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Revesz L, Di Padova FE, Buhl T, Feifel R, Gram H, Hiestand P, Manning U, Wolf R, Zimmerlin AG. SAR of 2,6-diamino-3,5-difluoropyridinyl substituted heterocycles as novel p38MAP kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2109-12. [PMID: 12127515 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
2,6-Diamino-3,5-difluoropyridinyl substituted pyridinylimidazoles, -pyrroles, -oxazoles, -thiazoles and -triazoles have been identified as novel p38alpha inhibitors. Pyridinylimidazole 11 potently inhibited LPS-induced TNFalpha in mice, showed good efficacy in the established rat adjuvant (ED(50): 10 mg/kg po b.i.d.) and collagen induced arthritis (ED(50): 5 mg/kg po b.i.d.) with disease modifying properties based on histological analysis of the joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Revesz
- Arthritis and Bone Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.
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52
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Donald RGK, Allocco J, Singh SB, Nare B, Salowe SP, Wiltsie J, Liberator PA. Toxoplasma gondii cyclic GMP-dependent kinase: chemotherapeutic targeting of an essential parasite protein kinase. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2002; 1:317-28. [PMID: 12455981 PMCID: PMC118020 DOI: 10.1128/ec.1.3.317-328.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The trisubstituted pyrrole 4-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(1-methylpiperidine-4-yl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]pyridine (compound 1) has in vivo activity against the apicomplexan parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Eimeria tenella in animal models. The presumptive molecular target of this compound in E. tenella is cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). Native PKG purified from T. gondii has kinetic and pharmacologic properties similar to those of the E. tenella homologue, and both have been functionally expressed as recombinant proteins in T. gondii. Computer modeling of parasite PKG was used to predict catalytic site amino acid residues that interact with compound 1. The recombinant laboratory-generated mutants T. gondii PKG T761Q or T761M and the analogous E. tenella T770 alleles have reduced binding affinity for, and are not inhibited by, compound 1. By all other criteria, PKG with this class of catalytic site substitution is indistinguishable from wild-type enzyme. A genetic disruption of T. gondii PKG can only be achieved if a complementing copy of PKG is provided in trans, arguing that PKG is an essential protein. Strains of T. gondii, disrupted at the genomic PKG locus and dependent upon the T. gondii T761-substituted PKGs, are as virulent as wild type in mice. However, unlike mice infected with wild-type T. gondii that are cured by compound 1, mice infected with the laboratory-generated strains of T. gondii do not respond to treatment. We conclude that PKG represents the primary molecular target responsible for the antiparasitic efficacy of compound 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G K Donald
- Department of Human and Animal Infectious Disease Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway New Jersey 07065, USA.
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53
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Gurnett AM, Liberator PA, Dulski PM, Salowe SP, Donald RGK, Anderson JW, Wiltsie J, Diaz CA, Harris G, Chang B, Darkin-Rattray SJ, Nare B, Crumley T, Blum PS, Misura AS, Tamas T, Sardana MK, Yuan J, Biftu T, Schmatz DM. Purification and molecular characterization of cGMP-dependent protein kinase from Apicomplexan parasites. A novel chemotherapeutic target. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:15913-22. [PMID: 11834729 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108393200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The trisubstituted pyrrole 4-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(1-methylpiperidine-4-yl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]pyridine (Compound 1) inhibits the growth of Eimeria spp. both in vitro and in vivo. The molecular target of Compound 1 was identified as cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) using a tritiated analogue to purify a approximately 120-kDa protein from lysates of Eimeria tenella. This represents the first example of a protozoal PKG. Cloning of PKG from several Apicomplexan parasites has identified a parasite signature sequence of nearly 300 amino acids that is not found in mammalian or Drosophila PKG and which contains an additional, third cGMP-binding site. Nucleotide cofactor regulation of parasite PKG is remarkably different from mammalian enzymes. The activity of both native and recombinant E. tenella PKG is stimulated 1000-fold by cGMP, with significant cooperativity. Two isoforms of the parasite enzyme are expressed from a single copy gene. NH(2)-terminal sequence of the soluble isoform of PKG is consistent with alternative translation initiation within the open reading frame of the enzyme. A larger, membrane-associated isoform corresponds to the deduced full-length protein sequence. Compound 1 is a potent inhibitor of both soluble and membrane-associated isoforms of native PKG, as well as recombinant enzyme, with an IC(50) of <1 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Gurnett
