51
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Casado U, Mucci VL, Aranguren MI. Cellulose nanocrystals suspensions: Liquid crystal anisotropy, rheology and films iridescence. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117848. [PMID: 33766344 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The properties of aqueous suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and their casted films are revised. The bio-nanoparticles are briefly introduced, including modifications of the crystals and the suspending media. The formation of CNC-derived liquid crystals (LC) and their resulting rheological behavior are presented. The effects of different variables are addressed: CNC aspect ratio, surface chemistry, concentration, time required for the appearance of an anisotropic phase and addition of other components to the suspension media. The changes on the structure induced by alignment, and by conditions of the drying process are also reported. The optical properties of the films are considered, and the effect of the above variables on the final transparency, iridescence and overall optical response of these bio-inspired photonic materials. Control of the reviewed variables is needed to achieve reliable materials in applications such as sensors, smart inks and papers, transparent flexible supports for electronics, decorative coatings and films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulises Casado
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones en Ciencia y tecnología (CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería, Av. Juan B Justo 4302, (7600), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Verónica L Mucci
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones en Ciencia y tecnología (CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería, Av. Juan B Justo 4302, (7600), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Mirta I Aranguren
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones en Ciencia y tecnología (CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería, Av. Juan B Justo 4302, (7600), Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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52
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Kádár R, Spirk S, Nypelö T. Cellulose Nanocrystal Liquid Crystal Phases: Progress and Challenges in Characterization Using Rheology Coupled to Optics, Scattering, and Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2021; 15:7931-7945. [PMID: 33756078 PMCID: PMC8158857 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) self-assemble and can be flow-assembled to liquid crystalline orders in a water suspension. The orders range from nano- to macroscale with the contributions of individual crystals, their micron clusters, and macroscopic assemblies. The resulting hierarchies are optically active materials that exhibit iridescence, reflectance, and light transmission. Although these assemblies have the potential for future renewable materials, details about structures on different hierarchical levels that span from the nano- to the macroscale are still not unraveled. Rheological characterization is essential for investigating flow properties; however, bulk material properties make it difficult to capture the various length-scales during assembly of the suspensions, for example, in simple shear flow. Rheometry is combined with other characterization methods to allow direct analysis of the structure development in the individual hierarchical levels. While optical techniques, scattering, and spectroscopy are often used to complement rheological observations, coupling them in situ to allow simultaneous observation is paramount to fully understand the details of CNC assembly from liquid to solid. This Review provides an overview of achievements in the coupled analytics, as well as our current opinion about opportunities to unravel the structural distinctiveness of cellulose nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Kádár
- Department
of Industrial Materials Science, Chalmers
University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers University
of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefan Spirk
- Institute
of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz
University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tiina Nypelö
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers University
of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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53
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Saleem S, Muhammad G, Iqbal MM, Hussain MA, Raza MA, Shafiq Z, Razzaq H. Polysaccharide‐Based Liquid Crystals. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119711414.ch27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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54
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Pignon F, Challamel M, De Geyer A, Elchamaa M, Semeraro EF, Hengl N, Jean B, Putaux JL, Gicquel E, Bras J, Prevost S, Sztucki M, Narayanan T, Djeridi H. Breakdown and buildup mechanisms of cellulose nanocrystal suspensions under shear and upon relaxation probed by SAXS and SALS. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 260:117751. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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55
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Control of the aqueous solubility of cellulose by hydroxyl group substitution and its effect on processing. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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56
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Li MC, Wu Q, Moon RJ, Hubbe MA, Bortner MJ. Rheological Aspects of Cellulose Nanomaterials: Governing Factors and Emerging Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006052. [PMID: 33870553 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs), mainly including nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), have attained enormous interest due to their sustainability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, nanoscale dimensions, large surface area, facile modification of surface chemistry, as well as unique optical, mechanical, and rheological performance. One of the most fascinating properties of CNMs is their aqueous suspension rheology, i.e., CNMs helping create viscous suspensions with the formation of percolation networks and chemical interactions (e.g., van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction/repulsion, and hydrophobic attraction). Under continuous shearing, CNMs in an aqueous suspension can align along the flow direction, producing shear-thinning behavior. At rest, CNM suspensions regain some of their initial structure immediately, allowing rapid recovery of rheological properties. These unique flow features enable CNMs to serve as rheological modifiers in a wide range of fluid-based applications. Herein, the dependence of the rheology of CNM suspensions on test protocols, CNM inherent properties, suspension environments, and postprocessing is systematically described. A critical overview of the recent progress on fluid applications of CNMs as rheology modifiers in some emerging industrial sectors is presented as well. Future perspectives in the field are outlined to guide further research and development in using CNMs as the next generation rheological modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chun Li
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Qinglin Wu
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Robert J Moon
- Forest Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Martin A Hubbe
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8005, USA
| | - Michael J Bortner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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57
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Jin SA, Facchine EG, Khan SA, Rojas OJ, Spontak RJ. Mesophase characteristics of cellulose nanocrystal films prepared from electrolyte suspensions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 599:207-218. [PMID: 33940439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) exhibit a cholesteric mesophase above a critical concentration in aqueous suspensions. Above this concentration, CNCs self-organize into left-handed helicoidal structures that can be preserved in dried, stratified films. In this systematic study, we have prepared optically-active CNC films cast from different electrolyte suspensions and investigated, via circular dichroism and other techniques, the effects of counterion type (six mono/divalent salts, including those responsible for promoting "salting-out" and "salting-in" in the Hofmeister series) and ionic strength on mesomorphic behavior and cholesteric arrangement. The presence of electrolytes influences CNC colloidal stability by compressing the electric double layer and altering interactions among neighboring CNCs and water, thereby affecting the extent to which the CNCs form a mesophase. Interestingly, mesomorphic behavior and CNC alignment appear to be sensitive to cationic radius and charge valence, in which case the optical properties of CNC films can be adjusted for targeted sustainable applications. Such heuristic rules can be valuable for predicting the stability and characteristics of CNC microstructure in designer coatings and thin films prepared by introducing suitable cations prior to film formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Ah Jin
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Emily G Facchine
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Saad A Khan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland; Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Richard J Spontak
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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58
