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Busto R, Serna J, Perianes-Cachero A, Quintana-Portillo R, García-Seisdedos D, Canfrán-Duque A, Paino CL, Lerma M, Casado ME, Martín-Hidalgo A, Arilla-Ferreiro E, Lasunción MA, Pastor Ó. Ellagic acid protects from myelin-associated sphingolipid loss in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:958-967. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Stem Cells as Potential Targets of Polyphenols in Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1483791. [PMID: 30112360 PMCID: PMC6077677 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1483791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis are major neurodegenerative diseases, which are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal pathogenic proteins due to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy, and pathogens, leading to neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits. Herein, we reviewed the utility of plant polyphenols in regulating proliferation and differentiation of stem cells for inducing brain self-repair in AD and multiple sclerosis. Firstly, we discussed the genetic, physiological, and environmental factors involved in the pathophysiology of both the disorders. Next, we reviewed various stem cell therapies available and how they have proved useful in animal models of AD and multiple sclerosis. Lastly, we discussed how polyphenols utilize the potential of stem cells, either complementing their therapeutic effects or stimulating endogenous and exogenous neurogenesis, against these diseases. We suggest that polyphenols could be a potential candidate for stem cell therapy against neurodegenerative disorders.
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Lee KM, Kang JH, Yun M, Lee SB. Quercetin inhibits the poly(dA:dT)-induced secretion of IL-18 via down-regulation of the expressions of AIM2 and pro-caspase-1 by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT1 pathway in IFN-γ-primed human keratinocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:116-122. [PMID: 29857000 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin, a polyphenol, belongs to a class of flavonoids that exerts anti-inflammatory effects. Interleukin (IL)-18 is a member of the IL-1 family cytokine that regulates immune responses and is implicated in various inflammatory skin diseases. Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) is a cytosolic double-stranded (ds) DNA sensor that recognizes the dsDNA of a microbial or host origin. Binding of dsDNA to AIM2 simulates caspase-1-dependent inflammasome activity, which leads to the production of IL-1β and IL-18. Increased levels of AIM2 have been observed in patients with inflammatory skin diseases. In the current study, we investigated the issue of whether or how Quercetin attenuates poly (dA:dT), a synthetic analog of microbial dsDNA, -induced IL-18 secretion in IFN-γ-primed human keratinocytes. Treatment with 5 and 10 μM of Quercetin inhibited the poly (dA:dT)-induced secretion of IL-18 after IFN-γ priming and before poly (dA:dT)-induced AIM2 activation. In addition, treatment with Quercetin at 10 μM, significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT1, and the nuclear translocation of phosphorylated STAT1 in poly (dA:dT)-treated and IFN-γ-primed keratinocytes. These results suggest that treatment with Quercetin inhibits the poly (dA:dT)-induced secretion of IL-18 via down-regulation of the expressions of AIM2 and pro-caspase-1 by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT1 pathway in IFN-γ-primed keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Mi Lee
- Institute of Hansen's Disease, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Kang
- Institute of Hansen's Disease, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mihee Yun
- Institute of Hansen's Disease, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Beom Lee
- Institute of Hansen's Disease, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
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Yan Z, Gibson SA, Buckley JA, Qin H, Benveniste EN. Role of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in regulation of innate immunity in neuroinflammatory diseases. Clin Immunol 2018; 189:4-13. [PMID: 27713030 PMCID: PMC5573639 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Janus Kinase/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway is utilized by numerous cytokines and interferons, and is essential for the development and function of both innate and adaptive immunity. Aberrant activation of the JAK/STAT pathway is evident in neuroinflammatory diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's Disease. Innate immunity is the front line defender of the immune system and is composed of various cell types, including microglia, macrophages and neutrophils. Innate immune responses have both pathogenic and protective roles in neuroinflammation, depending on disease context and the microenvironment in the central nervous system. In this review, we discuss the role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases, how the JAK/STAT signaling pathway regulates the innate immune response, and finally, the potential for ameliorating neuroinflammation by utilization of JAK/STAT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqi Yan
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Sara A Gibson
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Jessica A Buckley
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Hongwei Qin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
| | - Etty N Benveniste
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
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Naeimi R, Baradaran S, Ashrafpour M, Moghadamnia AA, Ghasemi-Kasman M. Querectin improves myelin repair of optic chiasm in lyolecithin-induced focal demyelination model. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:485-493. [PMID: 29501770 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the beneficial effects of quercetin on oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPCs) population has been evaluated in-vitro, there are few studies about the effects of quercetin on myelin repair in the context of demyelination. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of querectin on functional recovery and myelin repair of optic chiasm in lysolecithin (LPC)-induced demyelination model. Demyelination was induced by local injection of LPC 1% (2 μl) into rat optic chiasm. Querectin at doses 25 or 50 mg/kg was administrated daily by oral gavage for 7 or 14 days post LPC. Visual evoked potential (VEPs) recordings were used to assess the functional property of the optic pathway. Immunostaining and myelin staining were performed on brain sections 7 or 14 days post lesion. Electrophysiological data indicated that LPC injection increased the latency of VEPs waves and quercetin effectively reduced the delay of visual signals. The level of glial activation was alleviated in animals under treatment of quercetin compared to vehicle group. Furthermore, quercetin treatment decreased the extent of demyelination areas and increased the remyelination process following LPC injection. Overall, our findings indicate that quercetin could remarkably improve the functional recovery of the optic pathway by its protective effects on myelin sheath and attenuation of glial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Naeimi
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IranIran
| | - Saeideh Baradaran
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IranIran
| | - Manouchehr Ashrafpour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Moghadamnia
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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Matveeva O, Bogie JFJ, Hendriks JJA, Linker RA, Haghikia A, Kleinewietfeld M. Western lifestyle and immunopathology of multiple sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1417:71-86. [PMID: 29377214 PMCID: PMC5947729 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for a sudden and unprecedented rise in the incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Westernized countries over the past decades, emphasizing the role of environmental factors. Among many candidates, rapid changes in dietary habits seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of MS. Here, we summarize and discuss the available evidence for the role of dietary nutrients, such as table salt, fatty acids, and flavonoids, in the development and pathogenesis of MS. We also discuss new and emerging risk factors accompanying Western lifestyle, such as shift work, sleep, and circadian disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Matveeva
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Center for Inflammation Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jeroen F J Bogie
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jerome J A Hendriks
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aiden Haghikia
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Center for Inflammation Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Liu Y, Gibson SA, Benveniste EN, Qin H. Opportunities for Translation from the Bench: Therapeutic Intervention of the JAK/STAT Pathway in Neuroinflammatory Diseases. Crit Rev Immunol 2018; 35:505-27. [PMID: 27279046 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2016015517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic CD4+ T cells and myeloid cells play critical roles in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. These immune cells secrete aberrantly high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines that pathogenically bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems and damage neurons and oligodendrocytes. These cytokines include interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, IL-12, IL-21, IL-23, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). It is, therefore, not surprising that both the dysregulated expression of these cytokines and the subsequent activation of their downstream signaling cascades is a common feature in MS/EAE. The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway is utilized by numerous cytokines for signal transduction and is essential for the development and regulation of immune responses. Unbridled activation of the JAK/STAT pathway by pro-inflammatory cytokines has been demonstrated to be critically involved in the pathogenesis of MS/EAE. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in our understanding of the involvement of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of MS/EAE, with a particular focus on therapeutic approaches to target the JAK/STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Liu
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294; Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sara A Gibson
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Etty N Benveniste
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Hongwei Qin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
