51
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Comparison of Pre-Processing and Variable Selection Strategies in Group-Based GC×GC-TOFMS Analysis. SEPARATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/separations6030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemometric analysis of comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) data has been reported with various workflows, yet little effort has been devoted to evaluating the impacts of workflow variation on study conclusions. The report presented herein aims to investigate the effects of different pre-processing and variable selection strategies on the scores’ plot outputs from GC×GC-TOFMS data acquired from lavender and tea tree essential oils. Our results suggest that pre-processing, such as applying log transformation to the data set, can result in significant differentiation of sample clustering when compared to only mean centering. Additionally, exploring differences between analysis of variance, Fisher-ratio, and partial least squares-discriminant analysis feature selection resulted in little variation in scores plots. This work highlights the effects different chemometric workflows can have on results to help facilitate harmonization efforts.
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52
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Wang G, Yang J, Gao S, Hou H, Xiao K, Hu J, Liang S, Liu B. New insight into the formation of polyhalogenated carbazoles: Aqueous chlorination of residual carbazole under bromide condition in drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 159:252-261. [PMID: 31100579 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been increasingly detected in aquatic environments, studies on their source and formation are extremely scarce. After investigation of PHCZs and carbazole in drinking water, an overlooked formation route of chloro/bromo-CZs was now proposed as aqueous chlorination of residual carbazole under bromide condition. Four groups of PHCZ, including mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-halogenated groups, were identified in chlorinated drinking water, and the mechanism of the formation of the four groups of PHCZs was proposed. Twenty-six PHCZ congeners, including chloro-, bromo-, and chlorobromo-mixed species, were thoroughly studied and it was revealed for the first time the four groups of PHCZs shifted from chlorinated to being more brominated with increasing bromide level. The speciation of the four groups of PHCZs was modeled. It was revealed that the shift of PHCZs from chlorinated to being more brominated was caused by the reactivity differences between HOCl and HOBr in reactions forming PHCZs. Furthermore, this study revealed that the species numbers and concentrations of PHCZs formed in chlorination were much higher than those in chloramination, and the formation of PHCZs was decreased by ∼50% with an increase of pH from 6.0 to 9.0. This study of the variety of PHCZs in chlorinated water is an important step toward revealing the occurrence of PHCZs in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Keke Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Bingchuan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
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53
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Non-targeted Screening in Environmental Monitoring Programs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1140:731-741. [PMID: 31347081 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Contaminant monitoring programs have been tasked with understanding the fate and transport of toxic chemicals in the environment. Mass spectrometry based methods have traditionally been developed to maximize sensitivity and accuracy of a select set of target compounds. As mass spectrometry methods have advanced, so has the breadth of questions proposed by environmental chemists. Incorporating these methods in chemical monitoring programs provides large data sets to explore the effects of complex mixtures on environmental systems.
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54
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Bell M, Blais JM. "-Omics" workflow for paleolimnological and geological archives: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 672:438-455. [PMID: 30965259 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
"-Omics" is a powerful screening method with applications in molecular biology, toxicology, wildlife biology, natural product discovery, and many other fields. Genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics are common examples included under the "-omics" umbrella. This screening method uses combinations of untargeted, semi-targeted, and targeted analyses paired with data mining to facilitate researchers' understanding of the genome, proteins, and small organic molecules in biological systems. Recently, however, the use of "-omics" has expanded into the fields of geology, specifically petrology, and paleolimnology. Specifically, untargeted analyses stand to transform these fields as petroleomics, and sediment-"omics" become more prevalent. "-Omics" facilitates the visualization of small molecule profiles from environmental matrices (i.e. oil and sediment). Small molecule profiles can provide improved understanding of small molecules distributions throughout the environment, and how those compositions can change depending on conditions (i.e. climate change, weathering, etc.). "-Omics" also facilities discovery of next-generation biomarkers that can be used for oil source identification and as proxies for reconstructing past environmental changes. Untargeted analyses paired with data mining and multivariate statistical analyses represents a powerful suite of tools for hypothesis generation, and new method development for environmental reconstructions. Here we present an introduction to "-omics" methodology, technical terms, and examples of applications to paleolimnology and petrology. The purpose of this review is to highlight the important considerations at each step in the "-omics" workflow to produce high quality and statistically powerful data for petrological and paleolimnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Bell
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Natural and Synthetic Environmental Toxicants, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jules M Blais
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Natural and Synthetic Environmental Toxicants, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
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55
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Zhou S, Pan X, Tang Q, Zhu H, Zhou J, Zhao L, Guo J, Wang Z, Liu W, Li A. Photochemical degradation of polyhalogenated carbazoles in hexane by sunlight. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:622-631. [PMID: 30939315 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are a class of halogenated dibenzopyrrole, which have been increasingly detected in the environment and found to be bioaccumulative and potentially toxic. However, their environmental transformation potential is largely unknown. In this study, UV absorption spectra of carbazole (CZ) and 10 PHCZs were obtained with wavelength range 290-400 nm, and three peaks were identified in most cases with the highest occurring around 300 nm. Hexane solutions of CZ, 10 individual PHCZs, and a sediment extract containing nine other PHCZs were separately irradiated under natural sunlight in order to investigate their photodegradation kinetics and pathways. The pseudo-first-order reaction rate constants (k) of these PHCZs varied from 0.183 h-1 to 2.394 h-1, and increased exponentially with increasing numbers of chlorines and bromines in PHCZ molecules. Contribution to ln k from each bromine atom is more than doubling of that from each chlorine atom. Stepwise reduction debromination was confirmed to be one of the photodegradation mechanisms for both brominated and mixed halogenated (containing both bromine and chlorine) carbazoles. Only sporadic dechlorinated products were found during the photolysis of chlorinated carbazoles. By adopting a simplified kinetic approach, we estimated that dehalogenation contributed approximately 20% to 51% of the total loss of the parent PHCZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL60612, United States.
