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Wang J, Huang JJ, Mulligan C. Seasonal source identification and source-specific health risk assessment of pollutants in road dust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:10063-10076. [PMID: 34510345 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Humans who are exposed to metals in road dust may have potential health risks through touching, ingesting, and inhaling the suspended road dust. There were limited studies to link seasonal emission sources to health risks from metals in road dust. In this study, metals in road dust from different functional areas were seasonally monitored. The contributions of the pollutant sources in study areas varied with seasons. By combining the source apportionment model (PMF), road dust emission model, and health risk models (HI: hazard index and ILCR: incremental lifetime carcinogenic risk), industrial and construction activity was identified as the crucial source of both the pollutants in road dust (29-47%), and the HI for adults (27-45%) and children (41-50%) in different seasons. The traffic non-exhaust emission dominated in the carcinogenic risks for children in spring (45%) and summer (36%). Factors such as seasons, particle size, metal bioavailability, human exposure time, and exposure area were all taken into consideration to avoid overestimating or underestimating health risks. The carcinogenic risks for children (1.6 E-06) and adults (2.8 E-06) exposed to Cr both exceed the minimum threshold (10-6). It means that the potential risks were acceptable but could not be completely neglected. Measured metals mainly posed hazard to human health through ingestion route. Pb and Mn, Fe and Mn were the main harmful elements that induced non-carcinogenic risks for adults and children, respectively. Effectively identifying the source-specific health risks in different seasons will help in the formulation of adaptive strategies to diminish the potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre on Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jinhui Jeanne Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre on Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Catherine Mulligan
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1M8, Canada
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Wang S, Wang L, Huan Y, Wang R, Liang T. Concentrations, spatial distribution, sources and environmental health risks of potentially toxic elements in urban road dust across China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150266. [PMID: 34536864 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Potentially toxic element (PTE) pollution is widespread in road dust across China, and the effects of PTEs in road dust on health cannot be ignored. In this study, the concentrations of six PTEs (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn and Ni) in 4336 road dust samples from 58 cities in 31 provincial regions of China taken after 2000 were obtained from the literatures. Based on these data, the spatial distribution, pollution sources, and ecological and human health risks of PTEs in road dust were comprehensively assessed and the main pollution factors and areas of high risk were identified. The results revealed that PTE levels are generally higher in eastern cities than western cities in China. The key driving factors are socioeconomic factors, including those related to transportation, industry, and population, for which the contribution rates are 57.80%, 55.39% and 37.19%, respectively. PTEs in the road dust with high ecological risks are mainly distributed in the southeastern coastal areas and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. No obvious noncarcinogenic risk was found for PTEs in road dust, but Cd and Pb may have potential noncarcinogenic risk, mainly distributed in cities in western China. Therefore, regions and pollution sources contributing to Pb and Cd levels should be monitored. The control of PTE pollution in China is a priority for ecological and environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yizhong Huan
- School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rui Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Tao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Yan Q, Kong S, Yan Y, Liu X, Zheng S, Qin S, Wu F, Niu Z, Zheng H, Cheng Y, Zeng X, Wu J, Yao L, Liu D, Shen G, Shen Z, Qi S. Emission and spatialized health risks for trace elements from domestic coal burning in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:107001. [PMID: 34991261 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Residential coal combustion (RCC) emission exhibited obvious daily variation, while no real-time estimation of air pollutants from RCC has been reported, as the shortages of corresponding activity dataset and emission factors with high time resolution. A real-time monitoring platform for RCC emission was established. Hourly emission factors of 18 typed of TEs from eleven kinds of chunk coals and nine kinds of honeycomb coals burning in China were obtained. The monthly and hourly coal consumption amounts were calculated with reference and our field survey. Then the hourly TEs emission inventories from RCC were established in China. GEOS-Chem and Risk Quotients Models were utilized to map the spatialized health risks of hazardous elements, including the gridded hazard index and carcinogenic risk. The result indicated that the EFs of TEs would be underestimated if the tests only consider flaming conditions. Cu, K, Ca, Zn, and Co were the top five elements from RCC, with corresponding emission amounts as 1397.7, 1054.0, 676.0, 623.5 and 420 tons in 2017, respectively. K, Ti, Fe, Sn, and Sb showed hourly peak values under flaming dominated periods, accounting for 48.2%, 45.9%, 31.8%, 42.8%, and 33.8% of their daily emissions. Other elements (e.g., V, Co, As, Hg and Pb) exhibited higher emissions under smoldering dominated period in nighttime, accounting for 22.2%, 32.9%, 27.6%, 34.7%, and 28.4% of their daily emissions. TEs emission from RCC closely follows the habits of human daily cooking and heating activity. The national HI were lower than the acceptable level (HI ≤ 1) except Sichuan Province (up to 1.2). Higher carcinogenic risks (≥1 × 10-6) occurred in parts of Sichuan, Shanxi, Hunan and Hubei, which were up to 2.0 × 10-5. The high-resolution TEs emission inventories could be useful for future modeling works on the formation and evolution of air pollution and are helpful for human exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yingying Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shurui Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Si Qin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fangqi Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhenzhen Niu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huang Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Liquan Yao
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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Shen W, Hu Y, Zhang J, Zhao F, Bian P, Liu Y. Spatial distribution and human health risk assessment of soil heavy metals based on sequential Gaussian simulation and positive matrix factorization model: A case study in irrigation area of the Yellow River. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 225:112752. [PMID: 34507041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The content of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni and As from 250 soil samples was measured in agricultural soil of Ningxia section of the Yellow River. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was to identify the main sources of these heavy metals; Sequential Gaussian Simulation (SGS) was to identify their spatial distribution and high-risk areas; and Human Health risk (HHR) model was to measure the health risk. Results showed that the average content of Cd and As exceeds the risk screening value of "Soil Environmental Quality-Agricultural Land Soil Pollution Risk Control Standard" (GB 15618-2018), which belongs to slight-level pollution. Although the content of other types of HMs (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni) is below the risk screening value, they are still included heavily in the soil (except Cr). PMF indicated that mixed sources of agriculture and industry accounted for 27.06%, natural sources accounted for 14.12%, industrial sources accounted for 23.04%, traffic sources accounted for 21.50%, and Yellow River sedimentary sources accounted for 14.28%. PMF-HHR showed that the mixed sources of agriculture and industry are the most important factor causing non-carcinogenic risk (HI) to children (accounting for 55.75%). Industrial sources and traffic sources were the two main factors that cause HI to adults (industrial sources accounted for 25.16%, and traffic sources accounted for 28.78%). Mixed sources of agriculture and industry and natural sources were the two main factors that cause carcinogenic risk (CR) (mixed sources of agriculture and industry account for 35.34%, and natural sources account for 33.23%). SGS indicated that 0.64% and 9.32% of the total areas were posing as higher HI areas to children and adults respectively; in particular, 0.68% and 1.12% of the areas were identified as higher HI of As and Cr areas at a critical probability of 0.9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Shen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yue Hu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Shaanxi Academy of Forestry, Xian, Shaanxi 710082, PR China
| | - Pengyang Bian
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Yixuan Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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55
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Ma JJ, Yan Y, Chen XJ, Niu ZR, Yu RL, Hu GR. Incorporating bioaccessibility and source apportionment into human health risk assessment of heavy metals in urban dust of Xiamen, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 228:112985. [PMID: 34781125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals in urban dust could pose noticeable human health risks, but there are few studies focusing on comprehensive human health risk assessment with the incorporation of both bioaccessibility and source apportionment in urban dust. Thus, fifty-eight urban dust samples were collected from kindergartens in Xiamen to analyze the bioaccessibility-based, source-specific health risk of heavy metals (V, Co, Ni, As, Mo, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Pb). Most heavy metals, except for V and Mn, were significantly enriched in urban dust based on their values of geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and may be influenced by human activities. The oral bioaccessibility values of heavy metals, which were estimated by the Solubility/Bioaccessibility Research Consortium (SBRC) in vitro model, ranged from 1.563% to 76.51%. The source apportionment determined by applying the absolute principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) model indicated five main potential sources, coal combustion, traffic and industrial, natural, construction and furniture sources, and unidentified sources, with contributions of 34.09%, 20.72%, 18.72%, 7.597% and 18.87%, respectively, to the accumulation of heavy metals in urban dust. After incorporating bioaccessibility adjustments, lower non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of heavy metals were observed than those based on total metal content, with the mean hazard index (HI) values being less than the threshold value (1) and the mean total carcinogenic risk (TCR) values exceeding the precautionary criterion (10-6) for both adults and children. By combining bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment and source apportionment, traffic and industrial emissions and coal combustion dominated the noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks induced by heavy metals in urban dust, respectively. This study is expected to promote the systematic integration of source apportionment and bioaccessibility into health risk estimation for heavy metal contamination in urban dust, thus providing useful implications for better human health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jin Ma