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Burmańczuk A, Hola P, Milczak A, Piech T, Kowalski C, Wojciechowska B, Grabowski T. Quercetin decrease somatic cells count in mastitis of dairy cows. Res Vet Sci 2018; 117:255-259. [PMID: 29331686 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin is a dietary flavonoid which has an effect on inflammation, angiogenesis and vascular inflammation. In several other flavonoids (e.g. kaempferol, astragalin, alpinetin, baicalein, indirubin), anti-inflammatory mechanism was proven by using mice mastitis model. The aim of the current study was pilot analysis of quercetin tolerability and its impact on somatic cells count (SCC) after multiple intramammary treatment on dairy cows with clinical mastitis. Based on SCC and clinical investigation, 9 dairy cows with clinical mastitis of one quarter were selected for the pilot study. Baseline analysis (hematology, TNFα, SCC) was performed every 24h among all cows three days before the first dose (B1-B3). After the baseline monitoring (B1-B3) eight days treatment (D1-D8) was performed with a high and low dose. Selected blood parameters were analyzed. Starting from D1 to D8, a decrease of SCC in relation to baseline was characterized by declining trend. The presented results allowed the confirmation of the significant influence of quercetin on the reduction of SCC in mastitis in dairy cows after 8days of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Burmańczuk
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Piotr Hola
- Agromarina Sp. z o. o., Kulczyn Kolonia 48, 22-235 Hańsk Pierwszy, Poland
| | - Andrzej Milczak
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Sub-Department of Companion Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Piech
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Science, Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Cezary Kowalski
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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Freedman SN, Shahi SK, Mangalam AK. The "Gut Feeling": Breaking Down the Role of Gut Microbiome in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:109-125. [PMID: 29204955 PMCID: PMC5794701 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory disease of the central nervous system with unknown etiology. Recently, the gut microbiota has emerged as a potential factor in the development of MS, with a number of studies having shown that patients with MS exhibit gut dysbiosis. The gut microbiota helps the host remain healthy by regulating various functions, including food metabolism, energy homeostasis, maintenance of the intestinal barrier, inhibition of colonization by pathogenic organisms, and shaping of both mucosal and systemic immune responses. Alteration of the gut microbiota, and subsequent changes in its metabolic network that perturb this homeostasis, may lead to intestinal and systemic disorders such as MS. Here we discuss the findings of recent MS microbiome studies and potential mechanisms through which gut microbiota can predispose to, or protect against, MS. These findings highlight the need of an improved understanding of the interactions between the microbiota and host for developing therapies based on gut commensals with which to treat MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N Freedman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Shailesh K Shahi
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ashutosh K Mangalam
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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The effect of the JAK2 inhibitor TG101209 against T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is mediated by inhibition of JAK-STAT signaling and activation of the crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:106753-106763. [PMID: 29290986 PMCID: PMC5739771 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that active JAK2 contributes to T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) development and that JAK inhibitors may be a potential treatment for T-ALL. In the current study, the JAK2 inhibitor TG101209 was used to treat T-ALL cell lines and primary T-ALL cells. The effects of TG101209 on T-ALL cells were determined, and the signaling proteins related to cell growth, apoptosis and autophagy were analysed. The results indicated that TG101209 significantly inhibited T-ALL cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanisms involved the suppression of the JAK2-STAT signaling pathway and activation of apoptosis or autophagy. Additionally, a JAK2 gene copy gain (FISH) and up-regulated JAK2, LC3 and Beclin1 expression (western blotting) were observed in T-ALL samples compared with healthy controls, which implied that JAK2 is a target for T-ALL treatment. TG101209 initiated apoptosis and autophagy in T-ALL cells; therefore, this JAK2 inhibitor may be a potential drug or alternative therapy for T-ALL.
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Wang Y, Li W, Wang M, Lin C, Li G, Zhou X, Luo J, Jin D. Quercetin reduces neural tissue damage and promotes astrocyte activation after spinal cord injury in rats. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2298-2306. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeyang Wang
- Department of Orthopedic, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong ProvinceThe Third Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of Spine SurgeryGuangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 510317GuangzhouChina
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of OrthopedicGuangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Mingsen Wang
- Department of Orthopedic, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Puning CityOrthopaedic Hospital of Puning CityPuningChina
| | - Chuangxin Lin
- Department of Orthopedic, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong ProvinceThe Third Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Guitao Li
- Department of Orthopedic, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityThe Third Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaozhong Zhou
- Department of OrthopedicGuangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Junnan Luo
- Department of OrthopedicGuangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Dadi Jin
- Department of Orthopedic, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong ProvinceThe Third Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Salehipour Z, Haghmorad D, Sankian M, Rastin M, Nosratabadi R, Soltan Dallal MM, Tabasi N, Khazaee M, Nasiraii LR, Mahmoudi M. Bifidobacterium animalis in combination with human origin of Lactobacillus plantarum ameliorate neuroinflammation in experimental model of multiple sclerosis by altering CD4+ T cell subset balance. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:1535-1548. [PMID: 28946394 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Recent reports have shown that probiotics can induce immunomodulatory activity with promising effects in inflammatory diseases. This study was designed to reveal the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum A7, which comprises human commensal bacteria, and Bifidobacterium animalis, a potential probiotic strain, on alleviation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. METHODS To evaluate the therapeutic effects of probiotic strains, female C57BL/6 mice (8-10 wks old) received Lactobacillus plantarum A7, Bifidobacterium animalis PTCC 1631or a mixture of both strains through oral administration daily for 22days beginning simultaneous with induction of EAE. The clinical parameters were recorded daily. On Day 22, each mouse was bled, and their spinal cord was removed for histology analysis. The effects of the treatments on regulatory T (Treg) cells level were evaluated using flow cytometry, and T-cell proliferation was assessed using a BrdU incorporation assay. The supernatants of spleen and lymph nodes cultured and mononuclear cells were collected for quantification of different panel of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines by ELISA. The analysis of gene expression was performed at RNA level for transcription factors by real-time PCR. RESULTS The results showed that treatment with a mixture of the two strains caused a more significant delay in the time of disease onset and clinical score compared to when the strains were used alone. The pathological features of the disease, such as mononuclear infiltration into the CNS, were also inhibited more significantly by the combinational approach. The results also revealed that treatment with combination of both strains enhanced the population of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+-expressing T-cells in the lymph nodes and the spleen. TREATMENT with our probiotic strains markedly inhibited disease associated cytokines while increased anti-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, L. plantarumA7 and B. animalis ameliorated EAE condition by favoring Th2 and Treg differentiation via up-regulation of Foxp3 and GATA3 in the brain and spleen as well as inhibited the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells. CONCLUSIONS The current research provided evidence that probiotic therapy with L. plantarum and B. animalis can effectively attenuate EAE progression as well as reinforce the polarization of regulatory T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohre Salehipour
- Immunology Research Center, Bu Ali Research Institute, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Dariush Haghmorad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Sankian
- Immunology Research Center, Bu Ali Research Institute, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Maryam Rastin
- Immunology Research Center, Bu Ali Research Institute, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Reza Nosratabadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Immunology Department, Faculty of medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nafiseh Tabasi
- Immunology Research Center, Bu Ali Research Institute, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mahdieh Khazaee
- Immunology Research Center, Bu Ali Research Institute, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | | | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, Bu Ali Research Institute, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Effect of Cocoa Polyphenolic Extract on Macrophage Polarization from Proinflammatory M1 to Anti-Inflammatory M2 State. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:6293740. [PMID: 28744339 PMCID: PMC5506464 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6293740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols-rich cocoa has many beneficial effects on human health, such as anti-inflammatory effects. Macrophages function as control switches of the immune system, maintaining the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory activities. We investigated the hypothesis that cocoa polyphenol extract may affect macrophage proinflammatory phenotype M1 by favoring an alternative M2 anti-inflammatory state on macrophages deriving from THP-1 cells. Chemical composition, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of cocoa polyphenols extracted from roasted cocoa beans were determined. THP-1 cells were activated with both lipopolysaccharides and interferon-γ for M1 or with IL-4 for M2 switch, and specific cytokines were quantified. Cellular metabolism, through mitochondrial oxygen consumption, and ATP levels were evaluated. Here, we will show that cocoa polyphenolic extract attenuated in vitro inflammation decreasing M1 macrophage response as demonstrated by a significantly lowered secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, treatment of M1 macrophages with cocoa polyphenols influences macrophage metabolism by promoting oxidative pathways, thus leading to a significant increase in O2 consumption by mitochondrial complexes as well as a higher production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. In conclusion, cocoa polyphenolic extract suppresses inflammation mediated by M1 phenotype and influences macrophage metabolism by promoting oxidative pathways and M2 polarization of active macrophages.
