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Sadgrove NJ. The new paradigm for androgenetic alopecia and plant-based folk remedies: 5α-reductase inhibition, reversal of secondary microinflammation and improving insulin resistance. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 227:206-236. [PMID: 30195058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Research in the past half a century has gradually sketched the biological mechanism leading to androgenetic alopecia (AGA). Until recently the aetiological paradigm has been too limited to enable intelligent commentary on the use of folk remedies to treat or reduce the expression of this condition. However, our understanding is now at a point where we can describe how some folk remedies work, predict how effective they will be or why they fail. RESULTS The new paradigm of AGA is that inheritance and androgens (dihydrotestosterone) are the primary contributors and a secondary pathology, microinflammation, reinforces the process at more advanced stages of follicular miniaturisation. The main protagonist to microinflammation is believed to be microbial or Demodex over-colonisation of the infundibulum of the pilosebaceous unit, which can be ameliorated by antimicrobial/acaricidal or anti-inflammatory therapies that are used as adjuvants to androgen dependent treatments (either synthetic or natural). Furthermore, studies reveal that suboptimal androgen metabolism occurs in both AGA and insulin resistance (low SHBG or high DHT), suggesting comorbidity. Both can be ameliorated by dietary phytochemicals, such as specific classes of phenols (isoflavones, phenolic methoxy abietanes, hydroxylated anthraquinones) or polycyclic triterpenes (sterols, lupanes), by dual inhibition of key enzymes in AGA (5α-reductase) and insulin resistance (ie., DPP-4 or PTP1B) or agonism of nuclear receptors (PPARγ). Evidence strongly indicates that some plant-based folk remedies can ameliorate both primary and secondary aetiological factors in AGA and improve insulin resistance, or act merely as successful adjuvants to mainstream androgen dependent therapies. CONCLUSION Thus, if AGA is viewed as an outcome of primary and secondary factors, then it is better that a 'multimodal' or 'umbrella' approach, to achieve cessation and/or reversal, is put into practice, using complementation of chemical species (isoflavones, anthraquinones, procyanidins, triterpenes, saponins and hydrogen sulphide prodrugs), thereby targeting multiple 'factors'.
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Ge L, Zhu M, Li X, Xu Y, Ma X, Shi R, Li D, Mu C. Development of active rosmarinic acid-gelatin biodegradable films with antioxidant and long-term antibacterial activities. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Segovia FJ, Hidalgo GI, Villasante J, Ramis X, Almajano MP. Avocado Seed: A Comparative Study of Antioxidant Content and Capacity in Protecting Oil Models from Oxidation. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102421. [PMID: 30241408 PMCID: PMC6222478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, consumers want products containing little or no synthetic compounds. Avocado seeds, which are a residue of the food industry, could be used to obtain extracts with high antioxidant power. In the present study, the most popular radical scavenging methods are presented, establishing a comparison between them, besides working with two different extractions: pure methanol and ethanol–water (50:50 v/v). The radical scavenging assay methods ORAC and ABTS were performed, as well as a novel method: the reaction to methoxy radical, as determined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive compounds (TBARs) were used to monitor the oxidation of avocado seed oil, as well as the power of the avocado seed extract (ASE) to delay oil oxidation by oxidation induction time (OIT) and measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Radical scavenging methods have values between 1310–263 µmol TE/g of mass dissolved for ORAC and ABTS, respectively. The individual contribution of each of the compounds present in the extract was analyzed. The sum of all of them contributed up to 84% of the total radical scavenging activity. The concentration of 0.75% ASE causes a delay in the oxidation that is close to 80%, as measured by OIT. This implies that avocado seed residue may have a use as a natural antioxidant source, providing added value to organic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Segovia
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gádor Indra Hidalgo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juliana Villasante
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Ramis
- Heat Engines Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María Pilar Almajano
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Pistelli L, Giovanelli S, D'Angiolillo F, Karkleva K, Leonardi M, Ambryszewska K, Cervelli C, Pistelli L. Antioxidant Activity of Several Essential Oils from Different Rosmarinus officinalis Cultivars Grown in Sanremo (Italy). Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of the essential oil (EO) profile of several cultivars of Rosmarinus officinalis, usually not used for food, and the assessment of their antioxidant activity as potential sources of natural antioxidants were studied in this work. Five different cultivars of Rosmarinus officinalis: R. officinalis ‘Alba'; R. officinalis ‘Blue Rain'; R. officinalis ‘Corsican Blue'; R. officinalis ‘Israeli'; R. officinalis ‘Majorca Pink’ and one hybrid of rosemary, Rosmarinus x lavandulaceus Noë, cultivated at CREA Sanremo (Italy), were hydrodistilled separately and the obtained EOs were analysed by GC-MS. Monoterpenes predominated in all the EO profiles but oxygenated monoterpenes were the most abundant constituents in R. officinalis ‘Blue Rain’, R. officinalis ‘Corsican Blue’, R. officinalis ‘Israeli’ and R. officinalis ‘Majorca Pink’. R. x lavandulaceus Noë and R. officinalis ‘Alba’ showed percentages of monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes very similar. α-pinene, camphene, 1,8-cineole, camphor, borneol, verbenone, isobornyl acetate and β-caryophyllene were the main constituents present in all the plant cultivars, even though in different percentages. Myrcene predominate in R. officinalis ‘Alba’ (30.3 %), 1,8 cineol in R. officinalis ‘Blue Rain’ and R. officinalis ‘Israeli’ (21.9% and 26.4%, respectively), while camphor was the main constituent in R. officinalis ‘Majorca Pink’ (42.5%) and in R. x lavandulaceus (24.2%). R. officinalis ‘Corsican Blue’ showed similar amount of the three main components, verbenone, camphor and isobornyl acetate (18.5% >18.2% >15.4%, respectively). All the EOs were also tested for their antioxidant activity using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method and the stable radical DPPH. R. x lavandulaceus Noë showed the highest antioxidant activity, two folds more than that observed in R. officinalis ‘Israeli’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pistelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed agro-ambientali, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Nutrafood “Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute”, University of Pisa
| | | | - Francesca D'Angiolillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed agro-ambientali, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Claudio Cervelli
- CREA - Centro di Ricerca Orticoltura e Florovivaismo, Sanremo (Imperia) – Italy
| | - Luisa Pistelli
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Nutrafood “Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute”, University of Pisa
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Barbieri G, Bergamaschi M, Franceschini M, Barbieri G. Feasibility of addition of polyphenol-rich vegetable extracts in whole cooked products: Benefits and drawbacks. Meat Sci 2018; 139:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Suriyarak S, Schmidt H, Villeneuve P, Weiss J. Morphological and Dose-Dependent Study on the Effect of Methyl, Hexyl, and Dodecyl Rosmarinate on Staphylococcus carnosus LTH1502: Use of the Weibull Model. J Food Prot 2018; 81:598-605. [PMID: 29528706 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of three antimicrobial rosmarinates (methyl-RE1, hexyl-RE6, and dodecyl-RE12) were investigated against Staphylococcus carnosus LTH1502. Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the morphology of treated cells to gain information on potential changes in the site of action of compounds. The survival data obtained from antimicrobial activity assays were fitted to a nonlinear Weibull model to assess changes in inactivation behavior. Generally, esters became more effective with increasing length of the alkyl chain, resulting in a lower concentration for inhibition and inactivation. Weibull distribution parameters showed a downward concave inactivation pattern for RE1 above a critical concentration, indicative of a delayed log phase of the antimicrobial activity, with few cells being inactivated immediately after treatment and more cells being affected at later times. In contrast, esters having longer alkyl chains (RE6 and RE12) had an upward concave inactivation behavior, with more cells being inactivated immediately after addition of compounds. Cellular morphologies suggest that the antimicrobial mode of action of esters transitions from one that acts intracellularly (RE1) to one that predominately affects bacterial membrane (RE6 and RE12) due to changes in physicochemical properties of esters. Assessment that is based on the parameters of the Weibull model could, thus, be used to evaluate antimicrobial efficiency, in addition to MIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarisa Suriyarak
