51
|
Sander CL, Luu J, Kim K, Furkert D, Jang K, Reichenwallner J, Kang M, Lee HJ, Eger BT, Choe HW, Fiedler D, Ernst OP, Kim YJ, Palczewski K, Kiser PD. Structural evidence for visual arrestin priming via complexation of phosphoinositols. Structure 2022; 30:263-277.e5. [PMID: 34678158 PMCID: PMC8818024 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Visual arrestin (Arr1) terminates rhodopsin signaling by blocking its interaction with transducin. To do this, Arr1 translocates from the inner to the outer segment of photoreceptors upon light stimulation. Mounting evidence indicates that inositol phosphates (InsPs) affect Arr1 activity, but the Arr1-InsP molecular interaction remains poorly defined. We report the structure of bovine Arr1 in a ligand-free state featuring a near-complete model of the previously unresolved C-tail, which plays a crucial role in regulating Arr1 activity. InsPs bind to the N-domain basic patch thus displacing the C-tail, suggesting that they prime Arr1 for interaction with rhodopsin and help direct Arr1 translocation. These structures exhibit intact polar cores, suggesting that C-tail removal by InsP binding is insufficient to activate Arr1. These results show how Arr1 activity can be controlled by endogenous InsPs in molecular detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Sander
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and the Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jennings Luu
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and the Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kyumhyuk Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David Furkert
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kiyoung Jang
- Department of Lifestyle Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | | | - MinSoung Kang
- Department of Lifestyle Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and the Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Research Service, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
| | - Bryan T Eger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hui-Woog Choe
- Department of Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Dorothea Fiedler
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver P Ernst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yong Ju Kim
- Department of Lifestyle Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Ophthalmology and the Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Philip D Kiser
- Department of Ophthalmology and the Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Research Service, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Tariq K, Luikart BW. Striking a balance: PIP 2 and PIP 3 signaling in neuronal health and disease. EXPLORATION OF NEUROPROTECTIVE THERAPY 2022; 1:86-100. [PMID: 35098253 PMCID: PMC8797975 DOI: 10.37349/ent.2021.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are membrane phospholipids involved in a variety of cellular processes like growth, development, metabolism, and transport. This review focuses on the maintenance of cellular homeostasis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). The critical balance of these PIPs is crucial for regulation of neuronal form and function. The activity of PIP2 and PIP3 can be regulated through kinases, phosphatases, phospholipases and cholesterol microdomains. PIP2 and PIP3 carry out their functions either indirectly through their effectors activating integral signaling pathways, or through direct regulation of membrane channels, transporters, and cytoskeletal proteins. Any perturbations to the balance between PIP2 and PIP3 signaling result in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. This review will discuss the upstream modulators and downstream effectors of the PIP2 and PIP3 signaling, in the context of neuronal health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Tariq
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Bryan W Luikart
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Jajula K, Kumar RA, Kishore R, Thommandru PR, Shrikanth R, Satyanarayana S, Kishore PVVN. Silver( i)-catalyzed dehydrogenative cross-coupling of 2-aroylbenzofurans with phosphites. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj06077e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The silver(i)-catalyzed dehydrogenative cross-coupling reaction of 2-aroylbenzofurans with phosphites to afford 2-aroyl-3-phosphonylbenzofurans is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kashanna Jajula
- Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies-Basar, Nirmal-504107, India
| | - Rathod Aravind Kumar
- Semiochemical Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Ravada Kishore
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam 530045, India
| | - Prakash Raj Thommandru
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam 530045, India
| | - Ravula Shrikanth
- Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies-Basar, Nirmal-504107, India
- Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | | | - Pilli V. V. N. Kishore
- Chemistry Division, Department of Science and Humanities, VFSTR (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur-522213, India
