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Wang L, Gao C, Yang K, Sheng Y, Xu J, Zhao Y, Lou J, Sun R, Zhu L. Effects of biochar aging in the soil on its mechanical property and performance for soil CO 2 and N 2O emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 782:146824. [PMID: 33839651 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biochar application into the soils has been reported to have huge carbon sequestration potential, although it remains unclear that how the biochar aging in the soil affects its mechanical properties and soil CO2 and N2O emissions. This work assessed the impact of soil biochar aging on its physicochemical properties, microbiota community in the biochar, and soil CO2 and N2O emissions. Various characterizations (e.g., SEM-EDS, XRD, and FTIR) of fresh and aged biochar indicated that soil minerals accumulated on the biochar during the field aging process, forming organo-mineral complexes and blocking the cracks and channels on the biochar. The measured hardness and compressive strength of aged biochar were significantly higher than those of fresh biochar, consistent with the presence of soil minerals on the aged biochar. The soil CO2 and N2O emissions were significantly decreased after the addition of aged biochar particles, as compared to fresh biochar particles. This was probably because that the improved mechanical properties could inhibit the fragmentation of biochar particles, reducing the release of labile fractions from the biochar and the subsequent CO2 and N2O emissions. Moreover, the presence of CO2-fixing bacteria (e.g., Chloroflexi) and inhibited nitrification and ammonia oxidation in aged biochar particles might also reduce CO2 and N2O emissions. These findings suggest aged biochar particles with improved physical stability to the soil could enhance soil carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emission reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Chaochao Gao
- College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Kun Yang
- College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yaqi Sheng
- College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yuxiang Zhao
- College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jie Lou
- College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Agricultural experiment station, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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Shang H, Wang Q, Ok YS, Zhang S, Zhu X. Magnetic biochar production alters the molecular characteristics and biological response of pyrolysis volatile-derived water-soluble organic matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146142. [PMID: 33714822 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The formed Fe oxides (minerals) in the magnetic biochar production process can facilitate its recovery and carbon retention rate. However, the influence of Fe oxides on pyrolysis volatile-derived water-soluble organic matter (PVWSOM, also called wood vinegar) has been largely overlooked. Results demonstrated that in-situ formed Fe oxides (α-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4) could obviously inhibit biomass cracking and accordingly reduce PVWSOM emissions, as indicated by decreased PVWSOM concentrations from 28.7 to 6.8 mg C/g biomass. FT-ICR MS results further indicated that Fe oxides suppressed the formation of large-molecular-weight PVWSOM compounds with high degree of unsaturation (DBE value > 5) and oxygen content (oxygen number > 5), leading to lower polarity and aromaticity. Therefore, the changes in PVWSOM molecular structures caused by Fe oxides relieved its toxicity on wheat seed growth, and reduced negative impact on soil microbial diversity and promoted soil bacterial Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. These results indicate that molecular structures of PVWSOM from biomass pyrolysis also can be changed by Fe oxides to affect its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Pollution Control and Resource Utilization of Organic Wastes, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Pollution Control and Resource Utilization of Organic Wastes, Shanghai 200438, China.
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53
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Yu J, Wu Z, An X, Tian F, Yu B. Trace metal elements mediated co-pyrolysis of biomass and bentonite for the synthesis of biochar with high stability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 774:145611. [PMID: 33607429 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The stability of biochar is a crucial parameter in determining the potential of biochar for carbon sequestration. Many studies have demonstrated that the addition of clay during the pyrolysis of biomass is beneficial for the production of biochar with a high stability, but finding a strategy for a further improvement of stability of clay-modified biochar is still highly desirable. Herein, the co-pyrolysis of biomass and clay mediated by trace metal elements is proposed as a new strategy for the production of biochar with exceptionally high stability. The results indicate that the biochar resistance index for biochar obtained from the trace metal elements mediated the co-pyrolysis of biomass and clay is ~0.75, which is much higher than that of biochars obtained from biomass pyrolysis or the co-pyrolysis of biomass and clay, demonstrating that the presence of metal ions during the co-pyrolytic process can significantly improve the oxidation resistance of biochar. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that the carbon retention value is reduced when the addition of metal ions during the co-pyrolytic process, and the presence of metal ions can reduce the starting temperature of the pyrolysis reaction and catalyze the process of biomass pyrolysis. In addition, the percentages of CC, CC, and CH in all biochars obtained from trace metal elements mediated the co-pyrolysis of biomass and clay are greater than 41.82%, which are higher than that of original biochar. Besides, the percentage of oxygen-containing functional groups is found to be decreased after the presence of metal ions during the co-pyrolytic process. The presence of metal ions can form metal nano-sulfides and oxides on the surface, which plays a physical barrier to the anti-oxidation performance of biochar. Furthermore, compared to BBC or BC, MnBBC and ZnBBC have a better leaching resistance to P, while FeBBC has almost no leaching resistance to soil P. Overall, the study reveals that the addition of trace element metal ions during the co-prolysis of biomass and bentonite is an effective method to increase the stability of obtained biochar, and it is also beneficial for retarding the release of nutrients in the soil and thus increase the utilization of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhi Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China
| | - Zhansheng Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Textile Chemical Engineering Auxiliaries, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710000, PR China.
| | - Xiongfang An
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China; School of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, PR China
| | - Fei Tian
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Textile Chemical Engineering Auxiliaries, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710000, PR China
| | - Bing Yu
- School of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, PR China.
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Yang F, Xu Z, Huang Y, Tsang DCW, Ok YS, Zhao L, Qiu H, Xu X, Cao X. Stabilization of dissolvable biochar by soil minerals: Release reduction and organo-mineral complexes formation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125213. [PMID: 33517064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has two existing forms in the moist soil environment, free dissolvable biochar (particle size < 0.45 μm) and undissolvable particles (particle size > 0.45 μm). The release and decomposition of dissolvable biochar from bulk biochar particles is a primary C loss pathway in biochar-amended soils, which would be reduced by their interactions with soil minerals. Most previous studies focused on the effect of feedstock types and pyrolysis conditions on dissolvable biochar stability, while few studies researched the interaction between dissolvable biochar and soil components, for instance the soil minerals, and its effect on the stability of dissolvable biochar. In this study, bentonite and goethite were selected as model soil minerals because of their differences in structure and surface types: negatively charged 2:1 type phyllosilicate (bentonite) and positively charged crystalline mineral (goethite). Dry-wet cycling was conducted to determine the effect of these two minerals on the release of dissolvable biochar from walnut shell-derived biochar particles. The stability of dissolvable biochar was measured by chemical oxidation and biodegradation. Both soil minerals reduced the release of dissolvable biochar by over 34% with the presence of Ca2+. Mechanisms of "Ca2+ bridging", "ligand exchange" and "van der Waals attraction" contributed to the formation of dissolvable biochar-bentonite complexes, and Ca2+ promoted dissolvable biochar inserting into bentonite interlayer space, expanding d-spacing from 1.25 nm to 1.55 nm. However, "Ca2+ bridging" barely formed on goethite because of charge repulsion, indicating that the dissolvable biochar was bound with goethite mainly by "van der Waals attraction" and "ligand exchange". Due to organo-mineral complexes formation, the chemical oxidation extent of dissolvable biochar was reduced by 22.8-36.5%, and the biodegradation extent was reduced by 72.7-85.0%, since the soil minerals are more effective to prevent the dissolvable biochar from being biodegraded. This study proved soil minerals and Ca2+ were beneficial for enhancing biochar stability, these observations assisted in assessing the biochar ability for long-term carbon sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zibo Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuandong Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program, and Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ling Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinde Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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55
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Gui X, Song B, Chen M, Xu X, Ren Z, Li X, Cao X. Soil colloids affect the aggregation and stability of biochar colloids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:145414. [PMID: 33736183 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The stability of biochar colloids plays an important role in the transport and fate of contaminants and nutrients in soil. This study aimed to investigate the effects of main soil components, kaolin (Kao), goethite (Goe), and humic acid (HA) colloids on the aggregation kinetics of biochar colloids derived from dairy manure (DM), sewage sludge (SS), and wheat straw (WS). The WS biochar colloid had the highest critical coagulation concentration (CCC) (624 mM) than that of SS (200 mM) and DM (75 mM) due to its richest hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, showing the highest stability. Kao markedly improved the stability of DM and SS biochar colloids with 171% and 52.5% increase of CCC, respectively, by increasing the electrostatic repulsion of the system. However, the WS biochar colloid became more aggregated in the presence of Kao since the hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups in WS biochar colloid could complex with Kao, generating electrostatic shielding. Goe could rapidly combine with biochar colloids via electrostatic attraction, resulting in the aggregation of SS and WS, while the aggregation rate of DM/Goe mixed colloids was inhibited. The HA increased the electrostatic repulsion of all biochar colloids through adsorbed on the surface of biochar colloids, resulting in the increased steric hindrance and stability of biochar colloids, with the CCC increased from 75 to 624 mM to 827-1012 mM. Our findings reveal that soil kaolin, goethite, and humic acid colloids have remarkable effects on the stability and aggregation of biochar colloid, which will advance understanding of the potential environmental fate and behaviors of biochar colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Gui
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Bingqing Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ming Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhefan Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xing Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinde Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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56
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Wu W, Zhu S, Huang X, Wei W, Jin C, Ni BJ. Determination of Instinct Components of Biomass on the Generation of Persistent Free Radicals (PFRs) as Critical Redox Sites in Pyrogenic Chars for Persulfate Activation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7690-7701. [PMID: 33998225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Persulfate (PS) activation on biochar (BC) is a promising technology for degrading the aqueous organic contaminants. However, the complexity of activation mechanisms and components in biomass that used to produce BC makes it difficult to predict the performance of PS activation. In this study, we employed eight sludges as the representative biomass that contained absolutely different organic or inorganic components. Results showed that the elemental composition, surface properties, and structures of the sludge-derived BCs (SBCs) clearly depended on the inherent components in the sludges. The intensities of persistent free radicals (PFRs) in the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) correlated positively with N-containing content of sludges as electron shuttle, but negatively with the metal content as electron acceptor. Linking with PFRs as crucial sites of triggering a radical reaction, a poly-parameter relationship of predicting PS activation for organic degradation using the sludge components was established (kobs,PN = 0.004 × Cprotein + 0.16 × CM-0.895 -0.118). However, for the PS activation on those SBCs without PFRs, this redox process only relied on the sorption or conductivity-related characteristics, not correlating with the content of intrinsic components in biomass but with pyrolysis temperatures. This study provided insightful information of predicting the remediation efficiency of PS activation on BCs and further understanding the fate of contaminants and stoichiometric efficiency of oxidants in a field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Shishu Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochen Huang
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Chao Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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57
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Zhang R, Zheng X, Zhang D, Niu X, Ma J, Lin Z, Fu M, Zhou S. Insight into the roles of endogenous minerals in the activation of persulfate by graphitized biochar for tetracycline removal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:144281. [PMID: 33454481 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Owing to its environmental-friendliness, low-cost, and outstanding characteristics, biochar has been widely used for the catalytic degradation of various organic pollutants. In this study, a pre- and post-deashing graphitized biochar (DBC800 and PBC800-A) was prepared and compared with the pristine biochar (PBC800) to activate persulfate (PS) for tetracycline (TC) degradation. The influence of the natural endogenous mineral on the catalytic ability of biochar was investigated. Characterization results show that the inherent endogenous mineral in biochar not only acted as a natural pore-forming agent to promote the formation of the porous structure, but also facilitated the formation of edge defective structures, and altered the surface functional groups, as well as increased the carbonization and graphitization degree of biochar. The PBC800-A exhibited a much higher catalytic efficiency on PS activation and TC oxidative degradation with the reaction rate of 0.06055 min-1, 7.14 times as that of DBC800 (0.00861 min-1) and 4.63 times as that of PBC800 (0.00158 min-1). The endogenous minerals were conducive to the generation of free radicals and promoted the oxidative degradation of TC, which was mainly attributed to the improved carbon configuration. The post-deashing treatment was also found to significantly improve the electron transport efficiency of biochar by removing the residual ash, thereby promoting the generation of singlet oxygen. This study demonstrated that the natural minerals in biochar was beneficial for the degradation of TC, and more alternative natural minerals can be applied to co-pyrolysis with biochar for the remediation of refractory organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runyuan Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaoxian Zheng
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Dongqing Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, PR China.