- Department of Human and Animal Infectious Disease Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
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55
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Yan W, Zhao K, Jiang Y, Huang Q, Wang J, Kan W, Wang S. Role of p38 MAPK in ICAM-1 expression of vascular endothelial cells induced by lipopolysaccharide. Shock 2002; 17:433-8. [PMID: 12022767 DOI: 10.1097/00024382-200205000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of endothelial cells induces the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a critical adhesion molecule involved in the adhesive interaction between leukocytes and endothelial cells in shock and inflammation. Although there is little literature about role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in ICAM-1 protein expression of LPS-induced endothelial cells, it is still not defined whether gene transcription is regulated by p38 MAPK in ICAM-1 expression of LPS-induced endothelial cells. In this study, the potential role of p38 MAPK in ICAM-1 expression of LPS-induced endothelial cells was studied in vitro and in vivo. In vitro studies, the results showed that compared with basic expression of ICAM-1 protein on cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), the ICAM-1 expression was increased initially at 2 h after LPS stimulation, reached peak value at 24 h, and descended at 36 h obviously. A dose-dependent relationship existed between LPS concentration and ICAM-1 expression. The abundance of ICAM-1 mRNA in cytoplasma of endothelial cells was upregulated significantly by LPS stimulation at 2 h and was maintained at a high level from 4 to 36 h. The upregulation of ICAM-1 protein and mRNA expression of LPS-induced HUVECs was markedly inhibited by SB203580 [4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole], a highly specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK. Activity of p38 MAPK in HUVECs was increased at 15 min after LPS stimulation and reached the maximum at 60 min, then descended significantly. Activity of p38 MAPK was inhibited significantly by SB203580 in vitro. In vivo studies, administration of SB203580 (12.5 or 25 mg/kg, per ora) markedly reduced LPS-induced expression of ICAM-1 protein and mRNA of lung tissues of male BALB/c mice. These data highlight that the upregulation of ICAM-1 expression of LPS-induced endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo is mediated by p38 MAPK pathway at the level of gene transcription. The ICAM-1 expression of LPS-induced endothelial cells is characteristic of time dependence and dose dependence, and tolerates to chronic LPS stimulation. Inhibition of the p38 MAPK signal pathway may be used as an approach to attenuate ICAM-1 production in the treatment of septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Yan
- Department of Pathophysiology, The First Military Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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56
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McIntyre CJ, Ponticello GS, Liverton NJ, O'Keefe SJ, O'Neill EA, Pang M, Schwartz CD, Claremon DA. Pyridazine based inhibitors of p38 MAPK. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:689-92. [PMID: 11844702 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trisubstituted pyridazines were synthesized and evaluated as in vitro inhibitors of p38MAPK. The most active isomers were those possessing an aryl group alpha and a heteroaryl group beta relative to the nitrogen atom in the 2-position of the central pyridazine. Additionally, substitution in the 6-position of the central pyridazine with a variety of dialkylamino substituents afforded a set of inhibitors having good (p38 IC50 1-20 nM) in vitro activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J McIntyre
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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57
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Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases [MAPKs, also called extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs)] are constituents of numerous signal transduction pathways, and are activated by protein kinase cascades. Intense efforts are under way to develop and evaluate compounds that target components of MAPK pathways. In this article, the current status of inhibitors of MAPK pathways will be presented with a focus on the properties of small-molecule inhibitors of p38, MEK1 and MEK2 protein kinases. Several of these inhibitors are effective in animal models of disease and have advanced to clinical trials for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer. The clinical utility of specifically targeting a subset of cellular signaling cascades and signaling cascades that regulate pleiotropic cellular processes are being evaluated. The results of these efforts have broad implications for the treatment of many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie M English
- (1) Dept of Biological Research-Oncology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033. (2) Dept of Pharmacology, U.T.Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9041.
