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Abarca-Buis RF, Mandujano-Tinoco EA, Cabrera-Wrooman A, Krötzsch E. The complexity of TGFβ/activin signaling in regeneration. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 15:7-23. [PMID: 33481173 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00605-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of transforming growth factor β TGFβ/activin signaling in wound repair and regeneration is highly conserved in the animal kingdom. Various studies have shown that TGF-β/activin signaling can either promote or inhibit different aspects of the regeneration process (i.e., proliferation, differentiation, and re-epithelialization). It has been demonstrated in several biological systems that some of the different cellular responses promoted by TGFβ/activin signaling depend on the activation of Smad-dependent or Smad-independent signal transduction pathways. In the context of regeneration and wound healing, it has been shown that the type of R-Smad stimulated determines the different effects that can be obtained. However, neither the possible roles of Smad-independent pathways nor the interaction of the TGFβ/activin pathway with other complex signaling networks involved in the regenerative process has been studied extensively. Here, we review the important aspects concerning the TGFβ/activin signaling pathway in the regeneration process. We discuss data regarding the role of TGF-β/activin in the most common animal regenerative models to demonstrate how this signaling promotes or inhibits regeneration, depending on the cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Fernando Abarca-Buis
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luís Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada México-Xochimilco No. 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Edna Ayerim Mandujano-Tinoco
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luís Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada México-Xochimilco No. 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Cabrera-Wrooman
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luís Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada México-Xochimilco No. 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Krötzsch
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luís Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada México-Xochimilco No. 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
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52
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Nuwormegbe SA, Kim SW. AMPK Activation by 5-Amino-4-Imidazole Carboxamide Riboside-1-β-D-Ribofuranoside Attenuates Alkali Injury-Induced Corneal Fibrosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:43. [PMID: 32561924 PMCID: PMC7415321 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.6.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Increased TGF-β1 synthesis after corneal alkali injury is implicated in corneal fibrosis, as it promotes transdifferentiation of keratocytes into myofibroblasts. The activation of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide riboside-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) inhibits TGF-β1-induced fibrosis in other cell types. We investigated the antifibrotic effect of AICAR in corneal fibroblasts after alkali injury. Methods Mouse models of corneal alkali burn, produced by placing 2-mm-diameter filter paper soaked in 0.1-N NaOH on the right cornea for 30 seconds, were treated with the test drugs 4× daily for 21 days. The central cornea was scanned by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Corneal tissues were obtained and processed for western blotting and immunohistochemistry. For in vitro analysis, primary human corneal fibroblasts were treated directly with TGF-β1 to induce fibrosis, with or without AICAR pretreatment. Myofibroblast activation and extracellular matrix (ECM) protein synthesis were detected by western blotting, real-time PCR, and collagen gel contraction assay. Signaling proteins were analyzed by western blotting. Results Alkali injury induced the upregulation of TGF-β1 expression, which led to increased α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and fibronectin synthesis and myofibroblast differentiation. AMPK activation by AICAR significantly suppressed TGF-β1 and ECM protein expression. The antifibrotic effect of AICAR was AMPK dependent, as treatment with the AMPK inhibitor Compound C attenuated the antifibrotic response. Conclusions AMPK activation by AICAR suppresses the myofibroblast differentiation and ECM synthesis that occur after alkali injury in corneal fibroblasts.
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Zhou Q, Guo H, Yu C, Huang XR, Liang L, Zhang P, Yu J, Zhang J, Chan TF, Ma RCW, Lan HY. Identification of Smad3-related transcriptomes in type-2 diabetic nephropathy by whole transcriptome RNA sequencing. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:2052-2068. [PMID: 33369170 PMCID: PMC7882931 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Smad3 deficiency prevents the development of type 2 diabetic nephropathy; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to identify Smad3‐related genes involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. High‐throughput RNA sequencing was performed to profile the whole transcriptome in the diabetic kidney of Smad3 WT‐db/db, Smad3 KO‐db/db, Smad3+/− db/db and their littermate control db/m mice at 20 weeks. The gene ontology, pathways and alternative splicing of differentially expressed protein‐coding genes and long non‐coding RNAs related to Smad3 in diabetic kidney were analysed. Compared to Smad3 WT‐db/db mice, Smad3 KO‐db/db mice exhibited an alteration of genes associated with RNA splicing and metabolism, whereas heterozygosity deletion of Smad3 (Smad3+/− db/db mice) significantly altered genes related to cell division and cell cycle. Notably, three protein‐coding genes (Upk1b, Psca and Gdf15) and two lncRNAs (NONMMUG023520.2 and NONMMUG032975.2) were identified to be Smad3‐dependent and to be associated with the development of diabetic nephropathy. By using whole transcriptome RNA sequencing, we identified novel Smad3 transcripts related to the development of diabetic nephropathy. Thus, targeting these transcripts may represent a novel and effective therapy for diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honghong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaolun Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ru Huang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Immunological and Genetic Kidney Disease, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liying Liang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Puhua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianwen Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jizhou Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ting-Fung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ronald C W Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Nogueira BCF, Campos AK, Alves RS, Sarandy MM, Novaes RD, Esposito D, Gonçalves RV. What Is the Impact of Depletion of Immunoregulatory Genes on Wound Healing? A Systematic Review of Preclinical Evidence. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8862953. [PMID: 33488938 PMCID: PMC7787779 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8862953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines and growth factors are known to play an important role in the skin wound closure process; however, in knockout organisms, the levels of these molecules can undergo changes that result in the delay or acceleration of this process. Therefore, we systematically reviewed evidence from preclinical studies about the main immunoregulatory molecules involved in skin repair through the analysis of the main mechanisms involved in the depletion of immunoregulatory genes, and we carried out a critical analysis of the methodological quality of these studies. We searched biomedical databases, and only original studies were analyzed according to the PRISMA guidelines. The included studies were limited to those which used knockout animals and excision or incision wound models without intervention. A total of 27 studies were selected; data for animal models, gene depletion, wound characteristics, and immunoregulatory molecules were evaluated and compared whenever possible. Methodological quality assessments were examined using the ARRIVE and SYRCLE's bias of risk tool. In our review, the extracellular molecules act more negatively in the wound healing process when silenced and the metabolic pathway most affected involved in these processes was TGF-β/Smad, and emphasis was given to the importance of the participation of macrophages in TGF-β signaling. Besides that, proinflammatory molecules were more evaluated than anti-inflammatory ones, and the main molecules evaluated were, respectively, TGF-β1, followed by VEGF, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Overall, most gene depletions delayed wound healing, negatively influenced the concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, and consequently promoted a decrease of inflammatory cell infiltration, angiogenesis, and collagen deposition, compromising the formation of granulation tissue. The studies presented heterogeneous data and exhibited methodological limitations; therefore, mechanistic and highly controlled studies are required to improve the quality of the evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Artur Kanadani Campos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raul Santos Alves
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Rômulo Dias Novaes
- Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Debora Esposito
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, USA
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55
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Holstein I, Singh AK, Pohl F, Misiak D, Braun J, Leitner L, Hüttelmaier S, Posern G. Post-transcriptional regulation of MRTF-A by miRNAs during myogenic differentiation of myoblasts. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:8927-8942. [PMID: 32692361 PMCID: PMC7498330 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation and regeneration of skeletal muscle from myoblasts to myotubes involves myogenic transcription factors, such as myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTF-A) and serum response factor (SRF). In addition, post-transcriptional regulation by miRNAs is required during myogenesis. Here, we provide evidence for novel mechanisms regulating MRTF-A during myogenic differentiation. Endogenous MRTF-A protein abundance and activity decreased during C2C12 differentiation, which was attributable to miRNA-directed inhibition. Conversely, overexpression of MRTF-A impaired differentiation and myosin expression. Applying miRNA trapping by RNA affinity purification (miTRAP), we identified miRNAs which directly regulate MRTF-A via its 3′UTR, including miR-1a-3p, miR-206-3p, miR-24-3p and miR-486-5p. These miRNAs were upregulated during differentiation and specifically recruited to the 3′UTR of MRTF-A. Concomitantly, Ago2 recruitment to the MRTF-A 3′UTR was considerably increased, whereas Dicer1 depletion or 3′UTR deletion elevated MRTF-A and inhibited differentiation. MRTF-A protein expression was inhibited by ectopic miRNA expression in murine C2C12 and primary human myoblasts. 3′UTR reporter activity diminished upon differentiation or miRNA expression, whereas deletion of the predicted binding sites reversed these effects. Furthermore, TGF-β abolished MRTF-A reduction and decreased miR-486-5p expression. Our findings implicate miR-24-3p and miR-486-5p in the repression of MRTF-A and suggest a complex network of transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms regulating myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Holstein
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anurag Kumar Singh
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Falk Pohl
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Danny Misiak
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Juliane Braun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Laura Leitner
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan Hüttelmaier
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Guido Posern