| | - Xiaojun Niu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Jinlin Ma
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhang Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Mingli Fu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shaoqi Zhou
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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58
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Zheng C, Yang Z, Si M, Zhu F, Yang W, Zhao F, Shi Y. Application of biochars in the remediation of chromium contamination: Fabrication, mechanisms, and interfering species. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124376. [PMID: 33144008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) is one of the most toxic pollutants that has accumulated in terrestrial and aqueous systems, posing serious risks towards living beings on a worldwide scale. The immobilization, removal, and detoxification of active Cr from natural environment can be accomplished using multiple advanced materials. Biochar, a carbonaceous pyrolytic product made from biomass waste, is considered as a promising material for the elimination of Cr contamination. The preparation and properties of biochar as well as its remediation process for Cr ions have been well investigated. However, the distinct correlation of the manufacturing, characteristics, and mechanisms involved in the remediation of Cr contamination by various designed biochars is not summarized. Herein, this review provides information about the production, modification, and characteristics of biochars along with their corresponding effects on Cr stabilization. Biochar could be modified via physical, hybrid, chemical, and biological methods. The remediating mechanisms of Cr contamination using biochars involve adsorption, reduction, electron shuttle, and photocatalysis. Moreover, the coexisting ions and organic pollutants change the pattern of the remediating process of biochar in actual Cr contaminated water and soil. Finally, the present limitations and future perspectives are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chujing Zheng
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhihui Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Mengying Si
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Weichun Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Feiping Zhao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China; School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Yan Shi
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China.
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59
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Xu Y, Qu W, Sun B, Peng K, Zhang X, Xu J, Gao F, Yan Y, Bai T. Effects of added calcium-based additives on swine manure derived biochar characteristics and heavy metals immobilization. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 123:69-79. [PMID: 33571831 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although pyrolysis is a promising way for treating animal manure, the application is restricted with some limitations of biochar. To improve the quality of biochar derived from swine manure and enhance the immobilization of heavy metals (Cu and Zn) in it, swine manure was mixed with four types of Ca-based additives (CaO, CaCO3, Ca(OH)2, and Ca(H2PO4)2) prior to pyrolysis at 300-700 °C. The thermogravimetric characteristics of swine manure were obviously influenced The addition of CaO, CaCO3, and Ca(OH)2 during the whole decomposition process. Furthermore, with the addition of CaO and Ca(OH)2, the emission of CO2 and CO was substantially decreased at 200-500 °C, whereas the formation of CO, H2, CO2, and CH4 was drastically increased at 600-800 °C. The biochar produced with CaO addition had the highest pH, surface area and carbon content. Moreover, by addition of Ca-based additives, except for Ca(H2PO4)2, the transformation of labile Cu and Zn to the stable fraction was promoted, and the leachability and environmental risk of them were simultaneously reduced. In contrast, CaO and Ca(OH)2 were more favorable for the immobilization of Cu and Zn than CaCO3. Our study indicated that the catalytic pyrolysis using CaO was an effective and valuable method of animal manure treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology Around Hongze Lake/Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Wei Qu
- Hydrogeology Group at the Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Baoyi Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Kai Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Xingzhou Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Fan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Yubo Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Tianxia Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China.
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60
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Basak BB, Saha A, Sarkar B, Kumar BP, Gajbhiye NA, Banerjee A. Repurposing distillation waste biomass and low-value mineral resources through biochar-mineral-complex for sustainable production of high-value medicinal plants and soil quality improvement. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143319. [PMID: 33199015 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High cost of synthetic fertilizers and their hazardous effects catapult the exploration of alternative nutrient formulations and soil amendments. This study aimed to synthesize a novel biochar-mineral-complex (BMC), and evaluate its nutrient supplying and soil improvement performances. In a hydrothermal reaction, the BMC was prepared using a biochar derived from distillation waste of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) and farmyard manure, for the first time via fortification with low-grade rock phosphate and waste mica. The BMC showed improved physico-chemical properties and nutrient availability than the pristine biochar. When applied to a deeply weathered acidic soil, the BMC significantly (P < 0.05) improved the herbage and bioactive compound (sennoside) yields of a medicinal plant (senna; Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) compared to the pristine biochar, farmyard manure, vermicompost, and chemical fertilizers. The BMC also improved the soil quality by increasing nutrient and carbon contents, and microbial activities. Soil quality improvement facilitated greater nutrient uptake in senna plants under BMC compared to the pristine biochar, and conventional organic and chemical fertilizer treatments. This study thus encourages the development of BMC formulations not only to overcome the limitation of sole biochar application to soils, but also to phaseout chemical fertilizers in agriculture. Moreover, BMC could bestow resilience and sustainability to crop production via value-added recycling of waste biomass and low-grade mineral resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Basak
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand 387310, India.
| | - Ajoy Saha
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand 387310, India; ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Bangalore Research Centre, Bangalore 560089, India
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
| | - B Prem Kumar
- Department Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand 388110, India
| | - N A Gajbhiye
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand 387310, India
| | - Atanu Banerjee
- Dr. K C Patel Research & Development Centre, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Anand 388421, India
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Almajed A, Ahmad M, Usman ARA, Al-Wabel MI. Fabrication of sand-based novel adsorbents embedded with biochar or binding agents via calcite precipitation for sulfathiazole scavenging. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124249. [PMID: 33158660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of efficient and low-cost adsorbents through enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) of sand embedded with binding agents for sulfathiazole (STZ) removal is reported for the first time. Sand enriched with biochar (300 °C, 500 °C, and 700 °C), xanthan gum, guar gum, bentonite, or sodium alginate (1% w/w ratios) was cemented via EICP technique. Enrichment with binding agents decreased the unconfined compressive strength, improved the porosity, and induced functional groups. Biochar enrichment reduced the pH, and increased the calcite contents and electrical conductivity. Fixed-bed column adsorption trials revealed that biochars enrichment resulted in the highest STZ removal (64.7-87.9%) from water at initial STZ concentration of 50 mg L-1, than the adsorbents enriched with other binding agents. Yoon-Nelson and Thomas kinetic models were fitted well to the adsorption data (R2 = 0.91-0.98). The adsorbents embedded with 700 °C biochar (BC7) exhibited the highest Yoon-Nelson rate constants (0.087 L min-1), 50% breakthrough time (58.056 min), and Thomas model-predicted maximum adsorption capacity (4.925 mg g-1). Overall, BC7 removed 168% higher STZ from water than pristine cemented sand. Post-adsorption XRD and FTIR analyses suggested the binding of STZ onto the adsorbents. π-π electron-donor-acceptor interactions, aided-by electrostatic interactions and H-bonding were the main STZ adsorption mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Almajed
- Department of Civil Engineering, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh 11421, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Munir Ahmad
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food & Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel R A Usman
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food & Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Soils and Water, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Mohammad I Al-Wabel
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food & Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Wang B, Ma Y, Lee X, Wu P, Liu F, Zhang X, Li L, Chen M. Environmental-friendly coal gangue-biochar composites reclaiming phosphate from water as a slow-release fertilizer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143664. [PMID: 33288263 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To solve the problem of limited adsorption efficiency of pristine biochar for phosphate, a novel biochar composite was prepared from different feedstocks and coal gangue by one facile-step pyrolysis method. The effects of pyrolysis temperature, adsorbent dosage, pH of the solution, and coexisting ions on phosphate adsorption were analyzed. The adsorption performance and mechanism of phosphate in water were investigated. The application of the phosphorus-laden (P-laden) composite as slow-release fertilizer was evaluated by a germination test. The results showed that the maximum phosphate adsorption capacity of coal gangue modified oilseed rape straw biochar prepared at 700 °C (CG-OR700) was 7.9 mg/g at pH 4.0, which is 4.6 times that of pristine biochar. The adsorption process can be well fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm adsorption model. The mechanism of phosphate adsorption mainly includes surface precipitation, ligand exchange, and electrostatic attraction. The P-laden biochar can be used as a slow-release fertilizer to promote seed germination and growth. This study shows that the coal gangue modified biochar composite can not only be used to remove phosphate from wastewater, but also be used as a slow-release fertilizer, providing a new way for the phosphorus recovery and resource utilization of solid wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Karst Environment and Geohazard, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China; Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China.