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Xue-Juan Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zi-Ru Niu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Rui-Lian Yu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Gong-Ren Hu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
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56
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Shen M, Xu H, Liu S, Zhang Y, Zhang N, Zhou J, Chow JC, Watson JG, Cao J. Spatial distribution of PM 2.5-bound elements in eighteen cities over China: policy implication and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:4771-4788. [PMID: 33978910 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00913-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 30 elements in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were measured in 18 Chinese cities in 2013. Elemental pollution in northern, southwest, and central China were severe, attributing to excessive coal and biomass combustion in these regions. The concentrations of S, Cl, and K in these areas were 8.21 ± 3.90, 4.03 ± 1.96, and 1.59 ± 0.613 μg/m3, respectively, which were 1.6-2.7 times higher than those in other regions of China. In addition, the industrial emissions in northeast and north China were large, leading to the elevated heavy metal concentration of 1.32 ± 1.17 μg/m3, especially Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd, and Br. Soil dust was the highest in northwest China among the five regions with the concentration of crustal elements of 6.37 ± 4.51 μg/m3. Moreover, although the levels of elemental concentration in east and southeast China were relatively acceptable, regulators must pay attention to elevated level of V (0.009 ± 0.006 μg/m3) in these areas. Compared with 2003, several elements have deteriorated in some cities. For example, As increased by 70%, 18%, and 155% in Changchun, Beijing, and Jinchang, respectively. However, ~ 77% measured elements, e.g., Ti, Fe, and Pb markedly reduced in 2013, with reduction rates of 13-81%. These indicate that the government's policies related to particle-bound elements have shown certain positive environmental effects. For the health risks from the heavy metals in 2013, the non-cancer risks of As and Cd must not be neglected. The cancer risks of As and Pb were much higher than the international safety limit (10-4). More prominent health risks were found in southwest, central, and northwest China. Therefore, the government should accelerate the shift to cleaner energy in underdeveloped areas of China to obtain more environmental and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxia Shen
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jiamao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Judith C Chow
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, USA
| | - John G Watson
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, USA
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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Xia J, Wang J, Zhang L, Wang X, Yuan W, Zhang H, Peng T, Feng X. Mass balance of nine trace elements in two karst catchments in southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147504. [PMID: 33975112 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High geological background levels of trace elements (TEs) and high population density in the karst areas of southwest China have imposed environmental pressure on the fragile ecosystems in this region. Understanding the mass budget of TEs, especially the toxic ones, is of great importance to sustain future developments. This study investigates the mass balance and fate of nine TEs (cadmium, arsenic, lead, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, thallium, and antimony) in two karst catchments (Huilong and Chenqi) in southwest China through estimation of their mass budgets in throughfall, open field precipitation, total suspended particulate matter (TSP), litterfall, fertilization, harvested crops, surface runoff, and underground runoff. The estimated net fluxes are positive, indicating a source region, for four elements (Cu, Cr, Ni, and Tl) and negative, indicating a sink region, for five elements (As, Cd, Pb, Sb, and Zn) in both catchments. The net fluxes for the nine elements in Chenqi catchment are within a relatively small range (2.6, 2.0, 1.6, 0.6, -0.05, -0.5, -0.5, -2.9, and -3.3 mg m-2 yr-1 for Cu, Ni, Cr, Tl, Cd, Zn, Sb, Pb, and As, respectively), but in Huilong catchment in quite a large range (15.5, 6.0, 1.0, 0.8, -0.3, -0.9, -4.5, -7.5, and -8.7 mg m-2 yr-1 for Tl, Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, Sb, As, Pb, and Zn, respectively). Rainfall (12.3%-66.2%) and litterfall (18.4%-81.3%) are the major input flux pathways, while crops harvest (16%-99%) is the major output flux pathway for the TEs in both catchments, indicating that the fate of TEs is shaped by both natural factors such as precipitation and litterfall and human activities such as fertilization and crop harvesting in these forestland-farmland compound karst catchments. Results from this study suggest that restoring forests from low-yield sloping farmlands will be useful for controlling TEs pollution in these fragile karst regions with high geological background TEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto M3H5T4, Canada
| | - Xun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; Puding Karst Ecosystem Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Puding 562100, China
| | - Xinbin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Liu L, Lin Q, Liang Z, Du R, Zhang G, Zhu Y, Qi B, Zhou S, Li W. Variations in concentration and solubility of iron in atmospheric fine particles during the COVID-19 pandemic: An example from China. GONDWANA RESEARCH : INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE JOURNAL 2021; 97:138-144. [PMID: 35721257 PMCID: PMC9188026 DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) in the atmosphere can affect atmospheric chemical processes and human health. When deposited into oceans, it can further influence phytoplankton growth. These roles of Fe fundamentally depend on its concentration and solubility. However, the sources of aerosol Fe and controlling factors of Fe solubility in megacities remain poorly understood. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic causes large changes in human activities, which provides a unique opportunity to answer these key issues. Field observations were conducted before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown in Hangzhou, China. Our results show that in the COVID-19 lockdown stage, the concentrations of total Fe (FeT, 75.0 ng m-3) and soluble Fe (FeS, 5.1 ng m-3) in PM2.5 decreased by 78% and 62%, respectively, compared with those (FeT 344.7 ng m-3, FeS 13.5 ng m-3) in the pre-lockdown stage. The sharp reduction (81%) in on-road vehicles was most responsible for the aerosol Fe decrease. Surprisingly, the Fe solubility increased by a factor of 1.9, from 4.2% in the pre-lockdown stage to 7.8% in the COVID-19 lockdown stage. We found that the atmospheric oxidizing capacity was enhanced after lockdown restrictions were implemented, which promoted the formation of more acidic species and further enhanced the dissolution of aerosol Fe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhuoran Liang
- Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Shanghai (CMACC), Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rongguang Du
- Hangzhou Meteorological Bureau, Hangzhou 310051, China
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | | | - Yanhong Zhu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bing Qi
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shengzhen Zhou
- School of Atmospheric Sciences and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Wang Y, Liu B, Zhang Y, Dai Q, Song C, Duan L, Guo L, Zhao J, Xue Z, Bi X, Feng Y. Potential health risks of inhaled toxic elements and risk sources during different COVID-19 lockdown stages in Linfen, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 284:117454. [PMID: 34062435 PMCID: PMC8164380 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Levels of toxic elements in ambient PM2.5 were measured from 29 October 2019 to 30 March 2020 in Linfen, China, to assess the health risks they posed and to identify critical risk sources during different periods of the COVID-19 lockdown and haze episodes using positive matrix factorization (PMF) and a health-risk assessment model. The mean PM2.5 concentration during the study period was 145 μg/m3, and the 10 investigated toxic elements accounted for 0.31% of the PM2.5 mass. The total non-cancer risk (HI) and total cancer risk (TCR) of the selected toxic elements exceed the US EPA limits for children and adults. The HI for children was 2.3 times that for adults for all periods, which is likely due to the high inhalation rate per unit body weight for children. While the TCR for adults was 1.7 times that of children, which is mainly attributed to potential longer exposure duration for adults. The HI and TCR of the toxic elements during full lockdown were reduced by 66% and 58%, respectively, compared to their pre-lockdown levels. The HI and TCR were primarily attributable to Mn and As, respectively. Health risks during haze episodes were significantly higher than the average levels during COVID-19 lockdowns, though the HI and TCR of the selected toxic elements during full-lockdown haze episodes were 68% and 17% lower, respectively, than were the levels during pre-lockdown haze episodes. During the study period, fugitive dust and steel-related smelting were the highest contributors to HI and TCR, respectively, and decreased in these emission sources contributed the most to the lower health risks observed during the full lockdown. There, the control of these sources is critical to effectively reduce public health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyang Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Congbo Song
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Liqin Duan
- Linfen Municipal Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Shanxi Province, Linfen, 041000, China
| | - Lili Guo
- Linfen Municipal Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Shanxi Province, Linfen, 041000, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Linfen Municipal Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Shanxi Province, Linfen, 041000, China
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaohui Bi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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Liu F, Wang Z, Wei Y, Liu R, Jiang C, Gong C, Liu Y, Yan B. The leading role of adsorbed lead in PM 2.5-induced hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and synaptic damage. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125867. [PMID: 34492814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases may be caused by air pollution, such as PM2.5. However, particles still need to be elucidated the mechanism of synergistic neurotoxicity induced by pollutant-loading PM2.5. In this study, we used a reductionist approach to study leading role of lead (Pb) in PM2.5-induced hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and synaptic damage both in vivo and in vitro. Pb in PM2.5 caused neurotoxicity: 1) by increasing ROS levels and thus causing apoptosis in neuronal cells and 2) by decreasing the expression of PSD95 via interfering with the calcium signaling pathway through cAMP/CREB/pCREB/BDNF/PSD95 pathway and reducing the synapse length by 50%. This study clarifies a key factor in PM2.5-induced neurotoxicity and provides the experimental basis for reducing PM2.5-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zengjin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yongyi Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Rongrong Liu
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Cuijuan Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chen Gong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yin Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 330106, China.