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58
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Wada T, Furuichi K, Sakai N, Hisada Y, Kobayashi K, Mukaida N, Tomosugi N, Matsushima K, Yokoyama H. Involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase followed by chemokine expression in crescentic glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38:1169-77. [PMID: 11728947 DOI: 10.1053/ajkd.2001.29206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is involved in the production and signal transduction of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and chemokines in vitro. However, the crucial role of p38 MAPK in the inflammatory processes of crescentic glomerulonephritis in vivo remains to be investigated. We showed a dramatic decrease in IL-1beta-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, not extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 or jun NH2-terminal kinase, in rat cultured mesangial cells by FR167653. We explored the effects of FR167653 as a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK on renal injury and subsequent renal expression of chemokines in a progressive experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis model in Wistar-Kyoto rats. Rats developed crescentic glomerulonephritis leading to glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis by 56 days after the administration of nephrotoxic sera. The number of phosphorylated p38 MAPK-positive cells, detected mainly in crescents, correlated well with the percentage of crescents and number of ED-1-positive cells. Phosphorylated p38 MAPK-positive cells were downregulated in glomeruli in rats with the daily subcutaneous administration of FR167653 for 6 days. Concomitantly, renal expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/monocyte chemotactic and activating factor was markedly reduced by day 6. The severity of glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis significantly decreased by day 56, and renal function was preserved. These results suggest that p38 MAPK phosphorylation is pivotal for crescentic glomerulonephritis, followed by the subsequent expression of renal chemokines. This study provides evidence that regulation of p38 MAPK is a novel appealing therapeutic target for crescentic glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wada
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Blood Purificationd, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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60
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Ishii Y, Sakai S, Honma Y. Pyridinyl imidazole inhibitor SB203580 activates p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase and induces the differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells. Leuk Res 2001; 25:813-20. [PMID: 11489475 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(01)00026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Various inhibitors of protein kinases regulate the growth and differentiation of human leukemic cell lines. The pyridinyl imidazole inhibitor SB203580 has been widely used to elucidate the role of p38 kinase in a wide array of biological systems. In the present investigation, we found that SB203580 effectively induced the granulocytic differentiation of human promyelocytic HL-60 cells. In addition to morphological differentiation, it also induced NBT-reduction, lysozyme activity and growth-inhibition. It also induced the differentiation of human myeloid leukemia HT93 and ML-1 cells, but not of other cell lines, such as NB4, U937, THP-1, K562 and HEL. This differentiation was not associated with the inhibition of p38 kinase activity, but was closely associated with the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. These results demonstrate a new activity for this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ishii
- Department of Chemotherapy, Saitama Cancer Center, Research Institute, 818 Komuro, Ina, 362-0806, Saitama, Japan
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61
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Caron PR, Mullican MD, Mashal RD, Wilson KP, Su MS, Murcko MA. Chemogenomic approaches to drug discovery. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2001; 5:464-70. [PMID: 11470611 DOI: 10.1016/s1367-5931(00)00229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P R Caron
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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62
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Pearson G, Robinson F, Beers Gibson T, Xu BE, Karandikar M, Berman K, Cobb MH. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways: regulation and physiological functions. Endocr Rev 2001; 22:153-83. [PMID: 11294822 DOI: 10.1210/edrv.22.2.0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1318] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases comprise a family of ubiquitous proline-directed, protein-serine/threonine kinases, which participate in signal transduction pathways that control intracellular events including acute responses to hormones and major developmental changes in organisms. MAP kinases lie in protein kinase cascades. This review discusses the regulation and functions of mammalian MAP kinases. Nonenzymatic mechanisms that impact MAP kinase functions and findings from gene disruption studies are highlighted. Particular emphasis is on ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pearson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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63
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Pirard B, Pickett SD. Classification of kinase inhibitors using BCUT descriptors. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES 2000; 40:1431-40. [PMID: 11128102 DOI: 10.1021/ci000386x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BCUTs are an interesting class of molecular descriptor which have been proposed for a number of design and QSAR type tasks. It is important to understand what kind of information any particular descriptor encodes and to be able to relate this to the biological properties of the molecules. In this paper we present studies with BCUTs for the classification of ATP site directed kinase inhibitors active against five different protein kinases: three from the serine/threonine family and two from the tyrosine kinase family. In combination with a chemometric method, PLS discriminant analysis, the BCUTs are able to correctly classify the ligands according to their target. A novel class of kinase inhibitors is correctly predicted as inhibitors of the EGFR tyrosine kinase. Comparison with other descriptor types such as two-dimensional fingerprints and three-dimensional pharmacophore-based descriptors allows us to gain an insight into the level of information contained within the BCUTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pirard
- Aventis Pharma, Dagenham Research Centre, Essex, UK.