| | - Yuena Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinqing Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Pan Wu
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Karst Environment and Geohazard, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China; Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Karst Environment and Geohazard, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China; Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Xueyang Zhang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Industrial Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Miao Chen
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Karst Environment and Geohazard, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China; Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
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Fang J, Jin L, Meng Q, Wang D, Lin D. Interactions of extracellular DNA with aromatized biochar and protection against degradation by DNase I. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 101:205-216. [PMID: 33334516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With increasing environmental application, biochar (BC) will inevitably interact with and impact environmental behaviors of widely distributed extracellular DNA (eDNA), which however still remains to be studied. Herein, the adsorption/desorption and the degradation by nucleases of eDNA on three aromatized BCs pyrolyzed at 700 °C were firstly investigated. The results show that the eDNA was irreversibly adsorbed by aromatized BCs and the pseudo-second-order and Freundlich models accurately described the adsorption process. Increasing solution ionic strength or decreasing pH below 5.0 significantly increased the eDNA adsorption on BCs. However, increasing pH from 5.0 to 10.0 faintly decreased eDNA adsorption. Electrostatic interaction, Ca ion bridge interaction, and π-π interaction between eDNA and BC could dominate the eDNA adsorption, while ligand exchange and hydrophobic interactions were minor contributors. The presence of BCs provided a certain protection to eDNA against degradation by DNase I. BC-bound eDNA could be partly degraded by nuclease, while BC-bound nuclease completely lost its degradability. These findings are of fundamental significance for the potential application of biochar in eDNA dissemination management and evaluating the environmental fate of eDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Qingkang Meng
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Dengjun Wang
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Resident Research Associate, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, OK 74820, USA
| | - Daohui Lin
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Gu W, Guo J, Bai J, Dong B, Ma E, Chen J, Wang J. Co-pyrolysis of monobasic potassium phosphate and plastic processing sludge: Characteristics and environmental risks of potentially toxic elements. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111434. [PMID: 33045436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A high concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) can be frequently observed in the plastic processing sludge (PPS), thereby restricting its environmental applications. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the co-pyrolysis of PPS and KH2PO4 (0, 5, 10 and 20 wt%) on the characteristics and environmental risks associated with the PTEs in PPS and derived chars. General characteristic analysis revealed that the char yield, ash content, pH, and particle size of the chars prepared with KH2PO4 were greater than those of the char prepared without KH2PO4 by 3.13-4.89 wt%, 2.95-4.4 wt%, 0.77-0.93, and 9.64-30.07 µm, respectively. The results of sequential extraction indicated that co-pyrolysis with KH2PO4 could considerably increase the distribution of PTEs in the F4 fraction (non-bioavailable) in PPS by 1.30-65.90% when compared with that obtained via co-pyrolysis with 5 wt% of KH2PO4. The toxic leaching tests indicated that the leaching concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in the char prepared without KH2PO4 decreased to different extents when PPS was subjected to co-pyrolysis with KH2PO4, especially in case of co-pyrolysis with 5 wt% of KH2PO4. The range of decrease was 26.40-88.34%. However, in case of Cu, Zn, and Pb, the leaching concentration of the chars prepared with more than 10 wt% of KH2PO4 increased owing to the decomposition of (Cu Zn)PbVO4(OH) in an acidic environment. The results obtained using Hakanson's equations revealed that the potential ecological risk associated with the PTEs in chars obtained by co-pyrolysis with KH2PO4 decreased, with a minimum decrease of 38.17%. In addition, the risk level associated with PPS reduced from considerable to low after co-pyrolysis with KH2PO4. The observations of this study imply that the co-pyrolysis of PPS with KH2PO4 can be a promising treatment for PTE immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Gu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; WEEE Research Centre of Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Jiangshan Guo
- WEEE Research Centre of Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Jianfeng Bai
- WEEE Research Centre of Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China.
| | - Bin Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - En Ma
- WEEE Research Centre of Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Jianmeng Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jingwei Wang
- WEEE Research Centre of Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
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Xing J, Xu G, Li G. Comparison of pyrolysis process, various fractions and potential soil applications between sewage sludge-based biochars and lignocellulose-based biochars. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111756. [PMID: 33396079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To deeply assess the feasibility of sewage sludge-based biochars for use in soil applications, this review compared sewage sludge-based biochars (SSBBs) with lignocellulose-based biochars (LCBBs) in terms of their pyrolysis processes, various fractions and potential soil applications. Based on the reviewed literature, significant differences between the components of SSBB and LCBB result in different pyrolysis behavior. In terms of the fractions of biochars, obvious differences were confirmed to exist in the carbon content, surface functional groups, types of ash fractions and contents of potential toxic elements (PTEs). However, a clear influence of the feedstock on labile carbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was not observed in the current research. These differences determined subsequent discrepancies in the soil application potential and corresponding mechanisms. The major challenges facing biochar application in soils and corresponding recommendations for future research were also addressed. LCBBs promote carbon sequestration, heavy metal retention and organic matter immobilization. The application of SSBBs is a promising approach to improve soil phosphorus fertility, immobilize heavy metals and provide available carbon sources for soil microbes to stimulate microbial biomass. The present review provides guidance information for selecting appropriate types of biochars to address targeted soil issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xing
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Guoren Xu
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibai Li
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Li Z, Zang L. Facile Fabrication of Calcium-Doped Carbon for Efficient Phosphorus Adsorption. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:327-339. [PMID: 33458484 PMCID: PMC7807776 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High phosphorus concentrations mainly result in environmental problems such as agricultural pollution and eutrophication, which have great negative influence on many natural water bodies. In this work, calcium lignosulfonate was employed to produce calcium-doped char at 400 and 800 °C. To compare the phosphorus adsorption behaviors of the two carbon materials, batch adsorption experiments were conducted in a phosphorus microenvironment. The factors including the initial solution pH, phosphorus concentration, and adsorbent amount were considered, and the main characteristics of calcium-doped chars before and after adsorption were assessed. The results revealed that the phosphorus removal processes fitted both the Freundlich and pseudo-second-order-kinetic models. According to the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacities of the two adsorbents obtained at 400 and 800 °C toward phosphorus (50 °C) were 53.22 and 17.77 mg/g adsorbent, respectively. The former was rich in calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, and it mainly served as a precipitant and a chelating agent, while the latter with a high surface area was dominant in P adsorption.
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Shen M, Zhu X, Zhang S. Extraneous Fe Increased the Carbon Retention of Sludge-Based Biochar. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 106:198-204. [PMID: 33201257 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-03050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis is a promising technology for the disposal of sewage sludge. In this study, FeCl3 was selected as an additive for sludge pyrolysis. The results indicated that the FeCl3-addition strategy not only enhanced carbon retention but also enhanced the nitrogen retention of sludge-based biochar. The best enhancement effect both occurred at 500°C, and the enhanced amount reached 29.7 mg C/g sludge and 1.33 mg N/g sludge, respectively. This enhancement may be attributed to the physical isolation provided by newly formed metallic complexes or oxides. Besides, the added FeCl3 improved the polarity and aromaticity of modified biochar by retaining more oxygen-containing functional groups, and could also catalyze the decomposition of tar, resulting in the release of more small molecular substances. The quantitative estimation of carbon and nitrogen retention in provinces of China found that the enhancement in coastal provinces was significantly preceded that of inland provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Pollution Control and Resource Utilization of Organic Wastes, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Pollution Control and Resource Utilization of Organic Wastes, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Pollution Control and Resource Utilization of Organic Wastes, Shanghai, 200438, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Zhou S, Wen X, Cao Z, Cheng R, Qian Y, Mi J, Wang Y, Liao X, Ma B, Zou Y, Wu Y. Modified cornstalk biochar can reduce ammonia emissions from compost by increasing the number of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and decreasing urease activity. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 319:124120. [PMID: 32957049 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study examined how the addition of modified cornstalk biochar (CB) affected ammonia (NH3) emissions during composting. Four treatments were established, including a control (CK) with layer manure and sawdust only, and the CK mixtures adding 10% HNO3 CB (NA), 10% H2O2 CB (HP) and 10% HNO3- H2O2 CB (MI). As the results showed, NH3 emissions was reduced by 47.83% (NA), 61.69% (HP) and 45.69% (MI) when the modified CB used as a compost additive (P < 0.05). According to the data analysis, the addition of modified CB significantly increased the number of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), inhibited urease activity and decreased the abundance of narG and nirS at rising temperatures and high temperatures (P < 0.05). Redundancy analysis demonstrated a negative correlation between NH3 emissions and AOB and a positive correlation with urease activity, narG and nirS. Thus, the modified CB helped reduce NH3 emissions by regulating nitrification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizheng Zhou
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- WENS Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu, Xinxing 527400, China
| | - Ran Cheng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuliang Qian
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiandui Mi
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Tropical Agricultural Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Harmless Treatment and Resource Utilization of Livestock Waste, Yunfu, Xinxing 527400, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Tropical Agricultural Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Harmless Treatment and Resource Utilization of Livestock Waste, Yunfu, Xinxing 527400, China
| | - Xindi Liao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Tropical Agricultural Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Harmless Treatment and Resource Utilization of Livestock Waste, Yunfu, Xinxing 527400, China; WENS Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu, Xinxing 527400, China
| | - Baohua Ma
- Foshan Customs Comprehensive Technology Center, Guangzhou 528000, China
| | - Yongde Zou
- Foshan Customs Comprehensive Technology Center, Guangzhou 528000, China
| | - Yinbao Wu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Tropical Agricultural Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Harmless Treatment and Resource Utilization of Livestock Waste, Yunfu, Xinxing 527400, China.
