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Dai W, White R, Liu J, Liu H. Organelles coordinate milk production and secretion during lactation: Insights into mammary pathologies. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101159. [PMID: 35276245 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland undergoes a spectacular series of changes during its development and maintains a remarkable capacity to remodel and regenerate during progression through the lactation cycle. This flexibility of the mammary gland requires coordination of multiple processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, regeneration, stress response, immune activity, and metabolic changes under the control of diverse cellular and hormonal signaling pathways. The lactating mammary epithelium orchestrates synthesis and apical secretion of macromolecules including milk lipids, milk proteins, and lactose as well as other minor nutrients that constitute milk. Knowledge about the subcellular compartmentalization of these metabolic and signaling events, as they relate to milk production and secretion during lactation, is expanding. Here we review how major organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, lysosome, and exosome) within mammary epithelial cells collaborate to initiate, mediate, and maintain lactation, and how study of these organelles provides insight into options to maintain mammary/breast health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Dai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Robin White
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Jianxin Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Sivarajah R. Hormonic Notes: Review of Endocrine Basis of Benign Breast Disease. Semin Roentgenol 2022; 57:149-159. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ro.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Calik-Ksepka A, Stradczuk M, Czarnecka K, Grymowicz M, Smolarczyk R. Lactational Amenorrhea: Neuroendocrine Pathways Controlling Fertility and Bone Turnover. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031633. [PMID: 35163554 PMCID: PMC8835773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactation is a physiological state of hyperprolactinemia and associated amenorrhea. Despite the fact that exact mechanisms standing behind the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis during lactation are still not clear, a general overview of events leading to amenorrhea may be suggested. Suckling remains the most important stimulus maintaining suppressive effect on ovaries after pregnancy. Breastfeeding is accompanied by high levels of prolactin, which remain higher than normal until the frequency and duration of daily suckling decreases and allows normal menstrual function resumption. Hyperprolactinemia induces the suppression of hypothalamic Kiss1 neurons that directly control the pulsatile release of GnRH. Disruption in the pulsatile manner of GnRH secretion results in a strongly decreased frequency of corresponding LH pulses. Inadequate LH secretion and lack of pre-ovulatory surge inhibit the progression of the follicular phase of a menstrual cycle and result in anovulation and amenorrhea. The main consequences of lactational amenorrhea are connected with fertility issues and increased bone turnover. Provided the fulfillment of all the established conditions of its use, the lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) efficiently protects against pregnancy. Because of its accessibility and lack of additional associated costs, LAM might be especially beneficial in low-income, developing countries, where modern contraception is hard to obtain. Breastfeeding alone is not equal to the LAM method, and therefore, it is not enough to successfully protect against conception. That is why LAM promotion should primarily focus on conditions under which its use is safe and effective. More studies on larger study groups should be conducted to determine and confirm the impact of behavioral factors, like suckling parameters, on the LAM efficacy. Lactational bone loss is a physiologic mechanism that enables providing a sufficient amount of calcium to the newborn. Despite the decline in bone mass during breastfeeding, it rebuilds after weaning and is not associated with a postmenopausal decrease in BMD and osteoporosis risk. Therefore, it should be a matter of concern only for lactating women with additional risk factors or with low BMD before pregnancy. The review summarizes the effect that breastfeeding exerts on the hypothalamus-pituitary axis as well as fertility and bone turnover aspects of lactational amenorrhea. We discuss the possibility of the use of lactation as contraception, along with this method's prevalence, efficacy, and influencing factors. We also review the literature on the topic of lactational bone loss: its mechanism, severity, and persistence throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Calik-Ksepka
- Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Karowa 2, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Monika Stradczuk
- Student’s Academic Association, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (K.C.)
| | - Karolina Czarnecka
- Student’s Academic Association, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (K.C.)
| | - Monika Grymowicz
- Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Karowa 2, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Roman Smolarczyk
- Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Karowa 2, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (R.S.)
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Qi SY, Xu XL, Ma WZ, Deng SL, Lian ZX, Yu K. Effects of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Maternal Body on Infants. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:890307. [PMID: 35757428 PMCID: PMC9218079 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.890307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many organochlorine pollutants in the environment, which can be directly or indirectly exposed to by mothers, and as estrogen endocrine disruptors can cause damage to the lactation capacity of the mammary gland. In addition, because breast milk contains a lot of nutrients, it is the most important food source for new-born babies. If mothers are exposed to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), the lipophilic organochlorine contaminants can accumulate in breast milk fat and be passed to the infant through breast milk. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate organochlorine contaminants in human milk to estimate the health risks of these contaminants to breastfed infants. In addition, toxic substances in the mother can also be passed to the fetus through the placenta, which is also something we need to pay attention to. This article introduces several types of OCPs, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), methoxychlor (MXC), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), endosulfan, chlordane, heptachlorand and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), mainly expounds their effects on women's lactation ability and infant health, and provides reference for maternal and infant health. In addition, some measures and methods for the control of organochlorine pollutants are also described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yu Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Ling Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Wen-Zhi Ma, ; Kun Yu, ; Zheng-Xing Lian,
| | - Shou-Long Deng
- National Health Commission of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Xing Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Wen-Zhi Ma, ; Kun Yu, ; Zheng-Xing Lian,
| | - Kun Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Wen-Zhi Ma, ; Kun Yu, ; Zheng-Xing Lian,
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Hooper HB, Dos Santos Silva P, de Oliveira SA, Merighe GKF, Titto CG, Negrão JA. Long-term heat stress at final gestation: physiological and heat shock responses of Saanen goats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:2123-2135. [PMID: 34420116 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-021-02175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The long exposure to heat negatively changes performance and productivity of animals, particularly when heat stress is associated with gestation. Indeed, little is known about the negative effects of long-term heat stress on the final gestation of dairy goats. In this context, the physiological and cellular responses of Saanen goats submitted to heat stress (37°C from 10:00 to 16:00 h) were investigated from day 60th pre-partum to day 60th post-partum. At final gestation, 46 pregnant Saanen goats were randomly assigned to the treatments: control (CT; thermal neutral conditions) and heat stress (HS; climatic chamber). After partum, all experimental goats were maintained in thermal neutral conditions. The rectal, dorsal, mammary temperatures and respiratory frequency, cortisol release, milk yield, milk quality, and the genes HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, Glucocorticoid receptor and ACTHR. Goats subjected to HS showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher rectal, dorsal, and mammary temperatures and significantly mobilized the increase of respiratory frequency to lose heat as compared to CT goats. The HS challenge significantly increased cortisol release from day 15th pre-partum to day 15th post-partum. CT goats produced more milk than HS from weeks 4 to 10 of lactation (P <0.001), with no difference in milk quality. However, on day 15th post-partum, there was a significant effect of HS treatment on the expression of HSP70 and ACTHR genes as compared to CT treatment, confirming the long-term effect of HS on Saanen goats. In conclusion, the physiological parameters studied increased pre-partum in the hottest hour, and cortisol peaked on day 15 pre-partum for heat-stressed goats. Although on the 15th day post-partum, all goats were in thermal comfort, and the physiological parameters were within the normal range, the concentration of cortisol continued to be significantly higher for goats submitted to thermal stress. Indeed, milk yield was greater for goats subjected to pre-partum thermal comfort. Furthermore, the expression of HSP70 and ACTHR genes on peripheral blood mononuclear cells are interesting biomarkers for studying the long-term effect of heat stress on Saanen goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Barbosa Hooper
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte avenue, 225, 13635-900, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Dos Santos Silva
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte avenue, 225, 13635-900, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Aparecida de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte avenue, 225, 13635-900, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovana Krempel Fonseca Merighe
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte avenue, 225, 13635-900, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Gonçalves Titto
- Laboratory of Animal Biometeorology and Ethology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte avenue, 225, 13635-900, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Alberto Negrão
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte avenue, 225, 13635-900, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Baumrucker CR, Macrina AL, Bruckmaier RM. Colostrogenesis: Role and Mechanism of the Bovine Fc Receptor of the Neonate (FcRn). J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:419-453. [PMID: 35080749 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Colostrogenesis is a separate and unique phase of mammary epithelial cell activity occurring in the weeks before parturition and rather abruptly ending after birth in the bovine. It has been the focus of research to define what controls this process and how it produces high concentrations of specific biologically active components important for the neonate. In this review we consider colostrum composition and focus upon components that appear in first milked colostrum in concentrations exceeding that in blood serum. The Fc Receptor of the Neonate (FcRn) is recognized as the major immunoglobulin G (IgG) and albumin binding protein that accounts for the proteins' long half-lives. We integrate the action of the pinocytotic (fluid phase) uptake of extracellular components and merge them with FcRn in sorting endosomes. We define and explore the means of binding, sorting, and the transcytotic delivery of IgG1 while recycling IgG2 and albumin. We consider the means of releasing the ligands from the receptor within the endosome and describe a new secretion mechanism of cargo release into colostrum without the appearance of FcRn itself in colostrum. We integrate the insulin-like growth factor family, some of which are highly concentrated bioactive components of colostrum, with the mechanisms related to FcRn endosome action. In addition to secretion, we highlight the recent findings of a role of the FcRn in phagocytosis and antigen presentation and relate its significant and abrupt change in cellular location after parturition to a role in the prevention and resistance to mastitis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Baumrucker
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Ann L Macrina
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Rupert M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Methionine and leucine induce ARID1A degradation to promote mTOR expression and milk synthesis in mammary epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 101:108924. [PMID: 34843932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids can activate mTOR to promote milk synthesis in mammary epithelial cells (MECs), but the underlying molecular mechanism is still largely unknown. The objective is to investigate the regulatory mechanism of amino acids (Met and Leu) in stimulating mRNA expression of mTOR in MECs. We found that the protein abundance of AT-rich interaction domain 1A (ARID1A) was poorly expressed in mouse mammary gland tissues of lactating period. ARID1A knockdown and gene activation experiments detected whether ARID1A negatively regulated milk protein and fat synthesis in bovine MECs, cell proliferation and the expression and activation of mTOR. ChIP-PCR detected that ARID1A, H3K27ac, H3K27me3 and H3K4me3 all bound to the mTOR promoter at -548∼-793 nt. Knockdown or gene activation of ARID1A enhanced or weakened the binding of H3K27ac on the mTOR promoter, respectively. The stimulation of Met and Leu on mTOR expression and phosphorylation were eliminated by ARID1A gene activation. Furthermore, Met and Leu decreased the protein level of ARID1A through ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. TRIM21 bound to ARID1A, and TRIM21 knockdown blocked the stimulation of Met and Leu on ARID1A degradation. In summary, these data reveal that ARID1A blocks Met and Leu signaling to mTOR gene transcription through inhibiting H3K27ac deposition on its promoter, and Met and Leu decrease ARID1A protein level through TRIM21-mediated ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Our findings uncover that Met and Leu promote mTOR expression for milk synthesis through the TRIM21-ARID1A signaling pathway, providing a novel theoretical basis for the application of amino acids in milk production.