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Fu S, Yue D, Lin W, Hu Q, Yuan L, Zhao Y, Zhai Y, Mai D, Zhang H, Wei Q, He L. Insights into the source-specific health risk of ambient particle-bound metals in the Pearl River Delta region, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 224:112642. [PMID: 34399126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of source-specific health risks of PM2.5 plays an essential role in health-oriented air pollution control. However, there is limited evidence supporting the source-based risk apportionment of particle-bound metals. In this study, source-specific cancer and non-cancer risk characterization of 12 particle-bound metals was performed in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, China. A combination of health risk assessment model and receptor-based source apportionment modeling with positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied for characterizing the spatial-temporal patterns for inhalation health risks of particle-bound metals in three main city clusters, inland area and coastal area in the region from December 2014 through July 2016. Results showed that the carcinogenic risk of particle-bound metals for adults (4.13 × 10-5) was higher than that for children (9.53 × 10-6) in the PRD region. The highest and significant non-carcinogenic risk was found in the northwest city cluster. Industrial emission (63.3%) were the dominant contributors to the cancer risk, while the main contributors to the non-cancer risk were the vehicle emission source (33.2%) in the dry season and industrial emission (30.8%) in the wet season. Our results provide important evidence for spatial source-specific health risks with temporal characteristics of particle-bound metals in most densely populated areas in the southern China, and suggest that reduction of industrial and vehicle emissions could facilitate more cost-effective PM2.5 control measures to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Fu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dingli Yue
- Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Weiwei Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Qiansheng Hu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Luan Yuan
- Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Yuhong Zhai
- Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Dejian Mai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hedi Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qing Wei
- Experimental Teaching Center, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lingyan He
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Long L, He J, Yang X. Characteristics, emission sources and health risk assessment of trace elements in size-segregated aerosols during haze and non-haze periods at Ningbo, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:2945-2963. [PMID: 33459888 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00757-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To characterize trace elements from inhalable particles and to estimate human health risks, airborne particles at an urban area of Ningbo city during haze and non-haze periods from November 2013 to May 2014 were collected by a nine-stage sampler. Seventeen trace elements (Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb) were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concentrations of trace elements are in the ranges of 0.51 ng m-3 (Co) ~ 1.53 µg m-3 (K) for fine particles (Dp < 2.1 μm), and 1.07 ng m-3 (Co) ~ 4.96 µg m-3 (K) for coarse particles (2.1 μm < Dp < 9.0 μm) during the haze days, which are 1.15 -4.30 and 1.23- 7.83-fold as those of non-haze days, respectively. These elements could be divided into crustal elements (Na, Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, Fe and Co), non-crustal elements (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) and mixed elements (K, V, Cr, Mn, Ni and As) according to their enrichment factor values (EFs) and size distribution characteristics. Five emission sources of trace elements were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) modeling. The main sources of trace elements in fine particles are traffic emission (21.7%), coal combustion (23.6%) and biomass burning (32.1%); however, soil dust (61.5%), traffic emission (21.9%) and industry emissions (11.8%) are the main contributors for coarse particles. With the help of the multiple-path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model, it was found that deposition fractions of seventeen measured elements in the pulmonary region were in the range of 12.4%-15.1% and 6.66% -12.3% for the fine and coarse particles, respectively. The human health risk assessment (HRA) was employed according to the deposition concentration in the pulmonary region. The non-carcinogenic risk (HI) was below the safety limit (1.00). Nonetheless, the excess lifetime carcinogenic risk (ELCR) for adults increased by 2.42-fold during the haze days (2.06 × 10-5) as compared to that of non-haze days (8.50 × 10-6) in fine particles. Cr (VI) and As together contributed 96.5% and 96.3% of the integrated cancer risks during the haze and non-haze periods, respectively. Moreover, the related ELCR values in coarse particles were 36.7% and 62.8% of those in the fine particles for the non-haze period and haze period, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangping Long
- International Doctoral Innovation Centre, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jun He
- International Doctoral Innovation Centre, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China.
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, PR China.
| | - Xiaogang Yang
- Department of Mechanical, Material and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
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Ren Y, Luo Q, Zhuo S, Hu Y, Shen G, Cheng H, Tao S. Bioaccessibility and public health risk of heavy Metal(loid)s in the airborne particulate matter of four cities in northern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130312. [PMID: 33774239 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric coarse particulate matter (PM10) enriched with heavy metal(loid)s could pose potentially significant health risk to humans, while accurate health risk assessment calls for characterization of their bioaccessibility, besides the total contents. The health risk of major toxic heavy metal(loid)s in the PM10 from four large cities in northern China via inhalation was investigated based on their total contents and bioaccessibility. The annual mean concentrations of PM-bound Zn, As, Pb, and Mn in the atmosphere of the four cities were 650, 305, 227, and 177 ng⋅m-3, respectively. The levels of heavy metal(loid)s in the PM10 were generally higher in winter but lower in summer in all four cities, which resulted primarily from the emissions associated with coal combustion for district and household heating and the unfavorable meteorological conditions in winter. The bioaccessibility of heavy metal(loid)s in the PM10 ranged from 0.9 to 48.7%, following the general order of Mn > Co > Ni > Cd > Cu > As > Cr > Zn > Pb. Based on their total contents in the PM10, most heavy metal(loid)s posed significant public health risk via inhalation exposure in the four cities. However, after accounting for the bioaccessibility of metal(loid)s, the non-carcinogenic risk of most metal(loid)s was negligible, except for As in the PM10 of Jinzhong, while only the carcinogenic risk posed by Cr and As in the PM10 exceeded the acceptable level. These findings demonstrate the importance of characterizing the bioaccessibility of airborne PM-bound heavy metal(loid)s in health risk assessment and could guide the on-going efforts on reducing the public health risk of PM10 in northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Ren
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qing Luo
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shaojie Zhuo
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanan Hu
- MOE Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Shu Tao
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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64
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PM2.5-Bound Heavy Metals in Southwestern China: Characterization, Sources, and Health Risks. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12070929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The health risks of PM2.5-bound heavy metals have attracted extensive attention recently. In order to evaluate those deleterious effects on human health more accurately, and to propose proper measures to reduce health risks of air pollution, the conduction of a source-specific health risk assessment is necessary. Based on daily collected PM2.5 samples at different functional sites during winter 2019 in a megacity Chongqing, China, combining source apportionment results from PMF and health risk assessment from the U.S. EPA, the source-specific health risks from PM2.5-bound heavy metals were given. Six types of PM2.5 sources have been identified, coal burning (25.5%), motor vehicles (22.8%), industrial emissions (20.5%), biomass burning (15.9%), dust (7.8%), and ship emissions (7.5%). Results showed that the total hazard quotient (HQ) was 0.32 and the total carcinogenic risks (CR) were 2.09 × 10−6 for children and 8.36 × 10−6 for adults, implying certain risks for local residents. Industrial emissions related with Cr posed both the highest carcinogenic risk and noncarcinogenic risk (contributing 25% CR and 36% HQ). Coal combustion (associated with Cr, As, and Mn) contributed 15.46% CR and 20.64% HQ, while biomass burning and motor vehicles shared 19.99% and 19.05% of the total CR, respectively. This work indicated that health risks of air pollution sources were the combined effects of the source contribution and chemical components. In order to control the health risks of PM2.5 to the local residents, the priority of targeted emission sources should be adopted for industrial emissions, biomass burning, vehicle emissions, and coal combustion sources.