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Oguzlu H, Dobyrden I, Liu X, Bhaduri S, Claesson PM, Boluk Y. Polymer Induced Gelation of Aqueous Suspensions of Cellulose Nanocrystals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:3015-3024. [PMID: 33646793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the gelation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) in polyelectrolyte and neutral polymer solutions. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with half-ester sulfate groups produced by acid hydrolysis of wood pulp were used in this study. The microstructure of CNCs/polymer suspensions was investigated in semidilute concentration regimes by selecting carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC700) as an anionic polymer and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO600) as a neutral polymer solution. Together with quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), rheology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), we characterized CNCs-polymer interactions, the suspension microstructure, and the macroscopic gel flow. Significant viscosity increases at low shear rates coupled with high shear-thinning behaviors were observed in CNC colloid-CMC700 polymer mixtures, but not those CNCs in PEO600 solutions. The apparent differences between CNCs-CMC700 and CNCs-PEO600 mixtures were due to their chain confirmations. On the basis of the evaluations from STEM, cryo-TEM, and polarized optical microscopy, we proposed that the excess CMC700 molecules in solutions result in the depletion of CNCs and the formation of anisotropic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hale Oguzlu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H9
| | - Illia Dobyrden
- Department of Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Swayamdipta Bhaduri
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H9
| | - Per Martin Claesson
- Department of Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Bioscience and Materials, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yaman Boluk
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H9
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59
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Verma C, Chhajed M, Gupta P, Roy S, Maji PK. Isolation of cellulose nanocrystals from different waste bio-mass collating their liquid crystal ordering with morphological exploration. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 175:242-253. [PMID: 33561456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have been recognized as one of the most promising nanofillers in modern science and technology owing to their outstanding characteristics of renewability, biodegradability, excellent mechanical strength, and liquid crystalline behavior. Interestingly, these properties are dependent on their genetic and also on the isolation process. Therefore, this research aimed to unveil how the biological variations of cellulose can influence on the physical properties of the extracted CNCs. A standard optimized extraction process was adopted to isolate the CNCs from different sources. Extracted CNCs were compared through characterization tools, including Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Polarized Optical Microscopy (POM). Different self-assembly patterns were observed for different CNCs, owing to their biological variations. The resultant nanocrystals displayed variable morphologies such as spherical, rod, and needle shape. The hydrodynamic diameter, crystallinity index, decomposition temperature, liquid crystallinity, and storage modulus were varied. Nanocrystals isolated from non-wood feedstock have shown a higher degree of polymerization of 108.2 and a high Crystllinity Index (C·I.) of 55.1%. The rod-like morphology with the liquid crystalline pattern was obtained at 3 wt% concentration for SCNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhavi Verma
- Department of Polymer & Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monika Chhajed
- Department of Polymer & Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pragya Gupta
- Department of Polymer & Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunanda Roy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-Ro, Nam Gu, Incheon 22212, South Korea.
| | - Pradip K Maji
- Department of Polymer & Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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60
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Talantikite M, Stimpson TC, Gourlay A, Le-Gall S, Moreau C, Cranston ED, Moran-Mirabal JM, Cathala B. Bioinspired Thermoresponsive Xyloglucan-Cellulose Nanocrystal Hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2020; 22:743-753. [PMID: 33332094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive hydrogels present unique properties, such as tunable mechanical performance or changes in volume, which make them attractive for applications including wound healing dressings, drug delivery vehicles, and implants, among others. This work reports the implementation of bioinspired thermoresponsive hydrogels composed of xyloglucan (XG) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Starting from tamarind seed XG (XGt), thermoresponsive XG was obtained by enzymatic degalactosylation (DG-XG), which reduced the galactose residue content by ∼50% and imparted a reversible thermal transition. XG with native composition and comparable molar mass to DG-XG was produced by an ultrasonication treatment (XGu) for a direct comparison of behavior. The hydrogels were prepared by simple mixing of DG-XG or XGu with CNCs in water. Phase diagrams were established to identify the ratios of DG-XG or XGu to CNCs that yielded a viscous liquid, a phase-separated mixture, a simple gel, or a thermoresponsive gel. Gelation occurred at a DG-XG or XGu to CNC ratio higher than that needed for the full surface coverage of CNCs and required relatively high overall concentrations of both components (tested concentrations up to 20 g/L XG and 30 g/L CNCs). This is likely a result of the increase in effective hydrodynamic volume of CNCs due to the formation of XG-CNC complexes. Investigation of the adsorption behavior indicated that DG-XG formed a more rigid layer on CNCs compared to XGu. Rheological properties of the hydrogels were characterized, and a reversible thermal transition was found for DG-XG/CNC gels at 35 °C. This thermoresponsive behavior provides opportunities to apply this system widely, especially in the biomedical field, where the mechanical properties could be further tuned by adjusting the CNC content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taylor C Stimpson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada.,Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jose M Moran-Mirabal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
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61
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Osaka N, Ochi T, Ono F, Okada K. Preparation and Mechanical, Thermal and Oil-resistance Properties of Acrylic Rubber Nanocomposites Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals. J MACROMOL SCI B 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2020.1845498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Osaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takumi Ochi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Ono
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kurashiki University of Science and The Arts, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Kenji Okada
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kurashiki University of Science and The Arts, Kurashiki, Japan
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62
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Zhu Z, Fu S, Lavoine N, Lucia LA. Structural reconstruction strategies for the design of cellulose nanomaterials and aligned wood cellulose-based functional materials – A review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 247:116722. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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63
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Basta AH, Lotfy VF, Micky JA, Salem AM. Liquid crystal behavior of cellulose nanoparticles‐ethyl cellulose composites: Preparation, characterization, and rheology. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Altaf H. Basta
- Cellulose and Paper Dept. National Research Centre Cairo Egypt
| | - Vivian F. Lotfy
- Cellulose and Paper Dept. National Research Centre Cairo Egypt
| | - Jehane A. Micky
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science (Girl's) Al‐Azhar University Cairo Egypt
| | - Aya M. Salem
- Cellulose and Paper Dept. National Research Centre Cairo Egypt
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64
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Controlling the transparency and rheology of nanocellulose gels with the extent of carboxylation. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 245:116566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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65
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Facchine EG, Jin SA, Spontak RJ, Khan SA, Rojas OJ. Quantitative Calorimetric Studies of the Chiral Nematic Mesophase in Aqueous Cellulose Nanocrystal Suspensions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:10830-10837. [PMID: 32808787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) can spontaneously form a chiral nematic mesophase at a critical concentration (c*). Unfortunately, no current analytical technique permits rapid detection of c*. Herein, we introduce a facile and accurate approach to assess c* rapidly (<2 h) from a small sample volume and compare our results with those obtained by conventional methods. Our strategy employs isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to measure the heat associated with interactions in the suspension, which can identify the onset of mesophase formation as the heat signature is sensitive to the suspension viscosity and thus capable of detecting small changes in the suspension environment. We measure c* for CNC samples differing in surface charge and aspect ratio, and find that both lower aspect ratios and higher surface charges increase c*. Our ITC results reveal the role of CNC interactions prior to the visual observation of mesophase formation and elucidate mesomorphic effects related to nanocrystals and their suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Facchine
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Soo-Ah Jin
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Richard J Spontak
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Saad A Khan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Department of Byproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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66
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67