- 1 Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, and
- 2 Emerging Process for Food Functionality Design Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai, 10330 Bangkok, Thailand (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-6378 )
| | | | - Pierre Villeneuve
- 4 Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Dévelopment (CIRAD), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR), Ingénierie des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes (IATE), Montpellier, 34060 France
| | - Jochen Weiss
- 5 Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Garbenstrasse 21/25, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; and
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von Schönfeld C, Huber R, Trittler R, Kammerer B, Garcia-Käufer M, Gründemann C. Rosemary has immunosuppressant activity mediated through the STAT3 pathway. Complement Ther Med 2018; 40:165-170. [PMID: 30219443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In Europe extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis were traditionally used for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. We investigated the capacity of standardized aqueous extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis on human primary lymphocyte function in vitro, as activated lymphocytes are an important mediator of rheumatic diseases. METHODS Lymphocyte proliferation was measured using membrane-permeable dye carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE). Apoptosis was analysed by surface staining of phosphatidylserine (annexin V-assay) and necrosis was analysed by staining with propidium iodide. Modification of cell activity was detected by surface staining of CD69 and CD25. The activity of STAT3 in T-lymphocytes was determined by intracellular staining of STAT3 molecules. All endpoints were analyzed by using flow cytometry. The Rosmarinus officinalis extract was investigated at concentrations of 0.05-25 mg/mL. Analysis of the extract was performed using HPLC methods. RESULTS Rosmarinus officinalis inhibited proliferation of human lymphocytes and CD4+ T-cells in a dose-dependent manner (3.1-25 mg/mL) through induction of apoptosis. The intracellular signalling pathway STAT3 in T-cells, but not NF-kappaB and ERK1/2 in T- and B-cells was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by Rosmarinus officinalis (0.2-6.2 mg/mL). Rosmanol, carnosolic acid, carnosol and trans-caffeic acid were tested in the same cellular models as the crude extract. From these, only trans-caffeic acid inhibited lymphocyte proliferation and STAT3 (30-100 μg/mL). Trans-caffeic acid was found in the extract in a concentration of 14.7 μg/mL. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that an immunosuppressive effect of Rosmarinus officinalis is mostly due to the effect of trans-caffeic acid. It results in inhibition of the activity of STAT3 causing induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation of T-lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte von Schönfeld
- Center for Complementary Medicine, Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115B, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roman Huber
- Center for Complementary Medicine, Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115B, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Trittler
- University Medical Center, Pharmacy, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Kammerer
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis ZBSA, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Habsburger Str. 49, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Garcia-Käufer
- Center for Complementary Medicine, Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115B, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Gründemann
- Center for Complementary Medicine, Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115B, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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Yang JH, Mao KJ, Huang P, Ye YJ, Guo HS, Cai BC. Effect of piperine on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of rosmarinic acid in rat plasma using UPLC-MS/MS. Xenobiotica 2018; 48:178-185. [PMID: 28669317 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1292564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
1. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of piperine (PP) on the pharmacokinetics of rosmarinic acid (RA) in rat plasma and to determine whether PP could enhance the oral bioavailability of RA via inhibition of its glucuronidation. 2. The pharmacokinetic profiles of RA between oral administration of RA (50 mg/kg) alone and in combination with different oral dose PP (20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/kg) to rats were investigated via a validated UPLC/MS/MS method. 3. The AUC and Cmax of RA were significantly increased in combination with different dose PP dose dependently, especially in the presence of 60 and 80 mg/kg PP (p < 0.01). The relative bioavailability of RA in the presence of 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/kg PP was 1.24-, 1.32-, 2.02-, and 2.26-folds higher, respectively, compared with the control group given RA alone. Compared with RA, the pharmacokinetic modulations of RA glucuronide were even more apparent, and the glucuronidation of RA was remarkedly inhibited. 4. This study demonstrated that PP significantly improved the in vivo bioavailability of RA partly attributing to the inhibition of gut and hepatic metabolism enzymes of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Yang
- a Department of Pharmacy, Jiangyin Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Jiangyin , China
| | - Kun-Jun Mao
- b College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Medicine College , Shangrao , China , and
| | - Ping Huang
- b College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Medicine College , Shangrao , China , and
| | - Yin-Jun Ye
- b College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Medicine College , Shangrao , China , and
| | - Hua-Shan Guo
- b College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Medicine College , Shangrao , China , and
| | - Bao-Chang Cai
- c School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nannjing , China
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Amaral GP, Dobrachinski F, de Carvalho NR, Barcelos RP, da Silva MH, Lugokenski TH, Dias GRM, de Lima Portella R, Fachinetto R, Soares FAA. Multiple mechanistic action of Rosmarinus officinalis L. extract against ethanol effects in an acute model of intestinal damage. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98:454-459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Zhang S, Wang Z, Zhu J, Xu T, Zhao Y, Zhao H, Tang F, Li Z, Zhou J, Gao D, Tian X, Yao J. Carnosic Acid Alleviates BDL-Induced Liver Fibrosis through miR-29b-3p-Mediated Inhibition of the High-Mobility Group Box 1/Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Pathway in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2018; 8:976. [PMID: 29403377 PMCID: PMC5780338 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis reflects a progression to liver cancer or cirrhosis of the liver. Recent studies have shown that high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) plays a major role in hepatic injury and fibrosis. Carnosic acid (CA), a compound extracted from rosemary, has been reported to alleviate alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver injury. CA can also alleviate renal fibrosis. We hypothesized that CA might exert anti-liver fibrosis properties through an HMGB1-related pathway, and the results of the present study showed that CA treatment significantly protected against hepatic fibrosis in a bile duct ligation (BDL) rat model. CA reduced the liver expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen 1 (Col-1). Importantly, we found that CA ameliorated the increase in HMGB1 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) caused