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Tao Z, Guo Q, Wei R, Dong X, Han X, Guo Z. Atmospheric lead pollution in a typical megacity: Evidence from lead isotopes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:145810. [PMID: 33714101 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric lead (Pb) pollution has adverse health effects on humans, while the sources and atmospheric process of Pb are key scientific problems. In this study, the concentrations and isotopic composition of Pb in fine particulate matter (PM2.5), coal and street dust samples collected from a typical megacity Beijing were analyzed to identify the sources of atmospheric Pb. Results showed that the Pb concentrations in PM2.5 were high in winter (168.1 ± 32.0 ng/m3) and low in summer (27.7 ± 9.1 ng/m3), whereas Pb isotopic values presented opposite variation trends. The abnormally elevated Pb concentrations in winter were probably related to coal combustion, while declined Pb concentration in summer may be attributed to favorable meteorological parameters such as high temperature, high wind speed, and frequent rain events. Pb isotopic ratios indicated that anthropogenic sources (coal combustion and vehicle exhaust) and natural sources were the main contributors to Pb in PM2.5. Combined with the binary model, the anthropogenic sources predominantly contributed to Pb in the Beijing atmosphere by approximately 85% annually, while the natural sources accounted for the rest of 15%. More specifically, the contribution of natural sources was about 9.4% in spring, 29.7% in summer, 16.0% in autumn and 6.1% in winter, suggesting that natural sources might contribute more lead into the atmosphere during clear days. Furthermore, the contribution of the vehicle exhaust to atmospheric Pb was nonnegligible in megacity, highlighting that the ownership of motor vehicles in megacity should be regulated and more efforts should be paid to strengthen vehicle emission standard. This study may enrich the reservoir of Pb isotopic composition in nature and provides a new method to investigate the Pb migration and transformation in the environment, and also serve as a theoretical reference for pollution control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Tao
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingjun Guo
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Rongfei Wei
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xinyuan Dong
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaokun Han
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhaobing Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Men C, Liu R, Wang Q, Miao Y, Wang Y, Jiao L, Li L, Cao L, Shen Z, Li Y, Crawford-Brown D. Spatial-temporal characteristics, source-specific variation and uncertainty analysis of health risks associated with heavy metals in road dust in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 278:116866. [PMID: 33740604 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Based on the concentrations of ten heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe) in 144 road dust samples collected from 36 sites across 4 seasons from 2016 to 2017 in Beijing, this study systematically analyzed the levels and main sources of health risks in terms of their temporal and spatial variations. A combination of receptor models (positive matrix factorization and multilinear engine-2), human health risk assessment models, and Monte Carlo simulations were used to apportion the seasonal variation of the health risks associated with these heavy metals. While non-carcinogenic risks were generally acceptable, Cr and Ni induced cautionary carcinogenic risks (CR) to children (confidence levels was approximately 80% and 95%, respectively).. Additionally, fuel combustion posed cautionary CR to children in all seasons, while the level of CR from other sources varied, depending on the seasons. Heavy metal concentrations were the most influential variables for uncertainties, followed by ingestion rate and skin adherence factor. The values and spatial patterns of health risks were influenced by the spatial pattern of risks from each source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Men
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ruimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Qingrui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yuexi Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Lijun Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Leiping Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Douglas Crawford-Brown
- Department of Land Economy, Cambridge Centre for Climate Change Mitigation Research (4CMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 9EP, UK
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Men C, Wang Y, Liu R, Wang Q, Miao Y, Jiao L, Shoaib M, Shen Z. Temporal variations of levels and sources of health risk associated with heavy metals in road dust in Beijing from May 2016 to April 2018. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 270:129434. [PMID: 33388498 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
To analyze the temporal variations of heavy metals, health risk, and source-specific health risk, 24 road dust samples were collected from Beijing in each month in two years. The temporal variations of Hg, Pb, and Ni were higher than other heavy metals. Most heavy metals reached their highest concentrations either in winter or in spring, then the concentrations decreased and reached the lowest values in autumn. Human health risk assessment (HHRA) model showed that As, Cr, and Ni might pose cautionary carcinogenic risk (CR) to children (CR > 10-6). CR for adults were only 0.15 to 0.19 times of that for children. Four sources were identified based on positive matrix factorization model and HHRA model, they were traffic exhaust, fuel combustion, construction, and use of pesticides and fertilizers. Influenced by the difference of carcinogenicity of heavy metals, traffic exhaust contributed the largest to heavy metals (36.02%, over 42.24% higher than other sources), while contributions of fuel combustion to CR (36.95%) was similar to traffic exhaust (37.17%). Monte-Carlo simulation showed that the 95th percentile of probability density functions of CR posed by Cr and Ni from each source were 9.90 × 10-5 to 2.64 × 10-4, posing cautionary carcinogenic risk to children. The seasonal change of CR varied among different sources. CR from use of pesticides and fertilizers in spring was 35.06 times of that in winter, and that from fuel combustion in winter was 1.15-2.40 times of that in other seasons. CR from each source was sensitive to ingestion rate and skin adherence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Men
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ruimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Qingrui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yuexi Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Lijun Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Muhammad Shoaib
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
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Diao L, Zhang H, Liu B, Dai C, Zhang Y, Dai Q, Bi X, Zhang L, Song C, Feng Y. Health risks of inhaled selected toxic elements during the haze episodes in Shijiazhuang, China: Insight into critical risk sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116664. [PMID: 33609903 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 in Shijiazhuang was collected from October 15, 2018 to January 31, 2019, and selected toxic elements were measured. Five typical haze episodes were chosen to analyze the health risks and critical risk sources. Toxic elements during the haze episodes accounted for 0.33% of PM2.5 mass. Non-cancer risk of toxic elements for children was 1.8 times higher than that for adults during the haze episodes, while cancer risk for adults was 2.5 times higher than that for children; cancer and non-cancer risks were primarily attributable to As and Mn, respectively. Health risks of toxic elements increased during the growth and stable periods of haze episodes. Non-cancer and cancer risks of toxic elements during the haze stable periods were higher than other haze stages, and higher for children than for adults during the stable period. Mn was the largest contributor to non-cancer risk during different haze stages, while As was the largest contributor to cancer risk. Crustal dust, vehicle emissions, and industrial emissions were critical sources of cancer risk during the clean-air periods; while vehicle emissions, coal combustion, and crustal dust were key sources of cancer risk during the haze episodes. Cancer risks of crustal dust and vehicle emissions during the haze episodes were 2.0 and 1.7 times higher than those in the clean-air periods. Non-cancer risks from emission sources were not found during different periods. Cancer risks of biomass burning and coal combustion increased rapidly during the haze growth period, while that of coal combustion decreased sharply during the dissipation period. Vehicle emissions, crustal dust, and coal combustion were significant cancer risk sources during different haze stages, cancer risk of each source was the highest during the stable period. Southern Hebei, Northern and central Shaanxi were potential risk regions that affected the health of both adults and children in Shijiazhuang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuli Diao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Huitao Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Chunling Dai
- Shijiazhuang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050022, China
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaohui Bi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lingzhi Zhang
- Shijiazhuang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050022, China
| | - Congbo Song
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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Shi W, Li T, Zhang Y, Sun Q, Chen C, Wang J, Fang J, Zhao F, Du P, Shi X. Depression and Anxiety Associated with Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Constituents: A Cross-Sectional Study in North China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:16006-16016. [PMID: 33275420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The association between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and mental disorders is attracting increasing attention, but the roles of specific PM2.5 chemical constituents have yet to be explored. We conducted a multicenter cross-sectional study in nine cities located in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in China to assess the effects of PM2.5 and chemical constituents on depression and anxiety. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale were used to quantify the depression and anxiety status, atmospheric monitoring data from fixed stations was used to calculate exposure concentrations. We performed multiple logistic regression models to assess the associations of PM2.5 chemical constituents exposure over the preceding 2 weeks with depression and anxiety. Overall, anxiety and depression were significantly associated with organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn). Subgroup analysis showed a stronger effect of PM2.5 constituents on depression during the heating period. This study provide evidence for the possible link between PM2.5 constituents and mental disorders among middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults, which requires further validation of the causal correlation. Our findings support the need for a stricter regulation on emissions of certain specific constituents, in addition to targeting control of total PM2.5 emission concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Shi