| | - Xiaoxue Pan
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL60612, United States; School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qiaozhi Tang
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL60612, United States; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongbin Zhu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiayi Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiehong Guo
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL60612, United States
| | - Zunyao Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - An Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL60612, United States; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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56
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Hites RA, Jobst KJ. Response to "Letter to the Editor: Optimism for Nontarget Analysis in Environmental Chemistry". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:5531-5533. [PMID: 31074619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A Hites
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology McMaster University Hamilton , Ontario L8S 4M1 , Canada
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57
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Zhou W, Huang X, Lin K. Analysis of polyhalogenated carbazoles in sediment using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 170:148-155. [PMID: 30529613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a novel and sensitive method for the analysis of carbazole and polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs) in sediment using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Briefly, 5.0 g of freeze-dried sediment samples were extracted with dichloromethane using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). The extract was purified with Florisil solid phase extraction cartridge, filtered through 0.22 µm polytetrafluoroethylene filter using a glass syringe, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Besides parameters for LC-MS/MS analysis, sample preparation procedures (including solvents for PLE, sorbents for cleanup, and filters for sample filtration) were optimized. The limits of detection and limits of quantification of target compounds were in the ranges of 3.0 × 10-3 to 0.22 ng g-1 dry weight (d.w.) and 1.0 × 10-2 to 0.75 ng g-1 d.w., respectively. The recoveries of target compounds in the spiked sediments at 2.0 ng g-1 d.w. and 10 ng g-1 d.w. were 64.8-91.8% and 70.9-124.7%, respectively, with relative standard deviations being less than 13.2%. Except that 36-BCZ had positive matrix effects of 63.3%, the sediment matrices generally displayed low or medium negative matrix effects on the other target compounds during LC-MS/MS analysis. The developed method was applied in the analysis of carbazoles and PHCs in sediment samples from Jiulong River, Fujian, China and all the target compounds were detected in the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xinwen Huang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Kunde Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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58
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Ji C, Yan L, Chen Y, Yue S, Dong Q, Chen J, Zhao M. Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of 2,7-dibromocarbazole to zebrafish based on transcriptomics assay. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 368:514-522. [PMID: 30710780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), which have the similar structure of dioxin, have been reported ubiquitous in the environments and drawn wide concerns. However, their potential ecological and health risks are still poorly understood. Here, wildtype zebrafish embryos were used to evaluate the environmental risks of 2,7-dibromocarbazole (2,7-DBCZ), 3,6-dibromocarbazole (3,6-DBCZ), and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (3,6-DCCZ). 2,7-DBCZ was the most toxic compound with the 96-h LC50 value of 581.8 ± 29.3 μg·L-1 and the EC50 value of 201.5 ± 6.5 μg·L-1 for pericardial edema. The teratogenic effects of 2,7-DBCZ were tested using transgenic zebrafish larvae. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that 90 genes in zebrafish expressed differently after exposure to 2,7-DBCZ, and many pathways were related to aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation. The qRT-PCR also showed that expression levels of AhR1 and CYP1 A in zebrafish were significantly up-regulated after exposure to 2,7-DBCZ. In conclusion, 2,7-DBCZ exhibited more potent toxicity and cardiac teratogenic effects, and presented developmental toxicity partially consistent with AhR activation. Our results will be of great help to the risk assessment and regulation-making of PHCZs. Meanwhile, further studies should be promoted to illustrate the potential mechanism between PHCZs and AhR in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Ji
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Lu Yan
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuanchen Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Siqing Yue
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Qiaoxiang Dong
- Wenzhou Medcine University, Institution Environmental Safety & Human Health, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jiangfei Chen
- Wenzhou Medcine University, Institution Environmental Safety & Human Health, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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59
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Cossaboon JM, Hoh E, Chivers SJ, Weller DW, Danil K, Maruya KA, Dodder NG. Apex marine predators and ocean health: Proactive screening of halogenated organic contaminants reveals ecosystem indicator species. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:656-664. [PMID: 30665094 PMCID: PMC6392016 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades-long bans on the production and use of certain chemicals, many halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) are persistent and can bioaccumulate in the marine environment with the potential to cause physiological harm to marine fauna. Highly lipid-rich tissue (e.g., marine mammal blubber) functions as a reservoir for HOCs, and selecting ideal indicator species is a priority for retrospective and proactive screening efforts. We selected five marine mammal species as possible indicators for the Southern California Bight (SCB) and applied a non-targeted analytical method paired with an automated data reduction strategy to catalog a broad range of known, known but unexpected, and unknown compounds in their blubber. A total of 194 HOCs were detected across the study species (n = 25 individuals), 81% of which are not routinely monitored, including 30 halogenated natural products and 45 compounds of unknown structure and origin. The cetacean species (long-beaked common dolphin, short-beaked common dolphin, and Risso's dolphin) averaged 128 HOCs, whereas pinnipeds (California sea lion and Pacific harbor seal) averaged 47 HOCs. We suspect this disparity can be attributed to differences in life history, foraging strategies, and/or enzyme-mediated metabolism. Our results support proposing (1) the long- and short-beaked common dolphin as apex marine predator sentinels for future and retrospective biomonitoring of the SCB ecosystem and (2) the use of non-targeted contaminant analyses to identify and prioritize emerging contaminants. The use of a sentinel marine species together with the non-targeted analytical approach will enable a proactive approach to environmental contaminant monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Susan J Chivers
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David W Weller
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kerri Danil
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Keith A Maruya
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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60
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HUANG XM, WU Y, CUI JT, WANG FH, WANG X, LI YF, WU WY. Applications of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Determination of Chlorinated Paraffins. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(19)61144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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61
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Di Lorenzo RA, Lobodin VV, Cochran J, Kolic T, Besevic S, Sled JG, Reiner EJ, Jobst KJ. Fast gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure (photo)ionization mass spectrometry of polybrominated diphenylether flame retardants. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1056:70-78. [PMID: 30797463 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) are powerful, complementary techniques for the analysis of environmental toxicants. Currently, most GC-MS instruments employ electron ionization under vacuum, but the concept of coupling GC to atmospheric pressure ionization (API) is attracting revitalized interest. API conditions are inherently compatible with a wide range of ionization techniques as well high carrier gas flows that enable fast GC separations. This study reports on the application of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and a custom-built photoionization (APPI) source for the GC-MS analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a ubiquitous class of flame retardants. Photoionization of PBDEs resulted in the abundant formation of molecular ions M•+ with very little fragmentation. Some photo-oxidation was observed, which differentiated critical BDE isomers. Formation of protonated molecules [M+H]+ did not occur in GC-APPI because the ionization energy of H2O (clusters) exceeds the energy of the ionizing photons. Avoiding mixed-mode ionization is a major advantage of APPI over APCI, which requires careful control of the source conditions. A fast GC-API-MS method was developed using helium and nitrogen carrier gases that provides good separation of critical isomers (BDE-49/71) and elution of BDE 209 in less than 7 min (with He) and 15 min (with N2). It will be shown that the GC-APPI and GC-APCI methods match the sensitivity and improve upon the selectivity and throughput of established methods for the analysis of PBDEs using standard reference materials (NIST SRM 1944 and SRM 2585) and selected environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Di Lorenzo
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Vladislav V Lobodin
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 E Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA.
| | - Jack Cochran
- VUV Analytics, 715 Discovery Blvd. Suite 502, Cedar Park, TX, 78613, USA
| | - Terry Kolic
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Sladjana Besevic
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - John G Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada.