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Lyu P, Li B, Li P, Bi R, Cui C, Zhao Z, Zhou X, Fan Y. Parathyroid Hormone 1 Receptor Signaling in Dental Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Basic and Clinical Implications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:654715. [PMID: 34760881 PMCID: PMC8573197 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) are two peptides that regulate mineral ion homeostasis, skeletal development, and bone turnover by activating parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R). PTH1R signaling is of profound clinical interest for its potential to stimulate bone formation and regeneration. Recent pre-clinical animal studies and clinical trials have investigated the effects of PTH and PTHrP analogs in the orofacial region. Dental mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are targets of PTH1R signaling and have long been known as major factors in tissue repair and regeneration. Previous studies have begun to reveal important roles for PTH1R signaling in modulating the proliferation and differentiation of MSCs in the orofacial region. A better understanding of the molecular networks and underlying mechanisms for modulating MSCs in dental diseases will pave the way for the therapeutic applications of PTH and PTHrP in the future. Here we review recent studies involving dental MSCs, focusing on relationships with PTH1R. We also summarize recent basic and clinical observations of PTH and PTHrP treatment to help understand their use in MSCs-based dental and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peiran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruiye Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Cui
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Liu L, Guo Q, Cui M, Liu J, Yang C, Li X, Liu P, Wang L. Impact of maternal nutrition during early pregnancy and diet during lactation on lactoferrin in mature breast milk. Nutrition 2021; 93:111500. [PMID: 34715444 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lactoferrin supplementation is a promising strategy to prevent infections in neonates. Exploring whether maternal nutritional status in early pregnancy and maternal diet during lactation are associated with lactoferrin concentrations in mature human milk can provide early warning and allow timely adjustment. METHODS In this follow-up cohort study, 206 participants were recruited at Peking University People's Hospital from June 2018 to June 2019. The levels of albumin and thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH) were determined as nutritional indicators during early pregnancy. Information on maternal diet during lactation was collected with a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire, and the lactoferrin concentrations in breast milk were examined at around 42 d postpartum. RESULTS The median level (interquartile range) of lactoferrin in breast milk was 2844.2 (2568.1, 3103.1) μg/mL. Overall, 5.5% of participants had lower albumin (<40 g/L), and 21.6% had elevated TSH (>2.5 mIU/L), respectively. The concentration of lactoferrin was higher (216.8 [13.4, 420.2] μg/mL) in women with lower albumin levels than in those with normal levels, and elevated TSH had no effect. A 1 g increase in egg intake led to a 0.3 (0.0, 0.6) μg/mL increase in lactoferrin concentration. Lactoferrin levels were also affected by intake of energy, protein, cholesterol, and vitamin A. CONCLUSIONS Women with lower albumin levels in early pregnancy had higher levels of lactoferrin in mature breast milk. TSH was not related to lactoferrin levels. Intake of energy, protein, cholesterol, and vitamin A may have contributed to lactoferrin concentrations in milk, and egg intake was positively associated with lactoferrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Liu
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health; School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qianying Guo
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (P.L.)
| | - Mingxuan Cui
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (P.L.)
| | - Jufen Liu
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health; School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health; School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuening Li
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (P.L.)
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (P.L.).
| | - Linlin Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health; School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Bomfim GF, Merighe GKF, de Oliveira SA, Negrao JA. Acute and chronic effects of cortisol on milk yield, the expression of key receptors, and apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells in Saanen goats. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:818-830. [PMID: 34756435 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol (CORT) induces mammary development in late gestation and is fundamental to the differentiation of mammary epithelial cells and lactogenesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between CORT, insulin, prolactin, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-1 in milk as well as the effect of CORT on the expression of receptors of insulin (INSR), prolactin (PRLR), growth hormone (GHR); we also studied the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1R), glucocorticoid (NR3C1), mineralocorticoid (NR3C2), B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), BCL-2-like protein X (BAX) genes, and the apoptosis rate of mammary epithelial cells of lactating Saanen goats in vivo and in vitro. The following experiments were conducted: (1) comparing hormone release in milk and blood after ACTH or a placebo administration; (2) evaluating the effect of acute CORT increases in mammary gland expression and milk yield in vivo; and (3) evaluating the effect of a chronic increase in CORT concentration in epithelial mammary cell apoptosis in vitro. In vivo, ACTH administration significantly increased CORT release but did not affect insulin, prolactin, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-1 release in plasma and milk versus placebo. The results show also that a low CORT release after ACTH administration increased the expression of GHR and PRLR genes in the mammary tissue. Indeed, CORT release significantly increased the milk yield from goats subjected to ACTH versus goats subjected to the placebo. However, a higher amount of CORT added in vitro upregulated the NR3C1, GHR, PRLR, and BAX genes and downregulated the IGF1R and INSR genes, which could negatively modulate the apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells. Finally, the effect of CORT in vivo after ACTH administration demonstrated the increased expression of the PRLR and GHR genes, which may improve epithelial cell responsiveness and be associated with the positive effect of CORT observed on milk yield at mid-end lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Bomfim
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900 Brazil
| | - G K F Merighe
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900 Brazil
| | - S A de Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900 Brazil
| | - J A Negrao
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900 Brazil.
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Wan L, Huang RJ, Luo ZH, Gong JE, Pan A, Manavis J, Yan XX, Xiao B. Reproduction-Associated Hormones and Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:3651735. [PMID: 34539776 PMCID: PMC8448607 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3651735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of reproduction-associated hormones in females, such as estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and oxytocin, change dramatically during pregnancy and postpartum. Reproduction-associated hormones can affect adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN), thereby regulating mothers' behavior after delivery. In this review, we first briefly introduce the overall functional significance of AHN and the methods commonly used to explore this front. Then, we attempt to reconcile the changes of reproduction-associated hormones during pregnancy. We further update the findings on how reproduction-related hormones influence adult hippocampal neurogenesis. This review is aimed at emphasizing a potential role of AHN in reproduction-related brain plasticity and its neurobiological relevance to motherhood behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Rou-Jie Huang
- Medical Doctor Program, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jiao-e Gong
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Aihua Pan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jim Manavis
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia 5000
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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Pang WW, Geddes DT, Lai CT, Chan SY, Chan YH, Cheong CY, Fok D, Chua MC, Lim SB, Huang J, Pundir S, Tan KH, Yap F, Godfrey KM, Gluckman PD, Shek LP, Vickers MH, Eriksson JG, Chong YS, Wlodek ME. The association of maternal gestational hyperglycemia with breastfeeding duration and markers of milk production. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:1219-1228. [PMID: 33963740 PMCID: PMC7611668 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies focusing on the association between gestational diabetes and breastfeeding duration have been inconclusive. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine whether maternal gestational hyperglycemia is associated with the duration of breastfeeding and the concentrations of markers linked to breastmilk production. METHODS Data from the prospective, multiethnic Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes study were used to assess the association of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-h postglucose challenge (2hPG) measured at 26-28 wk of gestation with duration of breastfeeding and concentrations of protein, lactose, citrate, sodium, potassium, and zinc in breastmilk 3 wk postpartum. RESULTS Of the 1035 participants, 5.2% and 9.5% had elevated FPG and 2hPG, respectively, consistent with a diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus based on International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. FPG ≥5.1 mmol/L was associated with a crude reduction in median breastfeeding duration of 2.3 mo. In a model adjusted for maternal prepregnancy BMI and intention to breastfeed, FPG ≥5.1 mmol/L predicted earlier termination of any breastfeeding (adjusted HR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.04, 2.08) but not full breastfeeding (adjusted HR: 1.08; 0.76, 1.55). 2hPG ≥8.5 mmol/L was not significantly associated with the durations of any (adjusted HR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.62, 1.19) or full (adjusted HR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.62, 1.18) breastfeeding. Maternal FPG was significantly and positively associated with breastmilk sodium (adjusted coefficient: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.51) and sodium-to-potassium ratio (adjusted coefficient: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.54) but not with other measured breastmilk components. CONCLUSIONS Women with FPG ≥5.1 mmol/L during pregnancy breastfeed for a shorter duration. Future work involving measurement of milk production is needed to determine whether low milk production predicts breastfeeding duration among women with elevated FPG. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01174875.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei Pang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Donna T. Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ching-Tat Lai