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Qinghua Sun
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chen Chen
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jiaonan Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jianlong Fang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Peng Du
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xiaoming Shi
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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70
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Zhou Y, Zi T, Lang J, Huang D, Wei P, Chen D, Cheng S. Impact of rural residential coal combustion on air pollution in Shandong, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127517. [PMID: 32758768 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rural residential coal combustion (RRCC) for household heating is a potentially important source of air pollution. However, little research has been done on the environmental impacts of RRCC. This study therefore investigated the impacts of RRCC on air pollution based on detailed household heating data obtained from intensive face-to-face interviews in Shandong province, China. The total contributions and specific contributions of coal, stoves, and coal-stove combinations to air pollution were simulated using the WRF-CAMx-PSAT model. The RRCC for heating had a considerable impact on air pollution, contributing 36.1, 9.1, and 16.1% of atmospheric SO2, NOx, and PM2.5 in winter, respectively. Different coal-stove combinations had different impacts on air pollution and mitigation efficiencies. The combination of bituminous coal and advanced coal stoves was the dominant contributor to air pollution, comprising 60.3-68.8% of the total RRCC contribution to different air pollutants. Sensitivity analyses indicated that bituminous coal burnt in a traditional stove had the highest mitigation efficiency (0.67 μg·m-3/10 kt) for atmospheric PM2.5 pollution, 4.1 times higher than that of anthracite briquette coal burnt in advanced coal stoves. Moreover, although RRCC is a near-surface emission source, it contributed considerably to regional pollution. Non-local RRCC emissions accounted for 21.8-74.6, 15.5-72.3, and 35.3-79.9% of the total contribution to SO2, NOx, and PM2.5 in different cities, respectively. The findings of this study improve understanding on the environmental impacts of rural emissions and can provide scientific support for the formulation of effective air pollution mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Teng Zi
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Jianlei Lang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Dawei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Peng Wei
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Dongsheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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71
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Zhang J, Peng J, Song C, Ma C, Men Z, Wu J, Wu L, Wang T, Zhang X, Tao S, Gao S, Hopke PK, Mao H. Vehicular non-exhaust particulate emissions in Chinese megacities: Source profiles, real-world emission factors, and inventories. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115268. [PMID: 32836045 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vehicular non-exhaust emissions account for a significant share of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) pollution, but few studies have successfully quantified the contribution of non-exhaust emissions via real-world measurements. Here, we conduct a comprehensive study combining tunnel measurements, laboratory dynamometer and resuspension experiments, and chemical mass balance modeling to obtain source profiles, real-world emission factors (EFs), and inventories of vehicular non-exhaust PM emissions in Chinese megacities. The average vehicular PM2.5 and PM10 EFs measured in the four tunnels in four megacities (i.e., Beijing, Tianjin, Zhengzhou, and Qingdao) range from 8.8 to 16.0 mg km-1 veh-1 and from 37.4 to 63.9 mg km-1 veh-1, respectively. A two-step source apportionment is performed with the information of key tracers and localized profiles of each exhaust and non-exhaust source. Results show that the reconstructed PM10 emissions embody 51-64% soil and cement dust, 26-40% tailpipe exhaust, 7-9% tire wear, and 1-3% brake wear, while PM2.5 emissions are mainly composed of 59-80% tailpipe exhaust, 11-31% soil and cement dust, 4-10% tire wear, and 1-5% brake wear. Fleet composition, road gradient, and pavement roughness are essential factors in determining on-road non-exhaust emissions. Based on the EFs and the results of source apportionment, we estimate that the road dust, tire wear, and brake wear emit 8.1, 2.5, and 0.8 Gg year-1 PM2.5 in China, respectively. Our study highlights the importance of non-exhaust emissions in China, which is essential to assess their impacts on air quality, human health, and climate and formulating effective controlling measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research& State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jianfei Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research& State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Congbo Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research& State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Chao Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research& State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhengyu Men
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research& State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research& State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research& State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research& State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xinfeng Zhang
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300300, China
| | - Shuangcheng Tao
- China Academy of Transportation Science, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shuohan Gao
- China Academy of Transportation Science, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research& State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Hongjun Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research& State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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72
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Xu X, Lu X, Li X, Liu Y, Wang X, Chen H, Chen J, Yang X, Fu TM, Zhao Q, Fu Q. ROS-generation potential of Humic-like substances (HULIS) in ambient PM 2.5 in urban Shanghai: Association with HULIS concentration and light absorbance. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:127050. [PMID: 32446002 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can cause adverse health effects through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after inhalation. Humic-like substances (HULIS) are major constituents contributing to the ROS-generation potential in organic aerosols. In this study, PM2.5 samples in urban Shanghai during autumn and winter (2018-2019) were collected. Mass-normalized ·OH generation rate in surrogate lung fluid (SLF) was used to denote the intrinsic ROS-generation potential of PM2.5 or of the HULIS isolated from PM2.5. In this study, ROS-generation potential of PM2.5 decreased with increasing ambient PM2.5 concentration due to higher percentage of inorganic components in high PM2.5 event. Same trend was observed for the ROS-generation potential of unit mass of HULIS, which was higher when HULIS and PM2.5 concentrations were both relatively lower. The HULIS with high ROS-generation potential but low concentration (High-ROS/Low-Conc HULIS) were likely produced by the atmospheric aqueous-phase reactions during nighttime or under high relative humidity conditions, not from biomass burning emissions or the photochemical pollution products. The association between ROS-generation potential and light absorption properties of HULIS was studied as well. The High-ROS/Low-Conc HULIS also showed stronger light absorbance than the other HULIS. Our results implied the potentially important roles that HULIS species might play in atmospheric environment and human health even when the PM2.5 pollution is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaohui Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yaxi Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qianbiao Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, 200235, China
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73
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Hao Y, Luo B, Simayi M, Zhang W, Jiang Y, He J, Xie S. Spatiotemporal patterns of PM 2.5 elemental composition over China and associated health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114910. [PMID: 32563805 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trace metals in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) are a serious threat to public health. Although pollution from toxic metals has been investigated in many Chinese cities, the spatial and temporal patterns in PM2.5 remain largely unknown. Long-term PM2.5 field sampling in 11 cities, combined with a systemic literature survey covering 51 cities, provides the first comprehensive database of 21 PM2.5-bound trace metals in China. Our results revealed that PM2.5 elemental compositions varied greatly, with generally higher levels in North China, especially for crustal elements. Pollution with Cr, As, and Cd was most serious, with 61, 38, and 16 sites, respectively, surpassing national standards, including some in rural areas. Local emissions, particularly from metallurgical industries, were the dominant factors driving the distribution in polluted cities such as Hengyang, Yuncheng, and Baiyin, which are mainly in North and Central China. Elevated As, Cd, and Cr levels in Yunnan, Guizhou Province within Southwest China were attributed to the high metal content of local coal. Diverse temporal trends of various elements that differed among regions indicated the complexity of emission patterns across the country. The results demonstrated high non-carcinogenic risks for those exposed to trace metals, especially for children and residents of heavily cities highly polluted with As, Pb, or Mn. The estimated carcinogenic risks ranged from 6.61 × 10-6 to 1.92 × 10-4 throughout China, with As being the highest priority element for control, followed by Cr and Cd. Regional diversity in major toxic metals was also revealed, highlighting the need for regional mitigation policies to protect vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Hao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bin Luo
- Sichuan Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Maimaiti Simayi
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Sichuan Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiming He
- Sichuan Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shaodong Xie
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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74