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Zhang J, Liu J, Wang Z, Hao S, Song H. Gelation, Liquid Crystalline Behavior, and Ionic Conductivity of Nanocomposite Ionogel Electrolytes Based On Attapulgite Nanorods. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:9818-9826. [PMID: 32787038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropic nanoparticles and their dispersions have attracted much attention because of their distinguished characteristics and promising applications. In this study, the novel liquid crystalline nanocomposite ionogel electrolyte materials based on anisotropic nanoparticles of attapulgite (ATP) have been prepared. The gelation, liquid crystalline (LC) behavior, thermal stability, and ionic conductivity were systematically investigated. Rheological, polarized optical microscopy (POM), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements demonstrated that these liquid crystalline ionogels showed a two-step mechanism consisting of gelation and subsequent reorganization of the gel. Interestingly, the obtained ionogel electrolytes were very stable and LC gel structures were not destroyed even though the temperature was as high as 200 °C. Furthermore, these ionogels possessed outstanding thermal stability and the decomposition temperature exceeded 400 °C. Remarkably, the LC nanocomposite ionogel electrolytes exhibited high room temperature ionic conductivity and the value still exceeded 1.0 × 10-3 S/cm even when the ATP concentration up to 30 wt %. These novel findings are very useful for the fabrication of high temperature resistant electrochemical devices and liquid crystalline nanocomposite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province 071002, P. R. China
| | - Jiahang Liu
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province 071002, P. R. China
| | - Zihao Wang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province 071002, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Hao
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province 071002, P. R. China
| | - Hongzan Song
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province 071002, P. R. China
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68
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Kushan E, Demir C, Senses E. Surfactant Driven Liquid to Soft Solid Transition of Cellulose Nanocrystal Suspensions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:9551-9561. [PMID: 32701292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have recently attracted wide interest due to their abundance, biocompatibility, and extraordinary physical properties. In particular, easy manipulation of their surface properties, hydrophilicity, and high aspect ratio make them ideal rheology modifiers; yet, the gelation mechanisms and microscopic origin of the complex rheological behavior in the presence of secondary components, such as polymers and surfactants, are far from well understood. In this work, we used light scattering, small-angle neutron scattering, and bulk rheology to study the phase behavior and mechanical behavior of aqueous CNC solutions in the presence of cationic 1-decyl trimethyl imidazolium chloride and 1-decyl trimethyl imidazolium ferric tetrachloride. The micelles of these surfactants form at similar cmc's (about 50 mM) and adopt identical hydrodynamic sizes (on the order of a few nanometers) and prolate-shaped ellipsoids but vary in their intermicelle interactions (charged vs neutral), thus allowing us to clarify the unprecedented effect of the surfactant micelle charge on the gel behavior of the aqueous CNC-surfactant complexes. Our results show that the positively charged micelles greatly strengthen the gel network while excessive free micelles weaken the gels due to repulsive micelle-micelle interaction. In the meantime, analysis of the transition from linear to nonlinear deformation regimes suggests that the gels gradually become more fragile with surfactant concentrations due to electrostatic repulsion of the charged micelles. Such a surfactant concentration-dependent gel fragility was not observed in the presence of the neutral micelles. These results provide a great step further in our understanding of the phase behavior and rheology of complex CNC-surfactant mixtures and obtaining biocompatible hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eren Kushan
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Can Demir
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Erkan Senses
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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69
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Lai CW, Yu SS. 3D Printable Strain Sensors from Deep Eutectic Solvents and Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:34235-34244. [PMID: 32614162 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable and conductive hydrogels have been intensively studied as wearable electronics to monitor the physiological activities of human bodies. However, it remains a challenge to fabricate robust hydrogels as sensors with complex 3D structures. Here, we designed a 3D printable ink from cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), deep eutectic solvents (DESs), and ionically cross-linked polyacrylic acid (PAA). DESs composed of choline chloride and ethylene glycol served as a nonvolatile medium with high ionic conductivity. The dispersion of CNCs in a mixture of DESs, acrylic acid, and Al3+ ions formed ionogels with a reversible physical network for 3D printing. After the printing process, the ionogel was solidified by the photopolymerization of acrylic acid in the presence of Al3+ ions to form a second ionically cross-linked network. The first physical network of CNCs provides an energy-dissipating mechanism to make a strong and highly stretchable nanocomposite ionogel. When compared to hydrogels, we found that the DES/CNC nanocomposite ionogel was more stable in the air because of the low volatility of DESs. We further used the DES/CNC ink to 3D print an auxetic sensor with negative Poisson's ratios so that the sensor provided a conformal contact with the skin during large deformation. In addition, the auxetic sensor could continuously monitor and identify different motions of the human body by the change in resistance. These results demonstrate a simple and rapid strategy to fabricate stable and sensitive strain sensors from cheap and renewable feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Sheng Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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70
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Niinivaara E, Cranston ED. Bottom-up assembly of nanocellulose structures. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 247:116664. [PMID: 32829792 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses, both cellulose nanofibrils and cellulose nanocrystals, are gaining research traction due to their viability as key components in commercial applications and industrial processes. Significant efforts have been made to understand both the potential of assembling nanocelluloses, and the limits and prospectives of the resulting structures. This Review focuses on bottom-up techniques used to prepare nanocellulose-only structures, and details the intermolecular and surface forces driving their assembly. Additionally, the interactions that contribute to their structural integrity are discussed along with alternate pathways and suggestions for improved properties. Six categories of nanocellulose structures are presented: (1) powders, beads, and droplets; (2) capsules; (3) continuous fibres; (4) films; (5) hydrogels; and (6) aerogels and dried foams. Although research on nanocellulose assembly often focuses on fundamental science, this Review also provides insight on the potential utilization of such structures in a wide array of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Niinivaara
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-0076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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71
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Qi W, Wu J, Shu Y, Wang H, Rao W, Xu HN, Zhang Z. Microstructure and physiochemical properties of meat sausages based on nanocellulose-stabilized emulsions. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 152:567-575. [PMID: 32112849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Here we prepared some meat sausages using soybean oil in pure liquid form or pre-emulsified form stabilized with nanocelluloses (NCs) to partially replace pork back-fat and investigated the effects of NC types (sisal cellulose nanofiber, cotton cellulose nanofiber, and cotton cellulose nanocrystal) on the physicochemical properties and microstructure of the sausages. The physicochemical properties, including cooking loss, water holding capacity (WHC), textural properties, and rheological behavior, were evaluated. The results show that the sausages with pre-emulsified oil exhibited much-improved water and fat binding capacities, with significantly increased hardness, springiness, and chewiness. Additionally, pre-emulsifying soybean oil provided a more compact structure with smaller cavities. The sausages with different NCs had no significant difference in textural and microstructural properties, whereas they presented different water and fat binding capacities. From the results, it is concluded that NC-based emulsions are a viable fat replacer for meat sausages by providing similar stability and textural attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Qi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Lekai South Avenue, Baoding, Hebei 071000, People's Republic of China; Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, 2510 River Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States.
| | - Junjie Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Lekai South Avenue, Baoding, Hebei 071000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Shu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Lekai South Avenue, Baoding, Hebei 071000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiqiang Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Lekai South Avenue, Baoding, Hebei 071000, People's Republic of China
| | - Weili Rao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Lekai South Avenue, Baoding, Hebei 071000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Neng Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Lekai South Avenue, Baoding, Hebei 071000, People's Republic of China.
