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Deckersbach T, Savage CR, Reilly-Harrington N, Clark L, Sachs G, Rauch SL. Episodic memory impairment in bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: the role of memory strategies. Bipolar Disord 2004; 6:233-44. [PMID: 15117402 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that individuals with bipolar disorder exhibit neuropsychological impairments not only during mood episodes but also when they are euthymic. One of the most consistently reported cognitive problems in euthymic individuals with bipolar disorder is an impairment in verbal episodic memory. Verbal learning and memory depend on individuals' ability to organize verbal information appropriately during learning. The purpose of the present study was (i) to determine whether episodic memory impairment in euthymic individuals with bipolar disorder is mediated by impairments in organization of verbal information during learning and (ii) to compare the characteristics of memory impairment in bipolar disorder with that previously found in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). METHODS Study participants were 30 individuals with DSM-IV bipolar I disorder (BP-I), 30 individuals with DSM-IV OCD and 30 normal control participants matched for age, gender and education. Participants completed the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), a well-established measure of verbal learning and memory that enables assessment of verbal organization strategies during learning. RESULTS Compared with control subjects, both BP-I and OCD participants showed impaired performance in long-delayed free recall and verbal organization strategies during learning. BP-I participants showed greater long-delay free recall difficulties but not greater verbal organization difficulties during learning than OCD participants. For OCD participants, the long-delay recall impairment was mediated by difficulties using verbal organizational strategies during learning. In contrast, the group difference in long-delayed free recall between BP-I and control participants remained significant even when semantic clustering was introduced as a mediator. This indicated that BP-I participants' long-delayed free recall difficulties were mediated to a lesser extent by difficulties using verbal organizational strategies than for OCD participants. CONCLUSIONS Verbal episodic memory problems in individuals with bipolar I disorder and OCD are mediated to different degrees by difficulties using semantic clustering encoding strategies compared with control participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Deckersbach
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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52
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Laatu S, Revonsuo A, Pihko L, Portin R, Rinne JO. Visual object recognition deficits in early Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2004; 10:227-33. [PMID: 15120097 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2003] [Revised: 02/09/2004] [Accepted: 02/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The nature of the visual perception deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD) has remained unclear. The present study explored whether there emerge deficits in the different stages of visual object recognition in early PD. Twenty-eight patients and 14 healthy controls were studied. A set of reaction time tasks were applied to measure the different stages of object recognition. The results indicate some selective problems in both basic perceptual and semantic visual processing at an early stage of cognitive deterioration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Laatu
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Turku, Assistenkatu 7, 20014, University of Turku, Finland.
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53
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Allain P, Verny C, Aubin G, Bonneau D, Dubas F, Le Gall D. Arrangement de scripts dans la maladie de Huntington. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2004; 160:434-40. [PMID: 15103268 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-3787(04)70925-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
According to Norman and Shallice, the basal ganglia are involved in the activation and maintenance of overlearned or routine scripts in action planning. This study aimed to investigate how patients with Huntington disease manipulate scripts. Ten patients with Huntington's disease and 12 normal control subjects matched by age and education were asked to re-establish the sequential order of series of script actions which were given with or without distractor elements (i.e. with or without actions belonging to trivial scripts). Compared with normal controls, patients with Huntington disease made significantly more errors in script sequencing. However there was no significant difference in performance between patients with Huntington disease and normal control subjects in inhibiting irrelevant actions. These results suggest that early Huntington's disease patients exhibit early impairment in their ability to produce temporally coherent sequences without deficit in their ability to eliminate distractors in the action domain. These results support in part the predictions of Norman and Shallice's model. From a neuroanatomical point of view, this dissociation of performance fits with what is known about the neuropathological progression of Huntington's disease in which neuronal loss progresses in a dorsal-to-ventral direction and with what was shown in patients with circumscribed frontal lobe damage. In these patients, impairment in script sequencing is related to lesions in the lateral prefrontal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Allain
- Unité de Neuropsychologie, Département de Neurologie, CHU, Angers.
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54
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Delis DC, Kramer JH, Kaplan E, Holdnack J. Reliability and validity of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System: an update. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2004; 10:301-3. [PMID: 15012851 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617704102191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A critical endeavor in every health-related field is the continued development of new technologies and instrumentation for improving diagnosis and treatment. For example, the field of neuroimaging has made astonishing advances with procedures such as functional MRI, MR spectroscopy, and MR diffusion tensor imaging. The field of neuropsychology has also recognized the importance of continually striving to develop new, more sensitive clinical measures. At the same time, the development of new tests or procedures does not guarantee that the instruments represent improvements in diagnosis or treatment. For this reason, ongoing studies of reliability and validity of new diagnostic instruments are also an important part of research in all health-related fields.