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Lin YC, Zhang YL, Song W, Yang X, Fan MY. Specific sources of health risks caused by size-resolved PM-bound metals in a typical coal-burning city of northern China during the winter haze event. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:138651. [PMID: 32460085 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High particulate matter (PM) pollution frequently occurs in winter over northern China , resulting in threats to human health. To date, there are limited studies to link source apportionments and health risk assessments in the different size-resolved PM samples during high PM events. In this study, size-segregated PM samples were collected in Linfen, a typical coal-burning city, in northern China during a wintertime haze pollution. In addition to water-soluble ions and carbon contents, metallic elements in the different size-segregated PM samples were also determined for health risk assessments by inhalation of PM. During the sampling period, the average concentration of PM10 was 274 ± 57 μg m-3 with a major fraction (73%) of organic material and secondary-related aerosols, and an insignificant portion of trace elements (TEs, ~ 3%). The size distribution showed that As and Se, markers of coal combustion, exhibited a mono-modal distribution with a major peak at 0.4-0.7 μm and the others mostly possessed mono-/bi-modal patterns with a major peak at 3.3-5.8 μm. The cancer risk (CR) resulted from PM10 metals by inhalation was estimated to be 2.91 × 10-5 for children and 7.75 × 10-5 for adults while non-cancer risk (NCR) was 2.10 for children and 0.70 for adults. Chromium (Cr) was the dominant species (~89%) of cancer risk in PM10. Road dust was a major fraction (~65%) to total metals in coarse PM (dp > 3.3 μm) whereas coal combustion was a dominant source (~55%) in submicron (dp < 1.1 μm) PM metals. However, traffic emissions (40%) and coal combustion (36%) were the dominant sources of CR since both emissions contributed major fractions (74%) to Cr, especially in submicron PM which exhibited high deposition efficiency of TEs into respiratory tracts, resulting in high CR in Linfen City.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Lin
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Wenhuai Song
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Mei-Yi Fan
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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Xie J, Jin L, Cui J, Luo X, Li J, Zhang G, Li X. Health risk-oriented source apportionment of PM 2.5-associated trace metals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114655. [PMID: 32443215 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In health-oriented air pollution control, it is vital to rank the contributions of different emission sources to the health risks posed by hazardous components in airborne fine particulate matters (PM2.5), such as trace metals. Towards this end, we investigated the PM2.5-associated metals in two densely populated regions of China, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Pearl River Delta (PRD) regions, across land-use gradients. Using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, we performed an integrated source apportionment to quantify the contributions of the major source categories underlying metal-induced health risks with information on the bioaccessibility (using simulated lung fluid) and speciation (using synchrotron-based techniques) of metals. The results showed that the particulate trace metal profiles reflected the land-use gradient within each region, with the highest concentrations of anthropogenically enriched metals at the industrial sites in the study regions. The resulting carcinogenic risk that these elements posed was higher in the YRD than in the PRD. Chromium was the dominant contributor to the total excessive cancer risks posed by metals while manganese accounted for a large proportion of non-carcinogenic risks. An elevated contribution from industrial emissions was found in the YRD, while traffic emissions and non-traffic combustion (the burning of coal/waste/biomass) were the common dominant sources of cancer and non-cancer risks posed by metals in both regions. Moreover, the risk-oriented source apportionment of metals did not mirror the mass concentration-based one, suggesting the insufficiency of the latter to inform emission mitigation in favor of public health. While providing region-specific insights into the quantitative contribution of major source categories to the health risks of PM2.5-associated trace metals, our study highlighted the need to consider the health protection goal-based source apportionment and emission mitigation in supplement to the current mass concentration-based framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Xie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jinli Cui
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaosan Luo
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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Men C, Liu R, Xu L, Wang Q, Guo L, Miao Y, Shen Z. Source-specific ecological risk analysis and critical source identification of heavy metals in road dust in Beijing, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:121763. [PMID: 31818668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
To explore the spatial variation of source-specific ecological risks and identify critical sources of heavy metals in road dust, 36 road dust samples collected in Beijing in March 2017 were analyzed for heavy metals. A new method that takes into consideration the heavy-metal toxic response and is flexible to changes in the number of calculated heavy metals, called the Nemerow integrated risk index (NIRI), was developed for ecological risk assessment. The NIRI indicated that heavy metals posed considerable to high risks at the majority of sites, and 22 % of the sites suffered extreme risk in spring (NIRI > 320). Four main sources were identified based on positive matrix factorization (PMF): traffic exhaust, fuel combustion, construction, and use of pesticides and fertilizers. Owing to the lower toxic response factors of representative heavy metals of fuel combustion than those of other sources, although fuel combustion had the highest contribution (34.21 %) to heavy metals in spring, it only contributed 5.57 % to ecological risks. Critical sources and critical source areas were determined by considering the contributions to both heavy metals and ecological risks. The use of pesticide and fertilizer and traffic-related exhaust were identified as critical sources of heavy metals in spring. Source-specific ecological risks and critical sources of heavy metals changed with the changing seasons, which suggests that different strategies should be adopted in different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Men
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ruimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Libing Xu
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qingrui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Lijia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yuexi Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
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Xie JJ, Yuan CG, Xie J, Niu XD, He AE. PM 2.5-bound potentially toxic elements (PTEs) fractions, bioavailability and health risks before and after coal limiting. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110249. [PMID: 32044603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fractions, bioavailability, health risks of fine particulate maters (PM2.5)-bound potentially toxic elements (PTEs) (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn) were investigated before and after coal limiting in Baoding city. The winter PM2.5 samples were collected at different functional areas such as residential area (RA), industrial area (IA), suburb (SB), street (ST) and Botanical Garden Park (BG) in 2016 (coal dominated year) and 2017 (gas dominated year). The fractions and bioavailability of PTEs were determined and evaluated based on BCR sequential extraction. Health risks through inhalation exposure were evaluated by US EPA health risk assessment model. The results from different years and functional areas were compared and discussed. The fractions and bioavailability of PM2.5-bound PTEs varied with functional areas. The percentages of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in acid-soluble fraction (F1-Cd and F1-Zn) to the total amount of Cd and Zn were low in BG samples (p < 0.05). Bioavailability of Cd were high in SB samples (p < 0.05). Total contents of PM-bound PTEs in 2017 generally decreased compared with 2016. The differences of fraction and bioavailability between 2016 and 2017 depended on the elements and areas. Higher proportions of copper (Cu) in acid-soluble fraction (F1-Cu) and bioavailability of Cu (p < 0.05) were found in 2017 samples. Significant differences were found just at IA and RA for Pb, Cd and Zn. Our results indicated that the health risks from inhalation exposure for PTEs in PM2.5 declined about 11%-52% after the coal limiting in this city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Xie
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Chun-Gang Yuan
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Jin Xie
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Niu
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - An-En He
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China
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78
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Xie JJ, Yuan CG, Xie J, Niu XD, Zhang XR, Zhang KG, Xu PY, Ma XY, Lv XB. Comparison of arsenic fractions and health risks in PM 2.5 before and after coal-gas replacement. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113881. [PMID: 31952103 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coal-Gas replacement project has been implemented to decrease haze pollution in China in recent years. Airborne arsenic (As) mostly originates from coal burning processes. It is noteworthy to compare the distribution of arsenic fraction in PM2.5 before and after coal-gas replacement. Eighty PM2.5 samples were collected in Baoding in December 2016 (coal dominated year) and December 2017 (gas dominated year) at different functional areas including residential area (RA), industrial area (IA), suburb (SB), roadside (ST) and Botanical Garden Park (BG). The fraction, bioavailability and health risk of As in the PM2.5 samples were investigated and compared between these two years. Arsenic was mainly distributed in the non-specifically sorbed fraction (F1) and the residual fraction (F5). However, the proportion of F1 to the total As in 2017 was higher than that in 2016, while the proportion of As in the amorphous and poorly-crystalline hydrous oxides of Fe and Al fraction (F3) in 2017 was lower. The distributions of fraction and bioavailability showed temporal and spatial characteristics. The total concentration and bioavailability of As in SB and IA were significantly higher than those in RA, ST and BG. The BF (Bioavailability Factor) values of As ranged from 0.30 to 0.61. Health risk assessment indicated that the hazard quotient (HQ) and carcinogenic risk (CR) of As in PM2.5 significantly decreased after coal-gas replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Xie
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Chun-Gang Yuan
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Jin Xie
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Niu
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xu-Rui Zhang