by BDL, and inhibited NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation in fibrotic livers. In vitro, CA inhibited LX2 cell activation by inhibiting HMGB1/TLR4 signaling pathway. Furthermore, miR-29b-3p decreased HMGB1 expression, and a dual-luciferase assay validated these results. Moreover, CA down-regulated HMGB1 and inhibited LX2 cell activation, and these effects were significantly counteracted by antago-miR-29b-3p, indicating that the CA-mediated inhibition of HMGB1 expression might be miR-29b-3p dependent. Collectively, the results demonstrate that a miR-29b-3p/HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, which can be modulated by CA, is important in liver fibrosis, and indicate that CA might be a prospective therapeutic drug for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhecheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Huanyu Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Fan Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhenlu Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Junjun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dongyan Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jihong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Carnosic acid attenuates RANKL-induced oxidative stress and osteoclastogenesis via induction of Nrf2 and suppression of NF-κB and MAPK signalling. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:1065-1076. [PMID: 28674855 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a redox-sensitive transcription factor, which plays an important role in the cellular defense against oxidative stress by induction of anti-oxidant and cytoprotective enzymes. In the current study, we sought to investigate the osteoprotective effect of carnosic acid (CA), a phenolic (catecholic) diterpene. It is widely identified for its electrophilic nature under oxidative stress conditions and thus anticipated to counter osteoporosis by facilitation of Nrf2 signalling. Osteoclast differentiation was induced by incubation of RAW 264.7 (mouse macrophage) cells and mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) in the presence of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) (100 ng/ml). After treatment, osteoclastogenesis was assessed using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay. We observed that 6 h pretreatment with CA (1.25, 2.5, 5 μM) decreased RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and abolished RANKL-induced ROS generation by activating Nrf2 and its transcriptional targets. Further, CA also inhibited RANKL-induced activation of NF-κB and MAPK signalling. RANKL-induced mRNA expression of osteoclast related genes and transcription factors was also diminished by CA. In vivo osteolysis was developed in C57BL/6 male mice using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Consistent with in vitro results, in vivo μ-CT analysis of femurs showed that bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone architecture parameters such as trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) and trabecular space (Tb.Sp) were positively modulated by CA in LPS-injected mice. The results obtained in this study support that CA inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by maintaining redox homeostasis through modulation of Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways. KEY MESSAGES Carnosic acid (CA) inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. CA inhibits RANKL-induced oxidative stress by upregulating Nrf2 transcriptional targets. CA attenuates RANKL-induced NF-κB and MAPK signalling activation. CA decreases NFATc1 and c-Fos expression. In vivo μ-CT analysis reveals that CA prevents bone loss in LPS-injected mice.
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Xu T, Zhou J, Zhu J, Zhang S, Zhang N, Zhao Y, Ding C, Shi X, Yao J. Carnosic acid protects non-alcoholic fatty liver-induced dopaminergic neuron injury in rats. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:483-491. [PMID: 27957651 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been reported to induce cognitive impairments of hippocampus and may influence central nervous system. In the present study, we investigated whether carnosic acid (CA) ameliorates dopaminergic neuron injury in a rat model of NAFLD. In order to induce NAFLD, rats were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks. We found that continued CA administration reduced lipid accumulation marked by decreases in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level in the serum. H&E staining revealed that feeding CA reduced lipid droplets accumulation, and alleviated oxidative stress by increasing in superoxide dismutase (SOD) level and decreasing in malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the liver. In addition, by measuring several parameters of gait analysis, we demonstrated that CA treatment ameliorated behavioral impairments, as evidenced by decreased duration and maximum variation, accompanied by increased average speed and cadence. Furthermore, CA treated-animals displayed an increase in the contents of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacelic acid (DOPAC) and elevated the expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) as well as the TH protein in the striatum. Together, these findings suggest that CA may be an effective agent in protecting rats from NAFLD-induced dopaminergic neuron injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunchun Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China.
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Wang J, Li G, Rui T, Kang A, Li G, Fu T, Li J, Di L, Cai B. Pharmacokinetics of rosmarinic acid in rats by LC-MS/MS: absolute bioavailability and dose proportionality. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28237g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic properties of RA were characterized as rapid absorption, middle-speed elimination, poor absolute bioavailability, and lack of dose proportionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Wang
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS)
| | - Guoyuan Li
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS)
| | - Tianqi Rui
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS)
| | - An Kang
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS)
| | - Guochun Li
- The Center of Statistical Research and Consultation of TCM
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Tingming Fu
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS)
| | - Junsong Li
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS)
| | - Liuqing Di
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS)
| | - Baochang Cai
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- China
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Lou K, Yang M, Duan E, Zhao J, Yu C, Zhang R, Zhang L, Zhang M, Xiao Z, Hu W, He Z. Rosmarinic acid stimulates liver regeneration through the mTOR pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1574-1582. [PMID: 27823621 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rosemary (Rosmarinus offcinsalis L) has a liver protection function under various conditions of liver damage. Rosmarinic acid, one of the pharmacological constituents of rosemary, exhibited protective effects against organ injury, including acute liver injury. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesize that RA stimulates liver regeneration. STUDY DESIGN In the present study, we investigated the effects and mechanism of RA administration on liver regeneration using partial hepatectomy (PH), a well-validated liver regeneration model in mice. METHODS We use a 2/3 partial hepatectomy (PH) model to induce liver regeneration. RA was administered prior to and simultaneously with PH. The regeneration process was estimated by the index of the liver to body weight (ILBW) and the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and liver transaminases. RESULTS The administration of rosmarinic acid stimulated hepatocyte proliferation based on activation of the mTOR/S6K pathway. Rosmarinic acid treatment also rescued impaired liver function due to PH. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that RA is potentially useful to promote liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihan Lou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Min Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Erdan Duan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jiahui Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Cong Yu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Rongping Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lanchun Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhicheng Xiao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Weiyan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Zhiyong He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia.