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62
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Muscalu AM, Górecki T. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in environmental analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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63
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Tang C, Tan J. Quasi-targeted analysis of halogenated organic pollutants in fly ash, soil, ambient air and flue gas using gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry with isotopologue distribution comparison and predicted retention time alignment. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1555:74-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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64
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Brazeau AL, Pena-Abaurrea M, Shen L, Riddell N, Reiner EJ, Lough AJ, McCrindle R, Chittim B. Dechlorinated Analogues of Dechlorane Plus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5619-5624. [PMID: 29659266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Degradation products of the chlorinated additive flame retardant Dechlorane Plus (DP) have been discovered globally. However, the identity of many of these species remains unknown due to a lack of available analytical standards, hindering the ability to quantitatively measure the amounts of these compounds in the environment. In the present study, synthetic routes to possible dechlorinated DP derivatives were investigated in an effort to identify the environmentally significant degradation products. The methano-bridge chlorines of anti- and syn-DP were selectively replaced by hydrogen atoms to give six new hydrodechlorinated DP analogues. The identity and absolute configuration of all of these compounds were confirmed by GC-MS, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction studies. These compounds were observed in sediment samples from streams and rivers in relatively rural areas of Ontario and are thus environmentally relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Brazeau
- Research Division , Wellington Laboratories Inc. , Guelph , Ontario N1G 3M5 , Canada
| | - Miren Pena-Abaurrea
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change , Toronto , Ontario M9P 3 V6 , Canada
- Department of Analysis , CEPSA Research Center , Alcala de Henares , 28805 , Spain
| | - Li Shen
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change , Toronto , Ontario M9P 3 V6 , Canada
| | - Nicole Riddell
- Research Division , Wellington Laboratories Inc. , Guelph , Ontario N1G 3M5 , Canada
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change , Toronto , Ontario M9P 3 V6 , Canada
| | - Alan J Lough
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Robert McCrindle
- Research Division , Wellington Laboratories Inc. , Guelph , Ontario N1G 3M5 , Canada
- Department of Chemistry , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | - Brock Chittim
- Research Division , Wellington Laboratories Inc. , Guelph , Ontario N1G 3M5 , Canada
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65
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Fernando S, Renaguli A, Milligan MS, Pagano JJ, Hopke PK, Holsen TM, Crimmins BS. Comprehensive Analysis of the Great Lakes Top Predator Fish for Novel Halogenated Organic Contaminants by GC×GC-HR-ToF Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2909-2917. [PMID: 29376336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Great Lakes Fish Monitoring and Surveillance Program (GLFMSP) has traced the fate and transport of anthropogenic chemicals in the Great Lakes region for decades. Isolating and identifying halogenated species in fish is a major challenge due to the complexity of the biological matrix. A nontargeted screening methodology was developed and applied to lake trout using a 2-dimensional gas chromatograph coupled to a high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC×GC-HR-ToF MS). Halogenated chemicals were identified using a combination of authentic standards and library spectral matching, with molecular formula estimations provided by exact mass spectral interpretation. In addition to the halogenated chemicals currently being targeted by the GLFMSP, more than 60 nontargeted halogenated species were identified. Most appear to be metabolites or breakdown products of larger halogenated organics. The most abundant compound class was halomethoxyphenols accounting for more than 60% of the total concentration of halogenated compounds in top predator fish from all five Great Lakes illustrating the need and utility of nontargeted halogenated screening of aquatic systems using this platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Fernando
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science , Clarkson University , 8 Clarkson Avenue , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States
| | - Aikebaier Renaguli
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment , Clarkson University , 8 Clarkson Avenue , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States
| | - Michael S Milligan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , State University of New York at Fredonia , Houghton Hall , Fredonia , New York 14063 , United States
| | - James J Pagano
- Environmental Research Center , State University of New York at Oswego , Oswego , New York 13126 , United States
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science , Clarkson University , 8 Clarkson Avenue , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States
| | - Thomas M Holsen
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science , Clarkson University , 8 Clarkson Avenue , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering , Clarkson University , 8 Clarkson Avenue , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States
| | - Bernard S Crimmins
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science , Clarkson University , 8 Clarkson Avenue , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering , Clarkson University , 8 Clarkson Avenue , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States
- AEACS, LLC , Alliance , Ohio 44601 , United States
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66
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Hashimoto S, Zushi Y, Takazawa Y, Ieda T, Fushimi A, Tanabe K, Shibata Y. Selective and comprehensive analysis of organohalogen compounds by GC × GC-HRTofMS and MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:7135-7146. [PMID: 26194242 PMCID: PMC5847631 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of organohalogen compounds, including hazardous chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs), were selectively and simultaneously detected and identified with simple, or no, purification from environmental sample extracts by using several advanced methods. The methods used were software extraction from two-dimensional gas chromatography-high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-HRTofMS) data, measurement by negative chemical ionization with HRTofMS, and neutral loss scanning (NLS) with GC × GC-MS/MS. Global and selective detection of organochlorines and bromines in environmental samples such as sediments and fly ash was achieved by NLS using GC × GC-MS/MS (QQQ), with the expected losses of 35Cl and 79Br. We confirmed that negative chemical ionization was effective for sensitive and selective ionization of organohalogens, even using GC × GC-HRTofMS. The 2D total ion chromatograms obtained by using negative chemical ionization and selective extraction of organohalogens using original software from data measured by electron impact ionization were very similar; the software thus functioned well to extract organohalogens. Combining measurements made by using these different methods will help to detect organohalogens selectively and globally. However, to compare the data obtained by individual measurements, the retention times of the peaks on the 2D chromatograms need to match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Hashimoto
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Zushi
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
- Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Onogawa 16-1, Tsukuba, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Takazawa
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Teruyo Ieda
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Akihiro Fushimi
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Tanabe
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Shibata
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
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67
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Escobar-Arnanz J, Mekni S, Blanco G, Eljarrat E, Barceló D, Ramos L. Characterization of organic aromatic compounds in soils affected by an uncontrolled tire landfill fire through the use of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1536:163-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fromme H, Mi W, Lahrz T, Kraft M, Aschenbrenner B, Bruessow B, Ebinghaus R, Xie Z, Fembacher L. Occurrence of carbazoles in dust and air samples from different locations in Germany. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:412-418. [PMID: 28810150 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
9H-carbazole is generated from incomplete combustion of diverse fossil fuels and biomass, in tobacco smoke and from industrial processes, while halogenated carbazoles have natural and anthropogenic sources. We analyzed 9H-carbazole and 14 halogenated carbazoles in dust samples from 14 schools, 13 daycare centers, and 13 residences, as well as 5 indoor air samples from residences in Munich, Germany. Overall, we present first data of various carbazoles in different indoor environments without visible combustion sources. The median (95th percentile) values of the halogenated analytes mainly detected in the entire study group were 10.3ng/g (308ng/g) for 9H-carbazole, 13.3ng/g (735ng/g) for 3,6-dichloro-9H-carbazole, 6.2ng/g (159ng/g) for 1,3,6-tribromo-9H-carbazole, and 1.2ng/g (21.1ng/g) for 2,7-dibromo-9H-carbazole. For most of the target analytes, the highest concentrations were observed in dust samples from schools, and the lowest were found in residences. In the air samples, all analytes were found only at low levels, with median values of 7.7pg/m3 for 9H-carbazole and 6.1pg/m3 for 2,3,6,7-tetrachloro-9H-carbazole. For 9H-carbazole, "typical" and "high" non-dietary intake of children through dust ingestion using median and 95th percentile values were calculated to be 0.03ng/kg b.w. and 1.1ng/kg b.w. daily, respectively. Due to limited toxicological information and exposure data for other relevant pathways (e.g., dietary intake), the risk assessment is inconclusive. Nevertheless, there are indications that 9H-carbazole has carcinogenic properties and that halogenated carbazoles have dioxin-like toxicities. Therefore, further research is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Fromme
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology; Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany; Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Ziemssenstrasse 1; D-80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Wenying Mi
- MINJIE Analytical Laboratory, Max-Planck Str. 2, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Thomas Lahrz
- Berlin-Brandenburg State Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Protection, Invaliden Str. 60, D-10557 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Kraft
- North Rhine-Westphalia State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection, D-45659 Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - Bettina Aschenbrenner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology; Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Bianca Bruessow