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64
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Lee JC, Kumar S, Griswold DE, Underwood DC, Votta BJ, Adams JL. Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase as a therapeutic strategy. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 2000; 47:185-201. [PMID: 10878289 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-3109(00)00206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of p38 MAP kinase in 1994, our understanding of its biology has progressed dramatically. The key advances include (1) identification of p38 MAP kinase homologs and protein kinases that act upstream and downstream from p38 MAP kinase, (2) identification of interesting and potentially important substrates, (3) elucidation of the role of p38 MAP kinase in cellular processes and (4) the establishment of the mechanism by which the pyridinylimidazole p38 MAP kinase inhibitors inhibit enzyme activity. It is now known that there are four members of the p38 MAP kinase family. They differ in their tissue distribution, regulation of kinase activation and subsequent phosphorylation of downstream substrates. They also differ in terms of their sensitivities toward the p38 MAP kinase inhibitors. The best-studied isoform is p38 alpha, whose activation has been observed in many hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cell types upon treatment with appropriate stimuli. The pyridinylimidazole compounds, exemplified by SB 203580, were originally prepared as inflammatory cytokine synthesis inhibitors that subsequently were found to be selective inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase. SB 203580 inhibits the catalytic activity of p38 MAP kinase by competitive binding in the ATP pocket. X-ray crystallographic studies of the target enzyme complexed with inhibitor reinforce the observations made from site-directed mutagenesis studies, thereby providing a molecular basis for understanding the kinase selectivity of these inhibitors. The p38 MAP kinase inhibitors are efficacious in several disease models, including inflammation, arthritis and other joint diseases, septic shock, and myocardial injury. In all cases, p38 activation in key cell types correlated with disease initiation and progression. Treatment with p38 MAP kinase inhibitors attenuated both p38 activation and disease severity. Structurally diverse p38 MAP kinase inhibitors have been tested extensively in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Lee
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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65
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Huang S, New L, Pan Z, Han J, Nemerow GR. Urokinase plasminogen activator/urokinase-specific surface receptor expression and matrix invasion by breast cancer cells requires constitutive p38alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:12266-72. [PMID: 10766865 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.16.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) has been well documented in a wide variety of tumor cells. In breast cancer, expression of uPA/uPAR is essential for tumor cell invasion and metastasis. However, the mechanism responsible for uPA/uPAR expression in cancer cells remains unclear. In the studies reported here, we show that endogenous p38 MAPK activity correlates well with breast carcinoma cell invasiveness. Treatment of highly invasive BT549 cells with a specific p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 diminished both uPA/uPAR mRNA and protein expression and abrogated the ability of these cells to invade matrigel, suggesting that p38 MAPK signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of uPA/uPAR expression and breast cancer cell invasion. We also demonstrated that SB203580-induced reduction in uPA/uPAR mRNA expression resulted from the de- stabilization of uPA and uPAR mRNA. Finally, by selectively inhibiting p38alpha or p38beta MAPK isoforms, we demonstrate that p38alpha, rather than p38beta, MAPK activity is essential for uPA/uPAR expression. These studies suggest that p38alpha MAPK signaling pathway is important for the maintenance of breast cancer invasive phenotype by promoting the stabilities of uPA and uPAR mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Huang
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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66
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bamford
- GlaxoWellcome Medicines Research Center, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
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67
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Abstract
A stress-activated serine/threonine protein kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), belongs to the MAP kinase superfamily. Diverse extracellular stimuli, including ultraviolet light, irradiation, heat shock, high osmotic stress, proinflammatory cytokines and certain mitogens, trigger a stress-regulated protein kinase cascade culminating in activation of p38 MAPK through phosphorylation on a TGY motif within the kinase activation loop. p38 MAPK appears to play a major role in apoptosis, cytokine production, transcriptional regulation, and cytoskeletal reorganization, and has been causally implicated in sepsis, ischemic heart disease, arthritis, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and Alzheimer's disease. The availability of specific inhibitors helps to clarify the role that p38 MAPK plays in these processes, and may ultimately offer therapeutic benefit for certain critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Obata
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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68