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55
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Zgaljardic DJ, Borod JC, Foldi NS, Mattis P. A review of the cognitive and behavioral sequelae of Parkinson's disease: relationship to frontostriatal circuitry. Cogn Behav Neurol 2004; 16:193-210. [PMID: 14665819 DOI: 10.1097/00146965-200312000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative hypokinetic movement disorder presenting with subcortical pathology and characterized by motor deficits. However, as is frequently reported in the literature, patients with Parkinson's disease can also exhibit cognitive and behavioral impairments. These impairments may be attributed to dysfunction of multiple systems associated with the disease process in Parkinson's disease that are not necessarily related to motor symptoms. In recent years, considerable attention has addressed the circuits connecting the frontal cortical regions and the basal ganglia (i.e., frontostriatal circuits) and how they mediate cognition and behavior in humans. It has been suggested that these same circuits are disrupted in Parkinson's disease and may be responsible for the frontal/executive deficits predominantly reported in this patient population. OBJECTIVE The current survey of the literature provides a critique and analysis of the neuropsychological profile of Parkinson's disease, including cognitive impairments, behavioral alterations, and emotional processing deficits. A special feature of this paper is to ascertain how frontostriatal circuitry might provide the substrate for the neuropsychological impairments exhibited in Parkinson's disease. In so doing, studies involving nonhuman subjects, neurologically healthy adults, brain-lesioned individuals, and patients with Parkinson's disease are reviewed to provide a novel perspective in conceptualizing and categorizing the cognitive and behavioral sequelae concomitant to specific frontostriatal circuit dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. CONCLUSIONS The current review suggests that the neuropsychological profile of Parkinson's disease, which predominantly reflects frontal/executive dysfunction, may be attributed to disruption of the frontostriatal circuitry. The information generated from this review can serve as a guide in the assessment of frontal/executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease with suggestions for a clinical neuropsychological test battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Zgaljardic
- Queens College and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, USA.
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56
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Angwin AJ, Chenery HJ, Copland DA, Arnott WL, Murdoch BE, Silburn PA. Dopamine and semantic activation: an investigation of masked direct and indirect priming. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2004; 10:15-25. [PMID: 14751003 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617704101033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2002] [Revised: 02/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of dopamine on the dynamics of semantic activation, 39 healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to ingest either a placebo (n = 24) or a levodopa (n = 16) capsule. Participants then performed a lexical decision task that implemented a masked priming paradigm. Direct and indirect semantic priming was measured across stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) of 250, 500 and 1200 ms. The results revealed significant direct and indirect semantic priming effects for the placebo group at SOAs of 250 ms and 500 ms, but no significant direct or indirect priming effects at the 1200 ms SOA. In contrast, the levodopa group showed significant direct and indirect semantic priming effects at the 250 ms SOA, while no significant direct or indirect priming effects were evident at the SOAs of 500 ms or 1200 ms. These results suggest that dopamine has a role in modulating both automatic and attentional aspects of semantic activation according to a specific time course. The implications of these results for current theories of dopaminergic modulation of semantic activation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Angwin
- Centre for Research in Language Processing and Linguistics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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57
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Azuma T, Cruz RF, Bayles KA, Tomoeda CK, Montgomery EB. A longitudinal study of neuropsychological change in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 18:1115-20. [PMID: 14677144 DOI: 10.1002/gps.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neuropsychological changes in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) were studied longitudinally. METHODS Sixty-nine idiopathic PD patients, with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores falling within normal range, and 37 elderly control participants were given neuropsychological tests twice approximately two years apart. RESULTS The PD group performed poorer than the control group on Semantic Fluency, Letter Fluency, Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, and Block Design at test time 1. Two years later, the PD group showed significant decline in Semantic and Letter Fluency. A subset of 12 PD patients declined in mental status by second testing (>4 MMSE points). Cox proportional-hazards models were used to see if any baseline measures were associated with relative risk of decline in mental status. In the final model, Repetition performance and Age were significantly associated with cognitive decline. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with previous studies, executive function tasks were those most susceptible to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiko Azuma
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-0102, USA.