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Oda Y, Nguyen T, Hata A, Meyer MB, Pike JW, Bikle DD. Deletion of Mediator 1 suppresses TGFβ signaling leading to changes in epidermal lineages and regeneration. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238076. [PMID: 32857768 PMCID: PMC7455038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal lineages and injury induced regeneration are controlled by transcriptional programs coordinating cellular signaling and epigenetic regulators, but the mechanism remains unclear. Previous studies showed that conditional deletion of the transcriptional coactivator Mediator 1 (Med1) changes epidermal lineages and accelerates wound re-epithelialization. Here, we studied a molecular mechanism by which Med1 facilitates these processes, in particular, by focusing on TGFβ signaling through genome wide transcriptome analysis. The expression of the TGF ligands (Tgfβ1/β2) and their downstream target genes is decreased in both normal and wounded Med1 null skin. Med1 silencing in cultured keratinocytes likewise reduces the expression of the ligands (TGFβ1/β2) and diminishes activity of TGFβ signaling as shown by decreased p-Smad2/3. Silencing Med1 increases keratinocyte proliferation and migration in vitro. Epigenetic studies using chromatin immuno-precipitation and next generation DNA sequencing reveals that Med1 regulates transcription of TGFβ components by forming large clusters of enhancers called super-enhancers at the regulatory regions of the TGFβ ligand and SMAD3 genes. These results demonstrate that Med1 is required for the maintenance of the TGFβ signaling pathway. Finally, we show that pharmacological inhibition of TGFβ signaling enhances epidermal lineages and accelerates wound re-epithelialization in skin similar to that seen in the Med1 null mice, providing new insights into epidermal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Oda
- Departments of Medicine and Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Thai Nguyen
- Departments of Medicine and Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Akiko Hata
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Mark B. Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - J. Wesley Pike
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel D. Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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Xu J, Zanvit P, Hu L, Tseng PY, Liu N, Wang F, Liu O, Zhang D, Jin W, Guo N, Han Y, Yin J, Cain A, Hoon MA, Wang S, Chen W. The Cytokine TGF-β Induces Interleukin-31 Expression from Dermal Dendritic Cells to Activate Sensory Neurons and Stimulate Wound Itching. Immunity 2020; 53:371-383.e5. [PMID: 32673566 PMCID: PMC7362873 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing is associated with the unpleasant sensation of itching. Here we investigated the mechanisms underlying this type of itch, focusing on the contribution of soluble factors released during healing. We found high amounts of interleukin 31 (IL-31) in skin wound tissue during the peak of itch responses. Il31-/- mice lacked wound-induced itch responses. IL-31 was released by dermal conventional type 2 dendritic cells (cDC2s) recruited to wounds and increased itch sensory neuron sensitivity. Transfer of cDC2s isolated from late-stage wounds into healthy skin was sufficient to induce itching in a manner dependent on IL-31 expression. Addition of the cytokine TGF-β1, which promotes wound healing, to dermal DCs in vitro was sufficient to induce Il31 expression, and Tgfbr1f/f CD11c-Cre mice exhibited reduced scratching and decreased Il31 expression in wounds in vivo. Thus, cDC2s promote itching during skin would healing via a TGF-β-IL-31 axis with implications for treatment of wound itching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Xu
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter Zanvit
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lei Hu
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Pang-Yen Tseng
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Na Liu
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fu Wang
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Dalian Medical University, School of Stomatology, Dalian 114044, China
| | - Ousheng Liu
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Dunfang Zhang
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wenwen Jin
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nancy Guo
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yichen Han
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jessica Yin
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander Cain
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark A Hoon
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Songlin Wang
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - WanJun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Strauss FJ, Kuchler U, Kobatake R, Heimel P, Tangl S, Gruber R. Acid bone lysates reduce bone regeneration in rat calvaria defects. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 109:659-665. [PMID: 32608132 PMCID: PMC7984281 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acid bone lysates (ABLs) represent the growth factors and other molecules released during autologous graft resorption. However, the impact of these bone-derived growth factors on the healing of bone defects has not yet been investigated. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to examine the impact of ABLs adsorbed to collagen membranes on bone regeneration. To this end, in 16 female Sprague Dawley rats, a standardized 5-mm-diameter critical size defect on the calvarial bone was created. The defects were covered with collagen membranes that had been soaked either in serum-free media or ABLs followed by lyophilization. After a healing period of 4 weeks, micro-computed tomography (μCT) and histological analyses by means of undecalcified thin ground sections were performed. μCT analysis of the inner 4 mm of the calvaria defect showed a greater bone defect coverage in the control group when compared to ABL group, 29.8% (confidence interval [CI]: 17.7-50.3) versus 5.6% (CI: 1.0-29.8, p = .03), respectively. Moreover, we found significantly more absolute bone volume (BV) in the control group when compared to ABL group, 0.59 mm3 (CI: 0.27-1.25) versus 0.07 mm3 (CI: 0.06-0.59, p = .04), respectively. Histomorphometry confirmed these findings with a relative BV in the central compartment of 14.1% (CI: 8.4-20.6) versus 5.6% (CI: 3.4-7.9, p = .004), respectively. These findings indicate that bone-derived growth factors contained in ABLs are able to attenuate bone regeneration within collagen membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz-Josef Strauss
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Clinic of Reconstructive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Kuchler
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reiko Kobatake
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Patrick Heimel
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Core Facility Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, Karl Donath Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Tangl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Core Facility Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, Karl Donath Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Nakano N, Sakata N, Katsu Y, Nochise D, Sato E, Takahashi Y, Yamaguchi S, Haga Y, Ikeno S, Motizuki M, Sano K, Yamasaki K, Miyazawa K, Itoh S. Dissociation of the AhR/ARNT complex by TGF-β/Smad signaling represses CYP1A1 gene expression and inhibits benze[a]pyrene-mediated cytotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9033-9051. [PMID: 32409577 PMCID: PMC7335805 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) catalyzes the metabolic activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and is transcriptionally regulated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)/AhR nuclear translocator (ARNT) complex upon exposure to PAHs. Accordingly, inhibition of CYP1A1 expression reduces production of carcinogens from PAHs. Although transcription of the CYP1A1 gene is known to be repressed by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), how TGF-β signaling is involved in the suppression of CYP1A1 gene expression has yet to be clarified. In this study, using mammalian cell lines, along with shRNA-mediated gene silencing, CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing, and reporter gene and quantitative RT-PCR assays, we found that TGF-β signaling dissociates the B[a]P-mediated AhR/ARNT heteromeric complex. Among the examined Smads, Smad family member 3 (Smad3) strongly interacted with both AhR and ARNT via its MH2 domain. Moreover, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), which is stabilized upon TGF-β stimulation, also inhibited AhR/ARNT complex formation in the presence of B[a]P. Thus, TGF-β signaling negatively regulated the transcription of the CYP1A1 gene in at least two different ways. Of note, TGF-β abrogated DNA damage in B[a]P-exposed cells. We therefore conclude that TGF-β may protect cells against carcinogenesis because it inhibits CYP1A1-mediated metabolic activation of PAHs as part of its anti-tumorigenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Nakano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Sakata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Katsu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiki Nochise
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erika Sato
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Takahashi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saori Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Haga
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Souichi Ikeno
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Motizuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Keigo Sano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Miyazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Susumu Itoh
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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60
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Li Z, Zhu MX, Hu B, Liu W, Wu J, Wen C, Jian S, Yang G. Effects of suppressing Smads expression on wound healing in Hyriopsis cumingii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 97:455-464. [PMID: 31870970 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As a specific pearl mussel in China, Hyriopsis cumingii has enormous economic value. However, the organism damage caused by pearl insertion is immeasurable. TGF-β/Smad signal transduction pathways are involved in all phases of wound healing. We have previously reported on two cytoplasmic signal transduction factors, Smad3 and Smad5 in mussel H. cumingii (named HcSmads), suggesting their involvements in wound healing. Here, Smad4 was cloned and described. The full length cDNA of HcSmad4 was 2543 bp encoded 515 amino acids. Deduced HcSmad4 protein possessed conserved MH1 and MH2 domains, nuclear location signals (NLS), nuclear exput signals (NES) and Smad activation domain (SAD). Transcripts of Smad3, 4 and 5 were constitutively expressed in all detected tissues, at highest levels in muscles. Furthermore, HcSmad4 mRNA levels were significantly increased at incision site post wounding, and expression of downstream target genes of Smad4, such as HcMMP1, HcMMP19, HcTIMP1 and HcTIMP2 were upregulated to a certain extent. Whatever knocked down HcSmad3/4 or treated by specific inhibitors of Smad 3 (SIS3), expression levels of these genes displayed a significantly downregulated tendency compared with the wound group. In addition, histological evaluation suggested that Smad3 knockdown or SIS3 treatment was accelerated wound healing, and then Smad4 knockdown delayed the process of wound healing in mussels. These data implicate that Smad3/4 play an important role in tissue repair in mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfang Li
- Department of Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Ming Xing Zhu
- Department of Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Baoqing Hu
- Department of Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Wenxiu Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Jielian Wu
- Department of Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Chungen Wen
- Department of Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Shaoqing Jian
- Department of Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Gang Yang
- Department of Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
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61
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Role of TGF-β in Skin Chronic Wounds: A Keratinocyte Perspective. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020306. [PMID: 32012802 PMCID: PMC7072438 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds are characterized for their incapacity to heal within an expected time frame. Potential mechanisms driving this impairment are poorly understood and current hypotheses point to the development of an unbalanced milieu of growth factor and cytokines. Among them, TGF-β is considered to promote the broadest spectrum of effects. Although it is known to contribute to healthy skin homeostasis, the highly context-dependent nature of TGF-β signaling restricts the understanding of its roles in healing and wound chronification. Historically, low TGF-β levels have been suggested as a pattern in chronic wounds. However, a revision of the available evidence in humans indicates that this could constitute a questionable argument. Thus, in chronic wounds, divergences regarding skin tissue compartments seem to be characterized by elevated TGF-β levels only in the epidermis. Understanding how this aspect affects keratinocyte activities and their capacity to re-epithelialize might offer an opportunity to gain comprehensive knowledge of the involvement of TGF-β in chronic wounds. In this review, we compile existing evidence on the roles played by TGF-β during skin wound healing, with special emphasis on keratinocyte responses. Current limitations and future perspectives of TGF-β research in chronic wounds are discussed.