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Borsari C, Wymann MP. Targeting Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase - Five Decades of Chemical Space Exploration. Chimia (Aarau) 2021; 75:1037-1044. [PMID: 34920774 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2021.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) plays a key role in a plethora of physiologic processes and controls cell growth, metabolism, immunity, cardiovascular and neurological function, and more. The discovery of wort-mannin as the first potent PI3K inhibitor (PI3Ki) in the 1990s provided rapid identification of PI3K-dependent processes, which drove the discovery of the PI3K/protein kinase B (PKB/Akt)/target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Genetic mouse models and first PI3K isoform-specific inhibitors pinpointed putative therapeutic applications. The recognition of PI3K as target for cancer therapy drove subsequently drug development. Here we provide a brief journey through the emerging roles of PI3K to the development of preclinical and clinical PI3Ki candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Borsari
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias P Wymann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland;,
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Masson B, Montani D, Humbert M, Capuano V, Antigny F. Role of Store-Operated Ca 2+ Entry in the Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling Occurring in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1781. [PMID: 34944425 PMCID: PMC8698435 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe and multifactorial disease. PAH pathogenesis mostly involves pulmonary arterial endothelial and pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) dysfunction, leading to alterations in pulmonary arterial tone and distal pulmonary vessel obstruction and remodeling. Unfortunately, current PAH therapies are not curative, and therapeutic approaches mostly target endothelial dysfunction, while PASMC dysfunction is under investigation. In PAH, modifications in intracellular Ca2+ homoeostasis could partly explain PASMC dysfunction. One of the most crucial actors regulating Ca2+ homeostasis is store-operated Ca2+ channels, which mediate store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). This review focuses on the main actors of SOCE in human and experimental PASMC, their contribution to PAH pathogenesis, and their therapeutic potential in PAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Masson
- Faculté de Médecine, School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (B.M.); (D.M.); (M.H.); (V.C.)
- INSERM UMR_S 999 Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - David Montani
- Faculté de Médecine, School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (B.M.); (D.M.); (M.H.); (V.C.)
- INSERM UMR_S 999 Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Center, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Humbert
- Faculté de Médecine, School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (B.M.); (D.M.); (M.H.); (V.C.)
- INSERM UMR_S 999 Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Center, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Véronique Capuano
- Faculté de Médecine, School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (B.M.); (D.M.); (M.H.); (V.C.)
- INSERM UMR_S 999 Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Research and Innovation Unit, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Fabrice Antigny
- Faculté de Médecine, School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (B.M.); (D.M.); (M.H.); (V.C.)
- INSERM UMR_S 999 Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Phytate as a phosphorus nutrient with impacts on iron stress-related gene expression for phytoplankton: insights from diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 88:e0209721. [PMID: 34757820 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02097-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton have evolved a capability to acquire phosphorus (P) from dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) since the preferred form, dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP, or Pi), is often limited in parts of the ocean. Phytic acid (PA) is abundantly synthesized in plants and rich in excreta of animals, potentially enriching the DOP pool in coastal oceans. However, whether and how PA may be used by phytoplankton are poorly understood. Here, we investigated PA utilization and underlying metabolic pathways in the diatom model Phaeodactylum tricornutum. The physiological results showed that P. tricornutum could utilize PA as a sole source of P nutrient to support growth. Meanwhile, the replacement of PA for DIP also caused changes in multiple cellular processes such as inositol phosphate metabolism, photosynthesis, and signal transduction. These results suggest that PA is bioavailable to P. tricornutum and can directly participate the metabolic pathways of PA-grown cells. However, our data showed that the utilization of PA was markedly less efficient than that of DIP, and PA-grown cells exhibited P and iron (Fe) nutrient stress signals. Implicated in these findings is the potential of complicated responses of phytoplankton to an ambient DOP species, which calls for more systematic investigation. IMPORTANCE PA is abundant in plants, and cannot be digested by non-ruminant animals. Hence, it is potentially a significant component of the DOP pool in the coastal waters. Despite the potential importance, there is little information about its bioavailability to phytoplankton as a source of P nutrient and if so what molecular mechanisms are involved. In this study, we found that part of PA could be utilized by the diatom P. tricornutum to support growth, and another portion of PA can act as a substrate directly participating in various metabolism pathways and cellular processes. However, our physiological and transcriptomic data show that PA-grown cells still exhibited signs of P stress and potential Fe stress. These results have significant implications in phytoplankton P nutrient ecology and provide a novel insight into multi-faceted impacts of DOP utilization on phytoplankton nutrition and metabolism.