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72
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Dong Z, Ye Z, Zhang Z, Xia K, Zhang P. Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Behavior of Core-Shell Hybrid Rods Consisting of Chiral Cellulose Nanocrystals Dressed with Non-chiral Conformal Polymeric Skins. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:2376-2390. [PMID: 32364722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The current work investigates how the nanoscale conformal coating layers of non-chiral polymeric materials can influence the chiral nematic liquid crystal (CLC) behaviors of the rodlike cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), the bio-derived nanomaterials that have attracted significant attention. For this, we developed strategies to coat the CNC rods on the single-particle level with a homogeneous bioinspired polydopamine (PDA) layer, leading to well-defined core-shell CNC@PDA rods with various PDA coating thicknesses and excellent colloidal stability. Comprehensive investigation revealed that the CNC@PDA hybrid nanorods in concentrated suspensions form well-defined nematic liquid crystal phases with clear phase separation behavior that depend on the rod concentrations and ionic strengths, typical of charged rods. Most intriguingly, the nematic LC phases formed by the CNC@PDA rods with the PDA coating thickness achieved herein are indeed the perfect CLC phases, which form following the classic pathway of nucleation and coalesce of chiral tactoids and have colorful chiral fingerprints standing out from the dark suspensions. The pitches of the CLC phase increase sharply with increasing PDA coating thicknesses and are significantly larger than those of the pristine CNCs. Such observations can be attributed to the blurring effects of the PDA coating on the intrinsic surface chiral features of CNC of whatever origins that drive the formation of the CLC phases, resulting in weakening chiral interactions between CNC@PDA rods. Besides benefiting the understanding of the long-sought origin of the CLC phases of the pristine CNC, the current work demonstrates the possibility of controlling the CLC phase behaviors of CNC by tuning the thickness of the coating materials and also serves as the first example of directly transferring the unique chirality of CNC to other non-chiral materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Dong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Zihan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenkun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Ke Xia
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Pengjiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
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73
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Ganguly K, Patel DK, Dutta SD, Shin WC, Lim KT. Stimuli-responsive self-assembly of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs): Structures, functions, and biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 155:456-469. [PMID: 32222290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have received a significant amount of attention from the researchers. It is used as a nanomaterial for various applications due to its excellent physiochemical properties for the last few decades. Self-assembly is a phenomenon where autonomous reorganization of randomly oriented species occurs elegantly. Self-assembly is responsible for the formation of the hierarchical cholesteric structure of CNCs. This process is highly influenced by several factors, such as the surface chemistry of the nanoparticles, intermolecular forces, and the fundamental laws of thermodynamics. Various conventional experimental designs and molecular dynamics (MD) studies have been applied to determine the possible mechanism of self-assembly in CNCs. Different external factors, like pH, temperature, magnetic/electric fields, vacuum, also influence the self-assembly process in CNCs. Notably, better responses have been observed in CNCs-grafted polymer nanocomposites. These functionalized CNCs with stimuli-responsive self-assembly have immense practical applications in modern biotechnology and medicine. Herein, we have concisely discussed the mechanism of the self-assembled CNCs in the presence of different external factors such as pH, temperature, electric/magnetic fields, and their biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keya Ganguly
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinesh K Patel
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Chul Shin
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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74
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lang
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Minne Paul Lettinga
- Institute for Complex Systems 3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich D-52425, Germany
- Laboratory of Soft Matter and Biophysics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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75
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Cellulose from sources to nanocellulose and an overview of synthesis and properties of nanocellulose/zinc oxide nanocomposite materials. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:1050-1073. [PMID: 32201207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, environmental and ecological concerns are increasing due to the usage of petroleum-based products so the synthesis of ultra-fine chemicals and functional materials from natural resources is drawing a tremendous level of attention. Nanocellulose, a unique and promising natural material extracted from native cellulose, may prove to be most ecofriendly materials that are technically and economically feasible in modern times, minimizing the pollution generation. Nanocellulose has gained tremendous attention for its use in various applications, due to its excellent special surface chemistry, physical properties, and remarkable biological properties (biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity). Various types of nanocellulose, viz. cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), are deeply introduced and compared in this work in terms of sources, production, structures and properties. The metal and metal oxides especially zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are broadly used in various fields due to the diversity of functional properties such as antimicrobial and ultraviolet (UV) properties. Thus, the advancement of nanocellulose and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs)-based composites materials are summarized in this article in terms of the preparation methods and remarkable properties with the help of recent knowledge and significant findings (especially from the past six years reports). The nanocellulose materials complement zinc oxide nanoparticles, where they impart their functional properties to the nanoparticle composites. As a result hybrid nanocomposite containing nanocellulose/zinc oxide composite has shown excellent mechanical, UV barrier, and antibacterial properties. The nanocellulose based hybrid nanomaterials have huge potential applications in the area of food packaging, biopharmaceuticals, biomedical, and cosmetics. Thus the functional composite materials containing nanocellulose and zinc oxide will determine the potential biomedical application for nanocellulose.
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76
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From Equilibrium Liquid Crystal Formation and Kinetic Arrest to Photonic Bandgap Films Using Suspensions of Cellulose Nanocrystals. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lyotropic cholesteric liquid crystal phase developed by suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) has come increasingly into focus from numerous directions over the last few years. In part, this is because CNC suspensions are sustainably produced aqueous suspensions of a fully bio-derived nanomaterial with attractive properties. Equally important is the interesting and useful behavior exhibited by solid CNC films, created by drying a cholesteric-forming suspension. However, the pathway along which these films are realized, starting from a CNC suspension that may have low enough concentration to be fully isotropic, is more complex than often appreciated, leading to reproducibility problems and confusion. Addressing a broad audience of physicists, chemists, materials scientists and engineers, this Review focuses primarily on the physics and physical chemistry of CNC suspensions and the process of drying them. The ambition is to explain rather than to repeat, hence we spend more time than usual on the meanings and relevance of the key colloid and liquid crystal science concepts that must be mastered in order to understand the behavior of CNC suspensions, and we present some interesting analyses, arguments and data for the first time. We go through the development of cholesteric nuclei (tactoids) from the isotropic phase and their potential impact on the final dry films; the spontaneous CNC fractionation that takes place in the phase coexistence window; the kinetic arrest that sets in when the CNC mass fraction reaches ∼10 wt.%, preserving the cholesteric helical order until the film has dried; the ’coffee-ring effect’ active prior to kinetic arrest, often ruining the uniformity in the produced films; and the compression of the helix during the final water evaporation, giving rise to visible structural color in the films.