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shiao-Yng Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Yiong Huak Chan
- Department of Biostatistics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Clara Y. Cheong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Doris Fok
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Mei Chien Chua
- Department of Neonatology, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
| | - Sok Bee Lim
- Department of Child Development, KK Women’s & Children’s Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Huang
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Shikha Pundir
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
| | - Keith M. Godfrey
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton, UK,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Peter D. Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore,Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lynette P. Shek
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore,Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Mark H. Vickers
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore,Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Mary E. Wlodek
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore,Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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64
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Bibi S, Shah M, Malik MO, Goosens KA. T3 is linked to stress-associated reduction of prolactin in lactating women. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e13003. [PMID: 34241933 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between stress responses and lactation is bidirectional. Breastfeeding confers many benefits to maternal health, including attenuated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness to stress. However, increased stress burden can impair lactation. The mechanisms that underlie these relationships are poorly understood. The present study aimed to compare breastfeeding habits, as well as subjective and objective measures of stress, in employed and non-employed lactating women and assess the relationships between these measures and prolactin (PRL), thyroid hormones (thyroid-stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine [T3] and thyroxine), vasopressin and cortisol levels. A dexamethasone suppression test was also administered to determine the sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to negative-feedback. We report that lactating employed women had lower breastfeeding rates and lower PRL than lactating non-employed women. They also had a significantly higher stress burden, indicated by elevations in blood pressure and evening cortisol, relative to lactating non-employed women. In regression analyses that controlled for feeding modality and breastfeeding duration, we found these factors differentially affected PRL in the two groups and there were significant differences in PRL across groups that were not accounted for by these factors. A mediation regression analysis suggested that group differences in PRL were best explained by differences in T3 and income levels, rather than breastfeeding duration or other variables. Our data fit a speculative model in which elevated maternal stress increases cortisol, which suppresses T3, leading to decreased PRL. The decreases in PRL are associated with higher rates of bottlefeeding, which may further contribute to decreased PRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safia Bibi
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Shah
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Omar Malik
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ki Ann Goosens
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Affective Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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65
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Vandenberg LN. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and the mammary gland. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2021; 92:237-277. [PMID: 34452688 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of the mammary gland requires coordination of hormone signaling pathways including those mediated by estrogen, progesterone, androgen and prolactin receptors. These hormones play important roles at several distinct stages of life including embryonic/fetal development, puberty, pregnancy, lactation, and old age. This also makes the gland sensitive to perturbations from environmental agents including endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Although there is evidence from human populations of associations between EDCs and disruptions to breast development and lactation, these studies are often complicated by the timing of exposure assessments and the latency to develop breast diseases (e.g., years to decades). Rodents have been instrumental in providing insights-not only to the basic biology and endocrinology of the mammary gland, but to the effects of EDCs on this tissue at different stages of development. Studies, mostly but not exclusively, of estrogenic EDCs have shown that the mammary gland is a sensitive tissue, that exposures during perinatal development can produce abnormal mammary structures (e.g., alveolar buds, typically seen in pregnant females) in adulthood; that exposures during pregnancy can alter milk production; and that EDC exposures can enhance the response of the mammary tissue to hormones and chemical carcinogens. Other studies of persistent organic pollutants have shown that EDC exposures during critical windows of development can delay development of the gland, with lifelong consequences for the individual. Collectively, this work continues to support the conclusion that EDCs can harm the mammary gland, with effects that depend on the period of exposure and the period of evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States.
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66
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Sadovnikova A, Garcia SC, Hovey RC. A Comparative Review of the Cell Biology, Biochemistry, and Genetics of Lactose Synthesis. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:181-196. [PMID: 34125364 PMCID: PMC8236053 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactose is the primary carbohydrate in the milk of most mammals and is unique in that it is only synthesized by epithelial cells in the mammary glands. Lactose is also essential for the development and nutrition of infants. Across species, the concentration of lactose in milk holds a strong positive correlation with overall milk volume. Additionally, there is a range of examples where the onset of lactose synthesis as well as the content of lactose in milk varies between species and throughout a lactation. Despite this diversity, the precursors, genes, proteins and ions that regulate lactose synthesis have not received the depth of study they likely deserve relative to the significance of this simple and abundant molecule. Through this review, our objective is to highlight the requirements for lactose synthesis at the biochemical, cellular and temporal levels through a comparative approach. This overview also serves as the prelude to a companion review describing the dietary, hormonal, molecular, and genetic factors that regulate lactose synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sadovnikova
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology, Physician Scientist Training Program, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Sergio C Garcia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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67
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Al-Khan AA, Al Balushi NR, Richardson SJ, Danks JA. Roles of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (PTHrP) and Its Receptor (PTHR1) in Normal and Tumor Tissues: Focus on Their Roles in Osteosarcoma. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:637614. [PMID: 33796580 PMCID: PMC8008073 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.637614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor and originates from bone forming mesenchymal cells and primarily affects children and adolescents. The 5-year survival rate for OS is 60 to 65%, with little improvement in prognosis during the last four decades. Studies have demonstrated the evolving roles of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and its receptor (PTHR1) in bone formation, bone remodeling, regulation of calcium transport from blood to milk, regulation of maternal calcium transport to the fetus and reabsorption of calcium in kidneys. These two molecules also play critical roles in the development, progression and metastasis of several tumors such as breast cancer, lung carcinoma, chondrosarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma and OS. The protein expression of both PTHrP and PTHR1 have been demonstrated in OS, and their functions and proposed signaling pathways have been investigated yet their roles in OS have not been fully elucidated. This review aims to discuss the latest research with PTHrP and PTHR1 in OS tumorigenesis and possible mechanistic pathways. This review is dedicated to Professor Michael Day who died in May 2020 and was a very generous collaborator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awf A Al-Khan
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pathology, Sohar Hospital, Sohar, Oman
| | - Noora R Al Balushi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Samantha J Richardson
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Janine A Danks
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
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68
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Guo Z, Gao S, Ouyang J, Ma L, Bu D. Impacts of Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Stress on the Milk Protein Biosynthesis of Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:726. [PMID: 33800015 PMCID: PMC8001837 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) is one of the most important factors posing harm to the economic wellbeing of dairy industries, as it reduces milk yield as well as milk protein content. Recent studies suggest that HS participates in the induction of tissue oxidative stress (OS), as elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial dysfunction were observed in dairy cows exposed to hot conditions. The OS induced by HS likely contributes to the reduction in milk protein content, since insulin resistance and apoptosis are promoted by OS and are negatively associated with the synthesis of milk proteins. The apoptosis in the mammary gland directly decreases the amount of mammary epithelial cells, while the insulin resistance affects the regulation of insulin on mTOR pathways. To alleviate OS damages, strategies including antioxidants supplementation have been adopted, but caution needs to be applied as an inappropriate supplement with antioxidants can be harmful. Furthermore, the complete mechanisms by which HS induces OS and OS influences milk protein synthesis are still unclear and further investigation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.G.); (S.G.)
| | - Shengtao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.G.); (S.G.)
| | - Jialiang Ouyang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Lu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.G.); (S.G.)
| | - Dengpan Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.G.); (S.G.)