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Ke-Gang Zhang
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Pei-Yao Xu
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Ma
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xiang-Bing Lv
- Datang Baoding Thermal Power Plant, Baoding 071000, China
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79
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Xu D, Gao B. Lead Isotopes Combined with Geochemical Baseline in Sediments: A Novel Tool to Trace Anthropogenic Pb Sources. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17031112. [PMID: 32050547 PMCID: PMC7037388 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Pb isotopic identification only based on total Pb concentration and Pb isotopic ratios, resulted in difficulty for tracing Pb sources in the complex environmental medium, especially for sediment. Herein, a novel approach combining with regional geochemical baseline (RGB) and Pb isotopic ratios are used to directly trace anthropogenic Pb sources and calculate Pb source appointments in sediment. In this study, total Pb concentrations and isotopic ratios were analyzed for a 7-m long sediment core (92 sediment samples) collected from a reservoir. RGB of Pb was used to calculate anthropogenic Pb concentrations (Rd), their contributions (CRd) and screen the sediments influenced by anthropogenic activities. Among those sediments influenced by anthropogenic activities, a positive correlation was found between 206Pb/207Pb ratios and Rd, indicating there were two anthropogenic Pb sources in sediment. Further source identification using 206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/207Pb indicated that these two anthropogenic Pb sources originated from coal consumption and aerosol input. Finally, CRd and Pb isotopic ratios were used to calculate these two Pb source appointments (1.13% for coal consumption and 7.53% for aerosol input). This study demonstrated that source identification using RGB and Pb isotopes could be a novel attempt for identifying anthropogenic Pb sources in sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China;
- Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Bo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China;
- Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6878-1893
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80
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Galon-Negru AG, Olariu RI, Arsene C. Size-resolved measurements of PM 2.5 water-soluble elements in Iasi, north-eastern Romania: Seasonality, source apportionment and potential implications for human health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133839. [PMID: 31425987 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present paper reports the first size-resolved element measurements in the PM2.5 fraction collected throughout 2016 in the Iasi urban area in north-eastern Romania. Concentrations of water-soluble elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ga, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Se, Sr, Te, Ti, U, V, Zn) were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Several water-soluble heavy metals (Al, Fe, Zn, As, Cr, Pb) exhibit clear seasonal patterns with maxima over the cold season and minima over the warm season. Elements as Al, Fe, Mg, Zn, Ni, Mn, and Cu present the highest levels in the PM2.5 fraction, indicating significant contributions from soil-dust resuspension or brake lining and tires. Clear fine mode size-dependent distributions were observed for anthropogenic source-origin elements (Pb, Zn, Cd, V, etc.) due to an acidity-driven metals dissolution process. Positive matrix factorization, concentration weighted trajectory and bivariate polar plot analyses were applied to the entire PM2.5 database. Based on relative concentrations of various elements, five factors associated with specific sources were identified. The most important contributions to the total PM2.5 mass concentration (during the total period) come from secondary formation of the ammonium sulfate form (~44%) and from nitrate (~37%). Resuspended dust accounts for a contribution of about 16%, while biomass burning mixed with NaCl salt/sea-salt sources contribute as much as ~3%. Traffic and industrial sources seem to yield little contribution (<0.05%). An assessment investigation of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks revealed water-soluble arsenic and chromium (VI) as elements with the largest incremental carcinogenic risks. Both metals have traffic and industrial related sources and therefore it is believed that in the future, at the local/regional level, these sources should receive attention by implementing appropriate emission control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Giorgiana Galon-Negru
- "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, 11 Carol I, 700506, Iasi, Romania; "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Integrated Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region, 11 Carol I, 700506, Iasi, Romania
| | - Romeo Iulian Olariu
- "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, 11 Carol I, 700506, Iasi, Romania; "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Integrated Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region, 11 Carol I, 700506, Iasi, Romania
| | - Cecilia Arsene
- "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, 11 Carol I, 700506, Iasi, Romania; "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Integrated Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region, 11 Carol I, 700506, Iasi, Romania.
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81
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Yang S, Li P, Liu J, Bi X, Ning Y, Wang S, Wang P. Profiles, source identification and health risks of potentially toxic metals in pyrotechnic-related road dust during Chinese New Year. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 184:109604. [PMID: 31473563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Potentially toxic metal (PTM) pollution in road dust is of great concern, however, our understanding of PTMs released by pyrotechnic displays and their adverse impacts on human health in road dust is limited. Here, we studied PTM pollution levels and Pb isotope signatures in pyrotechnic ash and road dust (aged dust and pyrotechnic-influenced dust) samples from eight cities in China during Chinese New Year and carried out a human health risk assessment. Pyrotechnic ash had higher values of Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sr and Pb but lower values of Mn and Cd than Chinese background soil. Pyrotechnic-influenced dust had significantly higher Cu and Cr values than aged dust, with enrichment of Sr, Cu, Pb, Cr and Ni in road dust after pyrotechnic displays. Both 208Pb/206Pb and Sr values were used to confirm the presence of pyrotechnic ash in road dust. A positive matrix factorization demonstrated that pyrotechnic events contributed 70.1%, 50.4%, 36.6% and 35.5% of the Sr, Cu, Cr and Pb values to these road dust, respectively. We found that non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks related to PTMs in road dust were at safe levels during the Chinese New Year, although both risks were elevated following pyrotechnic events. Typically, PTM pollutants related to pyrotechnic events contributed 33.99% to non-carcinogenic and 21.83% to carcinogenic risks, suggesting that more attention needs to be paid to this source of PTM pollution in China. Current results improve our understanding of PTM pollution in pyrotechnic-influenced road dust and health risks related to pyrotechnic displays in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaochen Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Jinling Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Xiangyang Bi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yongqiang Ning
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Pengcong Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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82
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Xu D, Gao B, Peng W, Qu X, Zhang M, Wang J. Novel insights into Pb source apportionment in sediments from two cascade reservoirs, North China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:1030-1036. [PMID: 31466143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sediments act as crucial sink and source for metal contamination in aquatic environment of reservoir systems. However, the high complexity and heterogeneity of sediments make it difficult to trace the sources of metals in reservoir sediments. As a toxic metal, how to trace anthropogenic Pb sources in sediments is important for the water quality safety, especially in reservoir. Herein, 98 sediment samples collected from the connected Panjiakou Reservoir (PJKR) and Daheiting Reservoir (DHTR) were analyzed. A novel approach for tracing anthropogenic Pb sources was established by combining the regional geochemical baseline (RGB) and Pb isotopic ratios. The results showed that the mean concentration of Pb in these two reservoirs was 44.59 mg/kg, and the RGB value of Pb was 43.77 mg/kg. Pollution assessments using RGB and enrichment factor indicated that the influence of anthropogenic Pb is greater in DHTR sediments than in PJKR sediments. Based on the RGB model, samples influenced by anthropogenic activities (SS-AA) were screened and found in the DHTR. The anthropogenic Pb contribution in DHTR SS-AA was totally 35.29%. Moreover, the mean value of 206Pb/207Pb in DHTR SS-AA (1.107 ± 0.029) was slightly lower than those of natural inputs, indicating there was a small amount of anthropogenic Pb input in DHTR. The anthropogenic Pb sources were further identified using Pb isotopic ratios (206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/207Pb) for DHTR SS-AA. Their apportionments were calculated with the help of the RGB model. The results showed that iron mining (20.42%) and coal combustion (14.87%) were the two main anthropogenic Pb sources. Aerosol deposition was likely the main pathway for coal combustion input. The results confirm that the proposed method of combining RGB and Pb isotopic ratios was a good attempt to trace the anthropogenic Pb sources in reservoir sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China; Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Bo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China; Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Wenqi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China; Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Xiaodong Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China; Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Jiankang Wang
- College of Water & Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
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83
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Chen X, Liu Q, Sheng T, Li F, Xu Z, Han D, Zhang X, Huang X, Fu Q, Cheng J. A high temporal-spatial emission inventory and updated emission factors for coal-fired power plants in Shanghai, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:94-102. [PMID: 31229833 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