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Yong H, Chartier G, Quandt J. Modulating inflammation and neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:927-950. [PMID: 28580582 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder of the central nervous system with a presentation and disease course that is largely unpredictable. MS can cause loss of balance, impaired vision or speech, weakness and paralysis, fatigue, depression, and cognitive impairment. Immunomodulation is a major target given the appearance of focal demyelinating lesions in myelin-rich white matter, yet progression and an increasing appreciation for gray matter involvement, even during the earliest phases of the disease, highlights the need to afford neuroprotection and limit neurodegenerative processes that correlate with disability. This review summarizes key aspects of MS pathophysiology and histopathology with a focus on neuroimmune interactions in MS, which may facilitate neurodegeneration through both direct and indirect mechanisms. There is a focus on processes thought to influence disease progression and the role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in MS. The goals and efficacy of current disease-modifying therapies and those in the pipeline are discussed, highlighting recent advances in our understanding of pathways mediating disease progression to identify and translate both immunomodulatory and neuroprotective therapeutics from the bench to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Yong
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Chartier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Quandt
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Haghmorad D, Mahmoudi MB, Salehipour Z, Jalayer Z, Momtazi brojeni AA, Rastin M, Kokhaei P, Mahmoudi M. Hesperidin ameliorates immunological outcome and reduces neuroinflammation in the mouse model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 302:23-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Khan F, Niaz K, Maqbool F, Ismail Hassan F, Abdollahi M, Nagulapalli Venkata KC, Nabavi SM, Bishayee A. Molecular Targets Underlying the Anticancer Effects of Quercetin: An Update. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8090529. [PMID: 27589790 PMCID: PMC5037516 DOI: 10.3390/nu8090529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin, a medicinally important member of the flavonoid family, is one of the most prominent dietary antioxidants. It is present in a variety of foods—including fruits, vegetables, tea, wine, as well as other dietary supplements—and is responsible for various health benefits. Numerous pharmacological effects of quercetin include protection against diseases, such as osteoporosis, certain forms of malignant tumors, and pulmonary and cardiovascular disorders. Quercetin has the special ability of scavenging highly reactive species, such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radicals. These oxygen radicals are called reactive oxygen species, which can cause oxidative damage to cellular components, such as proteins, lipids, and deoxyribonucleic acid. Various oxygen radicals play important roles in pathophysiological and degenerative processes, such as aging. Subsequently, several studies have been performed to evaluate possible advantageous health effects of quercetin and to collect scientific evidence for these beneficial health claims. These studies also gather data in order to evaluate the exact mechanism(s) of action and toxicological effects of quercetin. The purpose of this review is to present and critically analyze molecular pathways underlying the anticancer effects of quercetin. Current limitations and future directions of research on this bioactive dietary polyphenol are also critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlullah Khan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
| | - Kamal Niaz
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
| | - Faheem Maqbool
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
| | - Fatima Ismail Hassan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
| | - Kalyan C Nagulapalli Venkata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin Health Sciences Institute, Miami, FL 33169, USA.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran.
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin Health Sciences Institute, Miami, FL 33169, USA.
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Rangarajan P, Karthikeyan A, Dheen ST. Role of dietary phenols in mitigating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 18:453-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Li Y, Yao J, Han C, Yang J, Chaudhry MT, Wang S, Liu H, Yin Y. Quercetin, Inflammation and Immunity. Nutrients 2016; 8:167. [PMID: 26999194 PMCID: PMC4808895 DOI: 10.3390/nu8030167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 960] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro and some animal models have shown that quercetin, a polyphenol derived from plants, has a wide range of biological actions including anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities; as well as attenuating lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation and capillary permeability. This review focuses on the physicochemical properties, dietary sources, absorption, bioavailability and metabolism of quercetin, especially main effects of quercetin on inflammation and immune function. According to the results obtained both in vitro and in vivo, good perspectives have been opened for quercetin. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to better characterize the mechanisms of action underlying the beneficial effects of quercetin on inflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Jiaying Yao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Chunyan Han
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | | | - Shengnan Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Hongnan Liu
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy, Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical, Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Yulong Yin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy, Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical, Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
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69
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Molecular targets of quercetin with anti-inflammatory properties in atopic dermatitis. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:632-9. [PMID: 26905599 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease. Over the past few decades, AD has become more prevalent worldwide. Quercetin, a naturally occurring polyphenol, shows antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiallergic activities. Several recent clinical and preclinical findings suggest quercetin as a promising natural treatment for inflammatory skin diseases. Significant progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-AD properties of quercetin has been achieved in the recent years. Here, we discuss the use of quercetin as treatment for AD, with a particular focus on the molecular basis of its effect. We also briefly discuss the approaches to improve the bioavailability of quercetin.