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Zheng Y, Zimmerman AR, Gao B. Comparative investigation of characteristics and phosphate removal by engineered biochars with different loadings of magnesium, aluminum, or iron. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 747:141277. [PMID: 32777510 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Engineered biochars (EBCs) loaded with metal oxides/hydroxides have been used as sorbents to remove and recycle phosphate (P) from wastewater. However, P removal by EBCs made with different types and loading of metals have rarely been compared in a single study. Thus, in this study, EBCs were synthesized through pyrolysis of bamboo or hickory wood chips (25 g) pretreated with four amounts (25, 50, 75, and 100 mmol) of magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), or iron (Fe) salt solutions (Mg-EBC, Al-EBC, and Fe-EBC, respectively). The resulting EBCs were loaded with metal oxides/hydroxides that served as P adsorption sites. Al-EBCs showed the highest aqueous stability with little metal dissolution, which can be attributed to the low level of residual (unconverted) metal salt as well as the extremely low solubility of loaded Al metal oxyhydroxide. After the leaching/washing, the metal loading efficiencies of the Al- and Mg-EBCs were similar (50-60%) and stable metal loadings increased with pretreatment salt amounts, indicating that the amount of the two metal oxides/hydroxides in the EBCs can be controlled during pretreatment. However, stable iron oxide on the Fe-EBCs remained almost the same for all the four levels of pretreatment, reflecting saturation of the biochar surface. All the EBCs showed increasing P adsorption with increasing metal loading. At low initial P concentrations of 31 mg/L, Fe- and Al-EBCs removed up to 68% and 94% of P, likely through an electrostatic interaction mechanism. At high P concentrations, Mg-EBC had the largest P adsorption capacity (119.6 mg P/g), mainly through the combination of surface precipitation and electrostatic interaction mechanisms. This study demonstrates that metal oxide/hydroxide-loaded EBCs are promising sorbents that can be designed to meet specific needs for the removal of aqueous P in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Zheng
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Andrew R Zimmerman
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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Ding J, Xu W, Liu S, Liu Y, Tan X, Li X, Li Z, Zhang P, Du L, Li M. Activation of persulfate by nanoscale zero-valent iron loaded porous graphitized biochar for the removal of 17β-estradiol: Synthesis, performance and mechanism. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 588:776-786. [PMID: 33309141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.11.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the porosity, graphitization and iron doping of biochar were realized simultaneously by the pyrolysis of biomass and potassium ferrate (K2FeO4), then the iron-doped graphitized biochar was reduced to synthesize nanoscale zero-valent iron loaded porous graphitized biochar (nZVI/PGBC). 17β-estradiol (E2) is an environmental endocrine disruptor that can cause great harm to the environment in small doses. Experiments illustrated that nZVI/PGBC (100 mg/L) could completely remove E2 (3 mg/L) within 45 min by activating sodium persulfate (PS, 400 mg/L). The E2 removal efficiency of nZVI/PGBC was obviously superior to that of pristine biochar (BC), iron-doped graphitized biochar (Fe/GBC), nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) and porous graphitized biochar (PGBC). The removal efficiency could be affected by reaction conditions, including reaction temperature, acidity, dosage of catalyst and oxidant and water matrix. Quenching experiments and electron spin resonance (ESR) demonstrated that SO4-· and HO were both responsible for E2 degradation. This study indicated that Fe0 and Fe2+ were the main catalytic active substances, while the catalytic ability of PGBC was not obvious. The reaction mechanism was proposed, that is, PS was activated by electrons provided by the redox reaction between Fe2+ and Fe3+, and PGBC acted as the carrier of nZVI, the adsorbent of E2 and the mediator of electron-transfer. This study demonstrates that nZVI/PGBC can be used as an effective activator for PS to remove organic pollutants in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Ding
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Weihua Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Shaobo Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; School of Architecture and Art, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Yunguo Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiaofei Tan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhongwu Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Li Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Meifang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
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Li F, Zimmerman AR, Hu X, Gao B. Removal of aqueous Cr(VI) by Zn- and Al-modified hydrochar. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127610. [PMID: 32683020 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pristine hydrochar is a carbonaceous material that can sorb hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), a kind of toxic pollutants and difficult to removal, from aqueous solution but its capacity is limited. With the goal of improving this ability, two modified hydrochars were produced by co-hydrothermal carbonization (200 °C, 7h) of bamboo sawdust with zinc chloride (ZnCl2) or aluminum chloride (AlCl3). Compared to the pristine hydrochar, the ZnCl2-and AlCl3-modified hydrochars were more fully carbonized (higher C content and lower H/C) and had higher surface area (increased by 26 and 4.3 times, respectively) and larger pore volume (increased by 43 and 5.5 times, respectively). Due to these improved properties, the Cr(VI) maximum adsorption capacity (modeled via Langmuir isotherms) of ZnCl2-and AlCl3-modified hydrochar increased by 3.4 and 2.8 times, respectively. In addition, Cr(VI) adsorption kinetic of modified hydrochar was well fitted by the pseudo-second-order model. Cr sorption capacity increased at low pH and ion strengths, suggesting the potential roles of electrostatic interaction and ion exchange mechanisms. These results indicate that hydrochars modified by ZnCl2 and AlCl3 treatment are promising in environmental applications that require Cr(VI) removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyue Li
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biochar and Cropland Pollution Prevention, Anhui Laimujia Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Huaiyuan, 233000, China
| | - Andrew R Zimmerman
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Xin Hu
- Center of Material Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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72
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Pan J, Gao B, Wang S, Guo K, Xu X, Yue Q. Waste-to-resources: Green preparation of magnetic biogas residues-based biochar for effective heavy metal removals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 737:140283. [PMID: 32783860 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The agricultural wastes disposal and polluted water purification are always the key issues of environmental restoration. In this work, a magnetic biogas residue-based biochar (mBR-C) by direct pyrolysis and sonochemical method was prepared from biogas residue (BR). Response design methodology based on Box-Behnken design was used for the preparation parameters optimization. The characterization results identified that mBR-C had well-developed pore structure and surface area, which was beneficial to diffuse and capture heavy metal ions. Traces of toxic heavy metal in mBR-C was leached (˂0.04 mg/L) through TCLP method, indicating the environmental safety of the magnetic biochar. Meanwhile, the mBR-C exhibited excellent solid-liquid separation efficiency because of its strong magnetism. The series of adsorption experiments indicated that mBR-C could capture Cu2+ and Pb2+ rapidly, and the maximum adsorption capacity for Cu2+ and Pb2+ was 75.76 and 181.82 mg/g, respectively, which was higher than some other biochars previously reported. mBR-C was further applied in the synthetic wastewater treatment, which could effectively purify at least 600 mL (150 BV) to meet emission standards. After several column adsorption-desorption cycles, the adsorption capacity could still reach 85%, implying that mBR-C has good reusability and stability. Overall, the mBR-C can be used as an eco-friendly, desirable, economic and recyclable biosorbent in heavy metal polluted water treatment, providing a new idea for a combination of biogas residue recycle and wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Pan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Baoyu Gao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Kangying Guo
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xing Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Qinyan Yue
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
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73
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Li F, Zimmerman AR, Hu X, Yu Z, Huang J, Gao B. One-pot synthesis and characterization of engineered hydrochar by hydrothermal carbonization of biomass with ZnCl 2. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126866. [PMID: 32348923 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrochar, the product of hydrothermal carbonization of biomass, is a sustainable alternative to other carbonaceous environmental sorbents. However, its use has been limited due to its low surface area. A one-pot biomass/metal salt co-hydrothermal synthesis method might improve its sorptive properties while retaining its efficient production characteristic. Thus, bamboo sawdust and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) were combined in a hydrothermal reactor (200 °C, 7 h) for preparing modified hydrochar. Compared to the non-modified hydrochar, the hydrochar produced with the addition of ZnCl2 during hydrothermal treatment was more fully carbonized (C content increased from 54% to 64%), of higher surface area after acid washing (30 versus 1.7 m2 g-1), and enriched in O-containing functional groups and of greater aromaticity (according to FTIR and XRD analysis). Because of these improved properties, Methylene blue adsorption capacity of the modified hydrochar increased by nearly 90% and by 257% after it was rinsed with acid. This study highlights the potential of this one-pot co-hydrothermal treatment of biomass in presence of metal salt to provide a simple and effective hydrochar with properties suitable for environmental remediation and water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyue Li
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Andrew R Zimmerman
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Xin Hu
- Center of Material Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zebin Yu
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Hualan Design & Consulting Group Co. Ltd., Nanning, 530011, China; College of Civil Engineering and Architecture Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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74
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Facile Synthesis of Cauliflower Leaves Biochar at Low Temperature in the Air Atmosphere for Cu(II) and Pb(II) Removal from Water. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13143163. [PMID: 32679885 PMCID: PMC7412380 DOI: 10.3390/ma13143163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a facile and low-cost method for biochar (CLB) preparation from vegetable waste (cauliflower leaves) was developed at a low temperature (120 °C) in the air atmosphere. The prepared mechanism, adsorption mechanism, and performance of CLB for Cu(II) and Pb(II) sorption were investigated using Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), and a series of sorption experiments. Then the CLB was subjected to single and double element sorption studies to examine the effect of pH value on the Cu(II)/Pb(II) sorption capacities and then competitive sorption priority. There are both more hydroxyl (–OH) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups on the surface of CLB compared to those from control (without H3PO4 impregnation), resulting in more ion exchanges and complexation reaction for CLB with Cu(II) and Pb(II). Besides, the phosphorus-containing groups (e.g., P = OOH, P = O.), which newly formed with H3PO4 impregnation, could also enhance sorption, especially for Pb(II), this way leaded to its adsorption and precipitation as Pb5(PO4)3OH crystals. The performance of maximum adsorption capacities of CLB toward Cu(II) and Pb(II) were 81.43 and 224.60 mg/g, respectively. This sorption was slightly pH-dependent, except that the sorption capacity improved significantly as the pH value of the solution increased from 2 to 4. Competitive sorption experiment confirmed that Pb(II) had a higher sorption priority than Cu(II).