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58
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Love JM, Greve KW, Sherwin E, Mathias C. Comparability of the Standard WCST and WCST–64 in Traumatic Brain Injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 10:246-51. [PMID: 14690806 DOI: 10.1207/s15324826an1004_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the comparability of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test short form (WCST-64) to the standard form in a clinical population with documented brain pathology: chronic severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Participants were 61 patients at least 1 year after severe TBI living at a large residential rehabilitation facility. The WCST was administered in standard fashion with both the standard and 64-card versions scored. All derived scores with norms were examined. Results indicated that the WCST-64 scores were comparable to the standard version, and assigned impairment levels remained relatively stable. These results suggest the WCST-64 is a valid alternative to the standard version in chronic severe TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Love
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA
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59
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Azuma T, Cruz RF, Bayles KA, Tomoeda CK, Montgomery EB. A longitudinal study of neuropsychological change in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 18:1043-9. [PMID: 14618557 DOI: 10.1002/gps.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychological changes in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) were studied longitudinally. Sixty-nine idiopathic PD patients, with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores falling within normal range, and 37 elderly control participants were given neuropsychological tests twice approximately two years apart. The PD group performed poorer than the control group on Semantic Fluency, Letter Fluency, Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, and Block Design at test time 1. Two years later, the PD group showed significant decline in Semantic and Letter Fluency. A subset of 12 PD patients declined in mental status by second testing (> or =4 MMSE points). Cox proportional-hazards models were used to see if any baseline measures were associated with relative risk of decline in mental status. In the final model, Repetition performance and Age were significantly associated with cognitive decline. Consistent with previous studies, executive function tasks were those most susceptible to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiko Azuma
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-0102, USA.
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60
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Crucian GP, Barrett AM, Burks DW, Riestra AR, Roth HL, Schwartz RL, Triggs WJ, Bowers D, Friedman W, Greer M, Heilman KM. Mental object rotation in Parkinson's disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2003; 9:1078-87. [PMID: 14738288 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617703970111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in visual-spatial ability can be associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), and there are several possible reasons for these deficits. Dysfunction in frontal-striatal and/or frontal-parietal systems, associated with dopamine deficiency, might disrupt cognitive processes either supporting (e.g., working memory) or subserving visual-spatial computations. The goal of this study was to assess visual-spatial orientation ability in individuals with PD using the Mental Rotations Test (MRT), along with other measures of cognitive function. Non-demented men with PD were significantly less accurate on this test than matched control men. In contrast, women with PD performed similarly to matched control women, but both groups of women did not perform much better than chance. Further, mental rotation accuracy in men correlated with their executive skills involving mental processing and psychomotor speed. In women with PD, however, mental rotation accuracy correlated negatively with verbal memory, indicating that higher mental rotation performance was associated with lower ability in verbal memory. These results indicate that PD is associated with visual-spatial orientation deficits in men. Women with PD and control women both performed poorly on the MRT, possibly reflecting a floor effect. Although men and women with PD appear to engage different cognitive processes in this task, the reason for the sex difference remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Crucian
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
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61
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Higginson CI, King DS, Levine D, Wheelock VL, Khamphay NO, Sigvardt KA. The relationship between executive function and verbal memory in Parkinson's disease. Brain Cogn 2003; 52:343-52. [PMID: 12907179 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that the various cognitive symptoms found in Parkinson's disease (PD) are secondary to executive dysfunction. Studies addressing this possibility for memory impairment specifically have not included measures of working memory nor have they ruled-out potential mediating variables such as overall level of cognitive impairment or depression. The purpose of this study was to include measures of these variables in determining the relationship between multiple aspects of executive function and delayed verbal recall in 32 idiopathic PD patients. Results were consistent with the original hypothesis and further suggest that working memory is a key factor in recall memory and may mediate the relationship between other executive measures and recall in PD.