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Smith AJ, Oertle J, Warren D, Prato D. Quercetin: A Promising Flavonoid with a Dynamic Ability to Treat Various Diseases, Infections, and Cancers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2016.72010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Geiger JL, Grandis JR, Bauman JE. The STAT3 pathway as a therapeutic target in head and neck cancer: Barriers and innovations. Oral Oncol 2015; 56:84-92. [PMID: 26733183 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteins of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family mediate cellular responses to cytokines and growth factors. Aberrant regulation of the STAT3 oncogene contributes to tumor formation and progression in many cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), where hyperactivation of STAT3 is implicated in both treatment resistance and immune escape. There are no oncogenic gain-of-function mutations in HNSCC. Rather, aberrant STAT3 signaling is primarily driven by upstream growth factor receptors, such as Janus kinase (JAK) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Moreover, genomic silencing of select protein tyrosine phosphatase receptors (PTPRs), tumor suppressors that dephosphorylate STAT3, may lead to prolonged phosphorylation and activation of STAT3. This review will summarize current knowledge of the STAT3 pathway and its contribution to HNSCC growth, survival, and resistance to standard therapies, and discuss STAT3-targeting agents in various phases of clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Geiger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer R Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Julie E Bauman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Guerreiro-Cacais AO, Laaksonen H, Flytzani S, N'diaye M, Olsson T, Jagodic M. Translational utility of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: recent developments. J Inflamm Res 2015; 8:211-25. [PMID: 26622189 PMCID: PMC4654535 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s76707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune condition with firmly established genetic and environmental components. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed a large number of genetic polymorphisms in the vicinity of, and within, genes that associate to disease. However, the significance of these single-nucleotide polymorphisms in disease and possible mechanisms of action remain, with a few exceptions, to be established. While the animal model for MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), has been instrumental in understanding immunity in general and mechanisms of MS disease in particular, much of the translational information gathered from the model in terms of treatment development (glatiramer acetate and natalizumab) has been extensively summarized. In this review, we would thus like to cover the work done in EAE from a GWAS perspective, highlighting the research that has addressed the role of different GWAS genes and their pathways in EAE pathogenesis. Understanding the contribution of these pathways to disease might allow for the stratification of disease subphenotypes in patients and in turn open the possibility for new and individualized treatment approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Ortlieb Guerreiro-Cacais
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannes Laaksonen
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sevasti Flytzani
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie N'diaye
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Jagodic
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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73
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Vidak M, Rozman D, Komel R. Effects of Flavonoids from Food and Dietary Supplements on Glial and Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells. Molecules 2015; 20:19406-32. [PMID: 26512639 PMCID: PMC6332278 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201019406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin, catechins and proanthocyanidins are flavonoids that are prominently featured in foodstuffs and dietary supplements, and may possess anti-carcinogenic activity. Glioblastoma multiforme is the most dangerous form of glioma, a malignancy of the brain connective tissue. This review assesses molecular structures of these flavonoids, their importance as components of diet and dietary supplements, their bioavailability and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, their reported beneficial health effects, and their effects on non-malignant glial as well as glioblastoma tumor cells. The reviewed flavonoids appear to protect glial cells via reduction of oxidative stress, while some also attenuate glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and reduce neuroinflammation. Most of the reviewed flavonoids inhibit proliferation of glioblastoma cells and induce their death. Moreover, some of them inhibit pro-oncogene signaling pathways and intensify the effect of conventional anti-cancer therapies. However, most of these anti-glioblastoma effects have only been observed in vitro or in animal models. Due to limited ability of the reviewed flavonoids to access the brain, their normal dietary intake is likely insufficient to produce significant anti-cancer effects in this organ, and supplementation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Vidak
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Radovan Komel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Lai PS, Rosa DA, Magdy Ali A, Gómez-Biagi RF, Ball DP, Shouksmith AE, Gunning PT. A STAT inhibitor patent review: progress since 2011. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:1397-421. [PMID: 26394986 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1086749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The clinical utility of effective direct STAT inhibitors, particularly STAT3 and STAT5, for treating cancer and other diseases is well studied and known. AREAS COVERED This review will highlight the STAT inhibitor patent literature from 2011 to 2015 inclusive. Emphasis will be placed on inhibitors of the STAT3, STAT5a/b, and STAT1 proteins for cancer treatment. The review will, where suitably investigated, describe the mode and the site of inhibition, list indications that were evaluated, and rank the inhibitor's relative potency among compounds in the same class. The reader will gain an understanding of the diverse set of approaches, used both in academia and industry, to target STAT proteins. EXPERT OPINION There is still much work to be done to directly target the STAT3 and STAT5 proteins. As yet, there is still no direct STAT3 inhibitor in the clinic. While the SH2 domain remains a popular target for therapeutic intervention, the DNA-binding domain and N-terminal region are now attracting attention as possible sites for inhibition. Multiple putative STAT3 and STAT5 inhibitors have now been patented across a broad spectrum of chemotypes, each with their own advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Shan Lai
- a University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences , 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada +1 90 55 69 45 88 ; +1 90 55 69 49 29 ;
| | - David A Rosa
- a University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences , 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada +1 90 55 69 45 88 ; +1 90 55 69 49 29 ;
| | - Ahmed Magdy Ali
- a University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences , 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada +1 90 55 69 45 88 ; +1 90 55 69 49 29 ;
| | - Rodolfo F Gómez-Biagi
- a University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences , 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada +1 90 55 69 45 88 ; +1 90 55 69 49 29 ;
| | - Daniel P Ball
- a University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences , 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada +1 90 55 69 45 88 ; +1 90 55 69 49 29 ;
| | - Andrew E Shouksmith
- a University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences , 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada +1 90 55 69 45 88 ; +1 90 55 69 49 29 ;
| | - Patrick T Gunning
- a University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences , 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada +1 90 55 69 45 88 ; +1 90 55 69 49 29 ;
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Nichols M, Zhang J, Polster BM, Elustondo PA, Thirumaran A, Pavlov EV, Robertson GS. Synergistic neuroprotection by epicatechin and quercetin: Activation of convergent mitochondrial signaling pathways. Neuroscience 2015; 308:75-94. [PMID: 26363153 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In view of evidence that increased consumption of epicatechin (E) and quercetin (Q) may reduce the risk of stroke, we have measured the effects of combining E and Q on mitochondrial function and neuronal survival following oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Relative to mouse cortical neuron cultures pretreated (24h) with either E or Q (0.1-10μM), E+Q synergistically attenuated OGD-induced neuronal cell death. E, Q and E+Q (0.3μM) increased spare respiratory capacity but only E+Q (0.3μM) preserved this crucial parameter of neuronal mitochondrial function after OGD. These improvements were accompanied by corresponding increases in cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation and the expression of CREB-target genes that promote neuronal survival (Bcl-2) and mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α). Consistent with these findings, E+Q (0.1 and 1.0μM) elevated mitochondrial gene expression (MT-ND2 and MT-ATP6) to a greater extent than E or Q after OGD. Q (0.3-3.0μM), but not E (3.0μM), elevated cytosolic calcium (Ca(2+)) spikes and the mitochondrial membrane potential. Conversely, E and E+Q (0.1 and 0.3μM), but not Q (0.1 and 0.3μM), activated protein kinase B (Akt). Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition with L-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (1.0μM) blocked neuroprotection by E (0.3μM) or Q (1.0μM). Oral administration of E+Q (75mg/kg; once daily for 5days) reduced hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. These findings suggest E and Q activate Akt- and Ca(2+)-mediated signaling pathways that converge on NOS and CREB resulting in synergistic improvements in neuronal mitochondrial performance which confer profound protection against ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nichols
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada; Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Life Sciences Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, P.O. Box 15000, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada; Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Life Sciences Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, P.O. Box 15000, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - B M Polster
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - P A Elustondo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - A Thirumaran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada; Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Life Sciences Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, P.O. Box 15000, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - E V Pavlov
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, New York University, 345 East 24th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | - G S Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, 8th Floor Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 2E2, Canada.