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75
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Liu G, Pan X, Ma X, Xin S, Xin Y. Effects of feedstock and inherent mineral components on oxidation resistance of biochars. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:138672. [PMID: 32320864 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemical stability assessment of biochar has been universally used to indicate its potential of long-term carbon sequestration. The comparative study on oxidation resistance of biochars from diverse series of feedstock is relatively limited, as well as the effects of endogenous minerals on biochar stability. Herein, oxidation resistance of biochars from peanut shell, bamboo, saw dust, reed stalk, furfural residues, seaweed degumming residues and Enteromorpha prolifera at 500 °C (PS500, BB500, SD500, RS500, FR500, SR500 and EP500) was examined by the treatments of H2O2, K2Cr2O7 and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Under H2O2 or K2Cr2O7 condition, C loss of algae-derived biochars (SR500 and EP500) was extremely greater than that of other biochars due to higher content of labile carbon components. PS500, BB500, SD500, RS500 and FR500 characterized with similar properties in carbon fraction, but they exhibited different ability to resist oxidation. The mineral fraction of biochars (e.g., content and species) varied with the feedstock, which played complex effects on the oxidation resistance. The mineral decomposition (e.g., CaCO3) in EP500 and SR500 above 500 °C influenced the analysis of biochar stability by TGA. After acid-washing, EP500 and SR500 showed weaker thermal oxidation resistance, agreed with the results of H2O2 and K2Cr2O7 oxidation. The oxidation resistance of biochars was correlated better with O/C ratio, implying that O/C ratio was more robust indicator than other indexes (e.g., H/C ratio and the ratio of D band to G band of Raman). The FTIR, Raman and XPS results further demonstrated the elimination of aliphatics and amorphous aromatics and/or the carboxylation/carbonylation of aromatic structures by H2O2 and K2Cr2O7. These findings are useful for better understanding the impacts of feedstock and inherent minerals on the oxidation resistance of biochars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocheng Liu
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Xiangrui Pan
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xiaohan Ma
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Shuaishuai Xin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yanjun Xin
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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76
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Li F, Duan F, Ji W, Gui X. Biochar-activated persulfate for organic contaminants removal: Efficiency, mechanisms and influencing factors. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 198:110653. [PMID: 32325258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Turning biomass into biochar as a multifunctional carbon-based material for water remediation has attracted much research attention. Sawdust and rice husk were selected as feedstock for biochar (BC) production, aiming to explore their performance as a catalyst to activate persulfate (PS) for degrading acid orange 7 (AO7). There was an excellent synergistic effect in the combined BC/PS system. Sawdust biochar (MX) showed a faster and more efficient performance for the AO7 degradation due to its abundant oxygen functional groups, compared to rice husk biochar (DK). In the BC/PS system, AO7 was well decolorized and mineralized. Based on the two-dimensional correlation analysis method, the azo conjugation structure and naphthalene ring of AO7 molecule changed first then benzene ring changed during the reaction. Moreover, AO7 decolorization efficiency increased with the increase of PS concentration and biochar dosage, and the deacrease of pH. Biochar deactivated after used twice. When the biochar reached its adsorption equilibrium of AO7, the AO7 could not be degraded in the BC/PS system. SO4- and OH participated in the reaction together and OH played the main role in activating PS to AO7 decolorization based on the radical scavengers experiment. All of results indicate using biochar to activate PS for degradation of AO7 contaminated water is a promising method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyue Li
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China.
| | - Fanglei Duan
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Wenchao Ji
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biochar and Cropland Pollution Prevention, Anhui Laimujia Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Huaiyuan, 233000, China
| | - Xiangyang Gui
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China
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77
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Li F, Gui X, Ji W, Zhou C. Effect of calcium dihydrogen phosphate addition on carbon retention and stability of biochars derived from cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126335. [PMID: 32145573 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis of biomass with phosphate compound is a promising method to improve biochar characteristics. However, how phosphate compound affects the three components of biomass during the biochar formation is still unclear. In this study, a typical phosphate compound, calcium dihydrogen phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2), was premixed with cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin reagent, at the ratio of 20% (w/w) for biochar production through pyrolysis, aiming to investigate the effects of Ca(H2PO4)2 addition on biochar formation. Results show that, with Ca(H2PO4)2 additions, carbon retention of biochars from cellulose (MCBC) and hemicellulose (MHBC) increased by 63.4% and 48.3%, respectively, but that of lignin (MLBC) decreased by 6.7% due to the reactions between lignin and Ca(H2PO4)2. Moreover, the stable carbon proportion in the biochar decreased by 10.2% for MCBC, almost unchanged for MHBC, and increased by 6.15% for MLBC based on the potassium dichromate oxidation. During the pyrolysis process, Ca(H2PO4)2 addition fixed more volatile and/or labile carbon in biochar, resulting in greater carbon retention. Declined carbon stability of biochar might be caused by the inhibited formation of aromatic-C, evidenced by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. This study highlights the importance and potential mechanisms of calcium dihydrogen phosphate influencing the carbon retention and stability of biochar derived from three biomass components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyue Li
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China.
| | - Xiangyang Gui
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China
| | - Wenchao Ji
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China
| | - Chunhuo Zhou
- College of Land Resources and Environment, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
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78
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Yi Q, Liang B, Nan Q, Wang H, Zhang W, Wu W. Temporal physicochemical changes and transformation of biochar in a rice paddy: Insights from a 9-year field experiment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137670. [PMID: 32171138 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biochar application to soil has attracted extensive attention worldwide due to its carbon (C) sequestration and fertility-enhancing properties. However, the lack of biochar accumulation in highly disturbed agroecosystems challenges the perceived long-term stability of biochars in soil. This 9-year field experiment was conducted in rice paddy fields to understand the temporal degradation of biochars produced from two contrasting feedstocks (rice straw vs. bamboo) at a high temperature (600 °C). Obvious physical alterations, surface oxidation, and transformation of condensed aromatic C occurred in biochars in the disturbed paddy field with frequent redox cycles. Increase in O/C atomic ratio, levels of high-temperature-sensitive degradable components, H/C ratio, and linear alkyl-C content were observed, which were indicative of time-dependent molecular changes and degradative transformation of biochars. Biochar degradation was characterized by the loss of labile C at an early stage and the degradation of aromatic C at a later stage. Based on the massive loss of C content in biochars (10.3-11.8%) and considerable degradation of aromatic C (5.0-8.7%) in 9 years, we argue that current biphasic C dynamic models probably overestimate the stability of biochars in agroecosystems such as rice paddy fields. Long-term field experiments (>5 years) are required to assess biochar's potential for C sequestration. This study provides long-term field data regarding the temporal changes in biochar physicochemical properties, which may facilitate the development of a robust assessment scheme on the long-term persistence of biochars in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Yi
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Biqing Liang
- National Cheng Kung University, Department of Earth Sciences, No. 1 University Rd., East District, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Qiong Nan
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Weixiang Wu
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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79
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Feng Y, Liu P, Wang Y, Liu W, Liu Y, Finfrock YZ. Mechanistic investigation of mercury removal by unmodified and Fe-modified biochars based on synchrotron-based methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:137435. [PMID: 32114231 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Improved surface characteristics and incorporated Fe, S, and Cl species are reported in Fe-modified biochar, which makes it a prospective material for Hg(II) removal. In this study, aqueous Hg(II) was removed from solution by unmodified, FeCl3-modified, and FeSO4-modified biochars pyrolyzed at 300, 600, or 900 °C. Higher pyrolytic temperature resulted in higher removal efficiency, with the biochars pyrolyzed at 900 °C removing >96% of Hg(II). Fe-modification enhanced Hg(II) removal for biochars pyrolyzed at 600 °C (from 88% to >95%) or 900 °C (from 96% to 99%). Based on synchronous extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis, Hg coordinated to S in modified and unmodified biochars pyrolyzed at 900 °C, where thiol was reported, and in FeSO4-modified biochars pyrolyzed at 600 or 900 °C, where sulfide was recognized; in other biochars, Hg bound to O or Cl. Additionally, confocal micro-X-ray fluorescence imaging (CMXRFI) demonstrated Hg was distributed in agreement with S in biochars where HgS was formed; otherwise, Hg distribution was influenced by Hg species in solution and the pore characteristics of the biochar. This investigation provides information on the effectiveness and mechanisms of Hg removal that is critical for evaluating biochar applications and optimizing modification methods in groundwater remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Feng
- School of Environmental Studies, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Peng Liu
- School of Environmental Studies, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yanxin Wang
- School of Environmental Studies, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wenfu Liu
- School of Environmental Studies, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - YingYing Liu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Y Zou Finfrock
- CLS@APS sector 20, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA; Science Division, Canadian Light Source Inc., 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada
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80
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Liu B, Liu Q, Wang X, Bei Q, Zhang Y, Lin Z, Liu G, Zhu J, Hu T, Jin H, Wang H, Sun X, Lin X, Xie Z. A fast chemical oxidation method for predicting the long-term mineralization of biochar in soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 718:137390. [PMID: 32325612 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biochar stability determines the effectiveness of biochar's functions such as carbon sequestration, soil structure improvement, soil fertility enhancement and soil pollution remediation. However, a fast method for accurately predicting biochar long-term stability in soil remains elusive. Here, firstly, an incubation experiment was conducted on mineralization dynamics of different 13C-labelled biochars over 368 days to explore their actual mineralization in soils and establish their mineralization model. Thereafter, ten treatments of fast chemical oxidation methods using K2Cr2O7 (0.1 M) with different H+ concentrations and oxidation times were applied to the biochars to reveal which method best matches the mineralization of biochar in soils. Results showed that the percentage of biochar‑carbon oxidized by the solution containing 0.1 M K2Cr2O7 and 0.2 M H+ at 100 °C for 2 h was in accordance with the one that potentially would be mineralized in soils at a 100-year scale (R2 > 0.99; REMS = 2.53; RD = 15.3). The results provided a chemical oxidation method that was robust, effective, low cost and highly available for measuring the long-term stability of biochar in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, No.159, Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qicheng Bei