Collapse
|
57
|
Khoury L, Slavov N. Comprehensive Identification of Regulatory Protein Networks. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4913-4914. [PMID: 34736325 PMCID: PMC8608403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Khoury
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nikolai Slavov
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Rivera MJ, Contreras A, Nguyen LT, Eldon ED, Klig LS. Regulated inositol synthesis is critical for balanced metabolism and development in Drosophila melanogaster. Biol Open 2021; 10:272639. [PMID: 34710213 PMCID: PMC8565467 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Myo-inositol is a precursor of the membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol (PI). It is involved in many essential cellular processes including signal transduction, energy metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and osmoregulation. Inositol is synthesized from glucose-6-phosphate by myo-inositol-3-phosphate synthase (MIPSp). The Drosophila melanogaster Inos gene encodes MIPSp. Abnormalities in myo-inositol metabolism have been implicated in type 2 diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Obesity and high blood (hemolymph) glucose are two hallmarks of diabetes, which can be induced in Drosophila melanogaster third-instar larvae by high-sucrose diets. This study shows that dietary inositol reduces the obese-like and high-hemolymph glucose phenotypes of third-instar larvae fed high-sucrose diets. Furthermore, this study demonstrates Inos mRNA regulation by dietary inositol; when more inositol is provided there is less Inos mRNA. Third-instar larvae with dysregulated high levels of Inos mRNA and MIPSp show dramatic reductions of the obese-like and high-hemolymph glucose phenotypes. These strains, however, also display developmental defects and pupal lethality. The few individuals that eclose die within two days with striking defects: structural alterations of the wings and legs, and heads lacking proboscises. This study is an exciting extension of the use of Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism for exploring the junction of development and metabolism. Summary: Inositol reduces obesity and high blood (hemolymph) glucose, but can cause dramatic developmental defects. This study uses the model organism Drosophila melanogaster to explore the junction of development and metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Rivera
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Altagracia Contreras
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - LongThy T Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Eldon
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Lisa S Klig
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Mechanisms underlying spontaneous phasic contractions and sympathetic control of smooth muscle in the rat caudal epididymis. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1925-1938. [PMID: 34596752 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Here we investigate mechanisms underlying spontaneous phasic contractions (SPCs) and sympathetic control of contractility in the rat epididymis, a long tubular duct involved in transportation and maturation of sperm. Longitudinal contractions of short segments (~ 1.5 mm) of rat proximal and distal caudal epididymal duct were measured + / - nerve stimulation. The extent of sympathetic innervation of these duct regions was determined by immunohistochemistry. Proximal caudal duct segments (150-300 μm dia.) exhibited SPCs, while distal segments (350-500 μm) were quiescent in ~ 80% of preparations. SPC amplitude and frequency were reduced by the L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel (LVDCC) blocker nifedipine (1 μM), with the T-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel (TVDCC) blocker ML218 (1 μM) specifically decreasing SPC frequency. SPCs were inhibited upon blockade of the SR/ER Ca2+-ATPase (CPA 10 μM). SPCs were also inhibited by caffeine (1 μM), 2-APB (100 μM), niflumic acid (100 μM), or by lowering extracellular [Cl-] from 134.4 to 12.4 mM but not by ryanodine (25 μM) or tetracaine (100 μM). Electrical field stimulation (EFS) at 2 Hz for 60 s caused a sustained α1-adrenoceptor-sensitive contraction in distal segments and enhanced and/or induced α2-adrenoceptor-sensitive oscillatory phasic contractions in proximal and distal segments, the latter mimicked by application of the α2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine. We hypothesise that SPCs in the proximal cauda are triggered by pacemaker mechanisms involving rhythmic IP3 receptor-operated SR/ER store Ca2+ release and resultant activation of CaCC with TVDCCs and possibly LVDCCs subserving in this process. Sympathetic nerve-released noradrenaline induces α2-adrenoceptor-mediated phasic contractions in the proximal and distal cauda. These findings provide new pharmacological targets for male infertility and contraception.