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Scheler U, Brandt W, Porzel A, Rothe K, Manzano D, Božić D, Papaefthimiou D, Balcke GU, Henning A, Lohse S, Marillonnet S, Kanellis AK, Ferrer A, Tissier A. Elucidation of the biosynthesis of carnosic acid and its reconstitution in yeast. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12942. [PMID: 27703160 PMCID: PMC5059481 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosemary extracts containing the phenolic diterpenes carnosic acid and its derivative carnosol are approved food additives used in an increasingly wide range of products to enhance shelf-life, thanks to their high anti-oxidant activity. We describe here the elucidation of the complete biosynthetic pathway of carnosic acid and its reconstitution in yeast cells. Cytochrome P450 oxygenases (CYP76AH22-24) from Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia fruticosa already characterized as ferruginol synthases are also able to produce 11-hydroxyferruginol. Modelling-based mutagenesis of three amino acids in the related ferruginol synthase (CYP76AH1) from S. miltiorrhiza is sufficient to convert it to a 11-hydroxyferruginol synthase (HFS). The three sequential C20 oxidations for the conversion of 11-hydroxyferruginol to carnosic acid are catalysed by the related CYP76AK6-8. The availability of the genes for the biosynthesis of carnosic acid opens opportunities for the metabolic engineering of phenolic diterpenes, a class of compounds with potent anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour activities. Diterpenes are plant products with high antioxidant properties and potential application as food additives and therapeutics. Here, the authors describe the complete biosynthetic pathway of carnosic acid and reconstruct it in yeast, opening the way to metabolic engineering of phenolic diterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulschan Scheler
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brandt
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Andrea Porzel
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Kathleen Rothe
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - David Manzano
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dragana Božić
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Papaefthimiou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gerd Ulrich Balcke
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Anja Henning
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Swanhild Lohse
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Sylvestre Marillonnet
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Angelos K Kanellis
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle 06120, Germany
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Ekambaram SP, Perumal SS, Balakrishnan A, Marappan N, Gajendran SS, Viswanathan V. Antibacterial synergy between rosmarinic acid and antibiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE RESEARCH 2016; 5:358-363. [PMID: 27757265 PMCID: PMC5061478 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20160906035020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM/BACKGROUND Medicinal plants have ability to resist microorganisms by synthesizing secondary metabolites such as phenols. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a phenylpropanoid widely distributed in plants and well known as therapeutic and cosmetic agent. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) which is resistant to all kinds of β-lactams, threatens even most potent antibiotics. To improve the efficiency of antibiotics against multi-drug resistant bacteria and to reduce the antibiotic dose, the antibacterial activity and the synergistic effect of RA with standard antibiotics against S. aureus and MRSA was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antibacterial activity of RA against S. aureus and a clinical isolate of MRSA was evaluated by agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of RA was determined by broth dilution method. Synergism of RA with various antibiotics against S. aureus and MRSA was studied by broth checkerboard method and time-kill kinetic assay. Effect of RA on microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMM's) of S. aureus and MRSA was studied using sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. RESULTS MIC of RA was found to be 0.8 and 10 mg/ml against S. aureus and MRSA, respectively. RA was synergistic with vancomycin, ofloxacin, and amoxicillin against S. aureus and only with vancomycin against MRSA. The time-kill analysis revealed that synergistic combinations were a more effective than individual antibiotics. MSCRAMM's protein expression of S. aureus and MRSA was markedly suppressed by RA + vancomycin combination rather than RA alone. CONCLUSION The synergistic effects of RA with antibiotics were observed against S. aureus and MRSA. RA showed inhibitory effect on the surface proteins MSCRAMM's. Even though RA was shown to exhibit a synergistic effect with antibiotics, the MIC was found to be higher. Thus, further studies on increasing the efficacy of RA can develop it as an adjuvant for antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanmuga Priya Ekambaram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Senthamil Selvan Perumal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ajay Balakrishnan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nathiya Marappan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sabari Srinivasan Gajendran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vinodhini Viswanathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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68
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Exploiting the cyclodextrins ability for antioxidants encapsulation: A computational approach to carnosol and carnosic acid embedding. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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69
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Abstract
The major natural products that are present in the garden herb, rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) including the mono di- and triterpenoid, flavonoid and phenolic constituents together with their biological activity as anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, memory-enhancing and tumour-inhibitory agents, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Hanson
- University of Sussex, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QJ, UK
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70
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Justo OR, Simioni PU, Gabriel DL, Tamashiro WMDSC, Rosa PDTV, Moraes ÂM. Evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of crude ginger and rosemary extracts obtained through supercritical CO2 extraction on macrophage and tumor cell line: the influence of vehicle type. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:390. [PMID: 26511466 PMCID: PMC4625945 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0896-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous plants from have been investigated due to their anti-inflammatory activity and, among then, extracts or components of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), sources of polyphenolic compounds. 6-gingerol from ginger rhizome and carnosic acid and carnosol from rosemary leaves present anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. However, the evaluation of the mechanisms of action of these and other plant extracts is limited due to their high hydrophobicity. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is commonly used as a vehicle of liposoluble materials to mammalian cells in vitro, presenting enhanced cell penetration. Liposomes are also able to efficiently deliver agents to mammalian cells, being capable to incorporate in their structure not only hydrophobic molecules, but also hydrophilic and amphiphilic compounds. Another strategy is based on the use of Pluronic F-68, a biocompatible low-foaming, non-ionic surfactant, to disperse hydrophobic components. Here, these three delivery approaches were compared to analyze their influence on the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of ginger and rosemary extracts, at different concentrations, on primary mammalian cells and on a tumor cell line. METHODS Ginger and rosemary extracts free of organic solvents were obtained by supercritical fluid extraction and dispersed in DMSO, Pluronic F-68 or liposomes, in variable concentrations. Cell viability, production of inflammatory mediators and nitric oxide (NO) release were measured in vitro on J774 cell line and murine macrophages primary culture stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ after being exposed or not to these extracts. RESULTS Ginger and rosemary extracts obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the release of NO by peritoneal macrophages and J774 cells. The delivery vehicles influenced the anti-inflammatory effects. Comparatively, the ginger extract showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity on the tumor cell line. Controversially, rosemary extract dispersed on DMSO induced a more significant IL-1 and TNF-α reduction than ginger extract in primary macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Amongst the tested delivery vehicles, DMSO was the most suitable, presenting reduced cytotoxicity, followed by Pluronic F-68 and liposomes, provably due to differences in their form of absorption, distribution and cellular metabolism. Co-administration of liposomes and plant extracts may cause death of macrophages cells and induction of NO production. It can be concluded that some of the beneficial effects attributed to extracts of ginger and rosemary may be associated with the inhibition of inflammatory mediators due to their high antioxidant activity. However, these effects were influenced by the type of delivery vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oselys Rodriguez Justo