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62
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Levy G, Jacobs DM, Tang MX, Côté LJ, Louis ED, Alfaro B, Mejia H, Stern Y, Marder K. Memory and executive function impairment predict dementia in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2002; 17:1221-6. [PMID: 12465060 DOI: 10.1002/mds.10280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the association of neuropsychological test impairment at baseline with the development of dementia in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. A cohort of nondemented PD patients from northern Manhattan, NY was followed annually with neurological and neuropsychological evaluations. The neuropsychological battery included tests of verbal and nonverbal memory, orientation, visuospatial ability, language, and abstract reasoning. The association of baseline neuropsychological tests scores with incident dementia was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models. The analysis controlled for age, gender, education, duration of PD, and the total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor score at baseline. Forty-five out of 164 patients (27%) became demented during a mean follow-up of 3.7 +/- 2.3 years. Four neuropsychological test scores were significantly associated with incident dementia in the Cox model: total immediate recall (RR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.87-0.97, P = 0.001) and delayed recall (RR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.59-0.91, P = 0.005) of the Selective Reminding Test (SRT), letter fluency (RR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.77-0.99, P = 0.03), and Identities and Oddities of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (RR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.73-0.98, P = 0.03). When the analysis was performed excluding patients with a clinical dementia rating of 0.5 (questionable dementia) at baseline evaluation, total immediate recall and delayed recall were still predictive of dementia in PD. Our results indicate that impairment in verbal memory and executive function are associated with the development of dementia in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Levy
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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63
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Zald DH, Curtis C, Folley BS, Pardo JV. Prefrontal contributions to delayed spatial and object alternation: A positron emission tomography study. Neuropsychology 2002. [DOI: 10.1037/0894-4105.16.2.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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64
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Skeel RL, Crosson B, Nadeau SE, Algina J, Bauer RM, Fennell EB. Basal ganglia dysfunction, working memory, and sentence comprehension in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 2001; 39:962-71. [PMID: 11516448 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3932(01)00026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role of the basal ganglia in working memory and sentence comprehension, 14 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) were administered experimental measures of semantic and phonological working memory, and a measure of sentence comprehension, while receiving dopaminergic medications and after a period of withdrawal from these medications. An age- and education- matched control group (N=14) received the same measures. Comparison with control subjects revealed deficits in patients with PD in sentence processing regardless of medication status, but no deficits in working memory. In contrast to previous studies, withdrawal of dopaminergic medications had no significant impact on task- related working memory functions or on sentence comprehension. Results suggest that basal ganglia dysfunction does not solely account for sentence comprehension deficits seen in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Skeel
- Department of Psychology, Sloan Hall Room 136, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
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65
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Salmon DP, Lange KL. Cognitive screening and neuropsychological assessment in early Alzheimer's disease. Clin Geriatr Med 2001; 17:229-54. [PMID: 11375134 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0690(05)70067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive screening and detailed neuropsychological assessment provide a reliable means of detecting dementia in its earliest stages, tracking the progression of cognitive decline over time, and aiding in the differential diagnosis of various dementing disorders. In addition, recent studies have shown that mild cognitive changes, and particularly declines in memory function, are evident in the "preclinical" phase of Alzheimer's disease and may help to identify elderly individuals who are likely to develop dementia in the near future. Until effective and easily obtainable biological markers for detecting the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease are developed, neuropsychological assessment will continue to have an important role in the dementia evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Salmon
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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66
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Smith J, Siegert RJ, McDowall J, Abernethy D. Preserved implicit learning on both the serial reaction time task and artificial grammar in patients with Parkinson's disease. Brain Cogn 2001; 45:378-91. [PMID: 11305880 DOI: 10.1006/brcg.2001.1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen nondemented patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) were compared with age-matched controls on two standard tests of implicit learning. A verbal version of the Serial Reaction Time (SRT) task was used to assess sequence learning and an artificial grammar (AG) task assessed perceptual learning. It was predicted that PD patients would show implicit learning on the AG task but not the SRT task, as motor sequence learning is thought to be reliant on the basal ganglia, which is damaged in PD. Patients with PD demonstrated implicit learning on both tasks. In light of these unexpected results the research on SRT learning in PD is reconsidered, and some possible explanations for the sometimes conflicting results of PD patient samples on the SRT task are considered. Four factors which merit further study in this regard are the degree to which the SRT task relies on overt motor responses, the effects of frontal lobe dysfunction upon implicit sequence learning, the effects of cerebellar degeneration, and the degree to which the illness itself has advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Smith
- Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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67
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Reed BR, Eberling JL, Mungas D, Weiner MW, Jagust WJ. Memory failure has different mechanisms in subcortical stroke and Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1531-8249(200009)48:3<275::aid-ana1>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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68
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Breitenstein C, Van Lancker D, Daum I, Waters CH. Impaired perception of vocal emotions in Parkinson's disease: influence of speech time processing and executive functioning. Brain Cogn 2001; 45:277-314. [PMID: 11237372 DOI: 10.1006/brcg.2000.1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the underlying dimensions of impaired recognition of emotional prosody that is frequently observed in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Because patients with PD also suffer from working memory deficits and impaired time perception, the present study examined the contribution of (a) working memory (frontal executive functioning) and (b) processing of the acoustic parameter speech rate to the perception of emotional prosody in PD. Two acoustic parameters known to be important for emotional classifications (speech duration and pitch variability) were systematically varied in prosodic utterances. Twenty patients with PD and 16 healthy controls (matched for age, sex, and IQ) participated in the study. The findings imply that (1) working memory dysfunctions and perception of emotional prosody are not independent in PD, (2) PD and healthy control subjects perceived vocal emotions categorically along two acoustic manipulation continua, and (3) patients with PD show impairments in processing of speech rate information.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Breitenstein
- Department of Neurology, University of Muenster, Germany.