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Li XY, Weng XJ, Li XJ, Tian XY. TSG-6 Inhibits the Growth of Keloid Fibroblasts Via Mediating the TGF-β1/Smad Signaling Pathway. J INVEST SURG 2020; 34:947-956. [PMID: 31986937 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2020.1716894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Weng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Tian
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China
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63
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Liarte S, Bernabé-García Á, Nicolás FJ. Human Skin Keratinocytes on Sustained TGF-β Stimulation Reveal Partial EMT Features and Weaken Growth Arrest Responses. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010255. [PMID: 31968599 PMCID: PMC7017124 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in wound closure can be related to the failure of keratinocytes to re-epithelize. Potential mechanisms driving this impairment comprise unbalanced cytokine signaling, including Transforming Growth Factor-β (TFG-β). Although the etiologies of chronic wound development are known, the relevant molecular events are poorly understood. This lack of insight is a consequence of ethical issues, which limit the available evidence to humans. In this work, we have used an in vitro model validated for the study of epidermal physiology and function, the HaCaT cells to provide a description of the impact of sustained exposure to TGF-β. Long term TGF-β1 treatment led to evident changes, HaCaT cells became spindle-shaped and increased in size. This phenotype change involved conformational re-arrangements for actin filaments and E-Cadherin cell-adhesion structures. Surprisingly, the signs of consolidated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition were absent. At the molecular level, modified gene expression and altered protein contents were found. Non-canonical TGF-β pathway elements did not show relevant changes. However, R-Smads experienced alterations best characterized by decreased Smad3 levels. Functionally, HaCaT cells exposed to TGF-β1 for long periods showed cell-cycle arrest. Yet, the strength of this restraint weakens the longer the treatment, as revealed when challenged by pro-mitogenic factors. The proposed setting might offer a useful framework for future research on the mechanisms driving wound chronification.
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64
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Xu JH, Zhao WY, Fang QQ, Wang XF, Zhang DD, Hu YY, Zheng B, Tan WQ. Co-transfection of hepatocyte growth factor and truncated TGF-β type II receptor inhibit scar formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 53:e9144. [PMID: 31939600 PMCID: PMC6967399 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20199144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Wound scarring remains a major challenge for plastic surgeons. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β plays a key role in the process of scar formation. Previous studies have demonstrated that truncated TGF-β type II receptor (t-TGF-βRII) is unable to continue signal transduction but is still capable of binding to TGF-β, thereby blocking the TGF-β signaling pathway. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a multifunctional growth factor that promotes tissue regeneration and wound healing. Theoretically, the combination of HGF and t-TGF-βRII would be expected to exert a synergistic effect on promoting wound healing and reducing collagen formation. In the present study, lentivirus-mediated transfection of the two genes (t-TGF-βRII/HGF) into fibroblasts in vitro and in a rat model in vivo was used. The results demonstrated that the expression of t-TGF-βRII and HGF in NIH-3T3 cells was successfully induced. The expression of both molecules significantly reduced collagen I and III expression, and also inhibited fibroblast proliferation. Furthermore, histological examination and scar quantification revealed less scarring in the experimental wound in a rat model. Moreover, on macroscopic inspection, the experimental wound exhibited less visible scarring compared with the control. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that the combination gene therapy of t-TGF-βRII and HGF promoted wound healing, with less scarring and more epithelial tissue formation, not only by suppressing the overgrowth of collagen due to its antifibrotic effect, but also by promoting tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hua Xu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wan-Yi Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing-Qing Fang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ding-Ding Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan-Yan Hu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Tan
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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65
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Boddupalli A, Akilbekova D, Bratlie KM. Poly-l-arginine modifications alter the organization and secretion of collagen in SKH1-E mice. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 106:110143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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66
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Lingzhi Z, Meirong L, Xiaobing F. Biological approaches for hypertrophic scars. Int Wound J 2019; 17:405-418. [PMID: 31860941 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Scar formation is usually the pathological consequence of skin trauma. And hypertrophic scars (HSs) frequently occur in people after being injured deeply. HSs are unusually considered as the result of tissue contraction and excessive extracellular matrix component deposition. Myofibroblasts, as the effector cells, mainly differentiated from fibroblasts, play the crucial role in the pathophysiology of HSs. A number of growth factors, inflammatory cytokines involved in the process of HS occurrence. Currently, with in-depth exploration and clinical research of HSs, various creative and effective treatments budded. In here, we summarize the progress in the molecular mechanism of HSs, and review the available biotherapeutic methods for their pathophysiological characteristics. Additionally, we further prospected that the comprehensive therapy may be more suitable for HS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Lingzhi
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Meirong
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Central Laboratory, Trauma Treatment Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital Hainan Branch, Sanya, China
| | - Fu Xiaobing
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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67
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TGF-β Determines the Pro-migratory Potential of bFGF Signaling in Medulloblastoma. Cell Rep 2019; 23:3798-3812.e8. [PMID: 29949765 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment shapes cell behavior and determines metastatic outcomes of tumors. We addressed how microenvironmental cues control tumor cell invasion in pediatric medulloblastoma (MB). We show that bFGF promotes MB tumor cell invasion through FGF receptor (FGFR) in vitro and that blockade of FGFR represses brain tissue infiltration in vivo. TGF-β regulates pro-migratory bFGF function in a context-dependent manner. Under low bFGF, the non-canonical TGF-β pathway causes ROCK activation and cortical translocation of ERK1/2, which antagonizes FGFR signaling by inactivating FGFR substrate 2 (FRS2), and promotes a contractile, non-motile phenotype. Under high bFGF, negative-feedback regulation of FRS2 by bFGF-induced ERK1/2 causes repression of the FGFR pathway. Under these conditions, TGF-β counters inactivation of FRS2 and restores pro-migratory signaling. These findings pinpoint coincidence detection of bFGF and TGF-β signaling by FRS2 as a mechanism that controls tumor cell invasion. Thus, targeting FRS2 represents an emerging strategy to abrogate aberrant FGFR signaling.
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68
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Sun GF, Li HC, Zhan YP, Zhang XF, Pan LY, Chen YF, Xu K, Feng DX. SnoN residue (1-366) attenuates hypertrophic scars through resistance to transforming growth factor-β1-induced degradation. J Transl Med 2019; 99:1861-1873. [PMID: 31409891 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars (HSs) are characterized by fibroblast hyperproliferation and excessive matrix deposition. During wound healing, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/Smad signaling acts as a key regulator. As a transcriptional corepressor of TGF-β1/Smads, SnoN is expressed at low levels in many fibrotic diseases due to TGF-β1/Smad-induced degradation. SnoN residue (1-366; SR) is resistant to TGF-β1-induced degradation. However, the expression and role of SR in HSs are unknown. Here, we inhibited TGF-β1/Smad signaling via overexpression of SR to block fibroblast transdifferentiation, proliferation, and collagen deposition during HS formation. Our results showed that SnoN was downregulated in HS fibroblasts (HSFs) owing to TGF-β1/Smad-induced degradation. Overexpression of SR in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) and HSFs successfully blocked phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3, thereby inhibiting NHDF transdifferentiation and HSF proliferation and reducing type I collagen (ColI) and type III collagen (ColIII) production and secretion. In addition, we applied overexpressed full-length SnoN (SF) and SR to wound granulation tissue in a rabbit model of HSs. SR reduced wound scarring, improved collagen deposition and arrangement of scar tissue, and decreased mRNA and protein expression of ColI, ColIII, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) more effectively than SF in vivo. These results suggest that SR could be a promising therapy for the prevention of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Fang Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Hong-Chang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yue-Ping Zhan
- Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xiao-Fen Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Li-Yun Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Ya-Feng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Ke Xu
- Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Dian-Xu Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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69
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Xu D, Pan Y, Chen J. Chemical Constituents, Pharmacologic Properties, and Clinical Applications of Bletilla striata. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1168. [PMID: 31736742 PMCID: PMC6838137 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bletilla striata is a plant from the Orchidaceae family that has been employed as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for thousands of years in China. Here, we briefly review the published studies of the last 30 years that were related to chemical constituents, pharmacologic activities, and clinical applications of B. striata. Approximately 158 compounds have been extracted from B. striata tubers with clarified molecular structures that were classified as glucosides, bibenzyls, phenanthrenes, quinones, biphenanthrenes, dihydrophenanthrenes, anthocyanins, steroids, triterpenoids, and phenolic acids. These chemicals support the pharmacological properties of hemostasis and wound healing, and also exhibit anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, anti-viral, and anti-bacterial activities. Additionally, various clinical trials conducted on B. striata have demonstrated its marked activities as an embolizing and mucosa-protective agent, and its application for use in novel biomaterials, quality control, and toxicology. It also has been widely used as a constituent of many preparations in TCM formulations, but because there are insufficient studies on its clinical properties, its efficacy and safety cannot be established from a scientific point of view. We hope that this review will provide reference for further research and development of this unique plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delin Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yinchi Pan
- Department of Cell Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jishuang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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70
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Class-switch recombination to IgA in the Peyer's patches requires natural thymus-derived Tregs and appears to be antigen independent. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:1268-1279. [PMID: 31501516 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of how class-switch recombination (CSR) to IgA occurs in the gut is still incomplete. Earlier studies have indicated that Tregs are important for IgA CSR and these cells were thought to transform into follicular helper T cells (Tfh), responsible for germinal center formation in the Peyer's patches (PP). Following adoptive transfer of T-cell receptor-transgenic (TCR-Tg) CD4 T cells into nude mice, we unexpectedly found that oral immunization did not require an adjuvant to induce strong gut IgA and systemic IgG responses, suggesting an altered regulatory environment in the PP. After sorting of splenic TCR-Tg CD4 T cells into CD25+ or CD25- cells we observed that none of these fractions supported a gut IgA response, while IgG responses were unperturbed in mice receiving the CD25- cell fraction. Hence, while Tfh functions resided in the CD25- fraction the IgA CSR function in the PP was dependent on CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs, which were found to be Helios+ neuropilin-1+ thymus-derived Tregs. This is the first study to demonstrate that Tfh and IgA CSR functions are indeed, unique, and separate functions in the PP with the former being TCR-dependent while the latter appeared to be antigen independent.