- Helmholtz Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Max-Plank-Street 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Helmholtz Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Max-Plank-Street 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Helmholtz Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Max-Plank-Street 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Ludwig Fembacher
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology; Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany
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69
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Chen Y, Lin K, Chen D, Wang K, Zhou W, Wu Y, Huang X. Formation of environmentally relevant polyhalogenated carbazoles from chloroperoxidase-catalyzed halogenation of carbazole. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 232:264-273. [PMID: 28951041 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs) are a class of emerging organic contaminants that have received increasing concern due to their widespread distribution and dioxin-like toxicity. Although previous studies have suggested possible natural sources of PHCs in the environment, the formation pathways are poorly understood. Here we explored the production of PHCs from halogenation of carbazole in the presence of Br- and/or Cl- under the catalysis of chloroperoxidase (CPO) isolated from the marine fungus Caldariomyces fumago. Overall, a total of 25 congeners including mono-to tetra-substituted chlorinated, brominated, and mixed halogenated carbazoles (with substitution patterns of -BrCl, -BrCl2, -BrCl3, -Br2Cl, -Br2Cl2, and -Br3Cl) were produced from the reactions under various conditions. The PHC product profiles were apparently dependent on the halide concentrations. In the CPO-mediated chlorination of carbazole, 3-mono- and 3,6-dichlorocarbazoles predominated in the formation products. In addition to the less abundant mixed halogenated carbazoles (-Br2Cl), 1,3,6-tri- and 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazoles were the dominant products in reactions containing both Br- and Cl-. The CPO-catalyzed halogenation of carbazole could take place in pH 3-7, but the formation products were pH dependent. Results of this study suggest that CPO-catalyzed halogenation of carbazole may play an important role in the natural formation of PHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Kunde Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wenxiu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Xinwen Huang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
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70
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Špánik I, Machyňáková A. Recent applications of gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:163-179. [PMID: 29111584 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical method that combines excellent separation power of gas chromatography with improved identification based on an accurate mass measurement. These features designate gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry as the first choice for identification and structure elucidation of unknown volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds. Gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry quantitative analyses was previously focused on the determination of dioxins and related compounds using magnetic sector type analyzers, a standing requirement of many international standards. The introduction of a quadrupole high-resolution time-of-flight mass analyzer broadened interest in this method and novel applications were developed, especially for multi-target screening purposes. This review is focused on the development and the most interesting applications of gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry towards analysis of environmental matrices, biological fluids, and food safety since 2010. The main attention is paid to various approaches and applications of gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry for non-target screening to identify contaminants and to characterize the chemical composition of environmental, food, and biological samples. The most interesting quantitative applications, where a significant contribution of gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry over the currently used methods is expected, will be discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Špánik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Machyňáková
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
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71
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Ma Y, Li Z, Yuan M, Chen L, Zhou S. Isolation and identification of 3-bromocarbazole-degrading bacteria. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:796-801. [PMID: 28949809 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1356163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a bacterial strain, CH-1, capable of degrading 3-bromocarbazole (3-BCZ) was isolated from a polluted soil. Based on its physio-biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA genes, strain CH-1 was identified as a Stenotrophomonas sp. Strain CH-1 was able to degrade 70% of 50 mg/L 3-BCZ within 8 d at pH 7.0 and 30°C in mineral salt medium (MSM). During the process, the main intermediate metabolite was identified as (2E, 4Z)-6-(2-amino-5-bromophenyl)-2-hydroxy-6-oxhexa-2, 4-dienoic by gas (2E, 4Z)-6-(2-amino-5-bromophenyl)-2-hydroxy-6-oxhexa-2,4-dienoic via gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The metabolite disappeared after 14 d, suggesting that the metabolite can also be degraded by strain CH-1. 3-BCZ is a new persistent organic pollutant. This is the first report of the biodegradation of 3-BCZ. The results indicated that strain CH-1 may be a promising bacterial candidate for the bioremediation of environments polluted with polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ma
- a Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- a Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Yuan
- a Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Linhua Chen
- b Environmental Science Research Institute of Taizhou City , Taizhou , China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- a Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
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Pixel-by-pixel correction of retention time shifts in chromatograms from comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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73
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Wu Y, Tan H, Sutton R, Chen D. From Sediment to Top Predators: Broad Exposure of Polyhalogenated Carbazoles in San Francisco Bay (U.S.A.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2038-2046. [PMID: 28112952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study provides the first comprehensive investigation of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) contamination in an aquatic ecosystem. PHCZs have been found in soil and aquatic sediment from several different regions, but knowledge of their bioaccumulation and trophodynamics is extremely scarce. This work investigated a suite of 11 PHCZ congeners in San Francisco Bay (United States) sediment and organisms, including bivalves (n = 6 composites), sport fish (n = 12 composites), harbor seal blubber (n = 18), and bird eggs (n = 8 composites). The most detectable congeners included 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ), 3,6-dibromocarbazole (36-BCZ), 1,3,6-tribromocarbazole (136-BCZ), 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole (1368-BCZ), and 1,8-dibromo-3,6-dichlorocarbazole (18-B-36-CCZ). The median concentrations of ΣPHCZs were 9.3 ng/g dry weight in sediment and ranged from 33.7 to 164 ng/g lipid weight in various species. Biomagnification was observed from fish to harbor seal and was mainly driven by chlorinated carbazoles, particularly 36-CCZ. Congener compositions of PHCZs differed among species, suggesting that individual congeners may be subject to different bioaccumulation or metabolism in species occupying various trophic levels in the studied aquatic system. Toxic equivalent (TEQ) values of PHCZs were determined on the basis of their relative effect potencies (REP) compared to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The median TEQ was 1.2 pg TEQ/g dry weight in sediment and 4.8-19.5 pg TEQ/g lipid weight in biological tissues. Our study demonstrated the broad exposure of PHCZs in San Francisco Bay and their characteristics of bioaccumulation and biomagnification along with dioxin-like effects. These findings raise the need for additional research to better elucidate their sources, environmental behavior, and fate in global environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University , Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Hongli Tan
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University , Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Rebecca Sutton
- San Francisco Estuary Institute , 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, California 94804, United States
| | - Da Chen
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University , Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
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Ballesteros-Gómez A, Ballesteros J, Ortiz X, Jonker W, Helmus R, Jobst KJ, Parsons JR, Reiner EJ. Identification of Novel Brominated Compounds in Flame Retarded Plastics Containing TBBPA by Combining Isotope Pattern and Mass Defect Cluster Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1518-1526. [PMID: 28004576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study of not only main flame retardants but also of related degradation products or impurities has gained attention in the last years and is relevant to assess the safety of our consumer products and the emission of potential contaminants into the environment. In this study, we show that plastics casings of electric/electronic devices containing TBBPA contain also a complex mixture of related brominated chemicals. These compounds were most probably coming from impurities, byproducts, or degradation products of TBBPA and TBBPA derivatives. A total of 14 brominated compounds were identified based on accurate mass measurements (formulas and tentative structures proposed). The formulas (or number of bromine elements) for 19 other brominated compounds of minor intensity are also provided. A new script for the recognition of halogenated compounds based on combining a simplified isotope pattern and mass defect cluster analysis was developed in R for the screening. The identified compounds could be relevant from an environmental and industrial point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joaquín Ballesteros
- Department of Electronic Technology, University of Málaga , Bulevar Louis Pasteur 35, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Xavier Ortiz
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change , 125 Resources Road, M9P 3 V6 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Willem Jonker
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Helmus
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change , 125 Resources Road, M9P 3 V6 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John R Parsons
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change , 125 Resources Road, M9P 3 V6 Toronto, ON, Canada