- Joint Laboratory on Integrated Crop-Tree-Livestock Systems of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) and World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Beijing 100193, China
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69
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Smits NGE, Blokland MH, Wubs KL, Bovee TFH, Albada B, van Ginkel LA, Nielen MWF. Detection of methionine- and alanine-recombinant bovine somatotropins and their induced antibodies in serum and milk of cows suggests blood-milk barrier specificity for these compounds. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5069-5078. [PMID: 33663857 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The elimination of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) and its induced antibodies through milk of 2 formulations is studied to propose a control strategy for its use or abuse. Two dairy cows were treated with alanine-rbST (Ala-rbST), which is identical to endogenous bovine somatotropin, and ten dairy cows were treated with methionine-rbST (Met-rbST), which differs by 1 amino acid from endogenous bovine somatotropin. We developed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method able to measure rbST at a decision limit (CCα) of 0.8 ng/mL and 2.3 ng/mL for serum and milk, respectively. The results show that the administered Ala-rbST is transferred from blood to milk but that this is not the case for Met-rbST. This suggests a blood-milk barrier-related specificity for these compounds. In addition, rbST-induced antibodies were formed in animals treated with Ala-rbST and those treated with Met-rbST. In both treatments, the rbST-induced antibodies were transferred from blood to milk, showing no blood-milk barrier specificity for these antibodies. These elimination patterns show that, for enforcement purposes, the detection of rbST-induced antibodies in tank milk can serve to screen for rbST administration, and subsequent confirmatory serum analysis by LC-MS/MS is needed to identify whether Ala-rbST or Met-rbST has been used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie G E Smits
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Marco H Blokland
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas L Wubs
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Toine F H Bovee
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bauke Albada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leendert A van Ginkel
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michel W F Nielen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
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70
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Gouesse RJ, Dianati E, McDermott A, Wade MG, Hales B, Robaire B, Plante I. In Utero and Lactational Exposure to an Environmentally Relevant Mixture of Brominated Flame Retardants Induces a Premature Development of the Mammary Glands. Toxicol Sci 2021; 179:206-219. [PMID: 33252648 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In utero and prepubertal development of the mammary glands occurs minimally in a hormone independent manner until puberty where maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis drives an extensive remodeling. Nevertheless, because the immature glands contain functional hormone receptors, they are especially vulnerable to the effects of endocrine disruptors, such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs). BFRs are widespread chemicals added to household objects to reduce their flammability, and to which humans are ubiquitously exposed. We previously reported that in utero and lactational exposure to BFRs resulted in an impaired mammary gland development in peripubertal animals. Here, we assessed whether BFR-induced disruption of mammary gland development could manifest earlier in life. Dams were exposed prior to mating until pups' weaning to a BFR mixture (0, 0.06, 20, or 60 mg/kg/day) formulated according to levels found in house dust. The mammary glands of female offspring were collected at weaning. Histo-morphological analyses showed that exposure to 0.06 mg/kg/day accelerates global epithelial development as demonstrated by a significant increase in total epithelial surface area, associated with a tendency to increase of the ductal area and thickness, and of lumen area. Significant increases of the Ki67 cell proliferation index and of the early apoptotic marker cleaved caspase-9 were also observed, as well as an upward trend in the number of thyroid hormone receptor α1 positive cells. These molecular, histologic, and morphometric changes are suggestive of accelerated pubertal development. Thus, our results suggest that exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of BFRs induces precocious development of the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elham Dianati
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Alec McDermott
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Michael G Wade
- Health Canada, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Barbara Hales
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Bernard Robaire
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Isabelle Plante
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
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71
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Lunesu MF, Bomboi GC, Marzano A, Comin A, Prandi A, Sechi P, Nicolussi PS, Decandia M, Manca C, Atzori AS, Molle G, Cannas A. Metabolic and hormonal control of energy utilization and partitioning from early to mid lactation in Sarda ewes and Saanen goats. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:3617-3631. [PMID: 33455748 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In a recent study, we observed that starch-rich diets used in mid lactation induced lower milk production persistency and higher body fat accumulation in dairy ewes compared with dairy goats. Because these species differences could be linked to hormonal mechanisms that drive energy partitioning, in the same experiment, we explored the evolution of metabolic and hormonal status during lactation to test this hypothesis. Twenty mature Sarda dairy ewes and 20 mature Saanen goats [15-134 ± 11 d in milk (DIM), mean ± SD] were compared simultaneously. In early lactation, each species was allocated to one dietary treatment: high-starch diet [HS: 20.4% starch, on dry matter (DM) basis], whereas from 92 ± 11 DIM, each species was allocated to 1 of 2 dietary treatments: HS (20.0% starch, on DM basis) and low-starch (LS: 7.8% starch, on DM basis) diets. Blood samples were collected in the morning to analyze glucose, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), growth hormone (GH), insulin, and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS with repeated measurements (SAS Version 9.0). The HS and LS diets applied in mid lactation did not affect metabolic status of the animal within species; thus, only a comparison between species was carried out. From early to mid lactation, plasma glucose concentration was higher in ewes than in goats (54.57 vs. 48.35 ± 1.18 mg/dL), whereas plasma NEFA concentration was greater in goats than in ewes (0.31 vs. 0.25 ± 0.03 mmol/L). Goats had higher plasma GH concentration and lower plasma insulin content than ewes (4.78 vs. 1.31 ng/mL ± 0.47; 0.11 vs. 0.26 μg/L ± 0.02). Plasma IGF-I concentration did not vary between species. The comparison of metabolic and hormonal status of lactating Sarda dairy ewes and Saanen goats, carried out by studying simultaneously the 2 species in the same stage of lactation and experimental conditions, suggests that the higher insulin and glucose concentration observed in Sarda ewes explains why they partitioned more energy toward body reserves than to the mammary gland, especially in mid lactation. This can justify the negative effect of high-starch diets in mid-lactating Sarda ewes. Conversely, the highest GH and NEFA concentration observed in Saanen goats explain why they partitioned more energy of starch diets toward the mammary gland than to body reserves and justify the positive effect of high-starch diet in mid lactation. Together, these different responses contribute to explain why specialized dairy goats, such as the Saanen breed, have a higher milk production persistency than specialized dairy sheep breeds, such as the Sarda.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Lunesu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - G C Bomboi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - A Marzano
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - A Comin
- Dipartimento di Scienze agroalimentari, ambientali e animali, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2a, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - A Prandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze agroalimentari, ambientali e animali, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2a, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - P Sechi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - P S Nicolussi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - M Decandia
- Agris Sardegna, Loc. Bonassai, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - C Manca
- Agris Sardegna, Loc. Bonassai, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - A S Atzori
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - G Molle
- Agris Sardegna, Loc. Bonassai, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - A Cannas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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72
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Ni Y, Chen Q, Cai J, Xiao L, Zhang J. Three lactation-related hormones: Regulation of hypothalamus-pituitary axis and function on lactation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 520:111084. [PMID: 33232781 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The endocrine system plays a central role in many aspects of lactation, including mammogenesis (mammary gland development), lactogenesis (onset of lactation), and galactopoiesis (maintenance of milk secretion). Many hormones of the endocrine system directly or indirectly regulate lactation process. The secretion of prolactin (PRL), one of the most important lactation-related hormones, is inhibited by hypothalamus-pituitary dopaminergic system and stimulated by hypothalamus-pituitary oxytocinergic system. This hormone is essential in all stages of lactation. The growth hormone (GH) regulates metabolism and the distribution of nutrients between tissues mammary glands, and stimulates the production of IGF-I from the liver which binds to IGF-IR of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) to indirectly promote lactation. The synthesis and secretion of estrogen (E) are affected by the hypothalamus-pituitary axis. The hormone regulates duct morphogenesis and MECs proliferation. It also modulates the synthesis and secretion of PRL and GH, which together regulate the lactation in female animals. In this article, we reviewed the three main lactation-related hormones (PRL, GH, and E), summarize their regulation by the hypothalamus-pituitary axis and how they influence lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Ni
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiangqiang Chen
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lixia Xiao
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jinzhi Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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73
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Watt AP, Lefevre C, Wong CS, Nicholas KR, Sharp JA. Insulin regulates human mammosphere development and function. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 384:333-352. [PMID: 33439347 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Assessing the role of lactogenic hormones in human mammary gland development is limited due to issues accessing tissue samples and so development of a human in vitro three-dimensional mammosphere model with functions similar to secretory alveoli in the mammary gland can aid to overcome this shortfall. In this study, a mammosphere model has been characterised using human mammary epithelial cells grown on either mouse extracellular matrix or agarose and showed insulin is essential for formation of mammospheres. Insulin was shown to up-regulate extracellular matrix genes. Microarray analysis of these mammospheres revealed an up-regulation of differentiation, cell-cell junctions, and cytoskeleton organisation functions, suggesting mammosphere formation may be regulated through ILK signalling. Comparison of insulin and IGF-1 effects on mammosphere signalling showed that although IGF-1 could induce spherical structures, the cells did not polarise correctly as shown by the absence of up-regulation of polarisation genes and did not induce the expression of milk protein genes. This study demonstrated a major role for insulin in mammary acinar development for secretory differentiation and function indicating the potential for reduced lactational efficiency in women with obesity and gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashalyn P Watt
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia.
| | - Christophe Lefevre
- Division of Bioinformatics, Walter and Eliza Hall Medical Research Institute, 3000, Melbourne, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Research Institute, East Melbourne, 3002, Australia
| | - Cynthia S Wong
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia
| | - Kevin R Nicholas
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Julie A Sharp
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia
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74
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Altamirano GA, Gomez AL, Schierano-Marotti G, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Rodriguez HA, Kass L. Bisphenol A and benzophenone-3 exposure alters milk protein expression and its transcriptional regulation during functional differentiation of the mammary gland in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110185. [PMID: 32946892 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The plastic monomer and plasticizer bisphenol A (BPA), and the UV-filter benzophenone-3 (BP3) have been shown to have estrogenic activities that could alter mammary gland development. Our aim was to analyze whether BPA or BP3 direct exposure affects the functional differentiation of the mammary gland using an in vitro model. Mammary organoids were obtained and isolated from 8 week-old virgin female C57BL/6 mice and were differentiated on Matrigel with medium containing lactogenic hormones and exposed to: a) vehicle (0.01% ethanol); b) 1 × 10-9 M or 1 × 10-6 M BPA; or c) 1 × 10-12 M, 1 × 10-9 M or 1 × 10-6 M BP3 for 72 h. The mRNA and protein expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and progesterone receptor (PR) were assessed. In addition, mRNA levels of PR-B isoform, glucocorticoid receptor (GR), prolactin receptor (PRLR) and Stat5a, and protein expression of pStat5a/b were evaluated at 72 h. The mRNA and protein expression of milk proteins and their DNA methylation status were also analyzed. Although mRNA level of PRLR and GR was similar between treatments, mRNA expression of ESR1, total PR, PR-B and Stat5a was increased in organoids exposed to 1 × 10-9 M BPA and 1 × 10-12 M BP3. Total PR expression was also increased with 1 × 10-6 M BPA. Nuclear ESR1 and PR expression was observed in all treated organoids; whereas nuclear pStat5a/b alveolar cells was observed only in organoids exposed to 1 × 10-9 M BPA and 1 × 10-12 M BP3. The beta-casein mRNA level was increased in both BPA concentrations and 1 × 10-12 M BP3, which was associated with hypomethylation of its promoter. The beta-casein protein expression was only increased with 1 × 10-9 M BPA or 1 × 10-12 M BP3. In contrast, BPA exposure decreased alpha-lactalbumin mRNA expression and increased DNA methylation level in different methylation-sensitive sites of the gene. Also, 1 × 10-9 M BPA decreased alpha-lactalbumin protein expression. Our results demonstrate that BPA or BP3 exposure alters milk protein synthesis and its transcriptional regulation during mammary gland differentiation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Altamirano
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ayelen L Gomez
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Schierano-Marotti
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mónica Muñoz-de-Toro
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Horacio A Rodriguez
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Laura Kass
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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75
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Lopes FDO, Soares FVM, Silva DAD, Moreira MEL. Do Thyroid Diseases during Pregnancy and Lactation Affect the Nutritional Composition of Human Milk? REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GINECOLOGIA E OBSTETRÍCIA 2020; 42:752-758. [PMID: 33254271 PMCID: PMC10309223 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1718449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify whether the effects of thyroid disease during pregnancy and lactation affect the nutritional composition of human milk. METHODS Systematic review of the scientific literature using the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online/MedLine databases to evaluate the association of thyroid diseases during pregnancy and lactation with the nutritional composition of human milk. There was no delimitation by period or by language, and the searches were completed in March 2019. The following descriptors were applied: human milk AND thyroid AND composition, using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocol for data search, selection, and extraction. The flowchart proposed for bibliographic search resulted in 12 articles and, of these, four were selected. RESULTS The articles elected for this review were published between 1976 and 2018. Two studies found significant differences in the nutritional composition of mothers' milk with hypothyroidism or overweight compared with the milk of those without hypothyroidism. Studies have shown that the presence of the disease led to changes in the nutritional composition of human milk, especially a higher concentration of human milk fat. CONCLUSION It is extremely important that these women have continuous nutritional follow-up to minimize the impact of these morbidities on the nutritional composition of human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de Oliveira Lopes
- Instituto Nacional da Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Valente Mendes Soares
- Instituto Nacional da Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Danielle Aparecida da Silva
- Instituto Nacional da Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisabeth Lopes Moreira
- Instituto Nacional da Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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76
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Omar M, Kaklamanos EG. Does the rate of orthodontic tooth movement change during pregnancy and lactation? A systematic review of the evidence from animal studies. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:237. [PMID: 32854696 PMCID: PMC7450973 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The changes in bone homeostasis observed during pregnancy and lactation could result in alterations in the rate of orthodontic tooth movement, but research in human subjects presents significant ethical and practical limitations. Our aim was to compare the amount of orthodontic tooth movement between pregnant/lactating or not animals. Methods We searched without restrictions 8 databases and performed hand searching until July 2019 (PubMed, Central, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Arab World Research Source, ClinicalTrials.gov, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global). We searched for studies comparing quantitatively the amount of orthodontic tooth movement between pregnant/lactating or not animals. Following retrieval and selection of studies, the collection of related data was performed and the risk of bias was assessed using the SYRCLE’s Risk of Bias Tool. Exploratory synthesis was carried out using the random effects model. Results Four studies were finally identified raising no specific concerns regarding bias. One study showed that lactation increased the rate of tooth movement by 50 % [p < 0.05]. Although an overall increase was noted in the pregnancy group as well, it did not reach statistical significance [3 studies, Weighted Mean Difference: 0.10; 95% Confidence Interval: − 0.04 - 0.24; p = 0.165]. Conclusions The metabolic changes occurring during pregnancy and lactation may have an impact on the rate of tooth movement in animals. Although these animal experimental results should be approached cautiously, it could be safe practice to consider the impact of these physiological changes in the clinical setting. Registration PROSPERO (CRD42018118003).