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77
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Hörenz C, Bertula K, Tiainen T, Hietala S, Hynninen V, Ikkala O. UV-Triggered On-Demand Temperature-Responsive Reversible and Irreversible Gelation of Cellulose Nanocrystals. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:830-838. [PMID: 31940433 PMCID: PMC7735667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We show ionically cross-linked, temperature-responsive reversible or irreversible hydrogels of anionic cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and methacrylate terpolymers by mixing them homogeneously in the initially charge-neutral state of the polymer, which was subsequently switched to be cationic by cleaving side groups by UV irradiation. The polymer is a random terpolymer poly(di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate)-rnd-poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate)-rnd-poly(2-((2-nitrobenzyl)oxycarbonyl)aminoethyl methacrylate), that is, PDEGMA-rnd-POEGMA-rnd-PNBOCAEMA. The PDEGMA and POEGMA repeating units lead to a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior. Initially, homogeneous aqueous mixtures are obtained with CNCs, and no gelation is observed even upon heating to 60 °C. However, upon UV irradiation, the NBOCAEMAs are transformed to cationic 2-aminoethyl methacrylate (AEMA) groups, as 2-nitrobenzaldehyde moieties are cleaved. The resulting mixtures of anionic CNC and cationic PDEGMA-rnd-POEGMA-rnd-PAEMA show gelation for sufficiently high polymer fractions upon heating to 60 °C due to the interplay of ionic interactions and LCST. For short heating times, the gelation is thermoreversible, whereas for long enough heating times, irreversible gels can be obtained, indicating importance of kinetic aspects. The ionic nature of the cross-linking is directly shown by adding NaCl, which leads to gel melting. In conclusion, the optical triggering of the polymer ionic interactions in combination with its LCST phase behavior allows a new way for ionic nanocellulose hydrogel assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hörenz
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University School
of Science, P. O. Box 15100, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
| | - Kia Bertula
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University School
of Science, P. O. Box 15100, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
| | - Tony Tiainen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014 HU, Finland
| | - Sami Hietala
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014 HU, Finland
| | - Ville Hynninen
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University School
of Science, P. O. Box 15100, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University School
of Science, P. O. Box 15100, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
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78
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Nigmatullin R, Johns MA, Muñoz-García JC, Gabrielli V, Schmitt J, Angulo J, Khimyak YZ, Scott JL, Edler KJ, Eichhorn SJ. Hydrophobization of Cellulose Nanocrystals for Aqueous Colloidal Suspensions and Gels. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1812-1823. [PMID: 31984728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Surface hydrophobization of cellulose nanomaterials has been used in the development of nanofiller-reinforced polymer composites and formulations based on Pickering emulsions. Despite the well-known effect of hydrophobic domains on self-assembly or association of water-soluble polymer amphiphiles, very few studies have addressed the behavior of hydrophobized cellulose nanomaterials in aqueous media. In this study, we investigate the properties of hydrophobized cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and their self-assembly and amphiphilic properties in suspensions and gels. CNCs of different hydrophobicity were synthesized from sulfated CNCs by coupling primary alkylamines of different alkyl chain lengths (6, 8, and 12 carbon atoms). The synthetic route permitted the retention of surface charge, ensuring good colloidal stability of hydrophobized CNCs in aqueous suspensions. We compare surface properties (surface charge, ζ potential), hydrophobicity (water contact angle, microenvironment probing using pyrene fluorescence emission), and surface activity (tensiometry) of different hydrophobized CNCs and hydrophilic CNCs. Association of hydrophobized CNCs driven by hydrophobic effects is confirmed by X-ray scattering (SAXS) and autofluorescent spectroscopy experiments. As a result of CNC association, CNC suspensions/gels can be produced with a wide range of rheological properties depending on the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance. In particular, sol-gel transitions for hydrophobized CNCs occur at lower concentrations than hydrophilic CNCs, and more robust gels are formed by hydrophobized CNCs. Our work illustrates that amphiphilic CNCs can complement associative polymers as modifiers of rheological properties of water-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinat Nigmatullin
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus A Johns
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, United Kingdom
| | - Juan C Muñoz-García
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Gabrielli
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.,LSFC-Laboratoire de Synthèse et Fonctionnalisation des Céramiques UMR 3080 CNRS/Saint-Gobain CREE, Saint-Gobain Research Provence, 550 Avenue Alphonse Jauffret, Cavaillon 84300, France
| | - Jesús Angulo
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Yaroslav Z Khimyak
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Janet L Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Karen J Edler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Eichhorn
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, United Kingdom
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79
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Chu G, Vasilyev G, Qu D, Deng S, Bai L, Rojas OJ, Zussman E. Structural Arrest and Phase Transition in Glassy Nanocellulose Colloids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:979-985. [PMID: 31927969 PMCID: PMC7704027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
From drying blood to oil paint, the developing of a glassy phase from colloids is observed on a daily basis. Colloidal glass is solid soft matter that consists of two intertwined phases: a random packed particle network and a fluid solvent. By dispersing charged rod-like cellulose nanoparticles into a water-ethylene glycol cosolvent, here we demonstrate a new kind of colloidal glass with a high liquid crystalline order, namely, two general superstructures with nematic and cholesteric packing states are preserved and jammed inside the glass matrix. During the glass formation process, structural arrest and phase transition occur simultaneously at high particle concentrations, yielding solid-like behavior as well as a frozen liquid crystal texture that is because of caging of the charged colloids through neighboring long-ranged repulsive interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chu
- NanoEngineering
Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Bio-Based
Colloids and Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems,
School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Espoo FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Gleb Vasilyev
- NanoEngineering
Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Dan Qu
- NanoEngineering
Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Shengwei Deng
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University
of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Long Bai
- Bio-Based
Colloids and Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems,
School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Espoo FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Bio-Based
Colloids and Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems,
School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Espoo FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Eyal Zussman
- NanoEngineering
Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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80
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Ranjbar D, Hatzikiriakos SG. Effect of Ionic Surfactants on the Viscoelastic Properties of Chiral Nematic Cellulose Nanocrystal Suspensions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:293-301. [PMID: 31845815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The gelation of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) suspensions is explored in the presence of two ionic surfactants, namely, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with a negatively charged head and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) with a positively charged head. The viscosity profile of pure CNC suspensions indicated that at concentrations greater than 5 wt %, they exhibit gel-like behavior, where the viscosity shows a single shear-thinning profile. However, at concentrations lower than 1 wt %, the suspension shows isotropic behavior and experiences a transition to chiral nematic biphasic domains at increasing CNC concentration. In addition, the effect of CTAB, SDS, and NaCl on the surface charge of CNCs is analyzed and coupled with rheological measurements in order to study the relative importance of surfactants and ionic strength on the viscoelastic properties of the CNC suspensions. The mechanism of CNC/surfactants and CNC/CNC interactions leading to the gelation of CNC suspensions is also investigated. It was found that the addition of both ionic surfactants results in the gelation of biphasic chiral nematic CNC suspensions by fostering cross-linking between individual CNCs at smaller concentrations. In the case of CTAB, a gradual and ongoing increase in the viscoelastic moduli was observed with the increase of surfactant concentration, implying the induction of dominant attractive forces between CNCs by surfactant molecules. However, the presence of SDS stimulates both attractive and repulsive forces whose relative dominance controls the viscoelastic properties and gelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damoon Ranjbar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z3 , Canada