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Guo J, Li Z, Ranasinghe P, Bonina S, Hosseini S, Corcoran MB, Smalley C, Rockne KJ, Sturchio NC, Giesy JP, Li A. Spatial and Temporal Trends of Polyhalogenated Carbazoles in Sediments of Upper Great Lakes: Insights into Their Origin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:89-97. [PMID: 27997128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been increasingly detected in the environment. Their similarities in chemical structure with legacy pollutants and their potential toxicity have caused increasing concern. In this work, 112 Ponar grab and 28 core sediment samples were collected from Lakes Michigan, Superior, and Huron, and a total of 26 PHCZs were analyzed along with unsubstituted carbazole using gas chromatography coupled with single- or triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. Our results show that the total accumulation of PHCZs in the sediments of the upper Great Lakes is >3000 tonnes, orders of magnitude greater than those of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209). The 27 individual analytes differ in spatial distribution and temporal trend. Our results showed that PHCZs with substitution patterns of -Br2-5, -Cl1-2Br2-4, or having iodine, were more abundant in sediment of Lake Michigan deposited before 1900 than those deposited more recently, implying a natural origin. Some "emerging" PHCZs have been increasingly deposited into the sediment in recent decades, and deserve further environmental monitoring and research. Other PHCZs with low halogen substitution may form from in situ dehalogenation of PHCZs having more halogens. Anthropogenic sources of PHCZs may exist, particularly for the emerging and low molecular mass congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C5, Canada
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Wu Y, Qiu Y, Tan H, Chen D. Polyhalogenated carbazoles in sediments from Lake Tai (China): Distribution, congener composition, and toxic equivalent evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:142-149. [PMID: 27640760 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have attracted mounting environmental concerns since they were recently discovered in sediments and soil. Current knowledge on their occurrence, environmental behavior and fate remains very limited in general. In the present study, 11 PHCZ congeners were screened in surface sediments of Lake Tai, an important freshwater system located in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Total concentrations of PHCZs (∑PHCZs) ranged up to 15.8 ng/g dry weight (median: 1.54 ng/g dw), rivaling those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (∑PBDEs, 0.07-15.9 ng/g dw) in the same sediments. The PHCZ congener composition profiles revealed a dominance of 3,6-dichlorocarbazole and 3,6-dibromocarbazole with comparable concentrations. These two dominant congeners differed in spatial distribution patterns in Lake Tai, indicating different sources or origins. Potential toxic effects associated with the levels of PHCZs in the sediments were evaluated via the toxic equivalent (TEQ) approach. The TEQs of PHCZs in Lake Tai sediments ranged up to 1.36 pg TEQ/g dw. As the first report on the occurrence of PHCZs in an Asian waterbody, our findings suggest that PHCZs should be given more attention during environmental monitoring and risk assessments of hazardous chemicals, as they may represent another group of persistent organic pollutants with dioxin-like effects and wide distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hongli Tan
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Da Chen
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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Sarmah S, Marrs JA. Zebrafish as a Vertebrate Model System to Evaluate Effects of Environmental Toxicants on Cardiac Development and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122123. [PMID: 27999267 PMCID: PMC5187923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollution is a serious problem of the modern world that possesses a major threat to public health. Exposure to environmental pollutants during embryonic development is particularly risky. Although many pollutants have been verified as potential toxicants, there are new chemicals in the environment that need assessment. Heart development is an extremely sensitive process, which can be affected by environmentally toxic molecule exposure during embryonic development. Congenital heart defects are the most common life-threatening global health problems, and the etiology is mostly unknown. The zebrafish has emerged as an invaluable model to examine substance toxicity on vertebrate development, particularly on cardiac development. The zebrafish offers numerous advantages for toxicology research not found in other model systems. Many laboratories have used the zebrafish to study the effects of widespread chemicals in the environment on heart development, including pesticides, nanoparticles, and various organic pollutants. Here, we review the uses of the zebrafish in examining effects of exposure to external molecules during embryonic development in causing cardiac defects, including chemicals ubiquitous in the environment and illicit drugs. Known or potential mechanisms of toxicity and how zebrafish research can be used to provide mechanistic understanding of cardiac defects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnalee Sarmah
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - James A Marrs
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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78
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Sühring R, Ortiz X, Pena-Abaurrea M, Jobst KJ, Freese M, Pohlmann JD, Marohn L, Ebinghaus R, Backus S, Hanel R, Reiner EJ. Evidence for High Concentrations and Maternal Transfer of Substituted Diphenylamines in European Eels Analyzed by Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography-Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12678-12685. [PMID: 27791360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemical pollution is hypothesized to be one of the factors driving the strong decline of the critically endangered European eel population. Specifically, the impact of contaminants on the quality of spawning eels and subsequent embryo survival and development has been discussed as crucial investigation point. However, so far, only very limited information on potential negative effects of contaminants on the reproduction of eels is available. Through the combination of nontargeted ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry and multidimensional gas chromatography, combined with more-conventional targeted analytical approaches and multimedia mass-balance modeling, compounds of particular relevance, and their maternal transfer in artificially matured European eels from the German river Ems have been identified. Substituted diphenylamines were, unexpectedly, found to be the primary organic contaminants in the eel samples, with concentrations in the μg g-1 wet weight range. Furthermore, it could be shown that these contaminants, as well as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are not merely stored in lipid rich tissue of eels but maternally transferred into gonads and eggs. The results of this study provide unique information on both the fate and behavior of substituted diphenylamines in the environment as well as their relevance as contaminants in European eels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Sühring
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research , Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) , Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT United Kingdom
| | - Xavier Ortiz
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change , 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3 V6, Canada
| | - Miren Pena-Abaurrea
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change , 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3 V6, Canada
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change , 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3 V6, Canada
| | - Marko Freese
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology , Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Dag Pohlmann
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology , Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lasse Marohn
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology , Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research , Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Sean Backus
- Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Environment Canada , 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Reinhold Hanel
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology , Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change , 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3 V6, Canada
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79
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Mackintosh SA, Dodder NG, Shaul NJ, Aluwihare LI, Maruya KA, Chivers SJ, Danil K, Weller DW, Hoh E. Newly Identified DDT-Related Compounds Accumulating in Southern California Bottlenose Dolphins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12129-12137. [PMID: 27737539 PMCID: PMC6310127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nontargeted GC×GC-TOF/MS analysis of blubber from 8 common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) inhabiting the Southern California Bight was performed to identify novel, bioaccumulative DDT-related compounds and to determine their abundance relative to the commonly studied DDT-related compounds. We identified 45 bioaccumulative DDT-related compounds of which the majority (80%) is not typically monitored in environmental media. Identified compounds include transformation products, technical mixture impurities such as tris(chlorophenyl)methane (TCPM), the presumed TCPM metabolite tris(chlorophenyl)methanol (TCPMOH), and structurally related compounds with unknown sources, such as hexa- to octachlorinated diphenylethene. To investigate impurities in pesticide mixtures as possible sources of these compounds, we analyzed technical DDT, the primary source of historical contamination in the region, and technical Dicofol, a current use pesticide that contains DDT-related compounds. The technical mixtures contained only 33% of the compounds identified in the blubber, suggesting that transformation products contribute to the majority of the load of DDT-related contaminants in these sentinels of ocean health. Quantitative analysis revealed that TCPM was the second most abundant compound class detected in the blubber, following DDE, and TCPMOH loads were greater than DDT. QSPR estimates verified 4,4',4″-TCPM and 4,4'4,″-TCPMOH are persistent and bioaccumulative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A. Mackintosh
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, United States
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, 5250 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Nathan G. Dodder
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, United States
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, 5250 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Nellie J. Shaul
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lihini I. Aluwihare
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Keith A. Maruya
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, 3535 Harbor Boulevard, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, California 92626, United States
| | - Susan J. Chivers
- Marine Mammal & Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kerri Danil
- Marine Mammal & Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - David W. Weller
- Marine Mammal & Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Eunha Hoh
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, United States
- Corresponding Author: Phone: +16195944671. Fax: +16195946112.