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69
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Godbout L, Doyon J. Defective representation of knowledge in Parkinson's disease: evidence from a script-production task. Brain Cogn 2000; 44:490-510. [PMID: 11104539 DOI: 10.1006/brcg.2000.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The deficits seen in frontal-lobe patients and in the elderly show clearly that spontaneous script generation depends on good frontal-lobe function. Shallice, however, has proposed that one aspect of script generation (contention scheduling, CS) which is involved in the activation and maintenance of overlearned or routine scripts may depend more on the basal ganglia. Patients with Parkinson's disease would thus be expected to manifest deficits somewhat different from those observed in frontal-lobe patients when generating scripts. The performances of 16 nondemented and nondepressed patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease were compared to those of 16 age-matched normal control subjects under two experimental conditions; routine, forward script generation and nonroutine, backward script generation. Parkinsonian patients generated scripts significantly deprived of contextual elements in the forward condition and made significantly more sequencing and perseverative errors in both forward and backward conditions than did normal subjects. They also produced a significantly higher number of irrelevant intrusions, in both conditions, than did controls. These results support, in a general sense, Shallice's notion that the basal ganglia are important in script generation; however, other specific predictions of Shallice's model were not supported by our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Godbout
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada.
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70
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Crucian GP, Barrett AM, Schwartz RL, Bowers D, Triggs WJ, Friedman W, Heilman KM. Cognitive and vestibulo-proprioceptive components of spatial ability in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 2000; 38:757-67. [PMID: 10689051 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3932(99)00143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Visual-spatial deficits are often associated with Parkinson's Disease (PD). Recent theories suggest that frontal-basal ganglionic dysfunction affects cognition in PD. Although this hypothesis does not entirely explain spatial deficits in PD, the inappropriate utilization of cues associated with executive dysfunction may induce spatial deficits. Alternatively, the vestibular system is also involved in spatial cognition, and vestibular dysfunction may affect visual-spatial ability in PD. To test these hypotheses, we administered the Water Jar Test, while perturbing vestibulo-proprioceptive input. Non-demented PD patients were significantly less accurate than controls in judging horizontal, and appeared to inappropriately utilize cues. No group effect was found for head tilt. These findings suggest the visual-spatial difficulties seen in PD are related to executive dysfunction that is associated with a disruption of the frontal-basal ganglionic and frontal-parietal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Crucian
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida Health Science Center, FL, USA.
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71
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Savage CR, Deckersbach T, Wilhelm S, Rauch SL, Baer L, Reid T, Jenike MA. Strategic processing and episodic memory impairment in obsessive compulsive disorder. Neuropsychology 2000; 14:141-51. [PMID: 10674806 DOI: 10.1037/0894-4105.14.1.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that nonverbal memory problems in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) are mediated by impaired strategic processing. Although many studies have found verbal memory to be normal in OCD, these studies did not use tests designed to stress organizational strategies. This study examined verbal and nonverbal memory performance in 33 OCD patients and 30 normal control participants with the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test and the California Verbal Learning Test. OCD patients were impaired on verbal and nonverbal measures of organizational strategy and free recall. Multiple regression modeling indicated that free recall problems in OCD were mediated by impaired organizational strategies used during learning trials. Therefore, verbal and nonverbal episodic memory deficits in OCD are affected by impaired strategic processing. Results are consistent with neurobiological models proposing frontal-striatal system dysfunction in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Savage
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown 02129-2060, USA.