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Affiliation(s)
- Moaza Omar
- Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eleftherios G Kaklamanos
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Building 34, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
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77
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Liu H, Gruber CW, Alewood PF, Möller A, Muttenthaler M. The oxytocin receptor signalling system and breast cancer: a critical review. Oncogene 2020; 39:5917-5932. [PMID: 32782397 PMCID: PMC7483001 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is making up one-quarter of all new female cancer cases diagnosed worldwide. Breast cancer surgeries, radiation therapies, cytotoxic chemotherapies and targeted therapies have made significant progress and play a dominant role in breast cancer patient management. However, many challenges remain, including resistance to systemic therapies, tumour recurrence and metastasis. The cyclic neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) elicits a plethora of biological responses via the oxytocin receptor (OTR) in both the central and peripheral nervous system, including social bonding, stress, maternal behaviour, sexual activity, uterus contraction, milk ejection and cancer. As a typical member of the G protein-coupled receptor family, OTR represents also an intriguing target for cancer therapy. There is emerging evidence that OTR plays a role in breast cancer development and progression, and several breast cancer cell lines express OTR. However, despite supporting evidence that OT lowers breast cancer risks, its mechanistic role in breast cancer development and the related signalling pathways are not fully understood. Here, we review the current knowledge of the OT/OTR signalling system in healthy breast tissue as well as in breast cancer, and discuss OTR as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Liu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Christian W Gruber
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul F Alewood
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Andreas Möller
- Tumour Microenvironment Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Markus Muttenthaler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia. .,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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78
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Klaey-Tassone M, Schaal B, Durand K, Patris B. The role of papillary skin glands in guiding mouse pups to the nipple. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 63:226-236. [PMID: 32643155 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The nipple odor of lactating mice (Mus musculus) plays a crucial role in attracting newborn pups and motivating them to suck milk. The characteristic odor of a lactating murine nipple is assumed to be a mixture of multiple odorous substrates, that is, milk, dam's and pups' saliva, skin glands' secretions, and amniotic fluid. The present study aimed to characterize the behavioral activity of the original odor mixture that develops over the nipples in the first 2 days postpartum. We extracted this odor mixture in water and evaluated its attractive and appetitive potencies using two behavioral assays (viz., relative attraction and oral activation assays). It resulted that the so-called nipple wash was as appetitive as fresh milk, and even more attractive than it. The behavioral potency of the nipples was shown to be specific to lactating nipples (relative to nulliparous nipples) and to be preserved for 2 weeks when stored at -80°C. Finally, we perfected a nipple deodorization procedure by inactivating the nipples' behavioral potency. We observed that such altered appetitive potency was fully restored 30 min after its washing, but without any maternal self-licking and pups' sucking, indicating that the secretions of the nipple skin glands' were sufficient to explain the success of neonatal guidance to the nipple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Klaey-Tassone
- Developmental Ethology & Cognitive Psychology Group, Taste and Food Sciences Research Centre, Dijon, France
| | - Benoist Schaal
- Developmental Ethology & Cognitive Psychology Group, Taste and Food Sciences Research Centre, Dijon, France
| | - Karine Durand
- Developmental Ethology & Cognitive Psychology Group, Taste and Food Sciences Research Centre, Dijon, France
| | - Bruno Patris
- Developmental Ethology & Cognitive Psychology Group, Taste and Food Sciences Research Centre, Dijon, France
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79
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Amaral Y, Marano D, Abranches A, Silva L, Nehab S, Costa AC, Moreira ME. Do chronic noncommunicable diseases modify the macronutrient composition of human milk? Int J Food Sci Nutr 2020; 72:219-225. [PMID: 32633176 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2020.1780568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the impact of excess body weight, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension on the nutritional composition of human milk. This cohort study was conducted at a tertiary public health unit in the city of Rio de Janeiro from March 2016 to February 2018. The data were collected in two stages (96 hours and one month after delivery). The macronutrients (carbohydrate, protein, lipid) and total energy were determined using the MIRIS® equipment. The level of significance was 5%. Higher protein content was observed in the nutritional composition of colostrum in women with diabetes mellitus. A higher protein and energy content was observed in the milk of mothers with excessive body weight. The energy content was higher in the milk of mothers with excessive body weight. Increased protein content in the human milk of women with excessive body weight or diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Amaral
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniele Marano
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrea Abranches
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leila Silva
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sylvia Nehab
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Costa
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisabeth Moreira
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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80
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Zhou J, Jiang M, Shi Y, Song S, Hou X, Lin Y. Prolactin regulates LAT1 expression via STAT5 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 5) signaling in mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6627-6634. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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81
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Takeda T, Fujii M, Izumoto W, Hattori Y, Matsushita T, Yamada H, Ishii Y. Gestational dioxin exposure suppresses prolactin-stimulated nursing in lactating dam rats to impair development of postnatal offspring. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114106. [PMID: 32569627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A number of epidemiological studies have implicated environmental chemicals including dioxins in the induction of negative effects on child development. To clarify the underlying mechanisms, almost all toxicologists have concentrated on effects on the offspring themselves. We examined an alternative hypothesis that gestational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a highly-toxic dioxin, targets factors related to maternal childcare to disturb offspring development. Oral administration of TCDD (1 µg/kg) to pregnant rats on gestational day 15 suppressed maternal licking behavior, a nursing behavior, and mammary gland maturation during the lactational stage, as well as the body weight and short-term memory of postnatal offspring. In support of these findings, maternal production of prolactin, a pituitary hormone essential for nursing including milk production, was decreased during the same period. Intracerebroventricular infusion of prolactin to dioxin-exposed dams restored or tended to restore many of the above defects observed both in mothers and offspring. The TCDD-dependent defects in maternal nursing behaviors can be due to a direct action on aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) of lactating dams, because they did not emerge in AHR-knockout dams or control dams with TCDD-exposed offspring. Further examinations revealed that TCDD induces transforming growth factor β1 expression, which suppresses prolactin-producing cell proliferation, in a nursing period-specific manner. In agreement with this, the number of prolactin-positive cells in nursing dams was decreased by TCDD. These results provide novel evidence that gestational dioxin exposure attenuates prolactin-stimulated nursing in lactating dams to impair offspring development, and that immaturity of prolactin-producing cells can contribute to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Takeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Misaki Fujii
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Waka Izumoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hattori
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsushita
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yamada
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Division of Pharmaceutical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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82
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Landua JD, Moraes R, Carpenter EM, Lewis MT. Hoxd10 Is Required Systemically for Secretory Activation in Lactation and Interacts Genetically with Hoxd9. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:145-162. [PMID: 32705545 PMCID: PMC7392944 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted disruption of the murine Hoxd10 gene (ΔHoxd10) leads to a high frequency of localized (gland-to-gland or regionally within a gland) lactation impairment in homozygous mutant mice as a single gene mutation. The effect of Hoxd10 disruption was enhanced by simultaneous disruption of Hoxd9 (ΔHoxd9/d10), a mutation shown previously to have no effect on mammary function as a single gene alteration. Mammary glands of homozygous ΔHoxd10 and ΔHoxd9/d10 females were indistinguishable from those of wild type littermate and age-matched control mice in late pregnancy. However, in lactation, 47% of homozygous ΔHoxd10 females, and 100% of homozygous ΔHoxd9/d10 females, showed localized or complete failure of two or more glands to undergo lactation-associated morphological changes and to secrete milk. Affected regions of ΔHoxd10 and ΔHoxd9/d10 mutants showed reduced prolactin receptor expression, reduced signal transducer and activator transcription protein 5 (STAT5) phosphorylation, reduced expression of downstream milk proteins, mislocalized glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), increased STAT3 expression and phosphorylation, recruitment of leukocytes, altered cell cycle status, and increased apoptosis relative to unaffected regions and wild type control glands. Despite these local effects on alveolar function, transplantation results and hormone analysis indicate that Hoxd10 primarily has systemic functions that confer attenuated STAT5 phosphorylation on both wild type and ΔHoxd10 transplants when placed in ΔHoxd10 hosts, thereby exacerbating an underlying propensity for lactation failure in C57Bl/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Landua
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Room N1210; BCM600, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ricardo Moraes
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Feigin Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ellen M Carpenter
- Division of Undergraduate Education, National Science Foundation, 2415 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, VA, 22314, USA