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Plemel JR, Juzwik CA, Benson CA, Monks M, Harris C, Ploughman M. Over-the-counter anti-oxidant therapies for use in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Mult Scler 2015; 21:1485-95. [PMID: 26286700 DOI: 10.1177/1352458515601513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-oxidant compounds that are found in over-the-counter (OTC) supplements and foods are gaining interest as treatments for multiple sclerosis (MS). They are widely used by patients, sometimes without a clear evidence base. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review of animal and clinical research to determine the evidence for the benefits of OTC anti-oxidants in MS. METHODS Using predefined criteria, we searched key databases. Two authors scrutinized all studies against inclusion/exclusion criteria, assessed study risk-of-bias and extracted results. RESULTS Of the 3507 titles, 145 met criteria and included compounds, α(alpha)-lipoic acid (ALA), anti-oxidant vitamins, Ginkgo biloba, quercetin, resveratrol and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (ECGC). The strongest evidence to support OTC anti-oxidants was for compounds EGCG and ALA in animal models; both consistently showed anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant effects and reduced neurological impairment. Only vitamin E, Ginkgo biloba and ALA were examined for efficacy in pilot clinical trials with either conflicting evidence or evidence of no benefit. CONCLUSION OTC anti-oxidants EGCG and ALA show the most consistent benefit, however only in preclinical studies. There is no evidence that they alter MS relapses or progression. Future work should focus on testing more of these therapies for clinical efficacy before recommending them to MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Plemel
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Camille A Juzwik
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, Canada
| | - Curtis A Benson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael Monks
- Recovery & Performance Laboratory, Memorial University, Canada
| | - Chelsea Harris
- Recovery & Performance Laboratory, Memorial University, Canada
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Shahzad H, Giribabu N, Sekaran M, Salleh N. Quercetin Induces Dose-Dependent Differential Morphological and Proliferative Changes in Rat Uteri in the Presence and in the Absence of Estrogen. J Med Food 2015; 18:1307-16. [PMID: 26135605 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin could have profound effects on uterine morphology and proliferation, which are known to be influenced by estrogen. This study investigated the effect of quercetin on these uterine parameters in the presence and in the absence of estrogen. Ovariectomized adult female rats received peanut oil, quercetin (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day), estrogen, or estrogen+quercetin (10, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day) treatment for 7 consecutive days. At the end of the treatment, uteri were harvested for histological and molecular biological analyses. Distribution of proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein in the uterus was observed by immunohistochemistry. Levels of expression of PCNA protein and mRNA in uterine tissue homogenates were determined by Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Our findings indicated that administration of 10 mg/kg/day of quercetin either alone or with estrogen resulted in decreased uterine expression of PCNA protein and mRNA with the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in uterine luminal and glandular epithelia markedly reduced compared with estrogen-only treatment. Changes in uterine morphology were the opposite of changes observed following estrogen treatment. Treatment with 100 mg/kg/day of quercetin either alone or with estrogen resulted in elevated PCNA protein and mRNA expression. In addition, the percentages of PCNA-positive cells in the epithelia, which line the lumen and glands, were increased with morphological features mimicking changes that occur following estrogen treatment. Following 50 mg/kg/day quercetin treatment, the changes observed were in between those changes that occur following 10 and 100 mg/kg/day quercetin treatment. In conclusion, changes in uterine morphology and proliferation following 10 mg/kg/day quercetin treatment could be attributed to quercetin's antiestrogenic properties, while changes that occur following 100 mg/kg/day quercetin treatment could be attributed to quercetin's estrogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Shahzad
- 1 Department of Physiology, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nelli Giribabu
- 1 Department of Physiology, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muniandy Sekaran
- 2 Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Naguib Salleh
- 1 Department of Physiology, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Benveniste EN, Liu Y, McFarland BC, Qin H. Involvement of the janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway in multiple sclerosis and the animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 34:577-88. [PMID: 25084174 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are characterized by focal inflammatory infiltrates into the central nervous system, demyelinating lesions, axonal damage, and abundant production of cytokines that activate immune cells and damage neurons and oligodendrocytes, including interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-6, IL-17, IL-21, IL-23, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, and interferon-gamma. The Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway mediates the biological activities of these cytokines and is essential for the development and regulation of immune responses. Dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway contributes to numerous autoimmune diseases, including MS/EAE. The JAK/STAT pathway is aberrantly activated in MS/EAE because of excessive production of cytokines, loss of expression of negative regulators such as suppressors of cytokine signaling proteins, and significant enrichment of genes encoding components of the JAK/STAT pathway, including STAT3. Specific JAK/STAT inhibitors have been used in numerous preclinical models of MS and demonstrate beneficial effects on the clinical course of disease and attenuation of innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, other drugs such as statins, glatiramer acetate, laquinimod, and fumarates have beneficial effects that involve inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway. We conclude by discussing the feasibility of the JAK/STAT pathway as a target for neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etty N Benveniste
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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Kozlovskaya V, Xue B, Lei W, Padgett LE, Tse HM, Kharlampieva E. Hydrogen-bonded multilayers of tannic acid as mediators of T-cell immunity. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:686-94. [PMID: 25491369 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune-mediated disease resulting in the destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells. Transplantation of insulin-producing islets is a viable treatment to restore euglycemia in Type 1 diabetics; however, the clinical application remains limited due to the use of toxic immunosuppressive therapies to prevent immune-mediated rejection. A nanothin polymer material with dual antioxidant and immunosuppressive properties capable of modulating both innate and adaptive immune responses crucial for transplantation outcome is presented. Through the use of hollow microparticles (capsules) composed of hydrogen-bonded multilayers of natural polyphenol (tannic acid) with poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (TA/PVPON) and with poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (TA/PVCL), proinflammatory reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are efficiently dissipated and the production of interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α proinflammatory cytokines is attenuated by cognate antigen-stimulated autoreactive CD4+ T cells. These results provide evidence that TA-containing capsules are efficacious in immunomodulation and may provide physical transplant protection and prevent diabetogenic autoreactive T-cell responses. Future studies will determine if xeno- and allotransplantation with (TA/PVPON)- or (TA/PVCL)-coated pancreatic islets will decrease the risk of graft rejection due to attenuation of oxidative stress and IFN-γ, and restore euglycemia in Type 1 diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kozlovskaya
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL 35294 USA
| | - Bing Xue
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL 35294 USA
| | - Weiqi Lei
- Department of Microbiology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL 35294 USA
| | - Lindsey E. Padgett
- Department of Microbiology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL 35294 USA
| | - Hubert M. Tse
- Department of Microbiology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL 35294 USA
| | - Eugenia Kharlampieva
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL 35294 USA
- Center for Nanoscale Materials and Biointegration; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL 35294 USA
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80
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Schmitz K, Barthelmes J, Stolz L, Beyer S, Diehl O, Tegeder I. "Disease modifying nutricals" for multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:85-113. [PMID: 25435020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The association between vitamin D and multiple sclerosis has (re)-opened new interest in nutrition and natural compounds in the prevention and treatment of this neuroinflammatory disease. The dietary amount and type of fat, probiotics and biologicals, salmon proteoglycans, phytoestrogens and protease inhibitor of soy, sodium chloride and trace elements, and fat soluble vitamins including D, A and E were all considered as disease-modifying nutraceuticals. Studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice suggest that poly-unsaturated fatty acids and their 'inflammation-resolving' metabolites and the gut microflora may reduce auto-aggressive immune cells and reduce progression or risk of relapse, and infection with whipworm eggs may positively change the gut-brain communication. Encouraged by the recent interest in multiple sclerosis-nutrition nature's pharmacy has been searched for novel compounds with anti-inflammatory, immune-modifying and antioxidative properties, the most interesting being the scorpion toxins that inhibit specific potassium channels of T cells and antioxidative compounds including the green tea flavonoid epigallocatechin-3-gallate, curcumin and the mustard oil glycoside from e.g. broccoli and sulforaphane. They mostly also inhibit pro-inflammatory signaling through NF-κB or toll-like receptors and stabilize the blood brain barrier. Disease modifying functions may also complement analgesic and anti-spastic effects of cannabis, its constituents, and of 'endocannabinoid enhancing' drugs or nutricals like inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase. Nutricals will not solve multiple sclerosis therapeutic challenges but possibly support pharmacological interventions or unearth novel structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schmitz
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Barthelmes
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Leonie Stolz
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Susanne Beyer
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Olaf Diehl
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany.
