-19 in community-dwelling elderly is lower than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Axfors
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John P A Ioannidis
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Departments of Medicine, of Epidemiology and Population Health, of Biomedical Data Science, and of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Medical School Office Building, Room X306, 1265 Welch Road, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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63
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Nunhofer V, Weidner L, Hoeggerl AD, Zimmermann G, Badstuber N, Grabmer C, Jungbauer C, Lindlbauer N, Held N, Pascariuc M, Ortner T, Rohde E, Laner-Plamberger S. Persistence of Naturally Acquired and Functional SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Blood Donors One Year after Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030637. [PMID: 35337044 PMCID: PMC8953712 DOI: 10.3390/v14030637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The developmental course of antibodies produced after a SARS-CoV-2 infection has been insufficiently investigated so far. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels against the viral nucleocapsid- and spike-protein among Austrian blood donors as a representative group of a supposedly healthy population within the first year after a SARS-CoV-2 infection. The impact of age, sex, vaccination status, AB0-blood group and awareness about the infection was evaluated. Our study shows that the level of anti-N antibodies is declining, while anti-S antibody levels remain stable. Antibodies detected were functional in vitro. Age, sex and blood group do not influence antibody dynamics. However, blood group AB shows significantly lower antibody levels and in vitro functionality compared to other blood groups. Our data reveal that one out of five individuals was not aware of a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and that the disease course neither affects the level of antibody production nor the in vitro functionality. We also found that 14% of participants show persisting COVID-19-related symptoms for up to nine months. Our results provide valuable insights into the dynamics of the immune response after a SARS-CoV-2 infection in a representative cohort of adult blood donors in Central Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Nunhofer
- Department for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Salzburg (SALK), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU) Salzburg, Müllner-Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (V.N.); (A.D.H.); (C.G.); (N.L.); (N.H.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Lisa Weidner
- Austrian Red Cross, Blood Service for Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland, Wiedner Hauptstraße 32, 1040 Vienna, Austria; (L.W.); (C.J.)
| | - Alexandra Domnica Hoeggerl
- Department for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Salzburg (SALK), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU) Salzburg, Müllner-Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (V.N.); (A.D.H.); (C.G.); (N.L.); (N.H.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Georg Zimmermann
- Team Biostatistics and Big Medical Data, IDA Lab Salzburg, PMU Salzburg, Strubergasse 16, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
- Research and Innovation Management, PMU Salzburg, Strubergasse 16, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Natalie Badstuber
- Department of Psychological Assessment, Institute of Psychology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (N.B.); (T.O.)
| | - Christoph Grabmer
- Department for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Salzburg (SALK), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU) Salzburg, Müllner-Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (V.N.); (A.D.H.); (C.G.); (N.L.); (N.H.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Christof Jungbauer
- Austrian Red Cross, Blood Service for Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland, Wiedner Hauptstraße 32, 1040 Vienna, Austria; (L.W.); (C.J.)
| | - Nadja Lindlbauer
- Department for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Salzburg (SALK), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU) Salzburg, Müllner-Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (V.N.); (A.D.H.); (C.G.); (N.L.); (N.H.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Nina Held
- Department for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Salzburg (SALK), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU) Salzburg, Müllner-Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (V.N.); (A.D.H.); (C.G.); (N.L.); (N.H.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Monica Pascariuc
- Department for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Salzburg (SALK), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU) Salzburg, Müllner-Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (V.N.); (A.D.H.); (C.G.); (N.L.); (N.H.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Tuulia Ortner
- Department of Psychological Assessment, Institute of Psychology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (N.B.); (T.O.)