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71
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Fang X, Hu X, Zheng Z, Tao K, Wang H, Guan H, Shi J, Ji P, Cai W, Bai X, Zhu X, Han J, Liu J, Hu D. Smad interacting protein 1 influences transforming growth factor-β 1/Smad signaling in extracellular matrix protein production and hypertrophic scar formation. J Mol Histol 2019; 50:503-514. [PMID: 31595443 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-019-09844-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad signal transduction pathway is closely associated with hypertrophic scar (HS) formation. Smad interacting protein 1 (SIP1) is a cytoplasmic protein that efficiently regulates Smad2-/3-dependent signaling within the TGF-β1 pathway. SIP1 influences collagen synthesis in the HS through a heretofore unknown mechanism. This study investigated the role of the SIP1-mediated TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway in extracellular matrix (ECM) protein production and hypertrophic scarring. SIP1 expression was markedly lower in HS vs. normal skin (NS) tissue, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) content and collagen I/III (Col I/III) synthesis were inversely correlated with SIP1 expression. Furthermore, SIP1 inhibited Smad2/3 phosphorylation in vitro, and improved the collagen-based architecture of the scar while reducing collagen expression and overall scar formation in a rabbit ear model of HS. Based on these findings, we propose that SIP1 acts as a molecular modulator capable of altering Smad2-/3-facilitated signaling through the control of Smad phosphorylation, thus inhibiting α-SMA and collagen upregulation in fibroblasts and, ultimately, HS formation. The low SIP1 content in scar tissue also suggests that SIP1 (and positive regulation thereof) is a prospective target for selective HS drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Fang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhao Zheng
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ke Tao
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Guan
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jihong Shi
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weixia Cai
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaozhi Bai
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiongxiang Zhu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juntao Han
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Dahai Hu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
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72
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Aragón E, Wang Q, Zou Y, Morgani SM, Ruiz L, Kaczmarska Z, Su J, Torner C, Tian L, Hu J, Shu W, Agrawal S, Gomes T, Márquez JA, Hadjantonakis AK, Macias MJ, Massagué J. Structural basis for distinct roles of SMAD2 and SMAD3 in FOXH1 pioneer-directed TGF-β signaling. Genes Dev 2019; 33:1506-1524. [PMID: 31582430 PMCID: PMC6824466 DOI: 10.1101/gad.330837.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
TGF-β receptors phosphorylate SMAD2 and SMAD3 transcription factors, which then form heterotrimeric complexes with SMAD4 and cooperate with context-specific transcription factors to activate target genes. Here we provide biochemical and structural evidence showing that binding of SMAD2 to DNA depends on the conformation of the E3 insert, a structural element unique to SMAD2 and previously thought to render SMAD2 unable to bind DNA. Based on this finding, we further delineate TGF-β signal transduction by defining distinct roles for SMAD2 and SMAD3 with the forkhead pioneer factor FOXH1 as a partner in the regulation of differentiation genes in mouse mesendoderm precursors. FOXH1 is prebound to target sites in these loci and recruits SMAD3 independently of TGF-β signals, whereas SMAD2 remains predominantly cytoplasmic in the basal state and set to bind SMAD4 and join SMAD3:FOXH1 at target promoters in response to Nodal TGF-β signals. The results support a model in which signal-independent binding of SMAD3 and FOXH1 prime mesendoderm differentiation gene promoters for activation, and signal-driven SMAD2:SMAD4 binds to promoters that are preloaded with SMAD3:FOXH1 to activate transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Aragón
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Qiong Wang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Yilong Zou
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Sophie M Morgani
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Lidia Ruiz
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | | | - Jie Su
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Carles Torner
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Lin Tian
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jing Hu
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Weiping Shu
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Saloni Agrawal
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Tiago Gomes
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | | | | | - Maria J Macias
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,ICREA, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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73
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Oryan A, Alemzadeh E, Mohammadi AA. Application of honey as a protective material in maintaining the viability of adipose stem cells in burn wound healing: A histological, molecular and biochemical study. Tissue Cell 2019; 61:89-97. [PMID: 31759413 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced resistance to oxidative stress makes the adipose stem cells (ASCs) able to promote wound repair and regeneration. Such cells can be achieved by addition of an anti-oxidant to cell culture medium. In this study, a combination of honey (H) and ASCs was applied on burn wounds and the injured area was then covered by a tegaderm (T) dressing in a rat model. Wound healing was evaluated by histopathological, histomorphometrical, molecular, scanning electron microscopy, and biochemical assessments on days 7, 14, and 28 post-wounding. Treatment with ASCs-containing honey (T-H/ASC) resulted in substantial reduction in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in wound bed, at 7 day post-surgery. T-H/ASCs also elevated the level of bFGF expression, indicating that ASCs enhanced angiogenesis, at 7 day post-wounding. T-H/ASCs significantly improved angiogenesis, re-epithelialization, and granulation tissue formation compared to other treatment regimes, at 14 day post-surgery. These outcomes were in exceptionally good agreement with the histological and biochemical findings. Increased bFGF level in the T-H/ASCs treated wounds at the 28th day post-surgery showed the anti-scarring activity of ASCs. Honey can be considered as a protective material in maintaining the viability of ASCs and improving the cellular resistance to oxidative stress. Furthermore, combination of ASCs and honey can provide a nutrient media for the ASCs and enhance the ability of regeneration of the ASC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Oryan
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Esmat Alemzadeh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Mohammadi
- Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Plastic and Reconstructive Ward, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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74
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Pirfenidone prevents and reverses hepatic insulin resistance and steatohepatitis by polarizing M2 macrophages. J Transl Med 2019; 99:1335-1348. [PMID: 31019294 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with lipotoxic liver injury, leading to insulin resistance, inflammation, and fibrosis. Despite its increased global incidence, very few promising treatments for NASH are available. Pirfenidone is an antifibrotic agent used to treat pulmonary fibrosis; it suppresses the pulmonary influx of T cells and macrophages. Here, we investigated the effect of pirfenidone in a mouse model of lipotoxicity-induced NASH via a high-cholesterol and high-fat diet. After 12 weeks of feeding, pirfenidone administration attenuated excessive hepatic lipid accumulation and peroxidation by reducing the expression of genes related to lipogenesis and fatty acid synthesis and enhancing the expression of those related to fatty acid oxidation. Flow cytometry indicated that pirfenidone reduced the number of total hepatic macrophages, particularly CD11c+CD206-(M1)-type macrophages, increased the number of CD11c-CD206+(M2)-type macrophages, and subsequently reduced T-cell numbers, which helped improve insulin resistance and steatohepatitis. Moreover, pirfenidone downregulated the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mRNA expression of M1 marker genes and upregulated IL-4-induced M2 marker genes in a dose-dependent manner in RAW264.7 macrophages. Importantly, pirfenidone reversed insulin resistance, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis in mice with pre-existing NASH. These findings suggest that pirfenidone is a potential candidate for the treatment of NASH.
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75
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Cardiac Fibroblast to Myofibroblast Phenotype Conversion-An Unexploited Therapeutic Target. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2019; 6:jcdd6030028. [PMID: 31426390 PMCID: PMC6787657 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd6030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis occurs when the synthesis of extracellular matrix outpaces its degradation, and over time can negatively impact tissue and organ function. In the case of cardiac fibrosis, contraction and relaxation of the heart can be impaired to the point of precipitating heart failure, while at the same time fibrosis can result in arrhythmias due to altered electrical properties of the myocardium. The critical event in the evolution of cardiac fibrosis is the phenotype conversion of cardiac fibroblasts to their overly-active counterparts, myofibroblasts: cells demarked by their expression of novel markers such as periostin, by their gain of contractile activity, and by their pronounced and prolonged increase in the production of extracellular matrix components such as collagens. The phenotype change is dramatic, and can be triggered by many stimuli, including mechanical force, inflammatory cytokines, and growth factors. This review will explore fibroblast to myofibroblast transition mechanisms and will consider the therapeutic potential of targeting this process as a means to arrest or even reverse cardiac fibrosis.