- Department of Engineering of Materials and of Bioprocesses - School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, 13083-852, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Ucelli Simioni
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents - Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Dirce Lima Gabriel
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents - Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo de Tarso Vieira Rosa
- Departament of Physical Chemistry - Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ângela Maria Moraes
- Department of Engineering of Materials and of Bioprocesses - School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, 13083-852, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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González-Vallinas M, Reglero G, Ramírez de Molina A. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Extract as a Potential Complementary Agent in Anticancer Therapy. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:1221-9. [PMID: 26452641 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1082110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains an important cause of mortality nowadays and, therefore, new therapeutic approaches are still needed. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) has been reported to possess antitumor activities both in vitro and in animal studies. Some of these activities were attributed to its major components, such as carnosic acid, carnosol, ursolic acid, and rosmarinic acid. Initially, the antitumor effects of rosemary were attributed to its antioxidant activity. However, in recent years, a lack of correlation between antioxidant and antitumor effects exerted by rosemary was reported, and different molecular mechanisms were related to its tumor inhibitory properties. Moreover, supported by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Food and Safety Authority, specific compositions of rosemary extract were demonstrated to be safe for human health and used as antioxidant additive in foods, suggesting the potential easy application of this agent as a complementary approach in cancer therapy. In this review, we aim to summarize the reported anticancer effects of rosemary, the demonstrated molecular mechanisms related to these effects and the interactions between rosemary and currently used anticancer agents. The possibility of using rosemary extract as a complementary agent in cancer therapy in comparison with its isolated components is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita González-Vallinas
- a Unit of Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Food (IMDEA Food), Campus of International Excellence, (CEI) UAM+CSIC , Madrid , Spain
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- b Unit of Food Products for Health , Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Food (IMDEA Food) and Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research , Campus of International Excellence, (CEI) UAM+CSIC, Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana Ramírez de Molina
- a Unit of Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Food (IMDEA Food), Campus of International Excellence, (CEI) UAM+CSIC , Madrid , Spain
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Shan W, Gao L, Zeng W, Hu Y, Wang G, Li M, Zhou J, Ma X, Tian X, Yao J. Activation of the SIRT1/p66shc antiapoptosis pathway via carnosic acid-induced inhibition of miR-34a protects rats against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell Death Dis 2015. [PMID: 26203862 PMCID: PMC4650741 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that miR-34a expression is significantly upregulated and associated with apoptosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Carnosic acid (CA) is a novel antioxidant and a potential inhibitor of apoptosis in organ injury, including liver injury. This study aimed to investigate the signaling mechanisms underlying miR-34a expression and the antiapoptotic effect of CA in NAFLD. CA treatment significantly reduced the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced elevations in aminotransferase activity as well as in serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels but increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Moreover, CA treatment ameliorated the increase in cleaved caspase-3 caused by HFD exposure and completely reversed the HFD-induced decreases in manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and B-cell lymphoma-extra large expression. CA also counteracted the HFD- or palmitic acid (PA)-induced increases in caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity. Mechanistically, CA reversed the HFD- or PA-induced upregulation of miR-34a, which is the best-characterized regulator of SIRT1. Importantly, the decrease in miR-34a expression was closely associated with the activation of the SIRT1/p66shc pathway, which attenuates hepatocyte apoptosis in liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. A dual luciferase assay in L02 cells validated the modulation of SIRT1 by CA, which occurs at least partly via miR-34a. In addition, miR-34a overexpression was significantly counteracted by CA, which prevented the miR-34a-dependent repression of the SIRT1/p66shc pathway and apoptosis. Collectively, our results support a link between liver cell apoptosis and the miR-34a/SIRT1/p66shc pathway, which can be modulated by CA in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Shan
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - L Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - W Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Y Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - G Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - M Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - X Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - X Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - J Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Božić D, Papaefthimiou D, Brückner K, de Vos RCH, Tsoleridis CA, Katsarou D, Papanikolaou A, Pateraki I, Chatzopoulou FM, Dimitriadou E, Kostas S, Manzano D, Scheler U, Ferrer A, Tissier A, Makris AM, Kampranis SC, Kanellis AK. Towards Elucidating Carnosic Acid Biosynthesis in Lamiaceae: Functional Characterization of the Three First Steps of the Pathway in Salvia fruticosa and Rosmarinus officinalis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124106. [PMID: 26020634 PMCID: PMC4447455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosic acid (CA) is a phenolic diterpene with anti-tumour, anti-diabetic, antibacterial and neuroprotective properties that is produced by a number of species from several genera of the Lamiaceae family, including Salvia fruticosa (Cretan sage) and Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary). To elucidate CA biosynthesis, glandular trichome transcriptome data of S. fruticosa were mined for terpene synthase genes. Two putative diterpene synthase genes, namely SfCPS and SfKSL, showing similarities to copalyl diphosphate synthase and kaurene synthase-like genes, respectively, were isolated and functionally characterized. Recombinant expression in Escherichia coli followed by in vitro enzyme activity assays confirmed that SfCPS is a copalyl diphosphate synthase. Coupling of SfCPS with SfKSL, both in vitro and in yeast, resulted in the synthesis miltiradiene, as confirmed by 1D and 2D NMR analyses (1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY H-H, HMQC and HMBC). Coupled transient in vivo assays of SfCPS and SfKSL in Nicotiana benthamiana further confirmed production of miltiradiene in planta. To elucidate the subsequent biosynthetic step, RNA-Seq data of S. fruticosa and R. officinalis were searched for cytochrome P450 (CYP) encoding genes potentially involved in the synthesis of the first phenolic compound in the CA pathway, ferruginol. Three candidate genes were selected, SfFS, RoFS1 and RoFS2. Using yeast and N. benthamiana expression systems, all three where confirmed to be coding for ferruginol synthases, thus revealing the enzymatic activities responsible for the first three steps leading to CA in two Lamiaceae genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Božić