Collapse
|
60
|
Abstract
Phospholipase C γ1 (PLCγ1) is a member of the PLC family that functions as signal transducer by hydrolyzing membrane lipid to generate second messengers. The unique protein structure of PLCγ1 confers a critical role as a direct effector of VEGFR2 and signaling mediated by other receptor tyrosine kinases. The distinct vascular phenotypes in PLCγ1-deficient animal models and the gain-of-function mutations of PLCγ1 found in human endothelial cancers point to a major physiological role of PLCγ1 in the endothelial system. In this review, we discuss aspects of physiological and molecular function centering around PLCγ1 in the context of endothelial cells and provide a perspective for future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Chen
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Weidinger D, Jovancevic N, Zwanziger D, Theurer S, Hönes J, Führer D, Hatt H. Functional Characterization of Olfactory Receptors in the Thyroid Gland. Front Physiol 2021; 12:676907. [PMID: 34385931 PMCID: PMC8353271 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.676907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are almost ubiquitously expressed in the human body. However, information about their functions in these tissues is lacking. To date, no functional characterization of expressed ORs in the human thyroid has been performed. In this study, we detected and compared the expression of OR2H2 and OR2W3 in healthy and malignant cell lines and their corresponding tissues, respectively. We demonstrated that stimulation of ORs by their specific ligand resulted in a transient increase in intracellular calcium and cAMP concentrations. In the case of OR2H2, the downstream signaling cascade analysis revealed that adenylate cyclase (AC) and phosphoinositide phospholipase C (PLC) were involved. Furthermore, OR2H2 and OR2W3 activation affected migration, proliferation, and invasion. These are the first insights that ORs influence physiology-relevant processes in the healthy and malignant thyroid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Weidinger
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Denise Zwanziger
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sarah Theurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Judith Hönes
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Ristovski M, Farhat D, Bancud SEM, Lee JY. Lipid Transporters Beam Signals from Cell Membranes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:562. [PMID: 34436325 PMCID: PMC8399137 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipid composition in cellular membranes plays an important role in maintaining the structural integrity of cells and in regulating cellular signaling that controls functions of both membrane-anchored and cytoplasmic proteins. ATP-dependent ABC and P4-ATPase lipid transporters, two integral membrane proteins, are known to contribute to lipid translocation across the lipid bilayers on the cellular membranes. In this review, we will highlight current knowledge about the role of cholesterol and phospholipids of cellular membranes in regulating cell signaling and how lipid transporters participate this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miliça Ristovski
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
- Translational and Molecular Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Danny Farhat
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 6N5, Canada
| | - Shelly Ellaine M. Bancud
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
- Translational and Molecular Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jyh-Yeuan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Samarina N, Ssebyatika G, Tikla T, Waldmann JY, Abere B, Nanna V, Marasco M, Carlomagno T, Krey T, Schulz TF. Recruitment of phospholipase Cγ1 to the non-structural membrane protein pK15 of Kaposi Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus promotes its Src-dependent phosphorylation. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009635. [PMID: 34143834 PMCID: PMC8244865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) causes three human malignancies, Kaposi Sarcoma (KS), Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL) and the plasma cell variant of multicentric Castleman’s Disease (MCD), as well as an inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS). Its non-structural membrane protein, pK15, is among a limited set of viral proteins expressed in KSHV-infected KS tumor cells. Following its phosphorylation by Src family tyrosine kinases, pK15 recruits phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLCγ1) to activate downstream signaling cascades such as the MEK/ERK, NFkB and PI3K pathway, and thereby contributes to the increased proliferation and migration as well as the spindle cell morphology of KSHV-infected endothelial cells. Here, we show that a phosphorylated Y481EEVL motif in pK15 preferentially binds into the PLCγ1 C-terminal SH2 domain (cSH2), which is involved in conformational changes occurring during the activation of PLCγ1 by receptor tyrosine kinases. We determined the crystal structure of a pK15 12mer peptide containing the phosphorylated pK15 Y481EEVL motif in complex with a shortened PLCγ1 tandem SH2 (tSH2) domain. This structure demonstrates that the pK15 peptide binds to the PLCγ1 cSH2 domain in a position that is normally occupied by the linker region connecting the PLCγ1 cSH2 and SH3 domains. We also show that longer pK15 peptides containing the phosphorylated pK15 Y481EEVL motif can increase the Src-mediated phosphorylation of the PLCγ1 tSH2 region in vitro. This pK15-induced increase in Src-mediated phosphorylation of PLCγ1 can be inhibited with the small pK15-derived peptide which occupies the PLCγ1 cSH2 domain. Our findings thus suggest that pK15 may act as a scaffold protein to promote PLCγ1 activation in a manner similar to the cellular scaffold protein SLP-76, which has been shown to promote PLCγ1 activation in the context of T-cell receptor signaling. Reminiscent of its positional homologue in Epstein-Barr Virus, LMP2A, pK15 may therefore mimic aspects of antigen-receptor signaling. Our findings also suggest that it may be possible to inhibit the recruitment and activation of PLCγ1 pharmacologically. Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) causes three human malignancies (Kaposi Sarcoma, Primary Effusion Lymphoma, Multicentric Castleman’s Disease) and an inflammatory condition, KICS. One of its non-structural membrane proteins, pK15, is expressed in tumor cells and has previously been shown to contribute to its ability to reactivate from latency and to its pathogenetic properties in endothelial cells by recruiting the cellular signaling enzyme phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1). Here we investigate the interaction of pK15 with PLCγ1, report the structure of a PLCγ1 domain in complex with a pK15 peptide and show that pK15 primes PLCγ1 for phosphorylation by the cellular kinase Src. We also show that the pK15-dependent activation of PLCγ1 can be inhibited with a small peptide. Our findings therefore identify the pK15-PLCγ1 interaction as a putative druggable target and provide the basis for the development of small molecule inhibitors that could perhaps serve to inhibit KSHV replication and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naira Samarina
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover Braunschweig Site, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Tanvi Tikla
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover Braunschweig Site, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ja-Yun Waldmann
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover Braunschweig Site, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bizunesh Abere
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover Braunschweig Site, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vittoria Nanna
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Teresa Carlomagno
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Krey
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover Braunschweig Site, Hannover, Germany
- Excellence Cluster 2155 RESIST, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover Braunschweig Site, Hannover, Germany
- Excellence Cluster 2155 RESIST, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Murry R, Traxler L, Pötschner J, Krüger T, Kniemeyer O, Krause K, Kothe E. Inositol Signaling in the Basidiomycete Fungus Schizophyllum commune. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060470. [PMID: 34200898 PMCID: PMC8230515 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular signaling is conserved in eukaryotes to allow for response to extracellular signals and to regulate development and cellular functions. In fungi, inositol phosphate signaling has been shown to be involved in growth, sexual reproduction, and metabolic adaptation. However, reports on mushroom-forming fungi are lacking so far. In Schizophyllum commune, an inositol monophosphatase has been found up-regulated during sexual development. The enzyme is crucial for inositol cycling, where it catalyzes the last step of inositol phosphate metabolism, restoring the inositol pool from the monophosphorylated inositol monophosphate. We overexpressed the gene in this model basidiomycete and verified its involvement in cell wall integrity and intracellular trafficking. Strong phenotypes in mushroom formation and cell metabolism were evidenced by proteome analyses. In addition, altered inositol signaling was shown to be involved in tolerance towards cesium and zinc, and increased metal tolerance towards cadmium, associated with induced expression of kinases and repression of phosphatases within the inositol cycle. The presence of the heavy metals Sr, Cs, Cd, and Zn lowered intracellular calcium levels. We could develop a model integrating inositol signaling in the known signal transduction pathways governed by Ras, G-protein coupled receptors, and cAMP, and elucidate their different roles in development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reyna Murry
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; (R.M.); (L.T.); (J.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Lea Traxler
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; (R.M.); (L.T.); (J.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Jessica Pötschner
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; (R.M.); (L.T.); (J.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Thomas Krüger
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Katrin Krause
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; (R.M.); (L.T.); (J.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Erika Kothe
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; (R.M.); (L.T.); (J.P.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)3641-949291
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Cai F, Ren F, Zhang Y, Ding X, Fu G, Ren D, Yang L, Chen N, Shang Y, Hu Y, Yi L, Zhang H. Screening of lipid metabolism biomarkers in patients with coronary heart disease via ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1169:122603. [PMID: 33690078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) has a high mortality worldwide. This study aimed to screen lipid metabolism biomarkers in patients with coronary heart disease via ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Extraction and reconstitution solvents, liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometry conditions were optimized to detect more plasma lipid metabolites. In this study, the chromatographic and mass spectra characteristics of lipid metabolites were summarized. A total of 316 lipid metabolites were annotated via diagnostic fragment ion filtration, nitrogen rule filtration, and neutral loss filtration. Glycerophospholipid metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism were revealed as the main lipid disorders of CHD. This study provides a novel insight for high-throughput detection of lipid metabolites in plasma and provides a further understanding of the occurrence of CHD, which can provide valuable suggestions for the prevention of CHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cai