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76
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Fujioka-Kobayashi M, Miron RJ, Lussi A, Gruber R, Ilie N, Price RB, Schmalz G. Effect of the degree of conversion of resin-based composites on cytotoxicity, cell attachment, and gene expression. Dent Mater 2019; 35:1173-1193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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77
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Sfakianoudis K, Simopoulou M, Nitsos N, Lazaros L, Rapani A, Pantou A, Koutsilieris M, Nikas Y, Pantos K. Successful Implantation and Live Birth Following Autologous Platelet-rich Plasma Treatment for a Patient with Recurrent Implantation Failure and Chronic Endometritis. In Vivo 2019; 33:515-521. [PMID: 30804135 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Patients diagnosed with chronic endometritis (CE) may fail to respond to standard antibiotic treatment. The driver behind the approach reported here was the imperative need for alternative therapeutic solutions. CASE REPORT This case report presents a woman with CE and premature ovarian insufficiency having experienced repeated implantation failures following donated embryo transfers. The patient was diagnosed with CE through hysteroscopy, microbiological analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Following the suggested antibiotic treatment, she underwent a new embryo transfer, but with subsequent pregnancy loss. Following a second antibiotic scheme, all diagnostic procedures certified the persistence of CE. The patient underwent autologous, intrauterine platelet-rich plasma treatment and a subsequent embryo transfer. The diagnostic procedures indicated no signs of CE, while the embryo transfer resulted in a twin pregnancy and birth. CONCLUSION Platelet-rich plasma may be employed as a first-line CE treatment, especially for patients who fail to respond to conventional antibiotic schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mara Simopoulou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Nitsos
- Genesis Athens Clinic, Microbiology-Biochemical Department, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Anna Rapani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Agni Pantou
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Genesis Athens Clinic, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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78
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Ando A, Hashimoto N, Sakamoto K, Omote N, Miyazaki S, Nakahara Y, Imaizumi K, Kawabe T, Hasegawa Y. Repressive role of stabilized hypoxia inducible factor 1α expression on transforming growth factor β-induced extracellular matrix production in lung cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:1959-1973. [PMID: 31004547 PMCID: PMC6549927 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) combined with persistent hypoxia often affects the tumor microenvironment. Disruption of cadherin/catenin complexes induced by these stimulations yields aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) production, characteristics of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). Hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIF), the hallmark of the response to hypoxia, play differential roles during development of diseases. Recent studies show that localization of cadherin/catenin complexes at the cell membrane might be tightly regulated by protein phosphatase activity. We aimed to investigate the role of stabilized HIF‐1α expression by protein phosphatase activity on dissociation of the E‐cadherin/β‐catenin complex and aberrant ECM expression in lung cancer cells under stimulation by TGF‐β. By using lung cancer cells treated with HIF‐1α stabilizers or carrying doxycycline‐dependent HIF‐1α deletion or point mutants, we investigated the role of stabilized HIF‐1α expression on TGF‐β‐induced EMT in lung cancer cells. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms were determined by inhibition of protein phosphatase activity. Persistent stimulation by TGF‐β and hypoxia induced EMT phenotypes in H358 cells in which stabilized HIF‐1α expression was inhibited. Stabilized HIF‐1α protein expression inhibited the TGF‐β‐stimulated appearance of EMT phenotypes across cell types and species, independent of de novo vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) expression. Inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A activity abrogated the HIF‐1α‐induced repression of the TGF‐β‐stimulated appearance of EMT phenotypes. This is the first study to show a direct role of stabilized HIF‐1α expression on inhibition of TGF‐β‐induced EMT phenotypes in lung cancer cells, in part, through protein phosphatase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ando
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naozumi Hashimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Sakamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norihito Omote
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinichi Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshio Nakahara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Imaizumi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kawabe
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hasegawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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79
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Xue K, Zhang J, Li C, Li J, Wang C, Zhang Q, Chen X, Yu X, Sun L, Yu X. The role and mechanism of transforming growth factor beta 3 in human myocardial infarction-induced myocardial fibrosis. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:4229-4243. [PMID: 30983140 PMCID: PMC6533491 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) plays a crucial role in tissue fibrosis. A number of studies have shown that TGFβ3 significantly attenuated tissue fibrosis. However, the mechanism involved in this effect is poorly understood. In this study we found that the expression level of TGFβ3 was higher in human myocardial infarction (MI) tissues than in normal tissues, and interestingly, it increased with the development of fibrosis post‐myocardial infarction (post‐MI). In vitro, human cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were incubated with angiotensin II (Ang II) to mimic the ischaemic myocardium microenvironment and used to investigate the anti‐fibrotic mechanism of TGFβ3. Then, fibrosis‐related proteins were detected by Western blot. It was revealed that TGFβ3 up‐regulation attenuated the proliferation, migration of human CFs and the expression of collagens, which are the main contributors to fibrosis, promoted the phenotype shift and the cross‐linking of collagens. Importantly, the expression of collagens was higher in the si‐smad7 groups than in the control groups, while silencing smad7 increased the phosphorylation level of the TGFβ/smad signalling pathway. Collectively, these results indicated that TGFβ3 inhibited fibrosis via the TGFβ/smad signalling pathway, possibly attributable to the regulation of smad7, and that TGFβ3 might serve as a potential therapeutic target for myocardial fibrosis post‐MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xue
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xianlu Chen
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaotang Yu
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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80
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Yang L, Du X, Liu L, Cao Q, Pan Z, Li Q. miR-1306 Mediates the Feedback Regulation of the TGF-β/SMAD Signaling Pathway in Granulosa Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040298. [PMID: 30935128 PMCID: PMC6523565 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β receptor II (TGFBR2), the type II receptor of the TGF-β/SMA- and MAD-related protein (SMAD) signaling pathway, plays a crucial role in TGF-β signal transduction and is regulated by multiple factors. Nevertheless, the modulation of the non-coding RNA involved in the process of TGFBR2 expression in ovaries is not well studied. In our study, we isolated and characterized the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of the porcine TGFBR2 gene and microRNA-1306 (miR-1306) was identified as the functional miRNA that targets TGFBR2 in porcine granulosa cells (GCs). Functional analysis showed that miR-1306 promotes apoptosis of GCs as well as attenuating the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway targeting and impairing TGFBR2 in GCs. Moreover, we identified the miR-1306 core promoter and found three potential SMAD4-binding elements (SBEs). Luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that the transcription factor SMAD4 directly binds to the miR-1306 core promoter and inhibits its transcriptional activity. Furthermore, the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway is modulated by SMAD4 positive feedback via inhibition of miR-1306 expression in GCs. Collectively, our findings provide evidence of an epigenetic mechanism that modulates as well as mediates the feedback regulation of the classical TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway in GCs from porcine ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xing Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Lu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Qiuyu Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zengxiang Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Qifa Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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81
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Riemondy KA, Jansing NL, Jiang P, Redente EF, Gillen AE, Fu R, Miller AJ, Spence JR, Gerber AN, Hesselberth JR, Zemans RL. Single cell RNA sequencing identifies TGFβ as a key regenerative cue following LPS-induced lung injury. JCI Insight 2019; 5:123637. [PMID: 30913038 PMCID: PMC6538357 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many lung diseases result from a failure of efficient regeneration of damaged alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) after lung injury. During regeneration, AEC2s proliferate to replace lost cells, after which proliferation halts and some AEC2s transdifferentiate into AEC1s to restore normal alveolar structure and function. Although the mechanisms underlying AEC2 proliferation have been studied, the mechanisms responsible for halting proliferation and inducing transdifferentiation are poorly understood. To identify candidate signaling pathways responsible for halting proliferation and inducing transdifferentiation, we performed single cell RNA sequencing on AEC2s during regeneration in a murine model of lung injury induced by intratracheal LPS. Unsupervised clustering revealed distinct subpopulations of regenerating AEC2s: proliferating, cell cycle arrest, and transdifferentiating. Gene expression analysis of these transitional subpopulations revealed that TGFβ signaling was highly upregulated in the cell cycle arrest subpopulation and relatively downregulated in transdifferentiating cells. In cultured AEC2s, TGFβ was necessary for cell cycle arrest but impeded transdifferentiation. We conclude that during regeneration after LPS-induced lung injury, TGFβ is a critical signal halting AEC2 proliferation but must be inactivated to allow transdifferentiation. This study provides insight into the molecular mechanisms regulating alveolar regeneration and the pathogenesis of diseases resulting from a failure of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent A. Riemondy
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicole L. Jansing
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Elizabeth F. Redente
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Austin E. Gillen
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rui Fu
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alyssa J. Miller
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anthony N. Gerber
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jay R. Hesselberth
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rachel L. Zemans
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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82
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Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and related molecules in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:287-313. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20180438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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83