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80
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Mumbo J, Pandelova M, Mertes F, Henkelmann B, Bussian BM, Schramm KW. The fingerprints of dioxin-like bromocarbazoles and chlorocarbazoles in selected forest soils in Germany. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 162:64-72. [PMID: 27479457 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of bromocarbazoles and chlorocarbazoles was studied in 86 forest soil samples from different regions in Germany. Carbazole, 3-chlorocarbazole, 3-bromocarbazole and 3,6-dibromocarbazole were qualitatively detected in the humic layer of 59 soil samples with bromocarbazoles reported here for the first time in soil. Furthermore, the halogenated carbazoles, PCDD/Fs and PCBs were detected in the humic and mineral soil horizons (0-5 cm and 5-10 cm) of a subset of 11 soil samples subjected to quantitative analysis. Concentrations ranged from 0.6 to 267.6 ng/g (carbazole); 0.2-7.2 ng/g (3-bromocarbazole); 0.0-9.1 ng/g (3-chlorocarbazole); 0.2-19.8 ng/g (3,6-dibromocarbazole); 0.4-67.6 ng/g (3,6-dichlorocarbazole); 0.0-0.7 ng/g (PCDDs); 0.0-0.3 ng/g (PCDFs) and 0.0-33.7 ng/g (PCBs). Concentrations decreased with depth and correlated positively to total organic carbon (TOC). When it was based on TOC%, an increase in concentration with depth was observed in most soil samples. With respect to dioxin-like toxicity, 3-bromocarbazole, 3-chlorocarbazole, 3,6-dibromocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazoles caused induction of CYP1A1-dependent EROD activity in HII4E rat hepatoma cell line. Their relative effect potency after 72 h exposure ranged from 0.00005 to 0.00013 and was directly related to the degree of halogenation with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin as reference. Furthermore, their contribution to overall soil dioxin-like toxicity was not significant in comparison to PCDD/Fs and PCBs though the sum toxic equivalency was limited to three halogenated carbazole congeners. Bromocarbazoles and chlorocarbazoles are emerging dioxin-like toxic environmental contaminants with potential for wide distribution occurring simultaneously with PCDD/Fs and PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Mumbo
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Biosciences, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Steig 23, 85350 Freising, Germany; National Environment Management Authority, P.O. Box 67839-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Marchela Pandelova
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Mertes
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Henkelmann
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernd M Bussian
- Federal Environment Agency, Section Soil Quality and Soil Monitoring, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Biosciences, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Steig 23, 85350 Freising, Germany
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81
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Fang M, Guo J, Chen D, Li A, Hinton DE, Dong W. Halogenated carbazoles induce cardiotoxicity in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:2523-2529. [PMID: 26932193 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated carbazoles are increasingly identified as a novel class of environmental contaminants. However, no in vivo acute toxicity information on those compounds was available. In the present study, an in vivo zebrafish embryonic model (Danio rerio) was used to investigate the developmental toxicity of those halogenated carbazoles. The results suggested that acute toxicity was structure-dependent. Two of the 6 tested carbazoles, 2,7-dibromocarbazole (27-DBCZ) and 2,3,6,7-tetrachlorocarbazole, showed obvious developmental toxicity at nanomolar levels. The typical phenotypes were similar to dioxin-induced cardiotoxicity, including swollen yolk sac, pericardial sac edema, elongated and unlooped heart, and lower jaw shortening. During embryonic development 27-DBCZ also induced a unique pigmentation decrease. Gene expression and protein staining of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) showed that both halogenated carbazoles could induce CYP1A expression at the micromolar level and primarily in the heart area, which was similar to dioxin activity. Further, aryl hydrocarbon receptor-(AhR)2 gene knockdown with morpholino confirmed that the acute cardiotoxicity is AhR-dependent. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that halogenated carbazoles represent yet another class of persistent organic pollutants with dioxin-like activity in an in vivo animal model. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2523-2529. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Fang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Jiehong Guo
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Da Chen
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David E Hinton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wu Dong
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
- Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China.
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82
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Peng H, Chen C, Cantin J, Saunders DMV, Sun J, Tang S, Codling G, Hecker M, Wiseman S, Jones PD, Li A, Rockne KJ, Sturchio NC, Cai M, Giesy JP. Untargeted Screening and Distribution of Organo-Iodine Compounds in Sediments from Lake Michigan and the Arctic Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10097-105. [PMID: 27611727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The majority of halogenated organic compounds present in the environment remain unidentified. To address this data gap, we recently developed an untargeted method (data-independent precursor isolation and characteristic fragment; DIPIC-Frag) for identification of unknown organo-bromine compounds. In this study, the method was adapted to enable untargeted screening of natural and synthetic organo-iodine compounds (NSOICs) in sediments. A total of 4,238 NSOIC peaks were detected in sediments from Lake Michigan. Precursor ions and formulas were determined for 2,991 (71%) of the NSOIC peaks. These compounds exhibited variations in abundances (<10(3) to ∼10(7)), m/z values (206.9304-996.9474), retention times (1.0-29.7 min), and number of iodine atoms (1-4). Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that sediments in closer proximity exhibited similar profiles of NSOICs. NSOICs were screened in 10 samples of sediment from the Arctic Ocean to compare the profiles of NSOICs between freshwater and marine sediments. A total of 3,168 NSOIC peaks were detected, and profiles of NSOICs in marine sediments were clearly distinct from Lake Michigan. The coexistence of brominated and iodinated analogues indicated that some NSOICs are of natural origin. Different ratios of abundances of iodinated compounds to brominated analogues were observed and proposed as a marker to distinguish sources of NSOICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Chunli Chen
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization of MOE, School of Resources, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Jenna Cantin
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - David M V Saunders
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Jianxian Sun
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Song Tang
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan , 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - Garry Codling
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan , 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Paul D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan , 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Karl J Rockne
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Neil C Sturchio
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Delaware , 255 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Minghong Cai
- SOA Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China , Shanghai 200136, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- Zoology Department, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , 1129 Farm Lane Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Peoples Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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83
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Cariou R, Omer E, Léon A, Dervilly-Pinel G, Le Bizec B. Screening halogenated environmental contaminants in biota based on isotopic pattern and mass defect provided by high resolution mass spectrometry profiling. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 936:130-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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84
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Xia D, Gao L, Zheng M, Tian Q, Huang H, Qiao L. A Novel Method for Profiling and Quantifying Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Environmental Samples Using Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Negative Ionization High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7601-7609. [PMID: 27183176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are complex technical mixtures containing thousands of isomers. Analyzing CPs in environmental matrices is extremely challenging. CPs have broad, unresolved profiles when analyzed by one-dimensional gas chromatography (GC). Comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC×GC) can separate CPs with a high degree of orthogonality. A novel method for simultaneously profiling and quantifying short- and medium-chain CPs, using GC×GC coupled with electron capture negative ionization high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry, was developed. The method allowed 48 CP formula congener groups to be analyzed highly selectively in one injection through accurate mass measurements of the [M - Cl](-) ions in full scan mode. The correlation coefficients (R(2)) for the linear calibration curves for different chlorine contents were 0.982 for short-chain CPs and 0.945 for medium-chain CPs. The method was successfully used to determine CPs in sediment and fish samples. By using this method, with enhanced chromatographic separation and high mass resolution, interferences between CP congeners and other organohalogen compounds, such as toxaphene, are minimized. New compounds, with the formulas C9H14Cl6 and C9H13Cl7, were found in sediment and biological samples for the first time. The method was shown to be a powerful tool for the analysis of CPs in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qichang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huiting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