| | - Michael T Lewis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Room N1210; BCM600, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Kass L, Gomez AL, Altamirano GA. Relationship between agrochemical compounds and mammary gland development and breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 508:110789. [PMID: 32165172 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The exposure to agrochemical pesticides has been associated with several chronic diseases, including different types of cancer and reproductive disorders. In addition, because agrochemical pesticides may act as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during different windows of susceptibility, they can increase the risk of impairing the normal development of the mammary gland and/or of developing mammary lesions. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize how exposure to different agrochemical pesticides suspected of being EDCs can interfere with the normal development of the mammary gland and the possible association with breast cancer. It has been shown that the mammary glands of male and female rats and mice are susceptible to exposure to non-organochlorine (vinclozolin, atrazine, glyphosate, chlorpyrifos) and organochlorine (endosulfan, methoxychlor, hexachlorobenzene) pesticides. Some of the effects of these compounds in experimental models include increased or decreased mammary development, impaired cell proliferation and steroid receptor expression and signaling, increased malignant cellular transformation and tumor development and angiogenesis. Contradictory findings have been found as to whether there is a causal link between the exposure or the pesticide body burden and breast cancer in humans. However, an association has been observed between pesticides (especially organochlorine compounds) and specific subtypes of breast cancer. Further studies are needed in both humans and experimental models to understand how agrochemical pesticides can induce or promote changes in the development, differentiation and/or malignant transformation of the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kass
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Ayelen L Gomez
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gabriela A Altamirano
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
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84
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Floris LM, Stahl B, Abrahamse-Berkeveld M, Teller IC. Human milk fatty acid profile across lactational stages after term and preterm delivery: A pooled data analysis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 156:102023. [PMID: 31699594 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.102023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipids in human milk (HM) provide the majority of energy for developing infants, as well as crucial essential fatty acids (FA). The FA composition of HM is highly variable and influenced by multiple factors. We sought to increase understanding of the variation in HMFA profiles and their development over the course of lactation, and after term and preterm delivery, using a pooled data analysis. OBJECTIVE To review the literature and perform a pooled data analysis to qualitatively describe an extensive FA profile (36 FAs) in term and preterm colostrum, transitional - and mature milk up to 60 days postpartum. DESIGN A Medline search was conducted for HMFA profile data following term or preterm delivery. The search was confined to English language papers published between January 1980 and August 2018. Studies reporting original data, extensive FA profiles in HM from healthy mothers were included. Weighted least squares (WLS) means were calculated from the pooled data using random or fixed effect models. RESULTS Our pooled data analysis included data from 55 studies worldwide, for a total of 4374 term milk samples and 1017 preterm milk samples, providing WLS means for 36 FAs. Patterns in both term and preterm milk were apparent throughout lactation for some FAs: The most abundant FAs (palmitic, linoleic and oleic acid) remained stable over time, whereas several long-chain polyunsaturated FAs (including ARA and DHA) seemed to decrease and short- and medium-chain FAs increased over time. CONCLUSIONS High heterogeneity between individual studies was observed for the reported levels of some FAs, whereas other FAs were remarkably consistent between studies. Our pooled data suggests that specific FA categories fluctuate according to distinct patterns over the course of lactation; many of these patterns are comparable between term and preterm milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Floris
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, 3584 CT, the Netherlands
| | - B Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, 3584 CT, the Netherlands; Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | | | - I C Teller
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, 3584 CT, the Netherlands
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85
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Medina Poeliniz C, Engstrom JL, Hoban R, Patel AL, Meier P. Measures of Secretory Activation for Research and Practice: An Integrative Review. Breastfeed Med 2020; 15:191-212. [PMID: 32155345 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2019.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Maternal concern about inadequate milk volume commonly emerges in the first 2 weeks postpartum, a critical lactation period that includes secretory activation. This review summarizes the biology of secretory activation and evaluates the accuracy and feasibility of published measures of secretory activation. Materials and Methods: A systematic search of measures of secretory activation for mothers of healthy term and preterm infants yielded 62 abstracts. Following additional screening, 15 publications qualified for quantitative synthesis review and were evaluated with respect to accuracy (validated with another measure of secretory activation in the same mother) and feasibility (accessibility, cost, and ease of use). Results:Maternal perception of milk coming in (MP) is the most feasible measure, but its accuracy has not been established. Patterns of increase in maternal milk volume have been validated with maternal milk-borne biomarkers in breastfeeding, and breast pump-dependent mothers and normal values have been published. Accuracy of serial maternal urinary lactose concentrations has not been established for secretory activation and lacks feasibility. Maternal milk biomarkers are the accurate standard to which other measures are compared but currently lack feasibility for routine use. Conclusions: Use of secretory activation measures can personalize lactation care by matching maternal risk with appropriate diagnostics. Priorities for research and practice include validation of MP as a population-based screening tool, implementation of techniques that measure patterns of increase in milk volume for moderate risk populations, and the development of milk biomarker science for point-of-care use in the most complicated lactation scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet L Engstrom
- Department of Women and Children's Nursing, College of Nursing, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rebecca Hoban
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Aloka L Patel
- Department of Women and Children's Nursing, College of Nursing, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Paula Meier
- Department of Women and Children's Nursing, College of Nursing, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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86
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Zhu H, Jia X, Ren M, Yang L, Chen J, Han L, Ding Y, Ding M. Mifepristone Treatment in Pregnant Murine Model Induced Mammary Gland Dysplasia and Postpartum Hypogalactia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:102. [PMID: 32154252 PMCID: PMC7047202 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland dysplasia and postpartum hypogalactia often occur in humans and in the livestock breeding industry. However, their underlying mechanisms are not clear yet. Mifepristone, which has a high affinity for progesterone (P4) and glucocorticoid receptors, was exploited here to induce the disorders of mammary gland development and lactation. Four strategies were devised for treating pregnant mice with mifepristone. In the first strategy, mice were administered 1.20 mg mifepristone/kg body weight (BW) on pregnancy day 4 (Pd4). In the second strategy, mifepristone was administered to mice twice, with 1.20 mg/kg BW on Pd4 and 0.40 mg/kg BW on Pd8. In the third strategy, mice were treated with a single dose of 0.40 mg mifepristone/kg BW on Pd8. In the fourth strategy, mice were administered 0.40 mg mifepristone/kg BW on Pd8 and 0.20 mg mifepristone/kg BW on Pd12. The results suggested that mifepristone administration at the dose of 1.20 mg/kg BW on Pd4 caused significant reduction in milk production on lactation day 1 (Ld1), Ld2, and Ld3, as assessed using a weigh-suckle-weigh assay. Mammary β-casein expression, milk yields, litter growth rates, gland structure, and serum concentrations of 17-β estrogen (E2), P4, prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), corticosterone (CORT) and oxytocin (OT) as well as the receptors of these hormones were determined during pregnancy or lactation after performing the first (Pd4) strategy. The results demonstrated that mifepristone administration during early pregnancy decreased β-casein expression, milk yields and litter growth rates, induced fewer alveoli, enlarged alveolar lumina, and altered the levels of E2, P4, PRL, GH, CORT, and OT as well as the mRNA expression of these hormonal receptors during pregnancy or early lactation. The present study on pregnant mice treated with mifepristone offers an innovative murine model to study the mechanism underlying mammary gland dysplasia and postpartum hypogalactia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mingxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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87
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Kumai A, Tsugami Y, Wakasa H, Suzuki N, Suzuki T, Nishimura T, Kobayashi K. Adverse Effects of Coumestrol and Genistein on Mammary Morphogenesis and Future Milk Production Ability of Mammary Epithelial Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900187. [PMID: 32293160 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavones are a class of flavonoids present in legumes and are called phytoestrogens because of their estrogen-like activity. Endogenous estrogen is well known to regulate mammary gland morphogenesis during pregnancy. Each isoflavone also has different physiological activities. However, it is difficult to investigate the direct effect of each isoflavone in mammary morphogenesis in vivo because isoflavones are metabolized into different isoflavones by enteric bacteria. In this study, investigated are the direct influences of coumestrol, daidzein, and genistein on mammary structure development and future milk production ability of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) using in vitro culture models. Mouse MECs are cultured in Matrigel with basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor to induce ductal branching and alveolar formation, respectively. Coumestrol and genistein inhibit ductal branching and alveolar formation by affecting the proliferation and migration of MECs with the induction of apoptosis. Daidzein hardly influences mammary structure development. Furthermore, pretreatment with coumestrol adversely affects the induction of milk production ability of MECs. These results suggest that each isoflavone differentially influences mammary morphogenesis and future milk production by affecting MEC behaviors. These results also suggest that the culture models are effective to study mammary epithelial morphogenesis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aogu Kumai
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusaku Tsugami
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haruka Wakasa
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takanori Nishimura
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan
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88
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Phillipps HR, Yip SH, Grattan DR. Patterns of prolactin secretion. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 502:110679. [PMID: 31843563 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin is pleotropic in nature affecting multiple tissues throughout the body. As a consequence of the broad range of functions, regulation of anterior pituitary prolactin secretion is complex and atypical as compared to other pituitary hormones. Many studies have provided insight into the complex hypothalamic-pituitary networks controlling prolactin secretion patterns in different species using a range of techniques. Here, we review prolactin secretion in both males and females; and consider the different patterns of prolactin secretion across the reproductive cycle in representative female mammals with short versus long luteal phases and in seasonal breeders. Additionally, we highlight changes in the pattern of secretion during pregnancy and lactation, and discuss the wide range of adaptive functions that prolactin may have in these important physiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollian R Phillipps
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Siew H Yip
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - David R Grattan
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.