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhibin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Tianlong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiyang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xingwu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zubin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Fan J, Li Y, Yu H, Li Y, Yuan Q, Xiao H, Li F, Pan B. Using sewage sludge with high ash content for biochar production and Cu(II) sorption. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136663. [PMID: 31958735 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ash content of municipal sewage sludge is generally high. However, the manner in which the composition of ash affects biochar properties and sorption remains unclear. Sewage sludge from two cities, Chongqing and Kunming, were pyrolyzed at different temperatures to produce biochar in this work. The physicochemical properties of biochar were investigated by bulk chemical characteristics (such as FTIR, XPS, Raman analysis, and elemental analysis) and benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) molecular biomarkers, after which they were correlated with sorption characteristics. In comparison with biochar from Chongqing sewage sludge (CSS), biochar from Kunming sewage sludge (KSS) showed stronger polarity, a larger specific surface area (SSA) and more functional groups, but a lower degree of graphitization and aromatization. These differences may result from the higher aluminum (Al) content of KSS. The single-point sorption coefficient Kd values of biochar derived from CSS and KSS were analyzed together. Kd was positively correlated with the SSA and pore volume of sewage sludge and biochar produced at 200-300 °C. For biochar produced at 300-700 °C, the Kd value was positively correlated with the O content, O/C and (O + N)/C. The pyrolysis temperature of 300 °C was a threshold temperature for Cu(II) sorption onto biochar, at which there was a balance between decreased oxygen-containing functional groups and increased SSA. The findings of this study show that higher Al content in sewage sludge was beneficial to pore volume enlargement and functional group retention during the pyrolysis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Fan
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Kunming 650500, China; College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials & Remediation Technologies, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Yan Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Huayong Yu
- Zhejiang Yongchuang Environmental Technology Co., LTD, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Qiangjun Yuan
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Honglin Xiao
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Bo Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Kunming 650500, China
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Ali U, Shaaban M, Bashir S, Gao R, Fu Q, Zhu J, Hu H. Rice straw, biochar and calcite incorporation enhance nickel (Ni) immobilization in contaminated soil and Ni removal capacity. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125418. [PMID: 31812043 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Although rice straw (RS), biochar (BI) and calcite (CC) have proved to be effective immobilizing agents in acidic contaminated soil, we lack up-to-date scientific data regarding nickel (Ni) fractionation in soil and removal capacity in water. Therefore, an incubation study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of RS, BI and CC with three application rates (0, 1 and 2%) of RS, BI and CC on the immobilization of Ni in polluted soil. Various extraction techniques were carried out: sequential extraction procedure, the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR), extraction with CaCl2, and the toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) techniques. Additionally, Ni sorption behavior was determined using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Results showed that adding all amendments into Ni contaminated acidic soil, enhanced soil pH, reduced the exchangeable fraction of Ni by 48%-55%, 59%-71% and 58%-66.3%, when RS, BI and CC were applied at 1% and 2% rates, respectively. According to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm results, the maximum sorption capacity was recorded using 2747 mg kg-1 in 2% CC amended soil. However, biochar exhibited the maximum Ni sorption capacity (13348 mg kg-1), due to its porous structure, larger surface area, and having more functional groups. Furthermore, the results of FTIR, SEM and zeta potential techniques confirmed that the immobilization and biochar's capacity to remove Ni were more effective when compared to other immobilizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umeed Ali
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Shaaban
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Saqib Bashir
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Department of Soil and Environmental Science, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Ruili Gao
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qingling Fu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hongqing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Lustosa Filho JF, Carneiro JSDS, Barbosa CF, de Lima KP, Leite ADA, Melo LCA. Aging of biochar-based fertilizers in soil: Effects on phosphorus pools and availability to Urochloa brizantha grass. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:136028. [PMID: 31905590 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble phosphate fertilizers release phosphorus (P) to soils promptly, causing P fixation and low plant availability in highly weathered tropical soils. Therefore, the development of strategies to improve P use efficiency is needed. We hypothesized that biochar-based fertilizers (BBFs) can provide available P to plants and improve P use efficiency when compared with soluble fertilizers. Thus, triple superphosphate (TSP) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were pyrolyzed with and without magnesium oxide (MgO) and poultry litter to produce slow-release P BBFs. A pot experiment under greenhouse conditions was performed to evaluate agronomic efficiency of BBFs compared with TSP in an Oxisol. The treatments were incubated over 100 days after the application of 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg-1 of P. Three controls were used, including 200 mg kg-1 of P as TSP incubated for 100 days (named TSPincubation) and applied immediately before sowing (named TSPplanting) and a negative control (without P). Marandu grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) was cultivated in pots for three cycles of 40 days each. After cultivation, a sequential extraction procedure was used to determine the P distribution among different P pools. The shoot dry matter yield in the first cropping cycle was higher at the highest P rate for TSPplanting. PLB-H3PO4-MgO showed 9% increase in the shoot dry matter when compared with TSPincubation in the first cropping cycle. In subsequent cropping cycles, all BBFs promoted higher biomass yield when compared with TSPplanting. There was an increase in the labile and moderately labile P fractions in soil after cultivation with PLB-TSP. The results suggest that BBFs can enhance P use efficiency in tropical soils in the middle- to long-term run due to slow-release profile that prevent P fixation and promote higher residual effect of fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kelly Pereira de Lima
- Department of Statistics, Federal University of Lavras, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil
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Lu J, Yang Y, Liu P, Li Y, Huang F, Zeng L, Liang Y, Li S, Hou B. Iron-montmorillonite treated corn straw biochar: Interfacial chemical behavior and stability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:134773. [PMID: 31753491 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, corn straw biomass was co-pyrolyzed with a clay mineral (montmorillonite) in the presence of iron-bearing materials (FeCl3, magnetite and iron acetylacetone) and the prepared iron-montmorillonite biochars were characterized for their interfacial behavior. The results showed that, by adding iron to the pyrolysis process, organometallic complexes such as Fe-O-C were generated on the surface of biochars. All the iron-montmorillonite biochars were also shown to enhance the oxidation resistance likely by the increased relative contents of CO and COOH from 0% and 3.7% to 6.5-8.4% and 5.5-6.3%, respectively, compared with the iron-absent biochar. The measured carbon recalcitrance index (R50, bicohar) of iron-montmorillonite biochars in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) also increased from 46.9% to 48.6-56.9%. Among the three types of added iron materials, magnetite showed the best performance in improving biochar stability. The study indicated that, when added together, montmorillonite and iron were effective in improving the stability of biochar, which displays an important environmental significance of carbon sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China
| | - Yaqian Yang
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China
| | - Pengxiao Liu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China
| | - Fei Huang
- The College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Liqin Zeng
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China
| | - Yuze Liang
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China
| | - Siyuan Li
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China
| | - Bin Hou
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China.
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Sashidhar P, Kochar M, Singh B, Gupta M, Cahill D, Adholeya A, Dubey M. Biochar for delivery of agri-inputs: Current status and future perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:134892. [PMID: 31767299 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Biochar, a carbonaceous porous material produced from the pyrolysis of agricultural residues and solid wastes has been widely used as a soil amendment. Recent publications on biochar are primarily focussed with its application in climatic aspects, contaminant immobilization, soil amendment strategies, nutrient recovery, engineered material production and waste-water treatment. Numerous studies have reported the positive attribute of biochar's nutrient value that helps in improving plant growth and fertilizer use efficiency. The renewability, low-cost, high porosity, high surface area and customizable surface chemistry of biochar offers ample prospect in several engineering applications, some of which needs significant attention. This review aims at systematically assessing the uses of biochar as a potential carrier material for delivery of agrochemicals and microbes. The key parameters of biochar that are crucial to assess the potential of any material to be used for delivery purposes are discussed. The parameters such as the physicochemical properties of biochar, the mechanistic aspects of adsorption and release of agrochemicals and microbes from biochar, comparative assessment of biochar over other carrier materials, long-term effects of biochar and the economic and environmental benefits of biochar are discussed in detail. At the end, a brief perspective has also been laid out to discuss how nano-interventions could further be helpful to tailor biochar properties useful for delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Sashidhar
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI Gram, Gwal Pahari, Gurugram, Haryana 122003, India; Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Mandira Kochar
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI Gram, Gwal Pahari, Gurugram, Haryana 122003, India
| | - Brajraj Singh
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI Gram, Gwal Pahari, Gurugram, Haryana 122003, India
| | - Manish Gupta
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI Gram, Gwal Pahari, Gurugram, Haryana 122003, India
| | - David Cahill
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Alok Adholeya
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI Gram, Gwal Pahari, Gurugram, Haryana 122003, India
| | - Mukul Dubey
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI Gram, Gwal Pahari, Gurugram, Haryana 122003, India.