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81
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Mascaraque C, Aranda C, Ocón B, Monte MJ, Suárez MD, Zarzuelo A, Marín JJG, Martínez-Augustin O, de Medina FS. Rutin has intestinal antiinflammatory effects in the CD4+ CD62L+ T cell transfer model of colitis. Pharmacol Res 2014; 90:48-57. [PMID: 25281414 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rutin, one of the most abundant flavonoids in nature, has been shown to exert intestinal antiinflammatory effects in experimental models of colitis. Our aim was to study the antiinflamatory effect of rutin in the CD4+ CD62L+ T cell transfer model of colitis, one of the closest to the human disease. Colitis was induced by transfer of CD4+ CD62L+ T cells to Rag1(-/-) mice. Rutin was administered by gavage as a postreatment. Treatment with rutin improved colitis at the dose of 57mg/kg/day, while no effect was noted with 28.5mg/kg/day. Therapeutic benefit was evidenced by a reduced disease activity index, weight loss and damage score, plus a 36% lower colonic myeloperoxidase and a 54% lower alkaline phosphatase activity. In addition, a decreased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IFNγ and TNFα) by mesenteric lymph node cells was observed ex vivo. The colonic expression of proinflammatory genes, including IFNγ, TNFα, CXCL1, S100A8 and IL-1β, was significantly reduced by more than 80% with rutin as assessed by RT-qPCR. Flavonoid treated mice exhibited decreased activation of splenic CD4+ cells (STAT4 phosphorylation and IFNγ expression) and reduced plasma cytokine levels. This effect was also apparent in mucosal lymphocytes based on reduced STAT4 phosphorylation. The protective effect was comparable to that of 3mg/kg/day budesonide. Rutin had no effect on splenocytes or murine T cells in vitro, while its aglycone, quercetin, exhibited a concentration dependent inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines, including IFNγ. Rutin but not quercetin showed vectorial basolateral to apical transport in IEC18 cells, associated with reduced biotransformation. We conclude that rutin exerts intestinal antiinflammatory activity in chronic, T lymphocyte dependent colitis via quercetin release and actions involving mucosal and lymph node T cells. Our results suggest that rutin may be useful in the management of inflammatory bowel disease in appropriate dosage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mascaraque
- Department of Pharmacology, CIBERehd, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Carlos Aranda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, CIBERehd, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Borja Ocón
- Department of Pharmacology, CIBERehd, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - María Jesús Monte
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, HEVEFARM, IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Spain.
| | - María Dolores Suárez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, CIBERehd, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Antonio Zarzuelo
- Department of Pharmacology, CIBERehd, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - José Juan García Marín
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, HEVEFARM, IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Olga Martínez-Augustin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, CIBERehd, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Fermín Sánchez de Medina
- Department of Pharmacology, CIBERehd, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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82
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Ortona E, Maselli A, Delunardo F, Colasanti T, Giovannetti A, Pierdominici M. Relationship between redox status and cell fate in immunity and autoimmunity. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:103-22. [PMID: 24359147 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The signaling function of redox molecules is essential for an efficient and proper execution of a large number of cellular processes, contributing to the maintenance of cell homeostasis. Excessive oxidative stress is considered as playing an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases by enhancing inflammation and breaking down the immunological tolerance through protein structural modifications that induce the appearance of neo/cryptic epitopes. RECENT ADVANCES There is a complex reciprocal relationship between oxidative stress and both apoptosis and autophagy, which is essential to determine cell fate. This is especially relevant in the context of autoimmune disorders in which apoptosis and autophagy play a crucial pathogenic role. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we describe the latest developments with regard to the involvement of redox molecules in the initiation and progression of autoimmune disorders, focusing on their role in cell fate regulation. We also discuss new therapeutic approaches that target oxidative stress in the treatment of these disorders. The administration of antioxidants is scarcely studied in autoimmunity, and future analyses are needed to assess its beneficial effects in preventing or ameliorating these diseases. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Deciphering the intricate relationships between oxidative stress and both apoptosis and autophagy in the context of autoimmunity could be critical in elucidating key pathogenic mechanisms and could lead to novel interventions for the clinical management of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ortona
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
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83
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Li X, Wang X, Zhang M, Li A, Sun Z, Yu Q. Quercetin Potentiates the Antitumor Activity of Rituximab in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma by Inhibiting STAT3 Pathway. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 70:1357-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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84
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Warford J, Jones QR, Nichols M, Sullivan V, Rupasinghe HV, Robertson GS. The flavonoid-enriched fraction AF4 suppresses neuroinflammation and promotes restorative gene expression in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 268:71-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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85
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Ahmad SF, Attia SM, Bakheet SA, Ashour AE, Zoheir KMA, Abd-Allah ARA. Anti-inflammatory effect ofEuphorbia hirtain an adjuvant-induced arthritic murine model. Immunol Invest 2014; 43:197-211. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2013.857350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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86
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Lin Y, Wang F, Zhang GL. Natural products and their derivatives regulating the janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2014; 16:800-812. [PMID: 25076196 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2014.929573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcriptions (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway is one of the major signaling pathways involved in a variety of human physiological and pathological process. The proteins of JAK/STAT pathway or interferon response element (such as JAK, STAT, Src, SOCS, 2'5'-OAS, and ISRE) might be as drug targets for the study of physiological processes and treatment of related diseases, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and immune processes, inflammation, cancer, arthritis, asthma, diabetes, and other diseases. This review attempts to summarize the current status of natural products and their derivatives (2002-2013) regulating the proteins or transcription elements of JAK/STAT signaling pathway to supply a new direction or drug targets for the discovery of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lin
- a Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu 610041 , China
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87
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Effect of stress on brain inflammation and multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 12:947-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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88
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Cardioprotective Effects of Quercetin in Cardiomyocyte under Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:364519. [PMID: 23573126 PMCID: PMC3612448 DOI: 10.1155/2013/364519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin, a polyphenolic compound existing in many vegetables, fruits, has antiinflammatory, antiproliferation, and antioxidant effect on mammalian cells. Quercetin was evaluated for protecting cardiomyocytes from ischemia/reperfusion injury, but its protective mechanism remains unclear in the current study. The cardioprotective effects of quercetin are achieved by reducing the activity of Src kinase, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), caspase 9, Bax, intracellular reactive oxygen species production, and inflammatory factor and inducible MnSOD expression. Fluorescence two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) can reveal the differentially expressed proteins of H9C2 cells treated with H2O2 or quercetin. Although 17 identified proteins were altered in H2O2-induced cells, these proteins such as alpha-soluble NSF attachment protein (α-SNAP), Ena/VASP-like protein (Evl), and isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase 1 (Idi-1) were reverted by pretreatment with quercetin, which correlates with kinase activation, DNA repair, lipid, and protein metabolism. Quercetin dephosphorylates Src kinase in H2O2-induced H9C2 cells and likely blocks the H2O2-induced inflammatory response through STAT3 kinase modulation. This probably contributes to prevent ischemia/reperfusion injury in cardiomyocytes.