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89
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Kaihoko Y, Tsugami Y, Suzuki N, Suzuki T, Nishimura T, Kobayashi K. Distinct expression patterns of aquaporin 3 and 5 in ductal and alveolar epithelial cells in mouse mammary glands before and after parturition. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 380:513-526. [PMID: 31953689 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03168-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Milk osmolarity maintains an isotonic status for suckling infants during lactation. However, it remains unclear how the water content in milk is regulated in lactating mammary glands. In lactating mammary alveoli and ducts, mammary epithelial cells (MECs) are in direct contact with milk. In this study, we focus on two types of water channels, aquaporin 3 (AQP3) and AQP5, in alveolar and ductal MECs before and after parturition. AQP3 showed diffuse localization in the cytoplasm of ductal MECs but concentrated localization in the basolateral membrane of alveolar MECs during the late pregnancy and lactation periods. Translocation of AQP5 from the cytoplasm toward the apical membrane occurred in ductal MECs immediately before parturition. Subsequently, we examined the hormonal influences on the expression of AQP3 and AQP5 in cultured MECs in vitro. Progesterone and estrogen distinctly increased AQP3 and AQP5 in cultured MECs, respectively. Cotreatment with prolactin and dexamethasone significantly decreased both AQP3 and AQP5. Prolactin also facilitated the translocation of AQP5 into the apical membrane of MECs. In cultured MECs, AQP3 was homogeneously expressed in MECs, whereas AQP5 showed different expression levels between MECs regardless of the hormonal treatment. Different activation states of the prolactin/STAT5 pathway were also observed between ductal and alveolar MECs. These findings suggest that the expression pattern of AQP3 and AQP5 is distinctly regulated by lactogenic hormones in alveolar and ductal MECs before and after parturition. AQP5 expressed in ductal MECs may function as a water channel to regulate milk osmolarity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Kaihoko
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Yusaku Tsugami
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takanori Nishimura
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
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90
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Xing YY, Li DB, Sun M, Zhang H, Hou XZ, Gao M. Effect of hormones on genes related to hormone receptors and milk component synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells grown in two and three dimensional culture system. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1708217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Y. Xing
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - D. B. Li
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - M. Sun
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - H. Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - X. Z. Hou
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - M. Gao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Academy of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, P.R. China
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91
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Battagello DS, Lorenzon AR, Diniz GB, Motta-Teixeira LC, Klein MO, Ferreira JGP, Arias CM, Adamantidis A, Sita LV, Cipolla-Neto J, Bevilacqua EMAF, Sawchenko PE, Bittencourt JC. The Rat Mammary Gland as a Novel Site of Expression of Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Receptor 1 mRNA and Its Protein Immunoreactivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:463. [PMID: 32849267 PMCID: PMC7411258 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactation is a complex physiological process, depending on orchestrated central and peripheral events, including substantial brain plasticity. Among these events is a novel expression of pro-melanin-concentrating hormone (Pmch) mRNA in the rodent hypothalamus, such as the ventral part of the medial preoptic area (vmMPOA). This expression reaches its highest levels around postpartum day 19 (PPD19), when dams transition from lactation to the weaning period. The appearance of this lactation-related Pmch expression occurs simultaneously with the presence of one of the Pmch products, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), in the serum. Given the relevance of the MPOA to maternal physiology and the contemporaneity between Pmch expression in this structure and the weaning period, we hypothesized that MCH has a role in the termination of lactation, acting as a mediator between central and peripheral changes. To test this, we investigated the presence of the MCH receptor 1 (MCHR1) and its gene expression in the mammary gland of female rats in different stages of the reproductive cycle. To that end, in situ hybridization, RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, nucleotide sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting were employed. Although Mchr1 expression was detected in the epidermis and dermis of both diestrus and lactating rats, parenchymal expression was exclusively found in the functional mammary gland of lactating rats. The expression of Mchr1 mRNA oscillated through the lactation period and reached its maximum in PPD19 dams. Presence of MCHR1 was confirmed with immunohistochemistry with preferential location of MCHR1 immunoreactive cells in the alveolar secretory cells. As was the case for gene expression, the MCHR1 protein levels were significantly higher in PPD19 than in other groups. Our data demonstrate the presence of an anatomical basis for the participation of MCH peptidergic system on the control of lactation through the mammary gland, suggesting that MCH could modulate a prolactation action in early postpartum days and the opposite role at the end of the lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella S. Battagello
- Instituto de Psicologia, Nucleo de Neurociencias e Comportamento, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Laboratorio de Neuroanatomia Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline R. Lorenzon
- Departmento de Biologia Celular e Do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanne B. Diniz
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Laboratorio de Neuroanatomia Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia C. Motta-Teixeira
- Departmento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marianne O. Klein
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Laboratorio de Neuroanatomia Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jozélia G. P. Ferreira
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Laboratorio de Neuroanatomia Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos M. Arias
- Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Luciane V. Sita
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Laboratorio de Neuroanatomia Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Cipolla-Neto
- Departmento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Estela M. A. F. Bevilacqua
- Departmento de Biologia Celular e Do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul E. Sawchenko
- Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jackson C. Bittencourt
- Instituto de Psicologia, Nucleo de Neurociencias e Comportamento, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Laboratorio de Neuroanatomia Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Jackson C. Bittencourt
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92
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Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), PTH-related peptide (PTHrP), PTHR, and their cognate G protein-coupled receptor play defining roles in the regulation of extracellular calcium and phosphate metabolism and in controlling skeletal growth and repair. Acting through complex signaling mechanisms that in many instances proceed in a tissue-specific manner, precise control of these processes is achieved. A variety of direct and indirect disease processes, along with genetic anomalies, can cause these schemes to become dysfunctional. Here, we review the basic components of this regulatory network and present both the well-established elements and emerging findings and concepts with the overall objective to provide a framework for understanding the elementary aspects of how PTH and PTHrP behave and as a call to encourage further investigation that will yield more comprehensive understanding of the physiological and pathological steps at play, with a goal toward novel therapeutic interventions.
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93
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Sani NA, Kawu MU, Bako IG. Effects of Launaea taraxacifolia and resveratrol on milk yield and serum prolactin and oxytocin levels: a lactogenic study. Int J Vet Sci Med 2019; 7:71-77. [PMID: 32010724 PMCID: PMC6968715 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2019.1694307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadequacy of milk supply to meet the increasing human population coupled with a decreasing livestock population has necessitated the need for a potent galactogoue. The aim of this study was to compare the lactogenic effects of Launaea taraxacifolia (PLT) and resveratrol in Wistar rats. After parturition, 25 primiparous female Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups of 5 dams each. Dams in groups I, II, III, IV and V were administered distilled water (DW: 2 ml/kg), metochlopromide (MET: 15 mg/kg), resveratrol (RES: 5 mg/kg), n-hexane leaf fraction of L. taraxacifolia (PLT: 333 mg/kg) and the combination of RES + PLT (CO: 5 mg + 333 mg/kg); respectively, for 12 days. Pup weight gain was used to quantify milk yield. Serum was harvested from the dams and assayed for prolactin and oxytocin. The PLT and CO groups had significantly higher (p < 0.05) milk yield than DW group. Serum concentration of prolactin was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the PLT group, while the combination group had the highest (p < 0.05) concentration of oxytocin compared to DW group. In conclusion, L. taraxacifolia and resveratrol exhibited galactopoietic potentials individually by stimulating hyperprolactinaemia, while their combination increased milk production by increasing serum oxytocin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na'imatu A Sani
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed U Kawu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim G Bako
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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94
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Canul-Medina G, Fernandez-Mejia C. Morphological, hormonal, and molecular changes in different maternal tissues during lactation and post-lactation. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:825-835. [PMID: 31564033 PMCID: PMC10717399 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-019-00714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Milk supply and quality during lactation are critical for progeny survival. Maternal tissues and metabolism, influenced by hormonal changes, undergo modification during lactation to sustain breastfeeding. Two organs that suffer essential adjustment are the mammary glands and the bone; however, renal calcium conservation and calcium absorption from the intestine are also modified. Lactation leads to a transient loss of bone minerals to provide adequate amounts of minerals, including calcium for milk production. Physiological, metabolic, and molecular changes in different tissues participate in providing nutrients for milk production. After weaning, the histological, metabolic, and hormonal modifications that take place in lactation are reverted, and bone remineralization is a central function at this time. This study focuses on the hormonal, metabolic, molecular, and tissue modifications that occur in mammary glands, bone, intestine, and kidneys in the mother during lactation and post-weaning periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Canul-Medina
- Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Av. del Iman #1, 4th Floor, 04530, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristina Fernandez-Mejia
- Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Av. del Iman #1, 4th Floor, 04530, Mexico City, Mexico.