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Fandong Ren
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yunmei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Yunnan First People's Hospital, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Xiaoxue Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Yunnan First People's Hospital, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Guanghui Fu
- School of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Dabing Ren
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ying Shang
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yongdan Hu
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lunzhao Yi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Yunnan First People's Hospital, Kunming 650032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Kubota M, Kawashima M, Inoue S, Imada T, Nakamura S, Kubota S, Watanabe M, Takemura R, Tsubota K. Randomized, crossover clinical efficacy trial in humans and mice on tear secretion promotion and lacrimal gland protection by molecular hydrogen. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6434. [PMID: 33742060 PMCID: PMC7979688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85895-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of dry eye disease is increasing worldwide because of the aging population and increasing use of information technology. Dry eye disease manifests as tear-layer instability and inflammation caused by osmotic hypersensitization in tear fluids; however, to our knowledge, no agent that treats both pathologies simultaneously is available. Molecular hydrogen (H2) is known to be effective against various diseases; therefore, we aimed to elucidate the effects of H2 on tear dynamics and the treatment of dry eye disease. We revealed that administering a persistent H2-generating supplement increased the human exhaled H2 concentration (p < 0.01) and improved tear stability (p < 0.01) and dry eye symptoms (p < 0.05) significantly. Furthermore, H2 significantly increased tear secretion in healthy mice (p < 0.05) and significantly suppressed tear reduction in a murine dry eye model (p = 0.007). H2 significantly and safely improved tear stability and dry eye symptoms in a small exploratory group of 10 human subjects, a subset of whom reported dry eye symptoms prior to treatment. Furthermore, it increased tear secretion rapidly in normal mice. Therefore, H2 may be a safe and effective new treatment for dry eye disease and thus larger trials are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Kubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Shonan Keiiku Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan. .,Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Motoko Kawashima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Sachiko Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Hanegino Mori Eye Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Imada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shigeru Nakamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shonan Keiiku Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Watanabe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryo Takemura
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan. .,Tsubota Laboratory, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Jacob RS, Eichmann C, Dema A, Mercadante D, Selenko P. α-Synuclein plasma membrane localization correlates with cellular phosphatidylinositol polyphosphate levels. eLife 2021; 10:61951. [PMID: 33587036 PMCID: PMC7929559 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Parkinson's disease protein α-synuclein (αSyn) promotes membrane fusion and fission by interacting with various negatively charged phospholipids. Despite postulated roles in endocytosis and exocytosis, plasma membrane (PM) interactions of αSyn are poorly understood. Here, we show that phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), two highly acidic components of inner PM leaflets, mediate PM localization of endogenous pools of αSyn in A2780, HeLa, SK-MEL-2, and differentiated and undifferentiated neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. We demonstrate that αSyn binds to reconstituted PIP2 membranes in a helical conformation in vitro and that PIP2 synthesizing kinases and hydrolyzing phosphatases reversibly redistribute αSyn in cells. We further delineate that αSyn-PM targeting follows phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)-dependent changes of cellular PIP2 and PIP3 levels, which collectively suggests that phosphatidylinositol polyphosphates contribute to αSyn's function(s) at the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reeba Susan Jacob
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Cédric Eichmann
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alessandro Dema
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Davide Mercadante
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Philipp Selenko