| | - Savvas G Hatzikiriakos
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z3 , Canada
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81
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Lee JH, Park SH, Kim SH. Surface Alkylation of Cellulose Nanocrystals to Enhance Their Compatibility with Polylactide. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E178. [PMID: 31936626 PMCID: PMC7022834 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective surface alkylation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) was developed using a nucleophilic substitution reaction with an alkyl bromide to convert hydrophilic groups on the CNCs into alkyl groups and the degree of substitution was quantitatively determined. The resultant alkylated CNCs exhibited improved dispersion in a nonpolar environment and increased hydrophobicity, compared with unmodified and acetylated CNCs. Polylactide (PLA) nanocomposites reinforced with unmodified and modified CNCs were prepared by a solution casting method and the effects of reinforcement on the thermal stability, mechanical properties, morphology, and barrier properties were investigated. In addition, modeling of the mechanical properties was evaluated to simulate the modulus of the PLA nanocomposites and results were compared with the experimental values. PLA nanocomposites reinforced with alkylated CNCs exhibited superior properties in terms of thermal stability, tensile strength, Young's modulus, and barrier properties because of the uniform dispersion and strong interfacial adhesion between filler and matrix. This high performance and fully return-to-nature nanocomposite is expected to expand the utilization of CNCs from sustainable bioresources and the practical application of biodegradable plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyung Lee
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | | | - Seong Hun Kim
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea;
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82
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Xu Y, Atrens A, Stokes JR. A review of nanocrystalline cellulose suspensions: Rheology, liquid crystal ordering and colloidal phase behaviour. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 275:102076. [PMID: 31780045 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.102076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) is a colloidal rigid rod, referred to by various terms in the literature including cellulose whisker (CW) and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). These charged colloidal rods exhibit complex colloidal phase and rheological behaviours in aqueous suspensions, that are dependent on volume fraction and interparticle forces. A major shortcoming in the literature of NCC is that the dimensions and morphology of NCC particles vary significantly with the type of raw material and manufacturing conditions, which causes inconsistencies in suspension rheology and colloidal behaviours reported between different works. In this review, we consider the theory and experimentally-determined rheological and colloidal phase behaviours of charged rod suspensions in general, with a focus in particular on NCC. Dilute and semi-dilute NCC suspensions are isotropic liquids, in which NCC particles follow diffusional dynamics. The rheology of these isotropic NCC suspensions can be described by theoretical models that account for the effects of rod dimensions and surface charge, including those based on Doi and Edwards' theory. With increasing NCC concentration, the isotropic phase can undergo a transition to a liquid crystalline state (isotropic-nematic transition) or a transition to a dynamically arrested solid (liquid-solid transition). The liquid crystal ordering and gelation/glass transition are of particular interest because they respectively form an ordered structure and allow a solid-like mechanical response at relatively low solids fraction. For conditions at which the isotropic-nematic and liquid-solid transitions coincide, the formation of an anisotropic structure within a soft solid suspension is possible. Investigation of these two competing transitions led to the discovery of liquid crystal re-entrancy and existence of an anisotropic soft solid (liquid crystal hydroglass, LCH). LCH has a biphasic structure with an attractive glass matrix and a co-existing liquid crystal phase, providing similar viscoelastic properties to hydrogels but permitting reversible orientation of the colloidal rods in the liquid crystalline phase by shear forces; i.e. their structural ordering is programmable. The liquid crystal transition and gelation/glass transitions are quantitatively dependent on rod dimensions i.e. respectively proportional to L2D and L/D. Phase transitions in NCC suspensions including liquid crystal re-entrancy and formation of LCH can be fully described as a function of rod dimension, volume fraction and interparticle forces. This behaviour is independent of NCC source, allowing development of a generalised phased diagram in which separately-reported phase transitions converge to consistent phase boundaries. This validates a key hypothesis for the study of NCC suspensions, that variation in NCC concentration and interparticle forces can explain the complex phase behaviours observed within suspensions formulated using NCC obtained from different sources.
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83
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High shear capillary rheometry of cellulose nanocrystals for industrially relevant processing. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 231:115735. [PMID: 31888852 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A microcapillary rheometer was employed to study the rheological characteristics of CNCs at temperatures between 15 °C and 50 °C and aqueous concentrations between 1.5 wt% and 12.1 wt%, at rates up to 8 × 105 s-1. Time-temperature and time-concentration superposition were applied to analyze the data. A master curve of shear rate sweeps at temperatures between 15 °C and 50 °C was successfully generated to a reference temperature of 25 °C with the shift factor plot suggesting an Arrhenius relationship over the entire measured temperature range. Concentration-dependent data indicate a high shear Newtonian plateau at the limit of low concentration. Repeated testing of the same sample volume was implemented to represent extended times at elevated stress, with repeated experiments leading to a permanent decrease in viscosity. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) suggests sensitivity of the CNC geometry to moderate stress in a flow field.
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84
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Sunflower oil cake-derived cellulose nanocrystals: Extraction, physico-chemical characteristics and potential application. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 136:241-252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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85
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Dakui Bie, Jiang L, Zhu M, Miao W, Wang Z. Effect of Chitin Nanocrystals on the Formation of Shish-Kebab Crystals in Bimodal Polyethylene Injection Bar. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x19050043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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86
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Structure and rheology of liquid crystal hydroglass formed in aqueous nanocrystalline cellulose suspensions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 555:702-713. [PMID: 31416025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Liquid crystal hydroglass (LCH) is a biphasic soft material with flow programmable anisotropy that forms via phase separation in suspensions of charged colloidal rods upon increases in ionic strength. The unique structure and rheology of the LCH gel formed using nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) is hypothesised to be dependent on colloidal stability that is modulated using specific ion effects arising from Hofmeister phenomena. EXPERIMENTS LCHs are prepared in NCC suspensions in aqueous media containing varying levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN). The NCC suspensions are characterised using rheology and structural analysis techniques that includes polarised optical microscopy, zeta potential, dynamic light scattering and small-angle X-ray scattering. FINDINGS The two salts have a profound effect on the formation process and structure of the LCH. Differences in network density and size of the liquid crystal domains are observed within the LCH for each of the salts, which is associated with the strength of interaction between NCC particles during LCH formation. In comparison to Cl- at the same salinity, the chaotropic nature of the weakly hydrated SCN- enhances colloidal stability by rendering NCC particles more hydrated and repulsive, but this also leads to weaker gel strength of the LCH. The results suggest that salts are a means in which to control the formation, structure and rheology of these anisotropic soft materials.