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Guo F, Zhu Z, Zheng Z, Jin Y, Di X, Xu Z, Guan H. Facile synthesis of highly efficient fluorescent carbon dots for tetracycline detection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:4520-4527. [PMID: 31768961 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rampant use of tetracycline in animal feed is a threat to food security, the environment, and human health because of the risk of drug residues. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a sensitive, efficient, and reliable method for qualitative and quantitative detection of tetracycline. In this paper, we synthesized fluorescent carbon dots (FCDs) by thermal cracking of crab shell waste, and obtained a fluorescence quantum yield of 30%. Characterization of the FCDs by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet visible absorption spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy showed that they were fluorescent and evenly distributed with an average size of approximately 10 nm. We designed a sensitive probe for detecting tetracycline using the fluorescence intensity change of the FCDs. This method is sensitive, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly. The concentration of tetracycline was examined by comparing the fluorescence intensities of the FCDs before and after tetracycline addition. The limit of detection for tetracycline was 0.005 mg/L (signal-to-noise ratio = 3), which is promising for method development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Guo
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Liaoning, China.
| | - Zihan Zhu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhangqin Zheng
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Jin
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Di
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhonghao Xu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongwei Guan
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Liaoning, China
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87
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Jiang Z, Lian F, Wang Z, Xing B. The role of biochars in sustainable crop production and soil resiliency. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:520-542. [PMID: 31232450 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is a promising soil additive for use in support of sustainable crop production. However, the high level of heterogeneity in biochar properties and the variations in soil composition present significant challenges to the successful uptake of biochar technologies in diverse agricultural soils. An improved understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to biochar-soil interactions is required to address issues related to climate change and cultivation practices. This review summarizes biochar modification approaches (physical, chemical, and biochar-based organic composites) and discusses the potential role of biochar in sustainable crop production and soil resiliency, including the degradation of soil organic matter, the improvement of soil quality, and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Biochar design is crucial to successful soil remediation, particularly with regard to issues arising from soil structure and composition related to crop production. Given the wide variety of feedstocks for biochar production and the resultant high surface heterogeneity, greater efforts are required to optimize biochar surface functionality and porosity through appropriate modifications. The design and establishment of these approaches and methods are essential for the future utilization of biochar as an effective soil additive to promote sustainable crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Fei Lian
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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88
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Qiu Z, Tang J, Chen J, Zhang Q. Remediation of cadmium-contaminated soil with biochar simultaneously improves biochar's recalcitrance. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113436. [PMID: 31672351 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biochar sequesters cadmium (Cd) by immobilisation, but the process is often less effective in field trials than in the laboratory. Therefore, the involvement of soil components should be considered for predicting field conditions that could potentially improve this process. Here, we used biochar derived from Spartina alterniflora as the amendment for Cd-contaminated soil. In simulation trials, a mixture of kaolin, a representative soil model component, and S. alterniflora-derived biochar immobilised Cd by forming silicon-aluminium-Cd-containing complexes. Interestingly, the biochar recalcitrance index value increased from 48% to 53%-56% because of the formation of physical barriers consisting of kaolinite minerals and Cd complexes. Pot trials were performed using Brassica chinensis for evaluating the effect of S. alterniflora-derived biochar on plant growth in Cd-contaminated soil. The bio-concentration factor values in B. chinensis were 24%-31% after soil remediation with biochar than in control plants. In summary, these results indicated that soil minerals facilitated Cd sequestration by biochar, which reduced Cd bioavailability and improved the recalcitrance of this soil amendment. Thus, mechanisms for effective Cd remediation should include biochar-soil interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qiu
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiawen Tang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinhuan Chen
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China.
| | - Qiuzhuo Zhang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, No. 20 Cuiniao Road, Chen Jiazhen, Shanghai 200062, China.
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Wang B, Lian G, Lee X, Gao B, Li L, Liu T, Zhang X, Zheng Y. Phosphogypsum as a novel modifier for distillers grains biochar removal of phosphate from water. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124684. [PMID: 31524621 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel biochar composite was fabricated via the pyrolysis of distillers grains treated phosphogypsum for phosphate removal from water. Batch adsorption experiments were performed on the adsorption characteristics of phosphate. Effects of pyrolysis temperature, solution pH, the dosage of adsorbent, ambient temperature on phosphate adsorption were also investigated. The results demonstrated that the optimum initial solution pH for phosphate adsorption was 6.0, and high pyrolysis temperature was favorable for phosphate adsorption. The optimal dosage of biochar was 1.25 g L-1. A pseudo-second-order kinetic model can well explain the adsorption kinetics, indicative of the energetically heterogeneous solid surface of the composite. The maximum phosphate adsorption capacity of the phosphogypsum modified biochar obtained from Langmuir isotherm reached 102.4 mg g-1 which was almost five times that of distillers grains biochar alone (21.5 mg g-1). The mechanism is mainly attributed to electrostatic adsorption, surface precipitation and ligand exchange. The ideal adsorption performance indicated that biochar supported phosphogypsum can be used as high-quality adsorbent for phosphate removal in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Karst Environment and Geohazard, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guiyang, 550025 Guizhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China.
| | - Guoqi Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinqing Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Taoze Liu
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xueyang Zhang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China
| | - Yulin Zheng
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Abstract
This paper aims at demonstrating the significance of biochar risk evaluation and reviewing risk evaluation from the aspects of pyrolysis process, feedstock, and sources of hazards in biochar and their potential effects and the methods used in risk evaluation. Feedstock properties and the resultant biochar produced at different pyrolysis process influence their chemical, physical, and structural properties, which are vital in understanding the functionality of biochar. Biochar use has been linked to some risks in soil application such as biochar being toxic, facilitating GHGs emission, suppression of the effectiveness of pesticides, and effects on soil microbes. These potential risks originate from feedstock, contaminated feedstock, and pyrolysis conditions that favor the creation of characteristics and functional groups of this nature. These toxic compounds formed pose a threat to human health through the food chain. Determination of toxicity levels is a first step in the risk management of toxic biochar. Various sorption methods of biochar utilized low-cost adsorbents, engineered surface functional groups, and nZVI modified biochars. The mechanisms of organic compound removal was through sorption, enhanced sorption, modified biochar, postpyrolysis thermal air oxidation and that of PFRs degradation was through activation, photoactive functional groups, magnetization, and hydrothermal synthesis. Emissions of GHGs in soils amended with biochar emanated through physical and biotic mediated mechanisms. BCNs have a significance in reducing the health quotient indices for PTEs risk contamination by suppressing cancer risk arising from consumption of contaminated food. The degree of environmental risk assessment of HM pollution in biomass and biochars has been determined by using potential ecological risk index and RAC while organic contaminant degradation by EPFRs was considered when assessing the environmental roles of biochar in regulating the fate of contaminants removal. The magnitude of technologies’ net benefit must be considered in relation to the associated risks.
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91
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Zhao Z, Nie T, Zhou W. Enhanced biochar stabilities and adsorption properties for tetracycline by synthesizing silica-composited biochar. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113015. [PMID: 31400663 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The silica-composited biochars (SBC) were synthesized by adding silica particulates into bamboo biomass during pyrolysis at 700 °C to examine the effect of silica addition on biochar stabilities and adsorption properties for tetracycline (TC). Silica addition increased the total pore volume and average pore diameter of biochar due to the abundant mesopores in SBC, but decreased specific surface area due to the blockage of biochar pore with silica particles. Biochar stability was obviously enhanced with silica addition due to the decreased atomic ratio of H/C and O/C, the reduced C loss amount after chemical oxidation treatment, and the increased thermal stability. The adsorption capacities of SBC for TC were greatly enhanced with silica addition and increased with the increasing silica addition amount, which can be attributed to the facilitating effect of π-π electron donor acceptor (EDA) interaction and pore-filling effect. In addition, silica addition can also effectively enhance the oxidation resistance of biochar for TC adsorption, since the decreased degree (δ) of TC adsorption amounts on the biochars after chemical oxidation decreased with the increasing silica addition level. The observed positive correlations between δ values and the corresponding C loss amount of biochars after chemical oxidation suggested that the high carbon stability was favorable for the maintenance of biochar adsorption capacity. These results can provide a new way to improve biochar stabilities, aging resistance, and adsorption properties for organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Tiantian Nie
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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92
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Rodriguez-Narvaez OM, Peralta-Hernandez JM, Goonetilleke A, Bandala ER. Biochar-supported nanomaterials for environmental applications. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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93
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Li X, Zhang X, Wang X, Cui Z. Phytoremediation of multi-metal contaminated mine tailings with Solanum nigrum L. and biochar/attapulgite amendments. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 180:517-525. [PMID: 31128549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate an enhanced phytoremediation technique for multi-metal contaminated mine tailings by Solanum nigrum L. and using biochar/attapulgite as soil amendments. The 10% attapulgite (MA2) and 10% biochar (MB2) were recommended as the optimum chemical proportions for amendment materials. Plant length and fresh weight in the MA2/MB2-applied treatments were significantly higher than that in the non-amended treatment, indicating MA2 and MB2 amendments could alleviate metal phytotoxicity. Metal uptake in plant leaves was lower with MA2 and MB2 application than that in the non-amended treatment. However, metal uptake in plant roots was significantly increased with MA2 and MB2 application from the fifth month, suggesting that MA2 and MB2 had significant enhancement on metal stabilization. Temporal variation of metal translocation in soil-to-plant system showed that the function of MA2 and MB2 reached the plateau nearly in the seventh month. The removal rates of metals were higher after the application of MA2 than MB2, and by the following order: Cu (39.6%) > Zn (35.0%) > Cd (34.1%) > Hg (32.1%) > Pb (31.8%) > Mn (19.1%). The synergistic effect between S. nigrum L. and MA2/MB2 appeared to be particularly effective in terms of metal phytostabilization, and MA2 was superior to MB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xinlei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zhaojie Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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94
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Wu P, Cui P, Alves ME, Peijnenburg WJGM, Liu C, Zhou D, Wang H, Ok YS, Wang Y. Interactive effects of rice straw biochar and γ-Al 2O 3 on immobilization of Zn. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 373:250-257. [PMID: 30921576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biochar system technology has been proved as a sustainable remediation method for metal contaminated soils. However, little attention has been paid to the interaction between biochar and oxide minerals and their influence on metal immobilization in soils. In this study, batch-type Zn sorption experiments were conducted using the mixture of γ-Al2O3 and rice straw biochar as a model binary geosorbent systems. In addition, advanced spectroscopic technics such as EXAFS, FTIR and XRD were performed to reveal the mechanism. EXAFS spectroscopy revealed that 62% of Zn existed as Zn-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) on γ-Al2O3 at pH 7.5 (for 2 mM Zn loading) within 24 h, which was 19% in the mixture. The Zn in biochar samples mainly existed as Zn-OM (53%-76%) and Zn2SiO4 (21%-47%), while the proportion of Zn2SiO4 (0-6%) was negligible compared with Zn-Al silicate (26-48%) in the mixtures. The overall findings confirmed that Al released from γ-Al2O3 was sorbed in parallel with Zn on biochar to form Zn-Al silicate, rather than Zn-Al LDH on the γ-Al2O3 surface. These results unveiled the dynamic interactions between amended biochar and soil oxide minerals which can significantly affect the immobilization pathways of metals in contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Peixin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Marcelo E Alves
- Departamento de Ciencias Exatas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Center for Safety of Substances and Products, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Cun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, PR China; School of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, PR China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Reseach Center & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China.