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85
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Wu Y, Moore J, Guo J, Li A, Grasman K, Choy S, Chen D. Multi-residue determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in aquatic sediments. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1434:111-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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86
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Peng H, Chen C, Cantin J, Saunders DMV, Sun J, Tang S, Codling G, Hecker M, Wiseman S, Jones PD, Li A, Rockne KJ, Sturchio NC, Giesy JP. Untargeted Screening and Distribution of Organo-Bromine Compounds in Sediments of Lake Michigan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:321-330. [PMID: 26618527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Previously unreported natural and synthetic organo-bromine compounds (NSOBCs) have been found to contribute more than 99% of total organic bromine (TOB) in environmental matrices. We recently developed a novel untargeted method (data-independent precursor isolation and characteristic fragment, DIPIC-Frag) and identified ∼2000 NSOBCs in two sediments from Lake Michigan. In this study, this method was used to investigate the distributions of these NSOBCs in 23 surficial samples and 24 segments of a sediment core from Lake Michigan. NSOBCs were detected in all 23 surficial samples and exhibited 10- to 100-fold variations in peak abundance among locations. The pattern of distributions of NSOBCs was correlated with depth of the water column (r(2) = 0.61, p < 0.001). Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that sediments in close proximity exhibited similar profiles of NSOBCs. Distributions of NSOBCs in 24 segments of a sediment core dated from 1766 to 2008 were investigated, and samples from similar depths exhibited similar profiles of NSOBCs. NSOBCs were grouped into four clusters (soft-cluster analysis) with different temporal trends of abundances. 515 and 768 of the NSOBCs were grouped into cluster 1 and cluster 3 with increasing temporal trends, especially since 1950, indicating that abundances of these compounds might have been affected by human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Chunli Chen
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization of MOE; School of Resources, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jenna Cantin
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - David M V Saunders
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Jianxian Sun
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Song Tang
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - Garry Codling
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Paul D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Karl J Rockne
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois , 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Neil C Sturchio
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Delaware , 255 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716 United States
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- Zoology Department, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , 1129 Farm Lane Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
- Biology Department, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong, SAR China
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87
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Ortiz-Almirall X, Pena-Abaurrea M, Jobst K, Reiner E. Nontargeted Analysis of Persistent Organic Pollutants by Mass Spectrometry and GC×GC. APPLICATIONS OF TIME-OF-FLIGHT AND ORBITRAP MASS SPECTROMETRY IN ENVIRONMENTAL, FOOD, DOPING, AND FORENSIC ANALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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88
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Sverko E, McCarry B, McCrindle R, Brazeau A, Pena-Abaurrea M, Reiner E, Anne Smyth S, Gill B, Tomy GT. Evidence for Anaerobic Dechlorination of Dechlorane Plus in Sewage Sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:13862-13867. [PMID: 26572321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The environmental occurrence of dechlorination moieties from the high production volume flame retardant, Dechlorane Plus (DP), has largely been documented; however, the sources have yet to be well understood. In addition, few laboratory-based studies exist which identify the cause for the occurrence of these chemicals in the environment or humans. Anaerobic dechlorination of the two DP isomers was investigated using a laboratory-simulated wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) environment where anaerobic digestion is used as part of the treatment regime. Known amounts of each isomer were added separately to sewage sludge which provided the electron-donating substrate and at prescribed time points in the incubation, a portion of the media was removed and analyzed for DP and any dechlorination metabolites. After 7 days, monohydrodechlorinated products were observed for both the syn- and anti-DP which were continued throughout the duration of our study (49 days) in an increasing manner giving a calculated formation rate of 0.48 ± 0.09 and 0.79 ± 0.12 pmols/day for syn- and anti-DP, respectively. Furthermore, we observed a second monohydrodechlorinated product only in the anti-DP isomer incubation medium. This strongly suggests that anti-DP is more susceptible to anaerobic degradation than the syn isomer. We also provide compelling evidence to the location of chlorine loss in the dechlorination DP analogues. Finally, the dechlorination DP moieties formed in our study matched the retention times and identification of those observed in surficial sediment located downstream of the WWTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Sverko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada , Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Brian McCarry
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Eric Reiner
- Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3 V6, Canada
| | - Shirley Anne Smyth
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada , Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Biban Gill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough Campus , Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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89
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Peng H, Chen C, Saunders DMV, Sun J, Tang S, Codling G, Hecker M, Wiseman S, Jones PD, Li A, Rockne KJ, Giesy JP. Untargeted Identification of Organo-Bromine Compounds in Lake Sediments by Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry with the Data-Independent Precursor Isolation and Characteristic Fragment Method. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10237-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5B3
| | - Chunli Chen
- Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5B3
| | - David M. V. Saunders
- Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5B3
| | - Jianxian Sun
- Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5B3
| | - Song Tang
- School of Environment and Sustainability, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5C8
| | - Garry Codling
- Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5B3
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5B3
- School of Environment and Sustainability, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5C8
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5B3
| | - Paul D. Jones
- Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5B3
- School of Environment and Sustainability, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5C8
| | - An Li
- School
of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Karl J. Rockne
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering (MC 246), University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7023, United States
| | - John P. Giesy
- Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5B3
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada S7N 5B3
- Zoology Department,
Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Peoples Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control
and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
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90
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Riddell N, Jin UH, Safe S, Cheng Y, Chittim B, Konstantinov A, Parette R, Pena-Abaurrea M, Reiner EJ, Poirier D, Stefanac T, McAlees AJ, McCrindle R. Characterization and Biological Potency of Mono- to Tetra-Halogenated Carbazoles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:10658-10666. [PMID: 26226543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with the characterization and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist activities of a series of chlorinated, brominated, and mixed bromo/chlorocarbazoles, some of which have been identified in various environmental samples. Attention is directed here to the possibility that halogenated carbazoles may currently be emitted into the environment as a result of the production of carbazole-containing polymers present in a wide variety of electronic devices. We have found that any carbazole that is not substituted in the 1,3,6,8 positions may be lost during cleanup of environmental extracts if a multilayer column is utilized, as is common practice for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (dioxin) and related compounds. In the present study, (1)H NMR spectral shift data for 11 relevant halogenated carbazoles are reported, along with their gas chromatographic separation and analysis by mass spectrometry. These characterization data allow for confident structural assignments and the derivation of possible correlations between structure and toxicity based on the halogenation patterns of the isomers investigated. Some halogenated carbazoles exhibit characteristics of persistent organic pollutants and their potential dioxin-like activity was further investigated. The structure-dependent induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 gene expression in Ah-responsive MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells by these carbazoles was similar to that observed for other dioxin-like compounds, and the magnitude of the fold induction responses for the most active halogenated carbazoles was similar to that observed for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). 2,3,6,7-Tetrachlorocarbazole was one of the most active halogenated carbazoles and, like TCDD, contains 4 lateral substituents; however, the estimated relative effect potency for this compound (compared to TCDD) was 0.0001 and 0.0032, based on induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Riddell
- Wellington Laboratories Inc. , 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, Ontario Canada N1G 3M5