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72
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Zakzanis KK, Freedman M. A neuropsychological comparison of demented and nondemented patients with Parkinson's disease. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 1999; 6:129-46. [PMID: 10497689 DOI: 10.1207/s15324826an0603_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The strength and sensitivity of neuropsychological test findings in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) was reviewed using meta-analytic principles to provide a basis of comparison of deficits in nondemented and demented patients with PD. The review revealed significant relationships among duration of disease, physical disability, and cognitive impairment in nondemented patients, and qualitative and quantitative differences in the pattern of neuropsychological test impairments between nondemented and demented patients with PD. The disparate profiles of neuropsychological impairment in nondemented and demented patients may indeed reflect disease progression in keeping with the significant clinical correlations in nondemented patients. That is, as the duration of the disease endures, it appears that performance on tasks of delayed recall deteriorates first, followed by performance on measures of manual dexterity, cognitive flexibility, and abstraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Zakzanis
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada.
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73
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Graceffa AM, Carlesimo GA, Peppe A, Caltagirone C. Verbal working memory deficit in Parkinson's disease subjects. Eur Neurol 1999; 42:90-4. [PMID: 10473980 DOI: 10.1159/000069417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to evaluate verbal working memory in patients affected by Parkinson's disease (PD). In particular, tests that explore the functionality of the Articulatory Loop and of the Central Executive during verbal tasks were given. PD patients displayed normal phonological similarity, word length and word frequency effects in a Word span task, thus demonstrating adequate retention capacity of the phonological store, normal functioning of the articulatory rehearsal mechanism and a normal contribution of lexical-semantic knowledge to verbal immediate recall. In the Brown-Peterson task, PD patients showed abnormal performance decay on the letter recall task when articulatory rehearsal was inhibited by a serial subtraction concurrent task. These data provide evidence for normal functioning of the Articulatory Loop in PD patients. However, when the verbal recall task is more attention demanding, PD patients show deficient performance levels, presumably due to depleted processing resources by the Central Executive.
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74
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Savage CR, Baer L, Keuthen NJ, Brown HD, Rauch SL, Jenike MA. Organizational strategies mediate nonverbal memory impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45:905-16. [PMID: 10202579 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous neuropsychological studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have indicated impaired executive functioning and nonverbal memory. The extent to which impaired executive functioning impacts nonverbal memory has not been established. The current study investigated the mediating effects of organizational strategies used when copying a figure on subsequent nonverbal memory for that figure. METHODS We examined neuropsychological performance in 20 unmedicated subjects with OCD and 20 matched normal control subjects. Subjects were administered the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (RCFT) and neuropsychological tests assessing various aspects of executive function. RESULTS OCD subjects differed significantly from healthy control subjects in the organizational strategies used to copy the RCFT figure, and they recalled significantly less information on both immediate and delayed testing. Multiple regression analyses indicated that group differences in immediate percent recall were significantly mediated by copy organizational strategies. Further exploratory analyses indicated that organizational problems in OCD may be related to difficulties shifting mental and/or spatial set. CONCLUSIONS Immediate nonverbal memory problems in OCD subjects were mediated by impaired organizational strategies used during the initial copy of the RCFT figure. Thus, the primary deficit was one affecting executive function, which then had a secondary effect on immediate memory. These findings are consistent with current theories proposing frontal-striatal system dysfunction in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Savage
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown 02129-2060, USA
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75
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Knoke D, Taylor AE, Saint-Cyr JA. The differential effects of cueing on recall in Parkinson's disease and normal subjects. Brain Cogn 1998; 38:261-74. [PMID: 9853102 DOI: 10.1006/brcg.1998.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) are known to be impaired in supraspan verbal learning due to reduced availability of internal encoding capacity. PD patients may suffer from poor semantic, source and sequential processing capacity. Thirty-three patients with idiopathic PD and 42 matched normal control subjects (NC) were administered the California Verbal Learning Test under 3 conditions of graded cueing. While the PD patients benefited significantly and progressively from increasingly explicit cueing, the NC group did not since their performance was optimal even without cueing. Results are discussed in relation to frontal executive control of attentional resources and the establishment of encoding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Knoke
- Toronto Hospital, Western Division, Canada
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76
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Abstract
Subcortical dementias are a heterogeneous group of disorders that share primary pathology in subcortical structure and a characteristic pattern of neuropsychological impairment. This article describes the neurobiological and cognitive features of three prototypical subcortical dementias, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and progressive supranuclear palsy, concentrating of traits shared by disorders. Clinical features are also discussed, especially those which differentiate subcortical dementias from cortical dementias, such as Alzheimer's disease. The cortical-subcortical nomenclature has been criticized over the years, but it continues to provide an effective means of classifying dementia profiles in clinically and theoretically useful ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Savage