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87
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Carbon Nanotube and Cellulose Nanocrystal Hybrid Films. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142662. [PMID: 31340473 PMCID: PMC6681000 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) in high performance coatings is attractive for micro-scale structures or device fabrication due to the anisotropic geometry, however CNC are insulating materials. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are also rod-shaped nanomaterials that display high mechanical strength and electrical conductivity. The hydrophobic regions of surface-modified CNC can interact with hydrophobic CNT and aid in association between the two anisotropic nanomaterials. The long-range electrostatic repulsion of CNC plays a role in forming a stable CNT and CNC mixture dispersion in water, which is integral to forming a uniform hybrid film. At concentrations favorable for film formation, the multiwalled nanotubes + CNC mixture dispersion shows cellular network formation, indicating local phase separation, while the single-walled nanotube + CNC mixture dispersion shows schlieren texture, indicating liquid crystal mixture formation. Conductive CNT + CNC hybrid films (5–20 μm thick) were cast on glass microscope slides with and without shear by blade coating. The CNT + CNC hybrid films electrical conductivity increased with increasing CNT loadings and some anisotropy was observed with the sheared hybrid films, although to a lesser extent than what was anticipated. Percolation models were applied to model the hybrid film conductivity and correlate with the hybrid film microstructure.
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88
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Jessop ZM, Al-Sabah A, Gao N, Kyle S, Thomas B, Badiei N, Hawkins K, Whitaker IS. Printability of pulp derived crystal, fibril and blend nanocellulose-alginate bioinks for extrusion 3D bioprinting. Biofabrication 2019; 11:045006. [PMID: 30743252 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the main challenges for extrusion 3D bioprinting is the identification of non-synthetic bioinks with suitable rheological properties and biocompatibility. Our aim was to optimize and compare the printability of crystal, fibril and blend formulations of novel pulp derived nanocellulose bioinks and assess biocompatibility with human nasoseptal chondrocytes. METHODS The printability of crystalline, fibrillated and blend formulations of nanocellulose was determined by assessing resolution (grid-line assay), post-printing shape fidelity and rheology (elasticity, viscosity and shear thinning characteristics) and compared these to pure alginate bioinks. The optimized nanocellulose-alginate bioink was bioprinted with human nasoseptal chondrocytes to determine cytotoxicity, metabolic activity and bioprinted construct topography. RESULTS All nanocellulose-alginate bioink combinations demonstrated a high degree of shear thinning with reversible stress softening behavior which contributed to post-printing shape fidelity. The unique blend of crystal and fibril nanocellulose bioink exhibited nano- as well as micro-roughness for cellular survival and differentiation, as well as maintaining the most stable construct volume in culture. Human nasoseptal chondrocytes demonstrated high metabolic activity post printing and adopted a rounded chondrogenic phenotype after prolonged culture. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the favorable rheological, swelling and biocompatibility properties of nanocellulose-alginate bioinks for extrusion-based bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita M Jessop
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom. The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom
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89
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Gicquel E, Martin C, Gauthier Q, Engström J, Abbattista C, Carlmark A, Cranston ED, Jean B, Bras J. Tailoring Rheological Properties of Thermoresponsive Hydrogels through Block Copolymer Adsorption to Cellulose Nanocrystals. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2545-2556. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Gicquel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Céline Martin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Quentin Gauthier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Joakim Engström
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clara Abbattista
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Anna Carlmark
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emily D. Cranston
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Bruno Jean
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Bras
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, F-75000 Paris, France
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90
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Zhang R, Chu G, Vasilyev G, Martin P, Camposeo A, Persano L, Pisignano D, Zussman E. Hybrid Nanocomposites for 3D Optics: Using Interpolymer Complexes with Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:19324-19330. [PMID: 31058491 PMCID: PMC6543505 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of optical paths by three-dimensional (3D) integrated optics with customized stacked building blocks has gained considerable attention. Herein, we present functional thin films with assembly ability for 3D integrated optics based on nanocomposites made of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) embedded in hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) interpolymer complexes (IPCs). We selected H-bonded IPC poly(ethylene oxide) and neutralized poly(acrylic acid) to render films assembly ability without undesired interplay with charge distribution in CNCs. The CNCs can form a stable chiral nematic liquid crystalline phase with long-range orientational order and helical organization. The resulting nanocomposites are characterized with a high elastic modulus of 8.8 GPa and an adhesion strength of 1.35 MPa through reversible intermolecular interactions at the contact interface upon exposure to acidic vapor. Instead, simply stacked into 3D optics, these functional thin films serve as a facile material for providing a conceptually simple approach to assemble 3D integrated optics with different liquid crystalline orderings to manipulate the light polarization state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyan Zhang
- NanoEngineering
Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Guang Chu
- NanoEngineering
Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Gleb Vasilyev
- NanoEngineering
Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Patrick Martin
- NanoEngineering
Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Andrea Camposeo
- NEST,
Instituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luana Persano
- NEST,
Instituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Dario Pisignano
- Dipartimento
di Fisica “Enrico Fermi”, Università di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- NEST,
Istituto Nanoscience-CNR, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eyal Zussman
- NanoEngineering
Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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91
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Rao A, Divoux T, McKinley GH, Hart AJ. Shear melting and recovery of crosslinkable cellulose nanocrystal-polymer gels. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:4401-4412. [PMID: 31095139 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02647e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) are naturally-derived nanostructures of growing importance for the production of composites having attractive mechanical properties, and offer improved sustainability over purely petroleum-based alternatives. Fabrication of CNC composites typically involves extrusion of CNC suspensions and gels in a variety of solvents, in the presence of additives such as polymers and curing agents. Most studies so far have focused on aqueous CNC gels, yet the behavior of CNC-polymer gels in organic solvents is important to their wider processability. Here, we study the rheological behavior of composite polymer-CNC gels in dimethylformamide, which include additives for both UV and thermal crosslinking. Using rheometry coupled with in situ infrared spectroscopy, we show that under external shear, CNC-polymer gels display progressive and irreversible failure of the hydrogen bond network that is responsible for their pronounced elastic properties. In the absence of cross-linking additives, the polymer-CNC gels show an instantaneous but partial recovery of their viscoelasticity upon cessation of flow, whereas, the presence of additives allows the gels to recover over much longer timescale via van der Waals interactions. By exploring a broad range of shear history and CNC concentrations, we construct master curves for the temporal evolution of the viscoelastic properties of the polymer-CNC gels, illustrating universality of the observed dynamics with respect to gel composition and flow conditions. We find that polymer-CNC composite gels display a number of the distinctive features of colloidal glasses and, strikingly, that their response to the flow conditions encountered during processing can be tuned by chemical additives. These findings have implications for processing of dense CNC-polymer composites in solvent casting, 3D printing, and other manufacturing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Rao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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92