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Sato F, Otsuka T, Kohsaka A, Le HT, Bhawal UK, Muragaki Y. Smad3 Suppresses Epithelial Cell Migration and Proliferation via the Clock Gene Dec1, Which Negatively Regulates the Expression of Clock Genes Dec2 and Per1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:773-783. [PMID: 30664860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Smad3 has circadian expression; however, whether Smad3 affects the expression of clock genes is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the regulatory mechanisms between Smad3 and the clock genes Dec1, Dec2, and Per1. In Smad3 knockout mice, the amplitude of locomotor activity was decreased, and Dec1 expression was decreased in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, liver, kidney, and tongue compared with control mice. Conversely, Dec2 and Per1 expression was increased compared with that of control mice. In Smad3 knockout mice, immunohistochemical staining revealed that Dec1 expression decreased, whereas Dec2 and Per1 expression increased in the endothelial cells of the kidney and liver. In NIH3T3 cells, Smad3 overexpression increased Dec1 expression, but decreased Dec2 and Per1 expression. In a wound-healing experiment that used Smad3 knockout mice, Dec1 expression decreased in the basal cells of squamous epithelium, promoting wound healing of the mucosa. Finally, the migration and proliferation of Smad3 knockdown squamous carcinoma cells was suppressed by Dec1 overexpression but was promoted by Dec2 overexpression. Dec1 overexpression decreased E-cadherin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression, whereas these expression levels were increased by Dec2 overexpression. These results suggest Smad3 is relevant to circadian rhythm and regulates cell migration and proliferation through Dec1, Dec2, and Per1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuki Sato
- Department of Pathology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Otsuka
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Akira Kohsaka
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hue Thi Le
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Ujjal K Bhawal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Muragaki
- Department of Pathology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
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84
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Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) resulting from trauma can be severe and permanently debilitating. Despite the armamentarium of meticulous microsurgical repair techniques that includes direct repair, grafting of defects with autograft nerve, and grafting with cadaveric allografts, approximately one-third of all PNI demonstrate incomplete recovery with poor restoration of function. This may include total loss or incomplete recovery of motor and/or sensory function, chronic pain, muscle atrophy, and profound weakness, which can result in lifelong morbidity. Much of this impaired nerve healing can be attributed to perineural scarring and fibrosis at the site of injury and repair. To date, this challenging clinical problem has not been adequately addressed. In this review, we summarize the existing literature surrounding biological aspects of perineural fibrosis following PNI, detail current strategies to limit nerve scarring, present our own work developing reliable nerve injury models in animal studies, and discuss potential future studies which may ultimately lead to new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Wang
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical School , Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Hand Surgery Division , The Rothman Institute, at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Michael Rivlin
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical School , Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Hand Surgery Division , The Rothman Institute, at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Jack G Graham
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical School , Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Pedro K Beredjiklian
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical School , Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Hand Surgery Division , The Rothman Institute, at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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85
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Singha PK, Pandeswara S, Geng H, Lan R, Venkatachalam MA, Dobi A, Srivastava S, Saikumar P. Increased Smad3 and reduced Smad2 levels mediate the functional switch of TGF-β from growth suppressor to growth and metastasis promoter through TMEPAI/PMEPA1 in triple negative breast cancer. Genes Cancer 2019; 10:134-149. [PMID: 31798766 PMCID: PMC6872668 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening of several TNBC cell lines showed altered Smad2 and Smad3 protein levels compared to normal mammary epithelial cells, suggesting the possibility that it could play an important role in the escape of cancer cells from TGF-β mediated growth inhibition. To assess the functional relevance of these endogenous molecules, Smad2 or Smad3 expression was knocked down individually and assessed their effects on pro-oncogenic properties of TGF-β. Smad3 deficiency reduced growth and invasion capacity of breast cancer cells in comparison to Smad2 which had no effect. Smad3 deficiency was also found to be associated with a reduction in the expressions of TMEPAI/PMEPA1 and EMT inducing transcription factors, E-Cadherin and increased expression of cell cycle inhibitors and Vimentin. On the other hand, Smad2 deficiency had opposite effect on these regulators. Interestingly, the decreased growth, invasion and associated gene expressions were largely reversed by overexpressing TMEPAI in Smad3 knockdown cells, suggesting that Smad3-TMEPAI axis may be involved in subverting growth suppressive effects of TGF-β into growth promotion. Similarly, altered levels of Smad proteins and TMEPAI were also noted in primary TNBC tumor tissues. Analysis of the existing databases provided additional support in terms of TMEPAI and Smad2 expression impacting the survival of TNBC patients. Taken together, our data demonstrate a novel role for Smad3 in cancer transformation and cancer progression through TMEPAI and further suggest that selective targeting of TGF-β-Smad3-TMEPAI axis may be beneficial in triple negative breast cancer therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajjal K. Singha
- Department of Med/Hematology & Med Oncology, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Srilakshmi Pandeswara
- Department of Med/Hematology & Med Oncology, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hui Geng
- Department of Med/Hematology & Med Oncology, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Rongpei Lan
- Department of Med/Hematology & Med Oncology, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Albert Dobi
- Department of Pathology, Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shiv Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pothana Saikumar
- Department of Med/Hematology & Med Oncology, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
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86
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Gao X, Petricoin EF, Ward KR, Goldberg SR, Duane TM, Bonchev D, Arodz T, Diegelmann RF. Network proteomics of human dermal wound healing. Physiol Meas 2018; 39:124002. [PMID: 30524050 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/aaee19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The healing of wounds is critical in protecting the human body against environmental factors. The mechanisms involving protein expression during this complex physiological process have not been fully elucidated. APPROACH Here, we use reverse-phase protein microarrays (RPPA) involving 94 phosphoproteins to study tissue samples from tubes implanted in healing dermal wounds in seven human subjects tracked over two weeks. We compare the proteomic profiles to proteomes of controls obtained from skin biopsies from the same subjects. MAIN RESULTS Compared to previous proteomic studies of wound healing, our approach focuses on wound tissue instead of wound fluid, and has the sensitivity to go beyond measuring only highly abundant proteins. To study the temporal dynamics of networks involved in wound healing, we applied two network analysis methods that integrate the experimental results with prior knowledge about protein-protein physical and regulatory interactions, as well as higher-level biological processes and associated pathways. SIGNIFICANCE We uncovered densely connected networks of proteins that are up- or down-regulated during human wound healing, as well as their relationships to microRNAs and to proteins outside of our set of targets that we measured with proteomic microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Gao
- Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
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87
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Binabaj MM, Asgharzadeh F, Avan A, Rahmani F, Soleimani A, Parizadeh MR, Ferns GA, Ryzhikov M, Khazaei M, Hassanian SM. EW‐7197 prevents ulcerative colitis‐associated fibrosis and inflammation. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:11654-11661. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam M. Binabaj
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic syndrome Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Farzad Rahmani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Atena Soleimani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Mohammad R. Parizadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Metabolic syndrome Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Gordon A. Ferns
- Division of Medical Education Brighton & Sussex Medical School Brighton UK
| | - Mikhail Ryzhikov
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine School of Medicine, Washington University Saint Louis Missouri
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Metabolic syndrome Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Seyed M. Hassanian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Metabolic syndrome Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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88
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Smad7 Ameliorates TGF-β-Mediated Skin Inflammation and Associated Wound Healing Defects but Not Susceptibility to Experimental Skin Carcinogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:940-950. [PMID: 30423327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the roles of Smad7 in skin inflammation and wound healing using genetic and pharmacological approaches. In K5.TGFβ1/K5.Smad7 bigenic (double transgenic) mice, Smad7 transgene expression reversed transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 transgene-induced inflammation, fibrosis, and subsequent epidermal hyperplasia and molecularly abolished TGF-β and NF-κB activation. Next, we produced recombinant human Smad7 protein with a Tat-tag (Tat-Smad7) that rapidly enters cells. Subcutaneous injection of Tat-Smad7 attenuated infiltration of F4/80+ and CD11b+ leukocytes and α-smooth muscle actin+ fibroblasts before attenuating epidermal hyperplasia in K5.TGFβ1 skin. Furthermore, topically applied Tat-Smad7 on K5.TGFβ1 skin wounds accelerated wound closure, with improved re-epithelialization and reductions in inflammation and fibrotic response. A short treatment with Tat-Smad7 was also sufficient to reduce TGF-β and NF-κB signaling in K5.TGFβ1 skin and wounds. Relevant to the clinic, we found that human diabetic wounds had elevated TGF-β and NF-κB signaling compared with normal skin. To assess the oncogenic risk of a potential Smad7-based therapy, we exposed K5.Smad7 skin to chemical carcinogenesis and found reduced myeloid leukocyte infiltration in tumors but not accelerated carcinogenesis compared with wild-type littermates. Our study suggests the feasibility of using exogenous Smad7 below an oncogenic level to alleviate skin inflammation and wound healing defects associated with excessive activation of TGF-β and NF-κB.