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, USA
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77
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Rauch SL, Savage CR. Neuroimaging and neuropsychology of the striatum. Bridging basic science and clinical practice. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1997; 20:741-68. [PMID: 9443348 DOI: 10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging and neuropsychology are complementary disciplines that provide powerful means for assessing the structure and function of corticostriatal systems. Findings from four model basal ganglia disorders--OCD, TS, HD, and PD--are reviewed. This survey is intended as a vehicle for illustrating the breadth of current clinical and research applications, as well as the potential for future advances. The perspectives brought by neuroimaging and neuropsychology serve as a natural bridge from the basic neuroscience to the clinical practice articles in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Rauch
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
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78
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Faglioni P, Botti C, Scarpa M, Ferrari V, Saetti MC. Learning and forgetting processes in Parkinson's disease: a model-based approach to disentangling storage, retention and retrieval contributions. Neuropsychologia 1997; 35:767-79. [PMID: 9204484 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3932(96)00125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Learning and forgetting a prose passage was studied in 20 patients with Parkinson's disease and in 20 normal control subjects by means of stochastic models, with the aim of identifying the learning and retaining abilities that are affected by Parkinson's disease. Results suggested that Parkinson's disease patients are impaired in developing automatic processing both during learning and retaining, while functions that require active attention are spared. The automatic/intentional dissociation, which is the hallmark of motor disturbance in Parkinson's disease, extends to memory abilities, and, on the grounds of neuroanatomical, neurochemical and neurophysiological correlates, suggests that the memory deficit in Parkinson's disease may be contingent on a dysfunction of the medial prefrontal-cingulate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Faglioni
- Clinica Neurologica, Università di Modena, Italy.
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79
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Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy controls took a computerized test of tone duration discrimination (TDD) using pairs of tones of 0.4-1.6 sec duration, presented at intervals of 0.5-4 sec. In PD patients as well as controls, TDD was impaired by even slight degrees of cognitive deterioration. PD yielded impaired TDD in females, but not in males. This suggests that the dopamine-powered biological clock, which is vulnerable to PD, is more important for the processing of durations in the 1-sec range in women than in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hellström
- Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, Sweden.
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80
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Pillon B, Ertle S, Deweer B, Bonnet AM, Vidailhet M, Dubois B. Memory for spatial location in 'de novo' parkinsonian patients. Neuropsychologia 1997; 35:221-8. [PMID: 9051671 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3932(96)00091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A deficit in memory for spatial location was recently reported in typical non-demented parkinsonian patients ('standard'). Is this deficit related to dopamine depletion? Such an association would reinforce the suggestion that striato-frontal neuronal circuits are implicated in memory for item-specific spatial coordinates. To answer this question, we compared the performance of 10 recently diagnosed and not yet treated parkinsonian patients ('de novo'), in which the neurobiochemical deficit is considered to involve mainly the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, to that of 14 controls matched for age, global cognitive efficiency and mood, on a visuospatial learning test. The task required little motor or constructive functions and was designed to allow control of encoding and comparison of free recall, cued recall and recognition. Compared to controls, 'de novo' patients displayed a lower performance in memory for visuospatial location of pictures, contrasting with relative preservation of verbal memory, perceptive visuospatial and executive functions. These results confirm the sensitivity of visuospatial memory even at an early stage of Parkinson's disease and suggest the implication of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, and associated striato-frontal neuronal circuits, in executive processes needed for spatial location learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pillon
- INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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81
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82
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Paolo AM, Axelrod BN, Tröster AI, Blackwell KT, Koller WC. Utility of a Wisconsin Card Sorting Test short form in persons with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1996; 18:892-7. [PMID: 9157112 DOI: 10.1080/01688639608408310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The utility of administering only the first deck of 64 cards from the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST-64) in persons with Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) was evaluated. There were 35 elderly subjects matched for gender, age, and education in each of four groups: controls, PD without dementia (PDN), PD with dementia (PDD), and AD. Additionally, the control and PDN subjects were matched for level of cognitive functioning as were the PDD and AD groups. Results revealed that demented persons performed significantly worse than nondemented subjects. The WCST-64 was also sensitive to the subtle executive deficits demonstrated by persons with PD without dementia. The findings support the use of the WCST-64 in elderly persons with AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Paolo
- University of Kansas Medical Center, USA
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83
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Abstract