With the implementation of the ultra-low emission policy in China, emission factors (EFs) of power plant pollutants are constantly changing. Emission inventories developed using the recommended EFs contain high levels of uncertainty and it is difficult to achieve a high temporal resolution. Detailed sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM) emission data based on a continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS) were obtained from 33 units at 13 power plants in Shanghai in 2017. The data were used to develop an hourly unit-based emission inventory and to devise updated EFs for coal-fired power plants. Emissions of SO2, NOx, and PM typically met the ultra-low emission limit, with total emissions of SO2, NOx, and PM of 2895.0, 5348.3, and 503.8 tons, respectively. Emission proportions of SO2 and NOx for 300-600, 600-1000, and above 1000 MW units were similar, while the emission proportion of PM decreased with an increase in unit capacity. Emissions of SO2, NOx, and PM displayed similar monthly variations, peaking in winter and summer. Diurnal hourly variations of SO2, NOx, and PM emissions displayed a bimodal trend, with higher emissions at night on weekends than on weekdays. EFs based on CEMS (EFC) of SO2, NOx, and PM were 0.10, 0.36, and 0.04 g kg-1 of coal, respectively, which were one or two orders of magnitude lower than the widely-used EFs and 4-30 times lower than EFs based on the mass balance approach. After replacing the recommended fixed decontamination efficiencies with individually fitted values, the calculated EFs were consistent with the corresponding EFC and discrepancies were further reduced. The new inventory and updated EFs will enable a better understanding of the temporal variations of power plant emissions and reduce the uncertainty caused by the overestimation of EFs after the implementation of ultra-low emissions technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qizhen Liu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Tao Sheng
- Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Fang Li
- Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Zhefeng Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Deming Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xufeng Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiqian Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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84
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Dong YM, Liao LY, Li L, Yi F, Meng H, He YF, Guo MM. Skin inflammation induced by ambient particulate matter in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 682:364-373. [PMID: 31125750 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Most published studies on particulate matter (PM) concerning PM2.5 and PM10 have focused on PM-induced effects on the respiratory system (particularly lung) and cardiovascular system effects. However, epidemiological and mechanistic studies suggest that PM2.5 and PM10 also affects the skin, which is a key health issue. In this study, we first reviewed the current status of PM2.5 and PM10 in China, including relevant regulations, concentration levels, chemical components, and emission sources. Next, we summarized the association between PM2.5 and PM10 or its representative components, in relation to skin inflammation as well as inflammatory skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, acne, eczema, and skin aging. Finally, we determined the mechanism of oxidative stress or programmed cell death induced through PM, which can provide useful information for future research on PM-induced skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Mao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetics, China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11/33, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11/33, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Lian-Ying Liao
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetics, China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11/33, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11/33, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetics, China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11/33, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11/33, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Fan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetics, China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11/33, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11/33, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Hong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetics, China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11/33, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11/33, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Yi-Fan He
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetics, China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11/33, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11/33, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Miao-Miao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetics, China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11/33, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11/33, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China.
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85
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Wang P, Li Z, Liu J, Bi X, Ning Y, Yang S, Yang X. Apportionment of sources of heavy metals to agricultural soils using isotope fingerprints and multivariate statistical analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 249:208-216. [PMID: 30893633 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Apportioning sources of environmental pollutants is key to controlling pollution. In this study, the sources of heavy metals to 234 agricultural soils from the Jianghan Plain (JHP) (∼22454 km2) in central China were discriminated between using Cd and Pb isotope compositions and multivariate statistical analyses. Concentrations of some metals in JHP soils (0.48 ± 0.2, 48.2 ± 15.9, 0.12 ± 0.23, 48.8 ± 16.4, 36.5 ± 9.8, and 96.8 ± 42.2 mg kg-1 for Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively) were higher than background concentrations in Chinese soil. The Cd isotope compositions for the JHP soils (δ114/110Cd values -0.76‰ to -0.25‰) were similar to Cd isotope compositions found for smelter dust and incinerator fly ash, indicating Cd was supplied to the JHP soils by ore smelting and/or refining processes. The Pb isotope compositions for the JHP soils (206Pb/207Pb 1.182-1.195 and 208Pb/206Pb 2.078-2.124) were between the Pb isotope compositions found for Chinese coal and natural sources, which a binary isotope mixing model indicated contributed 52% and 48%, respectively, of the Pb in JHP soils. Cluster analysis and positive matrix factorization indicated that the sources of heavy metals in JHP soils may consist of smelting and/or refining activities, coal combustion, agricultural activities, and natural sources (including Han River sediment and soil parent materials). The isotope fingerprints and multivariate statistical analyses together indicated that coal combustion and smelting and/or refining activities were the main anthropogenic sources of heavy metals polluting JHP soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcong Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhonggen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Jinling Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Xiangyang Bi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yongqiang Ning
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shaochen Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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86
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Luo P, Xiao X, Han X, Ma Y, Sun X, Jiang J, Wang H. Application of different single extraction procedures for assessing the bioavailability of heavy metal(loid)s in soils from overlapped areas of farmland and coal resources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:14932-14942. [PMID: 30919188 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal(loid) extraction from soils in overlapped areas of farmland and coal resources (OAFCR) is crucial in understanding heavy metal bioavailability in soil and the subsequent risks to crops and consumers. However, limited attention has been paid to the extraction procedure of heavy metal(loid)s in OAFCR soils in the research. This study therefore explored different single and mixed extraction procedures, such as acetic acid (HOAc), citric acid, ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA), ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid + ammonium acetate (EDTA+NH4OAc), and total digestion (HNO3-HClO4-HF) to determine the bioavailability of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in OAFCR soil in Xuzhou, China. The results showed the metal(loid) extraction capacity from soil of the different procedures could be ranked as AB-DTPA > EDTA+NH4OAc > HOAC > citric acid. The transfer ability of heavy metal(loid)s from soil to wheat tissues and from wheat roots to aerial parts was analyzed by calculating the bioconcentration factor and transfer factor, respectively. Transfer factors of all metal(loid)s were < 1 except Cr whose transfer factor from root to shell and straw were > 1. It is suspected that foliar uptake plays a dominant role in Cr uptake. Correlation analysis between the bioavailability of heavy metal(loid)s in soil and uptake in respective wheat tissues was performed to recommend the best extraction procedures for different studies. The results show that AB-DTPA extraction is recommended for Cu uptake to wheat roots, straws, shells and grains, Zn uptake to roots, and Cd uptake to roots and straws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Luo
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaoxuan Han
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Ma
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiachao Jiang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
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87
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Severe haze in northern China: A synergy of anthropogenic emissions and atmospheric processes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8657-8666. [PMID: 30988177 PMCID: PMC6500134 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900125116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regional severe haze represents an enormous environmental problem in China, influencing air quality, human health, ecosystem, weather, and climate. These extremes are characterized by exceedingly high concentrations of fine particulate matter (smaller than 2.5 µm, or PM2.5) and occur with extensive temporal (on a daily, weekly, to monthly timescale) and spatial (over a million square kilometers) coverage. Although significant advances have been made in field measurements, model simulations, and laboratory experiments for fine PM over recent years, the causes for severe haze formation have not yet to be systematically/comprehensively evaluated. This review provides a synthetic synopsis of recent advances in understanding the fundamental mechanisms of severe haze formation in northern China, focusing on emission sources, chemical formation and transformation, and meteorological and climatic conditions. In particular, we highlight the synergetic effects from the interactions between anthropogenic emissions and atmospheric processes. Current challenges and future research directions to improve the understanding of severe haze pollution as well as plausible regulatory implications on a scientific basis are also discussed.
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