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95
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Lectin-Based Method for Deciphering Human Milk IgG Sialylation. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203797. [PMID: 31652515 PMCID: PMC6832633 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In light of the immunoprotective function of human milk and the incontestable impact of IgG glycosylation on its immune functions, characterization of the sialylation profile of human milk IgG is needed. Lectins as a molecular probe were applied in lectin-IgG-ELISA to analyze the sialylation and galactosylation pattern of skim milk IgG of mothers who delivered at term and prematurely. Well-defined biotinylated lectins were used: Maackia amurensis II (MAA II), Sambucus nigra (SNA), Ricinus communis I (RCA I), and Griffonia simplicifolia II (GSL II) specific to α2,3-Neu5Ac, α2,6-Neu5Ac, Gal(β1,4)GlcNAc, and agalactosylated glycans, respectively. The sialylation pattern of milk IgG differs qualitatively and quantitatively from maternal plasma IgG and is related to lactation stage and perinatal risk factors. Expression of MAA-, SNA-, and GSL-reactive glycotopes on term milk IgG showed a positive correlation with milk maturation from days 1 to 55. Preterm birth was associated with an increase of MAA-reactive and a decrease of RCA-reactive IgG glycotopes. Moreover, higher SNA- and GSL-reactive and lower RCA-reactive glycoform levels of milk IgG were associated with infection of lactating mothers. Application of a specific and simple method, lectin-IgG-ELISA, reveals the sialylation pattern of milk IgG over milk maturation. However, further investigations are needed in this area.
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96
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Zamuner F, DiGiacomo K, Cameron AWN, Leury BJ. Effects of month of kidding, parity number, and litter size on milk yield of commercial dairy goats in Australia. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:954-964. [PMID: 31629520 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this observational study was to identify the influence of key nongenetic factors such as month of kidding, parity, and litter size on milk yield and composition of Australian dairy goats throughout lactation. The study was conducted over 4 consecutive kidding seasons from June 2016 to March 2017. Data from 940 lactations of Saanen goats from a commercial herd were used to observe the effects of month of kidding, parity number, and litter size on total milk yield (L/goat) in early lactation (kidding to 90 d in milk; DIM), mid lactation (91-180 DIM), and late lactation (181-270 DIM), cumulative milk yield (from kidding to 270 DIM; CMY), average lactation length, proportion (%) of does reaching their target lactation length (270 DIM), somatic cell count (SCC), and percentages of milk fat and protein in early lactation. The mean herd responses throughout the entire study were as follows: CMY = 519 L/goat; lactation length = 233 d, with 70% of does reaching 270 DIM; milk fat = 4.2%; milk protein = 2.9%; and SCC = 6.2 × 105 cells/mL. Average milk production peaked in February and was lowest in June (2.4 vs. 1.8 L/goat per day, respectively). Milk yield was affected by month of kidding, parity number, and litter size in all phases of lactation. November kidders had the greatest CMY, and March kidders had the lowest CMY. March kidders had the shortest lactation length and the lowest proportion of does reaching 270 DIM. June kidders had the longest lactation length, whereas September kidders had the highest proportion of does reaching 270 DIM. Maximum milk yield was attained in third parity. Goats in fourth or greater parity had the shortest lactation length, the lowest proportion of does reaching 270 DIM, and the highest SCC. Goats delivering single kids had lower CMY, lower SCC, and higher percentages of fat and protein than does delivering multiple kids. Our findings indicate that milk yield was primarily influenced by month of kidding, and the effects of month of kidding on milk yield were accentuated during mid lactation. However, the effects of month of kidding on milk yield varied significantly among parities.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zamuner
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - K DiGiacomo
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - A W N Cameron
- Meredith Dairy Pty Ltd., Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia
| | - B J Leury
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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97
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Wang QA, Scherer PE. Remodeling of Murine Mammary Adipose Tissue during Pregnancy, Lactation, and Involution. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2019; 24:207-212. [PMID: 31512027 PMCID: PMC6790178 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-019-09434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
White adipocytes in the mammary gland stroma comprise the majority of the mammary gland mass. White adipocytes regulate numerous hormonal and metabolic processes and exhibit compositional and phenotypic plasticity. This plasticity is exemplified by the ability of mammary adipocytes to regress during lactation, when mammary epithelial cells expand to establish sufficient milk-producing alveoli. Upon weaning, the process reverses through mammary involution, during which adipocytes extensively regenerate, and alveolar epithelial cells disappear through cell death, returning the mammary gland to the non-lactating state. Despite intensive studies on the development and involution of the mammary alveolar epithelium, the fate of mammary adipocytes during pregnancy and lactation, and the origins of mammary adipocytes regenerated during mammary involution, is poorly understood. Here, we discuss the recent discoveries of the fate of mammary adipocytes during pregnancy and lactation in a number of different mouse models, and the lineage origin of mammary adipocytes regenerated during involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong A Wang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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98
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Gouesse RJ, Lavoie M, Dianati E, Wade MG, Hales BF, Robaire B, Plante I. Gestational and Lactational Exposure to an Environmentally Relevant Mixture of Brominated Flame Retardants Downregulates Junctional Proteins, Thyroid Hormone Receptor α1 Expression, and the Proliferation-Apoptosis Balance in Mammary Glands Post Puberty. Toxicol Sci 2019; 171:13-31. [PMID: 31241157 PMCID: PMC6735962 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland development requires hormonal regulation during puberty, pregnancy, and lactation. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are endocrine disruptors; they are added to consumer products to satisfy flammability standards. Previously, we showed that gestational and lactational exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of BFRs disrupts proteins of the adherens junctions in rat dam mammary glands at weaning. Here, we hypothesize that perinatal exposure to the same BFR mixture also disrupts junctional proteins and signaling pathways controlling mammary gland development in pups. Dams were exposed through diet to a BFR mixture based on the substances in house dust; doses of the mixture used were 0, 0.06, 20, or 60 mg/kg/day. Dams were exposed continuously beginning prior to mating until pups' weaning; female offspring were euthanized on postnatal day (PND) 21, 46, and 208. The lowest dose of BFRs significantly downregulated adherens junction proteins, E-cadherin, and β-catenin, and the gap junction protein p-Cx43, as well as thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 protein at PND 46. No effects were observed on estrogen or progesterone receptors. The low dose also resulted in a decrease in cleaved caspase-3, a downward trend in PARP levels, proteins involved in apoptosis, and an upward trend in proliferating cell nuclear antigen, a marker of proliferation. No effects were observed on ductal elongation or on the numbers of terminal end buds. Together, our results indicate that gestational and lactational exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of BFRs disrupts cell-cell interactions, thyroid hormone homeostasis and the proliferation-apoptosis balance at PND 46, a critical stage for mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mélanie Lavoie
- INRS, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Bioscience, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elham Dianati
- INRS, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Bioscience, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mike G Wade
- Health Canada, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Bernard Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Plante
- INRS, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Bioscience, Laval, Quebec, Canada
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99
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Dinh DT, Breen J, Akison LK, DeMayo FJ, Brown HM, Robker RL, Russell DL. Tissue-specific progesterone receptor-chromatin binding and the regulation of progesterone-dependent gene expression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11966. [PMID: 31427604 PMCID: PMC6700090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Progesterone receptor (PGR) co-ordinately regulates ovulation, fertilisation and embryo implantation through tissue-specific actions, but the mechanisms for divergent PGR action are poorly understood. Here we characterised PGR activity in mouse granulosa cells using combined ChIP-seq for PGR and H3K27ac and gene expression microarray. Comparison of granulosa, uterus and oviduct PGR-dependent genes showed almost complete tissue specificity in PGR target gene profiles. In granulosa cells 82% of identified PGR-regulated genes bound PGR within 3 kb of the gene and PGR binding sites were highly enriched in proximal promoter regions in close proximity to H3K27ac-modified active chromatin. Motif analysis showed highly enriched PGR binding to the PGR response element (GnACAnnnTGTnC), but PGR also interacted significantly with other transcription factor binding motifs. In uterus PGR showed far more tendency to bind intergenic chromatin regions and low evidence of interaction with other transcription factors. This is the first genome-wide description of PGR action in granulosa cells and systematic comparison of diverse PGR action in different reproductive tissues. It clarifies finely-tuned contextual PGR-chromatin interactions with implications for more targeted reproductive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Dinh
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - J Breen
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,University of Adelaide Bioinformatics Hub, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - L K Akison
- Child Health Research Centre, Centre for Children's Health Research, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Qld, 4101, Australia
| | - F J DeMayo
- Pregnancy and Female Reproduction Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - H M Brown
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre for Nanoscale Biophotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - R L Robker
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - D L Russell
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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100
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Matouskova K, Jerry DJ, Vandenberg LN. Exposure to low doses of oxybenzone during perinatal development alters mammary gland morphology in male and female mice. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 92:66-77. [PMID: 31408669 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxybenzone (benzophenone-3) is an ultraviolet radiation filter commonly used in personal care products including sunscreens, textiles and inks, and food and beverage containers, among others. Due to its widespread use, human exposures to oxybenzone are widespread. Oxybenzone is considered an endocrine disrupting chemical due to its antiestrogenic and antiandrogenic properties. We evaluated the effects of oral exposures to oxybenzone on the growth and morphology of the mammary gland, body weight and anogenital distance in BALB/c mice exposed to 30, 212 or 3000 μg/kg/day in utero and during lactation. Developmental exposures to oxybenzone reduced the size and growth of mammary gland in males prior to and during puberty. In exposed females, oxybenzone reduced mammary cell proliferation, decreased the number of cells expressing estrogen receptor α, and altered mammary gland morphology in adulthood. These results suggest that even low doses of oxybenzone can disrupt hormone sensitive organs during critical windows of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Matouskova
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, USA
| | - D Joseph Jerry
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, USA.
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