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Papaefthimiou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kathleen Brückner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ric C. H. de Vos
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Constantinos A. Tsoleridis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Katsarou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antigoni Papanikolaou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Irini Pateraki
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fani M. Chatzopoulou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Dimitriadou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stefanos Kostas
- Laboratory of Floriculture, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - David Manzano
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ulschan Scheler
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alain Tissier
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Antonios M. Makris
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thermi Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sotirios C. Kampranis
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 710 03 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Angelos K. Kanellis
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
- * E-mail:
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Ramalho LNZ, Pasta ÂAC, Terra VA, Augusto MJ, Sanches SC, Souza-Neto FP, Cecchini R, Gulin F, Ramalho FS. Rosmarinic acid attenuates hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 74:270-8. [PMID: 25455894 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RosmA) demonstrates antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. We investigated the effect of RosmA on liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. Rats were submitted to 60 min of ischemia plus saline or RosmA treatment (150 mg/kg BW intraperitoneally) followed by 6 h of reperfusion. Hepatocellular injury was evaluated according to aminotransferase activity and histological damage. Hepatic neutrophil accumulation was also evaluated. Oxidative/nitrosative stress was estimated by measuring the reduced glutathione, lipid hydroperoxide and nitrotyrosine levels. Endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase (eNOS/iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) were assessed with immunoblotting and chemiluminescence assays. Hepatic tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta mRNA were assessed using real-time PCR, and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation was estimated by immunostaining. RosmA treatment reduced hepatocellular damage, neutrophil infiltration and all oxidative/nitrosative stress parameters. RosmA decreased the liver content of eNOS/iNOS and NO, attenuated NF-κB activation, and down-regulated TNF-α and interleukin-1beta gene expression. These data indicate that RosmA exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in the ischemic liver, thereby protecting hepatocytes against ischemia/reperfusion injury. The mechanisms underlying these effects may be related to the inhibitory potential of RosmA on the NF-κB signaling pathway and the reduction of iNOS and eNOS expressions and NO levels, in addition to its natural antioxidant capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandra Naira Z Ramalho
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Two-step sequential supercritical fluid extracts from rosemary with enhanced anti-proliferative activity. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Thakur S, Sarkar B, Cholia RP, Gautam N, Dhiman M, Mantha AK. APE1/Ref-1 as an emerging therapeutic target for various human diseases: phytochemical modulation of its functions. Exp Mol Med 2014; 46:e106. [PMID: 25033834 PMCID: PMC4119211 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2014.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is a multifunctional enzyme involved in the base excision repair (BER) pathway, which repairs oxidative base damage caused by endogenous and exogenous agents. APE1 acts as a reductive activator of many transcription factors (TFs) and has also been named redox effector factor 1, Ref-1. For example, APE1 activates activator protein-1, nuclear factor kappa B, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, paired box gene 8, signal transducer activator of transcription 3 and p53, which are involved in apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis and survival pathways. APE1/Ref-1 maintains cellular homeostasis (redox) via the activation of TFs that regulate various physiological processes and that crosstalk with redox balancing agents (for example, thioredoxin, catalase and superoxide dismutase) by controlling levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The efficiency of APE1/Ref-1's function(s) depends on pairwise interaction with participant protein(s), the functions regulated by APE1/Ref-1 include the BER pathway, TFs, energy metabolism, cytoskeletal elements and stress-dependent responses. Thus, APE1/Ref-1 acts as a ‘hub-protein' that controls pathways that are important for cell survival. In this review, we will discuss APE1/Ref-1's versatile nature in various human etiologies, including neurodegeneration, cancer, cardiovascular and other diseases that have been linked with alterations in the expression, subcellular localization and activities of APE/Ref-1. APE1/Ref-1 can be targeted for therapeutic intervention using natural plant products that modulate the expression and functions of APE1/Ref-1. In addition, studies focusing on translational applications based on APE1/Ref-1-mediated therapeutic interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Thakur
- Center for Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Punjab, India
| | - Bibekananda Sarkar
- Center for Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Punjab, India
| | - Ravi P Cholia
- Center for Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Punjab, India
| | - Nandini Gautam
- Center for Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Punjab, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Center for Genetic Diseases and Molecular Medicine, School of Emerging Life Science Technologies, Central University of Punjab, Punjab, India
| | - Anil K Mantha
- 1] Center for Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Punjab, India [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Gómez FS, Sánchez SP, Iradi MGG, Azman NAM, Almajano MP. Avocado Seeds: Extraction Optimization and Possible Use as Antioxidant in Food. Antioxidants (Basel) 2014; 3:439-54. [PMID: 26784880 PMCID: PMC4665478 DOI: 10.3390/antiox3020439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of avocado (Persea americana Mill) has increased worldwide in recent years. Part of this food (skin and seed) is lost during processing. However, a high proportion of bioactive substances, such as polyphenols, remain in this residue. The primary objective of this study was to model the extraction of polyphenols from the avocado pits. In addition, a further objective was to use the extract obtained to evaluate the protective power against oxidation in food systems, as for instance oil in water emulsions and meat products. Moreover, the possible synergy between the extracts and egg albumin in the emulsions is discussed. In Response Surface Method (RSM), the variables used are: temperature, time and ethanol concentration. The results are the total polyphenols content (TPC) and the antiradical power measured by Oxygen Radical Antioxidant Capacity (ORAC). In emulsions, the primary oxidation, by Peroxide Value and in fat meat the secondary oxidation, by TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), were analyzed. The RSM model has an R2 of 94.69 for TPC and 96.7 for ORAC. In emulsions, the inhibition of the oxidation is about 30% for pure extracts and 60% for the combination of extracts with egg albumin. In the meat burger oxidation, the formation of TBARS is avoided by 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Segovia Gómez
- Chemical Engineering Department, Technical University of Catalonia, Avda. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Chemical Engineering Department, Antonio José de Sucre National Experimental Polytechnic University, Avenida Corpahuaico, 3001 Barquisimeto, Venezuela.