Amnesic patients and nondemented patients with Parkinson's disease were given a probabilistic classification task in which they learned which of two outcomes would occur on each trial, given the particular combination of cues that appeared. Amnesic patients exhibited normal learning of the task but had severely impaired declarative memory for the training episode. In contrast, patients with Parkinson's disease failed to learn the probabilistic classification task, despite having intact memory for the training episode. This double dissociation shows that the limbic-diencephalic regions damaged in amnesia and the neostriatum damaged in Parkinson's disease support separate and parallel learning systems. In humans, the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) is essential for the gradual, incremental learning of associations that is characteristic of habit learning. The neostriatum is important not just for motor behavior and motor learning but also for acquiring nonmotor dispositions and tendencies that depend on new associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Knowlton
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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84
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Abstract
The present study focused on perceptual identification priming (implicit memory) in early stages of dementia by studying demographically and cognitively matched patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The AD and PD groups performed normally on perceptual identification priming, whereas their explicit recognition memory was equally impaired compared to normal controls. These results imply that priming in perceptual identification relies on the perceptual memory system which can resist not only impairments of explicit memory but also widespread cognitive deterioration induced by the neurodegenerative processes in AD or PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koivisto
- Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Finland
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85
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Ricker JH, Millis SR. Differential visuospatial dysfunction following striatal, frontal white matter, or posterior thalamic infarction. Int J Neurosci 1996; 84:75-85. [PMID: 8707490 DOI: 10.3109/00207459608987252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated visuospatial functioning in 35 right-hand dominant patients with striatal, frontal white matter, or posterior thalamic infarction, in the right cerebral hemisphere. On tasks of visual detection and discrimination, the groups performed within normal limits and comparable to one another. On tasks of visual synthesis and spatial analysis, each group was significantly impaired, with greatest impairment following infarction of deep grey structures. Correlational analyses indicated that in the striatal and frontal white matter groups, visual synthesis and spatial analysis task performance were strongly correlated with performance on neuropsychological tests of executive control. This relationship was not observed in the posterior thalamic group. The results support the hypothesis of differential patterns of visuospatial performance depending on the anatomical locus of subcortical lesions. The findings are explained in terms of differing subcortical circuitry and suggest that multiple substrates mediate the sequelae of subcortical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Ricker
- Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, USA
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86
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Waterfall ML, Crowe SF. Meta-analytic comparison of the components of visual cognition in Parkinson's disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1995; 17:759-72. [PMID: 8557816 DOI: 10.1080/01688639508405165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Controversy surrounds the presence of deficits of visual cognition in Parkinson's Disease. This literature has been seriously undermined by a number of methodological and theoretical faults that make interpretation of this hypothesis difficult. This review proposes a structure of visual cognition composed of 13 aspects. A meta-analysis of these components on 70 studies that used standardised neuropsychological tests and an appropriate normal control group indicates that the PD subjects are significantly compromised on tests of attention and concentration, complex visuospatial functions, and multifactorial spatial functions. More detailed analysis of the basic components of visual cognition was not undertaken due to low statistical power; hence, it remains unclear whether these subjects have primary visual processing deficits in association with their higher order deficits. The observed deficits may be interpreted as being a consequence of either undetermined lower level visual cognitive deficits or a compromise in executive functioning.
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87
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Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that the basal ganglia are critical brain structures for motor-skill and habit learning, and may be important for the acquisition of some perceptual and cognitive skills. The cerebellum appears to contribute importantly only to motor-skill learning. Transitory cortical changes occur during motor-skill learning, but perceptual-skill learning may involve a semi-permanent change in neuronal sensitivity in the primary sensory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Salmon
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0948, USA
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88
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Ricker JH, Keenan PA, Jacobson MW. Visuoperceptual-spatial ability and visual memory in vascular dementia and dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neuropsychologia 1994; 32:1287-96. [PMID: 7845568 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3932(94)90110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between visuoperceptual ability and visual memory in dementia. Twenty individuals with probable dementia of the Alzheimer type, 24 individuals with probable vascular dementia, and 20 healthy, elderly adults underwent neuropsychological evaluation. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses suggested that perceptual organization skills contributed to a significant amount of the variance in novel, but not famous, face recognition. This finding was most robust in the clinical groups. Causality cannot be attributed from this regression model. Results suggest, however, that visual processing deficits are more strongly related to the memory process at the time of encoding rather than during recognition of remote information.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Ricker
- Department of Rehabilitation Psychology and Neuropsychology, Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Wayne State University School of Medicine
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