| | - Eva Rohde
- Department for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Salzburg (SALK), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU) Salzburg, Müllner-Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (V.N.); (A.D.H.); (C.G.); (N.L.); (N.H.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg, PMU Salzburg, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sandra Laner-Plamberger
- Department for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Salzburg (SALK), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU) Salzburg, Müllner-Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (V.N.); (A.D.H.); (C.G.); (N.L.); (N.H.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg, PMU Salzburg, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Correspondence:
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64
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Performance of Immunoglobulin G Serology on Finger Prick Capillary Dried Blood Spot Samples to Detect a SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0140521. [PMID: 35266818 PMCID: PMC9045222 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01405-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate the diagnostic accuracy and predictive value of finger prick capillary dried blood spot (DBS) samples tested by a quantitative multiplex anti-immunoglobulin G (IgG) assay to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies after infection or vaccination. This cross-sectional study involved participants (n = 6,841) from several serological surveys conducted in nonhospitalized children and adults throughout 2020 and 2021 in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Analysis used paired DBS and serum samples from a subset of participants (n = 642) prior to vaccination to establish signal thresholds and calculate diagnostic accuracy by logistic regression. Discrimination of the logistic regression model was assessed by receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis in an n = 2,000 bootstrap of the paired sample (n = 642). The model was cross-validated in a subset of vaccinated persons (n = 90). Unpaired DBS samples (n = 6,723) were used to evaluate anti-IgG signal distributions. In comparison to paired serum, DBS samples from an unvaccinated population possessed a sensitivity of 79% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 58 to 91%) and specificity of 97% (95% CI: 95 to 98%). ROC analysis found that DBS samples accurately classify SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion at an 88% percent rate (area under the curve [AUC] = 88% [95% CI: 80 to 95%]). In coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine dose one or two recipients, the sensitivity of DBS testing increased to 97% (95% CI: 83 to 99%) and 100% (95% CI: 88 to 100%). Modeling found that DBS testing possesses a high positive predictive value (98% [95% CI: 97 to 98%]) in a population with 75% seroprevalence. We demonstrate that DBS testing should be considered to reliably detect SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity from natural infection or vaccination. IMPORTANCE Dried blood spot samples have comparable diagnostic accuracy to serum collected by venipuncture when tested by an electrochemiluminescent assay for antibodies and should be considered to reliably detect seropositivity following SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination.
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65
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Bonnet B, Chabrolles H, Archimbaud C, Brebion A, Cosme J, Dutheil F, Lambert C, Junda M, Mirand A, Ollier A, Pereira B, Regagnon C, Vidal M, Evrard B, Henquell C. Decline of Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 6 Months After Full BNT162b2 Vaccination in Hospital Healthcare Workers. Front Immunol 2022; 13:842912. [PMID: 35309363 PMCID: PMC8926062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials and real-world evidence on COVID-19 vaccines have shown their effectiveness against severe disease and death but the durability of protection remains unknown. We analysed the humoral and T-cell immune responses in 110 healthcare workers (HCWs) vaccinated according to the manufacturer's recommended schedule of dose 2 three weeks after dose 1 from a prospective on-going cohort in early 2021, 3 and 6 months after full vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Anti-RBD IgG titres were lower in HCWs over 60 years old 3 months after the second dose (p=0.03) and declined in all the subjects between 3 and 6 months with a median percentage change of -58.5%, irrespective of age and baseline comorbidities. Specific T-cell response measured by IGRA declined over time by at least 42% (median) in 91 HCWs and increased by 33% (median) in 17 others. Six HCWs had a negative T-cell response at 6 months. Ongoing follow-up should provide correlates of long-term protection according to the different immune response profiles observed. COVIDIM study was registered under the number NCT04896788 on clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bonnet
- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital (CHU Clermont Ferrand), Immunology Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Auvergne University, UMR UNH, ECREIN, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hélène Chabrolles
- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital (CHU Clermont Ferrand), 3IHP, Virology Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS UMR, LMGE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christine Archimbaud
- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital (CHU Clermont Ferrand), 3IHP, Virology Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS UMR, LMGE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Amélie Brebion
- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital (CHU Clermont Ferrand), 3IHP, Virology Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Justine Cosme
- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital (CHU Clermont Ferrand), Immunology Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital (CHU Clermont Ferrand), Preventive and Occupational Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS, LaPSCo Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Céline Lambert
- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital (CHU Clermont Ferrand), Clinical Research and Innovation Direction (DRCI), Biostatistics Unit, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maud Junda
- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital (CHU Clermont Ferrand), Immunology Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Audrey Mirand
- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital (CHU Clermont Ferrand), 3IHP, Virology Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS UMR, LMGE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Amandine Ollier
- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital (CHU Clermont Ferrand) 3 IHP, Clinical Research and Innovation Direction, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital (CHU Clermont Ferrand), Clinical Research and Innovation Direction (DRCI), Biostatistics Unit, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christel Regagnon
- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital (CHU Clermont Ferrand), 3IHP, Virology Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Magali Vidal
- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital (CHU Clermont Ferrand), 3 IHP, Infectious Diseases Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bertrand Evrard
- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital (CHU Clermont Ferrand), Immunology Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Auvergne University, UMR UNH, ECREIN, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cécile Henquell
- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital (CHU Clermont Ferrand), 3IHP, Virology Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS UMR, LMGE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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