| | - Sara Peiró Sánchez
- Chemical Engineering Department, Technical University of Catalonia, Avda. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Nurul Aini Mohd Azman
- Chemical Engineering Department, Technical University of Catalonia, Avda. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María Pilar Almajano
- Chemical Engineering Department, Technical University of Catalonia, Avda. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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González-Vallinas M, Molina S, Vicente G, Zarza V, Martín-Hernández R, García-Risco MR, Fornari T, Reglero G, de Molina AR. Expression of microRNA-15b and the glycosyltransferase GCNT3 correlates with antitumor efficacy of Rosemary diterpenes in colon and pancreatic cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98556. [PMID: 24892299 PMCID: PMC4043684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal and pancreatic cancers remain important contributors to cancer mortality burden and, therefore, new therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extracts and its components have been reported as natural potent antiproliferative agents against cancer cells. However, to potentially apply rosemary as a complementary approach for cancer therapy, additional information regarding the most effective composition, its antitumor effect in vivo and its main molecular mediators is still needed. In this work, five carnosic acid-rich supercritical rosemary extracts with different chemical compositions have been assayed for their antitumor activity both in vivo (in nude mice) and in vitro against colon and pancreatic cancer cells. We found that the antitumor effect of carnosic acid together with carnosol was higher than the sum of their effects separately, which supports the use of the rosemary extract as a whole. In addition, gene and microRNA expression analyses have been performed to ascertain its antitumor mechanism, revealing that up-regulation of the metabolic-related gene GCNT3 and down-regulation of its potential epigenetic modulator miR-15b correlate with the antitumor effect of rosemary. Moreover, plasmatic miR-15b down-regulation was detected after in vivo treatment with rosemary. Our results support the use of carnosic acid-rich rosemary extract as a complementary approach in colon and pancreatic cancer and indicate that GCNT3 expression may be involved in its antitumor mechanism and that miR-15b might be used as a non-invasive biomarker to monitor rosemary anticancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita González-Vallinas
- Unit of Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Food (IMDEA-Food), Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Molina
- Unit of Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Food (IMDEA-Food), Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Vicente
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Zarza
- Unit of Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Food (IMDEA-Food), Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Martín-Hernández
- Unit of Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Food (IMDEA-Food), Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica R. García-Risco
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiziana Fornari
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- Unit of Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Food (IMDEA-Food), Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ramírez de Molina
- Unit of Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Food (IMDEA-Food), Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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79
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Segovia F, Lupo B, Peiró S, Gordon MH, Almajano MP. Extraction of Antioxidants from Borage (Borago officinalis L.) Leaves-Optimization by Response Surface Method and Application in Oil-in-Water Emulsions. Antioxidants (Basel) 2014; 3:339-57. [PMID: 26784875 PMCID: PMC4665488 DOI: 10.3390/antiox3020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Borage (Borago officinalis L.) is a typical Spanish plant. During processing, 60% are leaves. The aim of this work is to model and optimize the extraction of polyphenol from borage leaves using the response surface method (RSM) and to use this extract for application in emulsions. The responses were: total polyphenol content (TPC), antioxidant capacity by ORAC, and rosmarinic acid by HPLC. The ranges of the variables temperature, ethanol content and time were 50-90 °C, 0%-30%-60% ethanol (v/v), and 10-15 min. For ethanolic extraction, optimal conditions were at 75.9 °C, 52% ethanol and 14.8 min, yielding activity of 27.05 mg GAE/g DW TPC; 115.96 mg TE/g DW in ORAC and 11.02 mg/L rosmarinic acid. For water extraction, optimal activity was achieved with extraction at 98.3 °C and 22 min, with responses of 22.3 mg GAE/g DW TPC; 81.6 mg TE/g DW in ORAC and 3.9 mg/L rosmarinic acid. The significant variables were ethanol concentration and temperature. For emulsions, the peroxide value was inhibited by 60% for 3% extract concentration; and 80% with 3% extract concentration and 0.2% of BSA. The p-anisidine value between the control and the emulsion with 3% extract was reduced to 73.6% and with BSA 86.3%, and others concentrations had similar behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Segovia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia, Avda. Diagonal 647, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Antonio José de Sucre National Experimental Polytechnic University, Avenida Corpahuaico, Barquisimeto 3001, Venezuela.
| | - Bryshila Lupo
- Department of Agro-industrial Engineering, Lisandro Alvarado Central Western University, Avenida Florencio Jiménez, Km 1, Barquisimeto 3001, Venezuela.
| | - Sara Peiró
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia, Avda. Diagonal 647, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Michael H Gordon
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights P.O. Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
| | - María Pilar Almajano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia, Avda. Diagonal 647, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
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Brückner K, Božić D, Manzano D, Papaefthimiou D, Pateraki I, Scheler U, Ferrer A, de Vos RCH, Kanellis AK, Tissier A. Characterization of two genes for the biosynthesis of abietane-type diterpenes in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) glandular trichomes. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 101:52-64. [PMID: 24569175 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) produces the phenolic diterpenes carnosic acid and carnosol, which, in addition to their general antioxidant activities, have recently been suggested as potential ingredients for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Little is known about the biosynthesis of these diterpenes. Here we show that the biosynthesis of phenolic diterpenes in rosemary predominantly takes place in the glandular trichomes of young leaves, and used this feature to identify the first committed steps. Thus, a copalyl diphosphate synthase (RoCPS1) and two kaurene synthase-like (RoKSL1 and RoKSL2) encoding genes were identified and characterized. Expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and Nicotiana benthamiana demonstrate that RoCPS1 converts geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) to copalyl diphosphate (CDP) of normal stereochemistry and that both RoKSL1 and RoKSL2 use normal CDP to produce an abietane diterpene. Comparison to the already characterized diterpene synthase from Salvia miltiorrhiza (SmKSL) demonstrates that the product of RoKSL1 and RoKSL2 is miltiradiene. Expression analysis supports a major contributing role for RoKSL2. Like SmKSL and the sclareol synthase from Salvia sclarea, RoKSL1/2 are diterpene synthases of the TPS-e group which have lost the internal gamma-domain. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis indicates that RoKSL1 and RoKSL2 belong to a distinct group of KSL enzymes involved in specialized metabolism which most likely emerged before the dicot-monocot split.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Brückner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle-Saale, Germany
| | - Dragana Božić
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - David Manzano
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dimitra Papaefthimiou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Irini Pateraki
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ulschan Scheler
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle-Saale, Germany
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ric C H de Vos
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands; Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Angelos K Kanellis
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alain Tissier
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle-Saale, Germany.
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Jordán MJ, Castillo J, Bañón S, Martínez-Conesa C, Sotomayor JA. Relevance of the carnosic acid/carnosol ratio for the level of rosemary diterpene transfer and for improving lamb meat antioxidant status. Food Chem 2014; 151:212-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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A rosemary extract rich in carnosic acid selectively modulates caecum microbiota and inhibits β-glucosidase activity, altering fiber and short chain fatty acids fecal excretion in lean and obese female rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94687. [PMID: 24733124 PMCID: PMC3986085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carnosic acid (CA) and rosemary extracts (RE) show body-weight, energy metabolism and inflammation regulatory properties in animal models but the mechanisms are not yet understood. Gut microbiota plays an important role in the host metabolism and inflammatory status and is modulated by the diet. The aim of this research was to investigate whether a RE enriched in CA affected caecum microbiota composition and activity in a rat model of genetic obesity. Methods and Principal Findings A RE (40% CA) was administered with the diet (0.5% w/w) to lean (fa/+) and obese (fa/fa) female Zucker rats for 64 days. Changes in the microbiota composition and β-glucosidase activity in the caecum and in the levels of macronutrients and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in feces were examined. The RE increased the Blautia coccoides and Bacteroides/Prevotella groups and reduced the Lactobacillus/Leuconostoc/Pediococccus group in both types of animals. Clostridium leptum was significantly decreased and Bifidobacterium increased only in the lean rats. β-Glucosidase activity was significantly reduced and fecal fiber excretion increased in the two genotypes. The RE also increased the main SCFA excreted in the feces of the obese rats but decreased them in the lean rats reflecting important differences in the uptake and metabolism of these molecules between the two genotypes. Conclusions Our results indicate that the consumption of a RE enriched in CA modifies microbiota composition and decreases β-glucosidase activity in the caecum of female Zucker rats while it increases fiber fecal elimination. These results may contribute to explain the body weight gain reducing effects of the RE. The mutated leptin receptor of the obese animals significantly affects the microbiota composition, the SCFA fecal excretion and the host response to the RE intake.