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Allen M, Svensson L, Roach M, Hambor J, McNeish J, Gabel CA. Deficiency of the stress kinase p38alpha results in embryonic lethality: characterization of the kinase dependence of stress responses of enzyme-deficient embryonic stem cells. J Exp Med 2000; 191:859-70. [PMID: 10704466 PMCID: PMC2195860 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.5.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase p38 is a key component of stress response pathways and the target of cytokine-suppressing antiinflammatory drugs (CSAIDs). A genetic approach was employed to inactivate the gene encoding one p38 isoform, p38alpha. Mice null for the p38alpha allele die during embryonic development. p38alpha(1/)- embryonic stem (ES) cells grown in the presence of high neomycin concentrations demonstrated conversion of the wild-type allele to a targeted allele. p38alpha(-/)- ES cells lacked p38alpha protein and failed to activate MAP kinase-activated protein (MAPKAP) kinase 2 in response to chemical stress inducers. In contrast, p38alpha(1/+) ES cells and primary embryonic fibroblasts responded to stress stimuli and phosphorylated p38alpha, and activated MAPKAP kinase 2. After in vitro differentiation, both wild-type and p38alpha(-/)- ES cells yielded cells that expressed the interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R). p38alpha(1/+) but not p38alpha(-/)- IL-1R-positive cells responded to IL-1 activation to produce IL-6. Comparison of chemical-induced apoptosis processes revealed no significant difference between the p38alpha(1/+) and p38alpha(-/)- ES cells. Therefore, these studies demonstrate that p38alpha is a major upstream activator of MAPKAP kinase 2 and a key component of the IL-1 signaling pathway. However, p38alpha does not serve an indispensable role in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Allen
- Department of Genetic Technologies, Pfizer Central Research, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Linne Svensson
- Department of Respiratory, Allergy, Immunology, Inflammation, and Infectious Diseases
| | - Marsha Roach
- Department of Genetic Technologies, Pfizer Central Research, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - John Hambor
- Department of Genetic Technologies, Pfizer Central Research, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - John McNeish
- Department of Genetic Technologies, Pfizer Central Research, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Christopher A. Gabel
- Department of Respiratory, Allergy, Immunology, Inflammation, and Infectious Diseases
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69
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English J, Pearson G, Wilsbacher J, Swantek J, Karandikar M, Xu S, Cobb MH. New insights into the control of MAP kinase pathways. Exp Cell Res 1999; 253:255-70. [PMID: 10579927 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1999.4687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J English
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas, 75235-9041, USA
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70
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Ivaska J, Reunanen H, Westermarck J, Koivisto L, Kähäri VM, Heino J. Integrin alpha2beta1 mediates isoform-specific activation of p38 and upregulation of collagen gene transcription by a mechanism involving the alpha2 cytoplasmic tail. J Cell Biol 1999; 147:401-16. [PMID: 10525544 PMCID: PMC2174225 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.147.2.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two collagen receptors, integrins alpha1beta1 and alpha2beta1, can regulate distinct functions in cells. Ligation of alpha1beta1, unlike alpha2beta1, has been shown to result in recruitment of Shc and activation of the Ras/ERK pathway. To identify the downstream signaling molecules activated by alpha2beta1 integrin, we have overexpressed wild-type alpha2, or chimeric alpha2 subunit with alpha1 integrin cytoplasmic domain in human osteosarcoma cells (Saos-2) lacking endogenous alpha2beta1. The chimeric alpha2/alpha1 chain formed a functional heterodimer with beta1. In contrast to alpha2/alpha1 chimera, forced expression of alpha2 integrin resulted in upregulation of alpha1 (I) collagen gene transcription in response to three-dimensional collagen, indicating that the cytoplasmic domain of alpha2 integrin was required for signaling. Furthermore, signals mediated by alpha2beta1 integrin specifically activated the p38alpha isoform, and selective p38 inhibitors blocked upregulation of collagen gene transcription. Dominant negative mutants of Cdc42, MKK3, and MKK4 prevented alpha2beta1 integrin-mediated activation of p38alpha. RhoA had also some inhibitory effect, whereas dominant negative Rac was not effective. Our findings show the isoform-specific activation of p38 by alpha2beta1 integrin ligation and identify Cdc42, MKK3, and MKK4 as possible downstream effectors. These observations reveal a novel signaling mechanism of alpha2beta1 integrin that is distinct from ones previously described for other integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Ivaska
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku
| | - Hilkka Reunanen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FIN-40351 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku
| | - Leeni Koivisto
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku
- Department of Dermatology, Turku University Central Hospital, FIN 20520 Turku
| | - Jyrki Heino
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FIN-40351 Jyväskylä, Finland
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71
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Abstract
Inflammatory mediators released during acute and chronic diseases activate multiple intracellular signalling cascades including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway, which plays a significant role in the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. Stimulation of leukocytes by pro-inflammatory cytokines is known to result in the activation of the MAPK isoform p38. However, the functional consequences of p38 MAPK activation during leukocyte recruitment, including adhesion, migration and effector functions such as oxidative burst and degranulation, are only just beginning to be elucidated. Specific p38 inhibitors aimed at reducing the production of inflammatory mediators are now being developed, and might in the future provide more effective treatment for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Herlaar
- Respiratory Diseases Therapeutic Area, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Novartis Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, UK RH12 5AB.
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72
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de Laszlo SE, Hacker C, Li B, Kim D, MacCoss M, Mantlo N, Pivnichny JV, Colwell L, Koch GE, Cascieri MA, Hagmann WK. Potent, orally absorbed glucagon receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:641-6. [PMID: 10201821 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The SAR of 2-pyridyl-3,5-diaryl pyrroles, ligands of the human glucagon receptor and inhibitors of p38 kinase, were investigated. This effort resulted in the identification of 2-(4-pyridyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(5-bromo-2-propyloxyphenyl)pyrr ole 49 (L-168,049), a potent (Kb = 25 nM), selective antagonist of glucagon.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E de Laszlo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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