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89
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Quercetin Preserves β -Cell Mass and Function in Fructose-Induced Hyperinsulinemia through Modulating Pancreatic Akt/FoxO1 Activation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:303902. [PMID: 23533474 PMCID: PMC3600179 DOI: 10.1155/2013/303902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fructose-induced hyperinsulinemia is associated with insulin compensative secretion and predicts the onset of type 2 diabetes. In this study, we investigated the preservation of dietary flavonoid quercetin on pancreatic β-cell mass and function in fructose-treated rats and INS-1 β-cells. Quercetin was confirmed to reduce serum insulin and leptin levels and blockade islet hyperplasia in fructose-fed rats. It also prevented fructose-induced β-cell proliferation and insulin hypersecretion in INS-1 β-cells. High fructose increased forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) expressions in vivo and in vitro, which were reversed by quercetin. Quercetin downregulated Akt and FoxO1 phosphorylation in fructose-fed rat islets and increased the nuclear FoxO1 levels in fructose-treated INS-1 β-cells. The elevated Akt phosphorylation in fructose-treated INS-1 β-cells was also restored by quercetin. Additionally, quercetin suppressed the expression of pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1) and insulin gene (Ins1 and Ins2) in vivo and in vitro. In fructose-treated INS-1 β-cells, quercetin elevated the reduced janus kinase 2/signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (Jak2/Stat3) phosphorylation and suppressed the increased suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (Socs3) expression. These results demonstrate that quercetin protects β-cell mass and function under high-fructose induction through improving leptin signaling and preserving pancreatic Akt/FoxO1 activation.
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90
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Wu WX, Zuo L, Dine KE, Shindler KS. Decreased signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) protein expression in lymphatic organs during EAE development in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 1. [PMID: 25346854 DOI: 10.7243/2053-213x-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is mediated by myelin-specific CD4+ T cells secreting Th1 and/or Th17 cytokines. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family proteins have essential roles in transmitting Th1 and/or Th17 cytokine-mediated signals. However, most studies demonstrating the importance of the STAT signaling system in EAE have focused on distinct members of this family, often looking at their role specifically in the central nervous system, or in vitro. There is limited information available regarding the temporal and spatial expression patterns of each STAT protein and interplay between STAT proteins over the course of EAE development in critical lymphatic organs in vivo. In the present study, we demonstrate dramatic and progressive decrease of all six STAT family members (STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5, STAT6) in the spleen and lymph nodes through the course of EAE development in SJL/J mice, in contrast with almost steady expression of thymic STAT proteins. Decreased splenic and lymphatic STAT expression was accompanied by significant enlargement of the spleen and lymph nodes, and histological proliferation of T cell areas with remodeling of the splenic microstructure in EAE mice. All STAT family members except STAT2 were mainly confined in T cell areas in spleen, whereas they were distributed in a protein specific manner in thymus. We present here a comprehensive analysis of all six members of the STAT family in spleen, lymph nodes and thymus through the development phase of EAE. Results suggest that EAE induced inflammatory T cells may develop distinct biological features different from normal splenic T cells due to altered STAT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xuan Wu
- Scheie Eye Institute and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ling Zuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Kimberly E Dine
- Scheie Eye Institute and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Shindler
- Scheie Eye Institute and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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91
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Morin inhibits STAT3 tyrosine 705 phosphorylation in tumor cells through activation of protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP1. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 85:898-912. [PMID: 23279849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The major goal of cancer drug discovery is to find an agent that is safe and affordable, yet effective against cancer. Here we show that morin (3,5,7,2',4'-pentahydroxyflavone) has potential against cancer cells through suppression of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway, which is closely linked to the transformation, survival, proliferation, and metastasis of cancer. We found that morin completely suppressed inducible and constitutively activated STAT3 and blocked the nuclear translocation of STAT3 and its DNA binding in multiple myeloma and head and neck squamous carcinoma cells. Morin inhibited activated Src, JAK-1, and JAK-2, all of which are linked to STAT3 activation, while up-regulating a protein inhibitor of activated STAT3, PIAS3. Pervanadate reversed the effects of morin on STAT3 phosphorylation, indicating the role of a protein tyrosine phosphatase. Furthermore, morin induced SHP1 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels, and silencing of SHP1 abrogated the effect of morin on STAT3 phosphorylation, indicating that morin mediates its effects on STAT3 through SHP1. Suppression of STAT3 correlated with the down-regulation of various gene products linked to tumor survival, proliferation, and angiogenesis and led to sensitization of tumor cells to thalidomide and bortezomib. Comparing the activities of morin with those of four structurally related flavonols demonstrated the importance of hydroxyl groups in the B ring in inhibiting STAT3 activation. These findings suggest that morin suppresses the STAT3 pathway, leading to the down-regulation of STAT3-dependent gene expression and chemosensitization of tumor cells.
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92
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von Geldern G, Mowry EM. The influence of nutritional factors on the prognosis of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2012; 8:678-89. [PMID: 23026980 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2012.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The effect of nutrition and dietary supplements on the course of multiple sclerosis (MS) is a topic of great interest to both patients and clinicians. In particular, vitamin D status has been shown to influence both the incidence and the course of MS. High vitamin D levels are probably protective against the development of MS, although the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in slowing progression of MS remains to be established. The influence of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the development and course of MS has also long been under investigation. Small clinical trials suggest a modest reduction in the severity and duration of relapses in patients with MS receiving PUFA supplements. Other nutritional factors have been evaluated for their effect on MS disease progression, including milk proteins, gluten, probiotics, antioxidants (uric acid, vitamins A, C and E, lipoic acid), polyphenols, Ginkgo biloba extracts and curcumin. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of these dietary components on the relapse rate and progression of MS. This Review gives an overview of the literature on the nutritional factors most commonly implicated as having an effect on MS and discusses the biological rationale that is thought to underlie their influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria von Geldern
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Pathology Building Room 627, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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93
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Xin J, Feinstein DL, Hejna MJ, Lorens SA, McGuire SO. Beneficial effects of blueberries in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:5743-8. [PMID: 22243431 DOI: 10.1021/jf203611t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of autoimmune disease that presents with pathological and clinical features similar to those of multiple sclerosis (MS) including inflammation and neurodegeneration. This study investigated whether blueberries, which possess immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties, could provide protection in EAE. Dietary supplementation with 1% whole, freeze-dried blueberries reduced disease incidence by >50% in a chronic EAE model (p < 0.01). When blueberry-fed mice with EAE were compared with control-fed mice with EAE, blueberry-fed mice had significantly lower motor disability scores (p = 0.03) as well as significantly greater myelin preservation in the lumbar spinal cord (p = 0.04). In a relapsing-remitting EAE model, blueberry-supplemented mice showed improved cumulative and final motor scores compared to control diet-fed mice (p = 0.01 and 0.03, respectively). These data demonstrate that blueberry supplementation is beneficial in multiple EAE models, suggesting that blueberries, which are easily administered orally and well-tolerated, may provide benefit to MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Xin
- Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, U.S. Veterans Administration , Edward Hines, Jr., VA Hospital, Mail Stop 151, 5000 South Fifth Avenue, Hines, Illinois 60141, United States
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94
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Dietary polyphenols as modulators of brain functions: biological actions and molecular mechanisms underpinning their beneficial effects. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:914273. [PMID: 22701758 PMCID: PMC3372091 DOI: 10.1155/2012/914273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that diet and lifestyle can play an important role in delaying the onset or halting the progression of age-related health disorders and to improve cognitive function. In particular, polyphenols have been reported to exert their neuroprotective actions through the potential to protect neurons against injury induced by neurotoxins, an ability to suppress neuroinflammation, and the potential to promote memory, learning, and cognitive function. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the biology of polyphenols, they are still mistakenly regarded as simply acting as antioxidants. However, recent evidence suggests that their beneficial effects involve decreases in oxidative/inflammatory stress signaling, increases in protective signaling and neurohormetic effects leading to the expression of genes that encode antioxidant enzymes, phase-2 enzymes, neurotrophic factors, and cytoprotective proteins. Specific examples of such pathways include the sirtuin-FoxO pathway, the NF-κB pathway, and the Nrf-2/ARE pathway. Together, these processes act to maintain brain homeostasis and play important roles in neuronal stress adaptation and thus polyphenols have the potential to prevent the progression of neurodegenerative pathologies.