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Ortuño J, Serrano R, Jordán MJ, Bañón S. Shelf life of meat from lambs given essential oil-free rosemary extract containing carnosic acid plus carnosol at 200 or 400mgkg−1. Meat Sci 2014; 96:1452-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Yang L, Ding G, Lin H, Cheng H, Kong Y, Wei Y, Fang X, Liu R, Wang L, Chen X, Yang C. Transcriptome analysis of medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza and identification of genes related to tanshinone biosynthesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80464. [PMID: 24260395 PMCID: PMC3834075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, a perennial plant of Lamiaceae, accumulates abietane-type diterpenoids of tanshinones in root, which have been used as traditional Chinese medicine to treat neuroasthenic insomnia and cardiovascular diseases. However, to date the biosynthetic pathway of tanshinones is only partially elucidated and the mechanism for their root-specific accumulation remains unknown. To identify enzymes and transcriptional regulators involved in the biosynthesis of tanshinones, we conducted transcriptome profiling of S. miltiorrhiza root and leaf tissues using the 454 GS-FLX pyrosequencing platform, which generated 550,546 and 525,292 reads, respectively. RNA sequencing reads were assembled and clustered into 64,139 unigenes (29,883 isotigs and 34,256 singletons). NCBI non-redundant protein databases (NR) and Swiss-Prot database searches anchored 32,096 unigenes (50%) with functional annotations based on sequence similarities. Further assignments with Gene Ontology (GO) terms and KEGG biochemical pathways identified 168 unigenes referring to the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis (including 144 MEP and MVA pathway genes and 24 terpene synthases). Comparative analysis of the transcriptomes identified 2,863 unigenes that were highly expressed in roots, including those encoding enzymes of early steps of tanshinone biosynthetic pathway, such as copalyl diphosphate synthase (SmCPS), kaurene synthase-like (SmKSL) and CYP76AH1. Other differentially expressed unigenes predicted to be related to tanshinone biosynthesis fall into cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, dehydrogenases and reductases, as well as regulatory factors. In addition, 21 P450 genes were selectively confirmed by real-time PCR. Thus we have generated a large unigene dataset which provides a valuable resource for further investigation of the radix development and biosynthesis of tanshinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China ; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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85
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Lucarini R, Bernardes WA, Ferreira DS, Tozatti MG, Furtado R, Bastos JK, Pauletti PM, Januário AH, Silva MLAE, Cunha WR. In vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Rosmarinus officinalis aqueous extracts, rosmarinic acid and its acetyl ester derivative. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:1087-90. [PMID: 23738822 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.776613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Despite several pharmacological applications of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae), studies on its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties have been scarce. OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to use in vivo models to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extracts obtained from leaves (AEL) and stems (AES) of Rosmarinus officinalis, as well as its isolated compound--rosmarinic acid (RA). We also prepared and assessed the acetyl ester derivative of RA. MATERIALS AND METHODS The analgesic activity was evaluated using abdominal constriction and formalin tests. For the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects, carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats were used. The extracts were used at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg kg⁻¹ compounds were tested at 10, 20 and 40 mg kg⁻¹. RESULTS Orally administered AEL, AES and RA were not significantly active at any of the doses tested during the abdominal constriction test; the acetyl ester derivative of RA displayed significant analgesic activity. In the carrageenin-induced paw edema assay, the acetyl derivative of RA at all the tested doses produced significant anti-inflammatory effects and reduced the number of paw licks in the second phase of the formalin test. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results suggest that the analgesic effects of the acetyl derivative of RA operate via a peripheral-mediated mechanism. The acetyl ester derivative of RA is potentially applicable as a new lead compound for the management of pain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Lucarini
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
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Liu X, Du J, Ou Y, Xu H, Chen X, Zhou A, He L, Cao Y. Degradation pathway of carnosic acid in methanol solution through isolation and structural identification of its degradation products. Eur Food Res Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-013-2035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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87
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Jordán MJ, Lax V, Rota MC, Lorán S, Sotomayor JA. Influence of the Bioclimatic Area on the Polyphenolic Composition, and Antioxidant and Bacteriostatic Activities of Rosmarinus officinalis. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the ecological traits of the different bioclimatic areas of the province of Murcia on the chemical variability and antioxidant and bacteriostatic activities of individual rosemary extracts was studied. The main findings confirmed that a high thermicity index, favors both the methanolic extracts yielded by these shrubs and their biological activities. However, differences in their polyphenolic composition should be attributed to the genetic heritage of these plants rather than to the bioclimatic conditions in which they grow. As regards the relationship between the chemical composition of these extracts and their biological activities, it was noted that a high phenolic acid content, especially of rosmarinic acid, may increase the antioxidant activity exhibited by extracts containing high levels of carnosic acid. The bacteriostatic activity was higher ( p< 0.05) in those extracts in which carnosic acid was the major component quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Jordán
- Department of Natural Resources. Murcia Institute of Agri-Food Research and Development (IMIDA), c/ Mayor s/n, 30150 La Alberca(Murcia), Spain
| | - Vanesa Lax
- Department of Natural Resources. Murcia Institute of Agri-Food Research and Development (IMIDA), c/ Mayor s/n, 30150 La Alberca(Murcia), Spain
| | - Maria C. Rota
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Food Hygiene, Inspection, Control and Microbiology Unit, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Susana Lorán
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Food Hygiene, Inspection, Control and Microbiology Unit, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José A. Sotomayor
- Department of Natural Resources. Murcia Institute of Agri-Food Research and Development (IMIDA), c/ Mayor s/n, 30150 La Alberca(Murcia), Spain
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