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89
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Chung S, Overstreet JM, Li Y, Wang Y, Niu A, Wang S, Fan X, Sasaki K, Jin GN, Khodo SN, Gewin L, Zhang MZ, Harris RC. TGF-β promotes fibrosis after severe acute kidney injury by enhancing renal macrophage infiltration. JCI Insight 2018; 3:123563. [PMID: 30385721 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β signals through a receptor complex composed of 2 type I and 2 type II (TGF-βRII) subunits. We investigated the role of macrophage TGF-β signaling in fibrosis after AKI in mice with selective monocyte/macrophage TGF-βRII deletion (macrophage TGF-βRII-/- mice). Four weeks after injury, renal TGF-β1 expression and fibrosis were higher in WT mice than macrophage TGF-βRII-/- mice, which had decreased renal macrophages. The in vitro chemotactic response to f-Met-Leu-Phe was comparable between bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMMs) from WT and macrophage TGF-βRII-/- mice, but TGF-βRII-/- BMMs did not respond to TGF-β. We then implanted Matrigel plugs suffused with either f-Met-Leu-Phe or TGF-β1 into WT or macrophage TGF-βRII-/- mice. After 6 days, f-Met-Leu-Phe induced similar macrophage infiltration into the Matrigel plugs of WT and macrophage TGF-βRII-/- mice, but TGF-β induced infiltration only in WT mice. We further determined the number of labeled WT or TGF-βRII-/- BMMs infiltrating into WT kidneys 20 days after ischemic injury. There were more labeled WT BMMs than TGF-βRII-/- BMMs. Therefore, macrophage TGF-βRII deletion protects against the development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis following severe ischemic renal injury. Chemoattraction of macrophages to the injured kidney through a TGF-β/TGF-βRII axis is a heretofore undescribed mechanism by which TGF-β can mediate renal fibrosis during progressive renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Chung
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jessica M Overstreet
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yinqiu Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Aolei Niu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Suwan Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Fan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kensuke Sasaki
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Guan-Nan Jin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stellor Nlandu Khodo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Leslie Gewin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Raymond C Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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90
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Higa R, Hanada T, Teranishi H, Miki D, Seo K, Hada K, Shiraishi H, Mimata H, Hanada R, Kangawa K, Murai T, Nakao K. CD105 maintains the thermogenic program of beige adipocytes by regulating Smad2 signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 474:184-193. [PMID: 29574003 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Beige adipocytes are thermogenic adipocytes with developmental and anatomical properties distinct from those of classical brown adipocytes. Recent studies have revealed several key molecular regulators of beige adipocyte development. CD105, also called endoglin, is a membrane protein composed of TGF-β receptor complex. It regulates TGF-β-family signal transduction and vascular formation in vivo. We report here that CD105 maintains the thermogenic gene program of beige adipocytes by regulating Smad2 signaling. Cd105-/- adipocyte precursors showed augmented Smad2 activation and decreased expression of thermogenic genes such as Ucp1 and Prdm16-which encodes a transcriptional regulatory protein for thermogenesis-after adipogenic differentiation. Smad2 signaling augmentation by the constitutively active form of Smad2 decreased the expression of thermogenic genes in beige adipocytes. Loss of thermogenic activity in Cd105-/- beige adipocytes was rescued by Prdm16 expression. These data reveal a novel function of CD105 in beige adipocytes: maintaining their thermogenic program by regulating Smad2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Higa
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Cell Biology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Hanada
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Cell Biology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Teranishi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Daisuke Miki
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Urology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Seo
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Hada
- Department of Cell Biology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shiraishi
- Department of Cell Biology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Mimata
- Department of Urology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Reiko Hanada
- Department of Neurophysiology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 565-8565 Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiya Murai
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazuwa Nakao
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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91
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Wu D, Kanda A, Liu Y, Kase S, Noda K, Ishida S. Galectin-1 promotes choroidal neovascularization and subretinal fibrosis mediated via epithelial-mesenchymal transition. FASEB J 2018; 33:2498-2513. [PMID: 30277820 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801227r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
VEGFA and TGF-β are known major angiogenic and fibrogenic factors. Galectin-1, encoded by lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble ( LGALS) 1, has attracted growing attention for its facilitatory role in angiogenesis and fibrosis through its modification of VEGFA and TGF-β receptor signaling pathways. We reveal galectin-1 involvement in the mouse model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and subretinal fibrosis, both of which represent the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Neither deletion nor overexpression of Lgals1 affected physiologic retinal development or visual function. Galectin-1/ Lgals1 was upregulated by CNV induction, whereas deletion of Lgals1 suppressed CNV together with downstream molecules of VEGF receptor (VEGFR)2. Loss of Lgals1 also attenuated subretinal fibrosis, expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers including Snai1, and phosphorylation of SMAD family member 2. Supporting these in vivo findings, silencing of LGALS1 in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells inhibited TGF-β1-induced EMT-related molecules and cell motilities. Conversely, overexpression of Lgals1 enhanced CNV and subretinal fibrosis. Specimens from patients with AMD demonstrated colocalization of galectin-1 with VEGFR2 in neovascular endothelial cells and with phosphorylated SMAD2 in RPE cells. These results suggested a biologic significance of galectin-1 as a key promotor for both angiogenesis and fibrosis in eyes with AMD.-Wu, D., Kanda, A., Liu, Y., Kase, S., Noda, K., Ishida, S. Galectin-1 promotes choroidal neovascularization and subretinal fibrosis mediated via epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Kanda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ye Liu
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Kase
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kousuke Noda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishida
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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92
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The effect of estrogen on diabetic wound healing is mediated through increasing the function of various bone marrow-derived progenitor cells. J Vasc Surg 2018; 68:127S-135S. [PMID: 30064832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2018.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are the key cells of postnatal neovascularization, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess pluripotent differentiation capacity and contribute to tissue regeneration and wound healing. Both EPCs and MSCs are critical to the wound repair process, which is hindered in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes has been shown to decrease the function of these progenitor cells, whereas estrogen has beneficial wound healing effects. However, the role of estrogen in modulating EPC and MSC biology in diabetes is unknown. We investigated the effect of estrogen on improving bone marrow (BM)-derived EPC and MSC function using a murine diabetic wound healing model. METHODS Female diabetic db+/db+ and nondiabetic control mice were wounded cutaneously and treated with topical estrogen or placebo cream. On day 5 after wounding, BM cells were harvested to quantify EPC number and colony-forming units of EPCs and MSCs. Wound healing rate was concurrently studied. Vessel density and scar density were then quantified using whole body perfusion and laser confocal microscopy. EPC recruitment was documented by immunohistochemistry to identify CD34- and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2-positive cells in the vessel wall. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. RESULTS Topical estrogen significantly increased colony-forming units of both EPCs and MSCs compared with placebo treatment, indicating improved viability and proliferative ability of these cells. Consistently, increased recruitment of EPCs to diabetic wounds and higher vessel density were observed in estrogen-treated compared with placebo-treated mice. Consequently, topical estrogen significantly accelerated wound healing as early as day 6 after wounding. In addition, scar density resulting from collagen deposition was increased in the estrogen-treated group, reflecting increased MSC activity and differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Estrogen treatment increases wound healing and wound neovascularization in diabetic mice. Our data implicate that these beneficial effects may be mediated through improving the function of BM-derived EPCs and MSCs.
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93
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Perrucci GL, Rurali E, Pompilio G. Cardiac fibrosis in regenerative medicine: destroy to rebuild. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:S2376-S2389. [PMID: 30123577 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.03.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The major limitations for cardiac regeneration in patients after myocardial infarction (MI) are the wide loss of cardiomyocytes and the adverse structural alterations of extracellular matrix (ECM). Cardiac fibroblast differentiation into myofibroblasts (MFB) leads to a huge deposition of ECM and to the subsequent loss of ventricular structural integrity. All these molecular events depict the fundamental features at the basis of the post-MI fibrosis and deserve in depth cellular and molecular studies to fill the gap in the clinical practice. Indeed, to date, there are no effective therapeutic approaches to limit the post-MI massive fibrosis development. In this review we describe the involvement of integrins and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)/ADAMTS-like (ADAMTSL) proteins in cardiac reparative pro-fibrotic response after MI, proposing some of them as novel potential pharmacological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Lorenzo Perrucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Unità di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Erica Rurali
- Unità di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Pompilio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Unità di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milano, Italy
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94
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Chen Q, Zhao T, Xie X, Yu D, Wu L, Yu W, Sun W. MicroRNA-663 regulates the proliferation of fibroblasts in hypertrophic scars via transforming growth factor-β1. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:1311-1317. [PMID: 30116380 PMCID: PMC6090240 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study determined the expression of microRNA (miR)-663 in hypertrophic scar (HS) tissues and investigate the regulatory mechanisms of miR-663 in HS. A total of 51 patients diagnosed with HS between December 2013 and February 2016 were included in the present study. HS tissues (experimental group) and HS-adjacent tissues (control group) were collected. Primary fibroblasts were obtained from HS tissue and transfected with small-interfering RNA against transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 or miR-663 mimics. Reverse-transcription quantitative PCR was used to determine the levels of TGF-β1 mRNA and miR-663. Western blot analysis was performed to determine TGF-β1 protein expression. An MTT assay was employed to detect the proliferation of fibroblasts, and a dual luciferase reporter assay was performed to identify the binding of miR-663 with TGF-β1 mRNA. TGF-β1 was found to have a regulatory role in HS at the transcriptional level. The expression of TGF-β1 was upregulated in HS tissues, and knockdown of TGF-β1 in cultured fibroblasts led to inhibition of proliferation. The expression of miR-663 was downregulated in HS. miR-663 was revealed to regulate the expression of TGF-β1 by binding with the 3′-untranslated region of TGF-β1 mRNA. Elevated expression of miR-663 inhibited the proliferation of fibroblasts by regulating TGF-β1 expression. The present study demonstrated that upregulation of TGF-β1 in HS tissues is associated with the downregulation of miR-663 expression. miR-663 may regulate the proliferation of fibroblasts in HS and the expression of associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Tianlan Zhao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Daojiang Yu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Wenyuan Yu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