| | - Un-Ho Jin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843-4466, United States
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843-4466, United States
| | - Yating Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843-4466, United States
| | - Brock Chittim
- Wellington Laboratories Inc. , 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, Ontario Canada N1G 3M5
| | - Alex Konstantinov
- Wellington Laboratories Inc. , 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, Ontario Canada N1G 3M5
| | - Robert Parette
- Matson & Associates, Inc. , 331 East Foster Avenue, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Miren Pena-Abaurrea
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment , 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3 V6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment , 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3 V6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - David Poirier
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment , 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3 V6, Canada
| | - Tomislav Stefanac
- Wellington Laboratories Inc. , 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, Ontario Canada N1G 3M5
| | - Alan J McAlees
- Wellington Laboratories Inc. , 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, Ontario Canada N1G 3M5
| | - Robert McCrindle
- Wellington Laboratories Inc. , 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, Ontario Canada N1G 3M5
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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91
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Ionas AC, Ballesteros Gómez A, Leonards PEG, Covaci A. Identification strategies for flame retardants employing time-of-flight mass spectrometric detectors along with spectral and spectra-less databases. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:1031-1038. [PMID: 28338271 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past, the preferred strategy for the identification of unknown compounds was to search in an appropriate mass spectral database for spectra obtained using either electron ionisation (GC-MS analyses) or collision-induced dissociation (LC-MS/MS analyses). Recently, an increase has been seen in the use of accurate mass instruments and spectra-less databases, based on monoisotopic accurate mass alone. In this article, we describe a systematic workflow for the screening and identification of new flame retardants. This approach utilises LC-quadrupole-time-of-flight MS and spectra-less databases based only on monoisotopic accurate mass for the identification of 'unknowns'. An in-house database was built, and the input parameters used in the data analysis process were optimised for flame retardant chemicals, so that it can be easily transferred to other laboratories. The procedure was successfully applied to dust, foam and textiles from car interiors and indoor consumer products. The developed method was demonstrated for the main new flame retardant present in Antiblaze V6 and for the three unreported reaction by-products/impurities present in the same technical mixture. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin C Ionas
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Ballesteros Gómez
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
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92
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Non-targeted analysis of electronics waste by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry: Using accurate mass information and mass defect analysis to explore the data. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1395:152-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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93
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Parette R, McCrindle R, McMahon KS, Pena-Abaurrea M, Reiner E, Chittim B, Riddell N, Voss G, Dorman FL, Pearson WN. Halogenated indigo dyes: a likely source of 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole and some other halogenated carbazoles in the environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 127:18-26. [PMID: 25638463 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a number of halogenated carbazoles have been detected in environmental samples. These emerging contaminants have been shown to be persistent and possess dioxin-like toxicological potential. The goal of this research was to examine the literature to determine likely anthropogenic origin(s) of halogenated carbazoles in the environment. The scientific literature indicated a number of pathways by which 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole could form in the manufacture of 5,5',7,7'-tetrabromoindigo. The U.S. production history of 5,5',7,7'-tetrabromoindigo correlates well with the concentration rise, decline, and disappearance of 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole in dated Lake Michigan sediments. Additionally, other halogenated carbazoles that have been found in environmental sediments can be explained by the production of other halogenated indigo dyes. 1,8-dibromo-3,6-dichlorocarbazole can be accounted for by the manufacture of 7,7'-dibromo-5,5'-dichloroindigo, while 1,3,6,8-tetrachlorocarbazole was found at relatively high concentration near the outfall of a U.S. manufacturer of 5,5',7,7'-tetrachloroindigo. Carbazoles containing an iodo-substituent can be explained by the use of iodine as a catalyst in the manufacture of halogenated indigo dyes. 3,6-Dichlorocarbazole measured in soils and dibromocarbazoles measured in more recently deposited sediments are not easily rationalized on the basis of an indigo related source and may be related to other anthropogenic sources or natural origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Parette
- Matson & Associates, Inc., 331 E. Foster Ave, State College, PA 16801, USA.
| | - Robert McCrindle
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; Wellington Laboratories Inc., 345 Southgate Dr, Guelph, ON N1G 3M5, Canada
| | | | - Miren Pena-Abaurrea
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 125 Resources Rd, Toronto, ON M9P 3V6, Canada; Dept. of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Eric Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 125 Resources Rd, Toronto, ON M9P 3V6, Canada; Dept. of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Brock Chittim
- Wellington Laboratories Inc., 345 Southgate Dr, Guelph, ON N1G 3M5, Canada
| | - Nicole Riddell
- Wellington Laboratories Inc., 345 Southgate Dr, Guelph, ON N1G 3M5, Canada
| | - Gundula Voss
- Johannes Kepler University, Institute for Organic Solar Cells, Altenberger Str 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Frank L Dorman
- Dept.of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Wendy N Pearson
- Matson & Associates, Inc., 331 E. Foster Ave, State College, PA 16801, USA
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94
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Altarawneh M, Dlugogorski BZ. Formation and chlorination of carbazole, phenoxazine, and phenazine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:2215-2221. [PMID: 25584392 DOI: 10.1021/es505948c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This contribution presents pathways for the formation of the three nitrogenated dioxin-like species, carbazole, phenoxazine, and phenazine via unimolecular rearrangements of diphenylamine (DPA) and its nitro substituents (NDPA). The latter represent major structural entities appearing in formulations of explosives and propellants. Intramolecular H transfer from the amine group to one of the two O atoms in the nitro group denotes the most accessible route in the unimolecular decomposition of NDPA. Further unimolecular rearrangements afford phenazine and carbazole. A loss of an ortho substituent from DPA, followed by addition of an oxygen molecule, prompts the formation of carbazole and phenoxazine in a facile mechanism. The consistency between trends in Fukui-based electrophilic indices and the experimental profiles of chlorinated carbazole, phenoxazine, and phenazine suggests the formation of these species by electrophilic substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammednoor Altarawneh
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University , Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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95
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Picó Y, Farré M, Barceló D. Quantitative profiling of perfluoroalkyl substances by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography and hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4247-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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96
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Guo J, Chen D, Potter D, Rockne KJ, Sturchio NC, Giesy JP, Li A. Polyhalogenated carbazoles in sediments of Lake Michigan: a new discovery. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:12807-12815. [PMID: 25271593 DOI: 10.1021/es503936u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Previously unknown halogenated compounds were detected during the analysis of halogenated flame retardants in two sediment cores collected from Lake Michigan. Gas chromatography coupled with high- or low-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) was used to determine the chemical structures for a total of 15 novel polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs) with the general molecular formula C12H9-x-y-zNClxBryIz. On the basis of the mass spectra generated by electron impact (EI) and electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) MS, eight PHCs were tentatively identified as polybrominated carbazoles, while the others were mixed halogenated carbazoles containing, in addition to bromine, either chlorine or iodine or both. Patterns of halogen substitution of PHCs included Br2 to Br5, ClBr2, ClBr3, ClBr4, ClBr3I, Br4I, and Br3I2. 3,6-Dibromocarbazole and 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole were also found among the PHCs. Profiles of the concentration versus depth of sediment at the two sites showed various patterns among polybrominated carbazoles. The abundance of mixed halogenated carbazoles peaked at depths of 12-16 cm, remained at relatively constant levels in deeper sediment, but declined markedly in more recently deposited sediments. This is the first study discovering the seven mixed halogenated carbazoles in the environment. Detailed methods for their detection and identification are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehong Guo
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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