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95
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Flavonoids as Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Drugs: Mechanisms of Action and Perspectives in the Development of Pharmaceutical Forms. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53836-9.00026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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96
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PPAR Regulation of Inflammatory Signaling in CNS Diseases. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:658520. [PMID: 18670616 PMCID: PMC2490815 DOI: 10.1155/2008/658520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2007] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) is an immune privileged site, nevertheless inflammation associates with many CNS diseases. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear hormone receptors that regulate immune and inflammatory responses. Specific ligands for PPARα, γ, and δ isoforms have proven effective in the animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and trauma/stroke, suggesting their use in the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases. The activation of NF-κB and Jak-Stat signaling pathways and secretion of inflammatory cytokines are critical in the pathogenesis of CNS diseases. Interestingly, PPAR agonists mitigate CNS disease by modulating inflammatory signaling network in immune cells. In this manuscript, we review the current knowledge on how PPARs regulate neuroinflammatory signaling networks in CNS diseases.
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97
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Lim H, Park H, Kim HP. Effects of flavonoids on matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression of interleukin-1β-treated articular chondrocytes and their cellular mechanisms: inhibition of c-Fos/AP-1 and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. J Pharmacol Sci 2011; 116:221-31. [PMID: 21606625 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.11014fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify the therapeutic potential for cartilage degradation and its action mechanisms, the effects of naturally-occurring flavonoids on matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) induction were examined in the human chondrocyte cell line SW1353. Flavones including apigenin and wogonin strongly inhibited MMP-13 induction in interleukin (IL)-1β-treated SW1353 cells, while flavonols such as kaempferol, quercetin, and flavanone (naringenin) did not at 5 - 25 µM. Apigenin and wogonin primarily inhibit MMP-13 by blocking the c-Fos / activator protein-1 (AP-1) and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) / signal transducer and activator of transcription 1/2 (STAT1/2) pathways, but not nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling. Apigenin was also shown to inhibit extracellular matrix degradation in rabbit cartilage culture. The following study using some synthetic flavones demonstrated that A-ring C-5,7-dihydroxyl and B-ring dihydroxyl substitution at C-2,3, C-2,4, or C-3,4 are important for the suppression of MMP-13 expression. Among these flavones, 2',3',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone also inhibited both the c-Fos/AP-1 and STAT1/2 pathways. Taken together, these results indicate that certain flavonoids, especially flavones, inhibit MMP-13 expression in IL-1β-treated chondrocytes, at least in part, by suppressing the c-Fos/AP-1 and JAK2/STAT1/2 pathways. Furthermore, these findings suggest that some flavonoids have the potential for protecting against collagen matrix breakdown in the cartilage of diseased tissues such as those found in arthritic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
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98
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Riccio P, Rossano R, Liuzzi GM. May diet and dietary supplements improve the wellness of multiple sclerosis patients? A molecular approach. Autoimmune Dis 2011; 2010:249842. [PMID: 21461338 PMCID: PMC3065662 DOI: 10.4061/2010/249842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a complex and multifactorial neurological disease, and nutrition is one of the environmental factors possibly involved in its pathogenesis. At present, the role of nutrition is unclear, and MS therapy is not associated to a particular diet. MS clinical trials based on specific diets or dietary supplements are very few and in some cases controversial. To understand how diet can influence the course of MS and improve the wellness of MS patients, it is necessary to identify the dietary molecules, their targets and the molecular mechanisms involved in the control of the disease. The aim of this paper is to provide a molecular basis for the nutritional intervention in MS by evaluating at molecular level the effect of dietary molecules on the inflammatory and autoimmune processes involved in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Riccio
- Dipartimento di Biologia D.B.A.F., Università degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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99
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van Horssen J, Witte ME, Schreibelt G, de Vries HE. Radical changes in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:141-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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100
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Baowen Q, Yulin Z, Xin W, Wenjing X, Hao Z, Zhizhi C, Xingmei D, Xia Z, Yuquan W, Lijuan C. A further investigation concerning correlation between anti-fibrotic effect of liposomal quercetin and inflammatory cytokines in pulmonary fibrosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 642:134-9. [PMID: 20510684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that inflammatory cells and cytokines play vital roles in the process of pulmonary fibrosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the preventative effects of liposomal quercetin against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in vivo. The underlying molecular mechanisms were also investigated. Bleomycin was injected intratracheally at a single dose of 5 U/kg for pulmonary fibrosis induction. Liposomal quercetin was intravenously injected 1 day prior to bleomycin administration and continued to the end of the study (for 4 weeks). Our results showed that liposomal quercetin diminished the increase of total cell counts and macrophage counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were also significantly decreased both on day 7 and 14 after liposomal quercetin injection (P<0.05). The levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at day 7 were strikingly reduced in liposomal quercetin treated group compared with bleomycin-induced group (TNF-alpha: 56.21+/-3.16 pg/ml vs.79.85+/-6.91 pg/ml; IL-1beta: 37.64+/-2.10 pg/ml vs. 73.29+/-5.78 pg/ml; IL-6: 88.52+/-5.96 pg/ml vs. 128.56+/-8.72 pg/ml; P<0.05). Moreover, the treatment with liposomal quercetin exerted approximately 35.8% reduction of the hydroxyproline content in contrast to the bleomycin-induced group (P<0.05). Histopathological assessment revealed that treatment with liposomal quercetin apparently lessened the lung fibrosis areas and collagen deposition accompanied with decreased expression of TGF-beta1. Thus, our results suggested that liposomal quercetin could attenuate the bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in vivo by the suppression of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Baowen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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