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95
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Do NN, Willenborg S, Eckes B, Jüngst C, Sengle G, Zaucke F, Eming SA. Myeloid Cell–Restricted STAT3 Signaling Controls a Cell-Autonomous Antifibrotic Repair Program. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:663-674. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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96
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Thomsen LH, Fog-Tonnesen M, Nielsen Fink L, Norlin J, García de Vinuesa A, Hansen TK, de Heer E, Ten Dijke P, Rosendahl A. Disparate phospho-Smad2 levels in advanced type 2 diabetes patients with diabetic nephropathy and early experimental db/db mouse model. Ren Fail 2018; 39:629-642. [PMID: 28805484 PMCID: PMC6446227 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2017.1361837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled activation of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family members is hypothesized to participate in type 2 diabetes (T2D) dependent diabetic nephropathy (DN). We evaluated and compared downstream activation of the Smad2-signaling pathway in kidney samples from T2D patients to kidneys from the T2D model of leptin receptor deficient db/db mouse. Furthermore, expression of TGF-β family members was evaluated to elucidate molecular mechanisms in the mouse model. Kidney samples from patients with advanced stages of DN showed elevated pSmad2 staining whereas db/db mouse kidneys surprisingly showed a decrease in pSmad2 in the tubular compartment. Structurally, kidney tissue showed dilated tubules and expanded glomeruli, but no clear fibrotic pattern was found in the diabetic mice. Selective TGF-β family members were up-regulated at the mRNA level. Antagonists of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) ligands, such as Gremlin1, USAG1 and Sclerostin, were strongly up-regulated suggesting a dampening effect on BMP pathways. Together, these results indicate a lack of translation from T2D patient kidneys to the db/db model with regards to Smad signaling pathway. It is plausible that a strong up-regulation of BMP antagonizing factors account for the lack of Smad1/5/8 activation, in spite of increased expression of several BMP members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Høj Thomsen
- a Department of Diabetes Complications Research , Novo Nordisk A/S , Måløv , Denmark.,b Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Morten Fog-Tonnesen
- a Department of Diabetes Complications Research , Novo Nordisk A/S , Måløv , Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Nielsen Fink
- a Department of Diabetes Complications Research , Novo Nordisk A/S , Måløv , Denmark
| | - Jenny Norlin
- c Department of Incretin & Obesity Pharmacology , Novo Nordisk A/S , Måløv , Denmark
| | - Amaya García de Vinuesa
- d Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Troels Krarup Hansen
- b Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Emile de Heer
- e Department of Pathology , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- d Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Rosendahl
- a Department of Diabetes Complications Research , Novo Nordisk A/S , Måløv , Denmark
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97
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The Effects of Smad3 on Adrenocorticotropic Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma Development, Cell Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Hormone Secretion. World Neurosurg 2018. [PMID: 29524699 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.02.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Down-regulation of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (Smad3) results in the formation of tumors both in vivo and in vitro. However, little is known about the effect of Smad3 on adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas (ACTH-PAs). Our objective was to study the expression and effect of Smad3 in ACTH-PAs and its possible mechanisms. METHODS Smad3, COOH-terminally phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (pSmad3), and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 proteins (Smad2) were detected in samples from 5 normal anterior pituitaries and 18 ACTH-PAs by Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. Then, Smad3 expression was up-regulated by Smad3-CMV plasmid or down-regulated by small interfering RNA in ACTH tumor cells (AtT-20) in vitro. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, ACTH level, and pSmad3, B-cell lymphoma/lewkmia-2 (BCL-2), and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) protein expression in the AtT-20 cells were measured to investigate the antitumor effects of Smad3. RESULTS Reduced expression of Smad3 and pSmad3 but unchanged Smad2 levels were found in ACTH-PAs compared with normal pituitaries. In vitro, the overexpression of Smad3 inhibited cell proliferation, promoted cell apoptosis, and decreased ACTH secretion; in contrast, Smad3 knockdown increased cell proliferation and decreased cell apoptosis but had no significant effect on ACTH secretion. At the same time, overexpression of Smad3 increased pSmad3 but inhibited BCL-2 and POMC protein expression. On the contrary, underexpression of Smad3 inhibited pSmad3 but promoted BCL-2 and POMC protein expression. CONCLUSIONS Smad3 is underexpressed in ACTH-PAs. Reversing the expression of Smad3 in AtT-20 cells could suppress cell growth, promote tumor apoptosis, and decrease ACTH secretion. Tumor suppression was possibly mediated by the promotion of pSmad3 and the reduction of BCL-2 and POMC expression.
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98
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Stavrou EX, Fang C, Bane KL, Long AT, Naudin C, Kucukal E, Gandhi A, Brett-Morris A, Mumaw MM, Izadmehr S, Merkulova A, Reynolds CC, Alhalabi O, Nayak L, Yu WM, Qu CK, Meyerson HJ, Dubyak GR, Gurkan UA, Nieman MT, Sen Gupta A, Renné T, Schmaier AH. Factor XII and uPAR upregulate neutrophil functions to influence wound healing. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:944-959. [PMID: 29376892 PMCID: PMC5824869 DOI: 10.1172/jci92880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulation factor XII (FXII) deficiency is associated with decreased neutrophil migration, but the mechanisms remain uncharacterized. Here, we examine how FXII contributes to the inflammatory response. In 2 models of sterile inflammation, FXII-deficient mice (F12-/-) had fewer neutrophils recruited than WT mice. We discovered that neutrophils produced a pool of FXII that is functionally distinct from hepatic-derived FXII and contributes to neutrophil trafficking at sites of inflammation. FXII signals in neutrophils through urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-mediated (uPAR-mediated) Akt2 phosphorylation at S474 (pAktS474). Downstream of pAkt2S474, FXII stimulation of neutrophils upregulated surface expression of αMβ2 integrin, increased intracellular calcium, and promoted extracellular DNA release. The sum of these activities contributed to neutrophil cell adhesion, migration, and release of neutrophil extracellular traps in a process called NETosis. Decreased neutrophil signaling in F12-/- mice resulted in less inflammation and faster wound healing. Targeting hepatic F12 with siRNA did not affect neutrophil migration, whereas WT BM transplanted into F12-/- hosts was sufficient to correct the neutrophil migration defect in F12-/- mice and restore wound inflammation. Importantly, these activities were a zymogen FXII function and independent of FXIIa and contact activation, highlighting that FXII has a sophisticated role in vivo that has not been previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi X. Stavrou
- Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kara L. Bane
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Andy T. Long
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Clément Naudin
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erdem Kucukal
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, CWRU, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Agharnan Gandhi
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Adina Brett-Morris
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michele M. Mumaw
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sudeh Izadmehr
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alona Merkulova
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Cindy C. Reynolds
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Omar Alhalabi
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Lalitha Nayak
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Wen-Mei Yu
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Cheng-Kui Qu
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Umut A. Gurkan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, CWRU, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alvin H. Schmaier
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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99
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SMAD4 feedback regulates the canonical TGF-β signaling pathway to control granulosa cell apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:151. [PMID: 29396446 PMCID: PMC5833407 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Canonical TGF-β signals are transduced from the cell surface to the cytoplasm, and then translocated into the nucleus, a process that involves ligands (TGF-β1), receptors (TGFBR2/1), receptor-activated SMADs (SMAD2/3), and the common SMAD (SMAD4). Here we provide evidence that SMAD4, a core component of the canonical TGF-β signaling pathway, regulates the canonical TGF-β signaling pathway in porcine granulosa cells (GCs) through a feedback mechanism. Genome-wide analysis and qRT-PCR revealed that SMAD4 affected miRNA biogenesis in GCs. Interestingly, TGFBR2, the type II receptor of the canonical TGF-β signaling pathway, was downregulated in SMAD4-silenced GCs and found to be a common target of SMAD4-inhibited miRNAs. miR-425, the most significantly elevated miRNA in SMAD4-silenced GCs, mediated the SMAD4 feedback regulation of the TGF-β signaling pathway. This was accomplished through a direct interaction between the transcription factor SMAD4 and the miR-425 promoter, and a direct interaction between miR-425 and the TGFBR2 3′-UTR. Furthermore, miR-425 enhanced GC apoptosis by targeting TGFBR2 and the canonical TGF-β signaling pathway, which was rescued by SMAD4 and TGF-β1. Overall, our findings demonstrate that a positive feedback mechanism exists within the canonical TGF-β signaling pathway. This study also provides new insights into mechanism underlying the canonical TGF-β signaling pathway, which regulates GC function and follicular development.
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100
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Goumans MJ, Ten Dijke P. TGF-β Signaling in Control of Cardiovascular Function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a022210. [PMID: 28348036 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies in animals and humans indicate that gene mutations that functionally perturb transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling are linked to specific hereditary vascular syndromes, including Osler-Rendu-Weber disease or hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and Marfan syndrome. Disturbed TGF-β signaling can also cause nonhereditary disorders like atherosclerosis and cardiac fibrosis. Accordingly, cell culture studies using endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells (SMCs), cultured alone or together in two- or three-dimensional cell culture assays, on plastic or embedded in matrix, have shown that TGF-β has a pivotal effect on endothelial and SMC proliferation, differentiation, migration, tube formation, and sprouting. Moreover, TGF-β can stimulate endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a process shown to be of key importance in heart valve cushion formation and in various pathological vascular processes. Here, we discuss the roles of TGF-β in vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis and the deregulation of TGF-β signaling in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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