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95
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Gao R, Fu Q, Hu H, Wang Q, Liu Y, Zhu J. Highly-effective removal of Pb by co-pyrolysis biochar derived from rape straw and orthophosphate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 371:191-197. [PMID: 30851672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
When used separately, biochar and orthophosphate are good materials to remove Pb from water, but few studies have been done on Pb removal by biochar-orthophosphate composite. Here biochar-orthophosphate composites were prepared by co-pyrolyzing rape straw with orthophosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O / KH2PO4) at ratio of 5:1 (W:W), noted as WBC-Ca and WBC-K, respectively, so as to explore the Pb removal capacities and mechanisms of co-pyrolysis biochars. The sorption isotherms of Pb were well fitted with Langmuir model and the maximum sorption capacities of Pb by original biochar, WBC-Ca, and WBC-K were 184.1, 566.3 and 1559 mmol kg-1, respectively. The results of FTIR, XRD, and XPS analyses showed that phosphorus in biochar played an important role to remove Pb by forming lead-precipitates. However, the species of lead-precipitates in three types of Pb-loaded biochars were Pb5(PO4)3Cl, Pb2P2O7, and Pbn/2(PO3)n, individually, and that was because speciation of phosphorus had undergone significant thermochemical transformation during pyrolysis process. Orthophosphate in WBC-Ca was mainly transformed to pyrophosphate, while orthophosphate in WBC-K was transformed to both metaphosphate and pyrophosphate. The present results warrant the promising application of co-pyrolysis biochar derived from rape straw and orthophosphate in removal of Pb from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Gao
- Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agricultural Resource and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qingling Fu
- Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agricultural Resource and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Hongqing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agricultural Resource and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agricultural Resource and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agricultural Resource and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agricultural Resource and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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96
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Sun Y, Yu IKM, Tsang DCW, Cao X, Lin D, Wang L, Graham NJD, Alessi DS, Komárek M, Ok YS, Feng Y, Li XD. Multifunctional iron-biochar composites for the removal of potentially toxic elements, inherent cations, and hetero-chloride from hydraulic fracturing wastewater. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 124:521-532. [PMID: 30685454 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper evaluates a novel sorbent for the removal of potentially toxic elements, inherent cations, and hetero-chloride from hydraulic fracturing wastewater (FWW). A series of iron-biochar (Fe-BC) composites with different Fe/BC impregnation mass ratios (0.5:1, 1:1, and 2:1) were prepared by mixing forestry wood waste-derived BC powder with an aqueous FeCl3 solution and subsequently pyrolyzing them at 1000 °C in a N2-purged tubular furnace. The porosity, surface morphology, crystalline structure, and interfacial chemical behavior of the Fe-BC composites were characterized, revealing that Fe chelated with CO bonds as COFe moieties on the BC surface, which were subsequently reduced to a CC bond and nanoscale zerovalent Fe (nZVI) during pyrolysis. The performance of the Fe-BC composites was evaluated for simultaneous removal of potentially toxic elements (Cu(II), Cr(VI), Zn(II), and As(V)), inherent cations (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Ba, and Sr), hetero-chloride (1,1,2-trichlorethane (1,1,2-TCA)), and total organic carbon (TOC) from high-salinity (233 g L-1 total dissolved solids (TDS)) model FWW. By elucidating the removal mechanisms of different contaminants, we demonstrated that Fe-BC (1:1) had an optimal reducing/charge-transfer reactivity owing to the homogenous distribution of nZVI with the highest Fe0/Fe2+ ratio. A lower Fe content in Fe-BC (0.5:1) resulted in a rapid exhaustion of Fe0, while a higher Fe content in Fe-BC (2:1) caused severe aggregation and oxidization of Fe0, contributing to its complexation/(co-)precipitation with Fe2+/Fe3+. All of the synthesized Fe-BC composites exhibited a high removal capacity for inherent cations (3.2-7.2 g g-1) in FWW through bridging with the CO bonds and cation-π interactions. Overall, this study illustrated the potential efficacy and mechanistic roles of Fe-BC composites for (pre-)treatment of high-salinity and complex FWW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Iris K M Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xinde Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Daohui Lin
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Linling Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Nigel J D Graham
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Michael Komárek
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI), Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yujie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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97
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Zhao Z, Zhou W. Insight into interaction between biochar and soil minerals in changing biochar properties and adsorption capacities for sulfamethoxazole. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:208-217. [PMID: 30423535 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biochars produced from wheat straw at 400 °C (BC400) and 700 °C (BC700) were treated with three typical soil minerals to examine the effects of soil minerals on biochar properties and adsorption capacity for sulfamethoxazole (SMX). Mineral treatment enlarged the surface area and pore size of biochar, and the electron donating capacity (EDC) of the mineral-treated biochars also increased due to the increased phenolic group in BC400 and the enhanced conjugated π-electron system in BC700, respectively, which in turn affected the adsorption capacity of biochars for SMX. The adsorption of SMX on BC700 was increased after mineral treatment due to the facilitating effect of π-π electron donor-acceptor interaction as indicated by the positive correlation of surface adsorption amount (QA) of SMX with EDC of biochars (R2 = 0.92-0.96). In contrast, mineral treatment decreased SMX adsorption on BC400, which could be attributed to the potential association of organic matter with minerals via coprecipitation and adsorption, in addition to the weak adsorption capacities of soil minerals for SMX. These results can provide a new insight for better understanding the interaction between biochar and soil minerals and its effect on adsorption capacity of biochar for organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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98
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Leng L, Huang H. An overview of the effect of pyrolysis process parameters on biochar stability. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 270:627-642. [PMID: 30220436 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biochar produced from biomass pyrolysis is becoming a powerful tool for carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction. Biochar C recalcitrance or biochar stability is the decisive property determining its carbon sequestration potential. The effect of pyrolysis process parameters on biochar stability is becoming a frontier of biochar study. This review discussed comprehensively how and why biomass compositions and physicochemical properties and biomass processing conditions such as pyrolysis temperature and reaction residence time affect the stability of biochar. The review found that relative high temperature (400-700 °C), long reaction residence time, slow heating rate, high pressure, the presence of some minerals and biomass feedstock of high-lignin content with large particle size are preferable to biochar stability. However, challenges exist to mediate the trade-offs between biochar stability and other potential wins. Strategies were then proposed to promote the utilization of biochar as a climate change mitigation tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Leng
- School of Resources, Environmental & Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Huajun Huang
- School of Land Resources and Environment, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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99
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Liu G, Zheng H, Jiang Z, Zhao J, Wang Z, Pan B, Xing B. Formation and Physicochemical Characteristics of Nano Biochar: Insight into Chemical and Colloidal Stability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10369-10379. [PMID: 30141917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nano biochar (N-BC) attracts increasing interest due to its unique environmental behavior. However, understanding of its formation, physicochemical characteristics, and stability of N-BC is limited. We therefore examined N-BC formation from bulk biochars (B-BCs) produced from peanut shell, cotton straw, Chinese medicine residues, and furfural residues at 300-600 °C. Carbon stability and colloidal processes of nano peanut shell biochars (N-PBCs) were further investigated. N-BCs formed from pore collapse and skeleton fracture during biomass charring, breakup due to grinding, and sonication. Amorphous fraction in B-BCs was more readily degraded into N-BCs than graphitic component. The sonication-formed N-PBCs contained 19.2-31.8% higher oxygen and fewer aromatic structures than the bulk ones, leading to lower carbon stability, but better dispersibility in water. Heteroaggregation of N-PBCs with goethite/hematite destabilized initially and then restabilized with increasing concentrations of N-PBCs. Compared with stacked complexes of N-PBCs-hematite, the association of goethite with N-PBCs could form interlaced heterostructures, thus shielding positive charges on goethite and causing greater heteroaggregation. These findings are useful for better understanding the formation of N-BCs and their environmental fate and behavior in soil and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocheng Liu
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Hao Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266100 , China
| | - Zhixiang Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Qingdao University , Qingdao 266071 , China
| | - Jian Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266100 , China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Bo Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
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100
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Qiu Z, Chen J, Tang J, Zhang Q. A study of cadmium remediation and mechanisms: Improvements in the stability of walnut shell-derived biochar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:80-84. [PMID: 29704719 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has been recognized as an efficient soil amendment for cadmium remediation in recent years. In the present study, biochar was prepared using walnut shell, and it was incubated in Cd(NO3)2 and kaolin for 15 days. Different chemical forms of cadmium in kaolin and biochar were determined, and the stability of biochar was evaluated by R50 using TGA analysis. It was found that walnut shell derived biochar could reduce the mobility of cadmium. After incubation, the R50, biochar value increased from 61.31% to 69.57%-72.24%, indicating that the stability of biochar was improved. The mechanisms that initiated improvements in biochar stability were investigated by XPS, XRD and SEM-EDS analysis. The result showed that the enhanced biochar stability is likely due to physical isolation and the formation of precipitates and complexes, formed on the surface or interior of the biochar. The results suggested that walnut shell-derived biochar can be used as a cadmium sorbent for soil remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qiu
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhuan Chen
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawen Tang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuzhuo Zhang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai 200062, China.
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