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Wardhono EY, Kanani N, Alfirano A. A simple process of isolation microcrystalline cellulose using ultrasonic irradiation. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2019.1614947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nufus Kanani
- Engineering Faculty, University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa , Cilegon , Indonesia
| | - Alfirano Alfirano
- Engineering Faculty, University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa , Cilegon , Indonesia
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93
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De France KJ, Badv M, Dorogin J, Siebers E, Panchal V, Babi M, Moran-Mirabal J, Lawlor M, Cranston ED, Hoare T. Tissue Response and Biodistribution of Injectable Cellulose Nanocrystal Composite Hydrogels. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:2235-2246. [PMID: 33405775 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interest in cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-based hydrogels for drug delivery, tissue engineering, and other biomedical applications has rapidly expanded despite the minimal in vivo research reported to date. Herein, we assess both in vitro protein adsorption and cell adhesion as well as in vivo subcutaneous tissue responses and CNC biodistribution of injectable CNC-poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate) (POEGMA) hydrogels. Hydrogels with different PEG side chain lengths, CNC loadings, and with or without in situ magnetic alignment of the CNCs are compared. CNC loading has a minimal impact on protein adsorption but significantly increases cell adhesion. In vivo, both CNC-only and CNC-POEGMA injections largely stay at their subcutaneous injection site over one month, with minimal bioaccumulation of CNCs in any typical clearance organ. CNC-POEGMA hydrogels exhibit mild acute and chronic inflammatory responses, although significant fibroblast penetration was observed with the magnetically aligned hydrogels. Collectively, these results suggest that CNC-POEGMA hydrogels offer promise in practical biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emily Siebers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | | | | | | | - Michael Lawlor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbus V6T 1Z3, Canada
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94
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Sautina NV, Galyametdinov YG. Effect of L-Lysine on the Phase Transition Temperature in a Three-Component Water/Sodium Bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate/Isopropyl Myristate System. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s003602441905025x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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95
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Zhang F, Wang D, Qin H, Feng L, Liang X, Qing G. Chemoselectivity of Pristine Cellulose Nanocrystal Films Driven by Carbohydrate-Carbohydrate Interactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:13114-13122. [PMID: 30880380 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biological photonic nanostructures comprising a hierarchically self-assembled cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) have been exploited for the development of sensing, optoelectronics, and energy materials. Although multiple techniques are used for controlling the optical response and chiral nematic structure of CNC-derived materials, the presence of external studies that pristine CNC has chemoselectivity is not yet reported to implement this destination. Here, we report that the CNC film without modification shows a high optical sensitivity for glucose through color variation from blue to red. Moreover, various glucose homologs or analogs that only differ in terms of the orientation of a hydroxyl group are selectively distinguished through the naked eye. The excellent chemoselectivity of CNC is attributed to carbohydrate-carbohydrate selective hydrogen-bonding interactions. Close binding with glucose induces the rearrangement of a CNC chain and strengthens the repulsive interaction, thus increasing the helical pitch of the chiral nematic structure of the CNC film and changing its macroscopic color. This CNC chemoselectivity presents an unprecedented control of chiral nematic mesoporous carbon through monosaccharide species. The results provide a simple but highly efficient method to tune the optical and structural properties of CNC nanomaterials and to apply them for practical biosensors, chiral separation, and energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Haijuan Qin
- Research Centre of Modern Analytical Technology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , 26 Yingkou Road , Tanggu District, Tianjin 300000 , China
| | - Liang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Guangyan Qing
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road , Dalian 116023 , China
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96
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Li W, Liu W, Wen W, Liu H, Liu M, Zhou C, Luo B. The liquid crystalline order, rheology and their correlation in chitin whiskers suspensions. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 209:92-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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97
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Bertsch P, Sánchez-Ferrer A, Bagnani M, Isabettini S, Kohlbrecher J, Mezzenga R, Fischer P. Ion-Induced Formation of Nanocrystalline Cellulose Colloidal Glasses Containing Nematic Domains. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:4117-4124. [PMID: 30810320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the assembly of colloids in dispersion is a fundamental approach toward the production of functional materials. Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) is a charged nanoparticle whose colloidal interactions can be modulated from repulsive to attractive by increasing ionic strength. Here, we combine polarized optical microscopy, rheology, and small-angle scattering techniques to investigate (i) the concentration-driven transition from isotropic dispersion to cholesteric liquid crystals and (ii) salt-induced NCC phase transitions. In particular, we report on the formation of NCC attractive glasses containing nematic domains. At increasing NCC concentration, a structure peak was observed in small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns. The evolution of the structure peak demonstrates the decrease in NCC interparticle distance, favoring orientational order during the isotropic-cholesteric phase transition. Small amounts of salt reduce the cholesteric volume fraction and pitch by a decrease in excluded volume. Beyond a critical salt concentration, NCC forms attractive glasses due to particle caging and reduced motility. This results in a sharp increase in viscosity and formation of viscoelastic glasses. The presence of nematic domains is suggested by the appearance of interference colors and the Cox-Merz rule failure and was confirmed by an anisotropic SAXS scattering pattern at q ranges associated with the presence of nematic domains. Thus, salt addition allows the formation of NCC attractive glasses with mechanical properties similar to those of gels while remaining optically active owed to entrapped nematic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Bertsch
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health , ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | | | - Massimo Bagnani
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health , ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Isabettini
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health , ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Joachim Kohlbrecher
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging , Paul Scherrer Institute, PSI , 5232 Villigen PSI , Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health , ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Peter Fischer
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health , ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
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98
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Pinto EA, Dávila JL, d'Ávila MA. Rheological studies on nanocrystalline cellulose/alginate suspensions. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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99
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Xu Y, Atrens AD, Stokes JR. Liquid crystal hydroglass formed via phase separation of nanocellulose colloidal rods. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:1716-1720. [PMID: 30638248 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02288g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new anisotropic soft material - a liquid crystal 'hydroglass' (LCH) - is created from aqueous suspensions of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) colloidal rods. Under specific conditions, the NCC suspension separates into a colloid-rich attractive glass matrix phase and a coexisting liquid crystal phase. LCH provides similar viscoelastic properties to polymer and colloidal gels, but permits reversibly-orientating the colloidal rods through shear forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
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100
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Superior, processing-dependent thermal conductivity of cellulose Nanocrystal-Poly(vinyl alcohol) composite films. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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