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Liu XY, Wang JQ, Ashby CR, Zeng L, Fan YF, Chen ZS. Gold nanoparticles: synthesis, physiochemical properties and therapeutic applications in cancer. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1284-1292. [PMID: 33549529 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been shown to be useful as carriers of various anticancer drugs as well as diagnosis platforms. In this review, we discuss the synthesis and physiochemical properties of AuNPs. We also highlight the photothermal and photodynamic properties of AuNPs and relevant applications in therapeutic studies. Furthermore, we review the applications of AuNPs in cancer treatment as and their underlying anticancer mechanisms in multiple types of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY 11439, USA
| | - Jing-Quan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY 11439, USA
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY 11439, USA
| | - Leli Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY 11439, USA; Precision Medicine Center, Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Ying-Fang Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY 11439, USA; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery I, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY 11439, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Wen Y, Vogt VM, Feigenson GW. PI(4,5)P 2 Clustering and Its Impact on Biological Functions. Annu Rev Biochem 2021; 90:681-707. [PMID: 33441034 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-070920-094827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Located at the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM), phosphatidyl-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] composes only 1-2 mol% of total PM lipids. With its synthesis and turnover both spatially and temporally regulated, PI(4,5)P2 recruits and interacts with hundreds of cellular proteins to support a broad spectrum of cellular functions. Several factors contribute to the versatile and dynamic distribution of PI(4,5)P2 in membranes. Physiological multivalent cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ can bridge between PI(4,5)P2 headgroups, forming nanoscopic PI(4,5)P2-cation clusters. The distinct lipid environment surrounding PI(4,5)P2 affects the degree of PI(4,5)P2 clustering. In addition, diverse cellular proteins interacting with PI(4,5)P2 can further regulate PI(4,5)P2 lateral distribution and accessibility. This review summarizes the current understanding of PI(4,5)P2 behavior in both cells and model membranes, with emphasis on both multivalent cation- and protein-induced PI(4,5)P2 clustering. Understanding the nature of spatially separated pools of PI(4,5)P2 is fundamental to cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA; , ,
| | - Volker M Vogt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA; , ,
| | - Gerald W Feigenson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA; , ,
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
OKAMOTO H, TAKASAWA S. Okamoto model for necrosis and its expansions, CD38-cyclic ADP-ribose signal system for intracellular Ca 2+ mobilization and Reg (Regenerating gene protein)-Reg receptor system for cell regeneration. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2021; 97:423-461. [PMID: 34629354 PMCID: PMC8553518 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.97.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In pancreatic islet cell culture models and animal models, we studied the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes. The diabetogenic agents, alloxan and streptozotocin, caused DNA strand breaks, which in turn activated poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase/synthetase (PARP) to deplete NAD+, thereby inhibiting islet β-cell functions such as proinsulin synthesis and ultimately leading to β-cell necrosis. Radical scavengers protected against the formation of DNA strand breaks and inhibition of proinsulin synthesis. Inhibitors of PARP prevented the NAD+ depletion, inhibition of proinsulin synthesis and β-cell death. These findings led to the proposed unifying concept for β-cell damage and its prevention (the Okamoto model). The model met one proof with PARP knockout animals and was further extended by the discovery of cyclic ADP-ribose as the second messenger for Ca2+ mobilization in glucose-induced insulin secretion and by the identification of Reg (Regenerating gene) for β-cell regeneration. Physiological and pathological events found in pancreatic β-cells have been observed in other cells and tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi OKAMOTO
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shin TAKASAWA
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Burton RAB, Terrar DA. Emerging Evidence for cAMP-calcium Cross Talk in Heart Atrial Nanodomains Where IP 3-Evoked Calcium Release Stimulates Adenylyl Cyclases. CONTACT (THOUSAND OAKS (VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.)) 2021; 4:25152564211008341. [PMID: 37366374 PMCID: PMC10243587 DOI: 10.1177/25152564211008341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Calcium handling is vital to normal physiological function in the heart. Human atrial arrhythmias, eg. atrial fibrillation, are a major morbidity and mortality burden, yet major gaps remain in our understanding of how calcium signaling pathways function and interact. Inositol trisphosphate (IP3) is a calcium-mobilizing second messenger and its agonist-induced effects have been observed in many tissue types. In the atria IP3 receptors (IR3Rs) residing on junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum augment cellular calcium transients and, when over-stimulated, lead to arrhythmogenesis. Recent studies have demonstrated that the predominant pathway for IP3 actions in atrial myocytes depends on stimulation of calcium-dependent forms of adenylyl cyclase (AC8 and AC1) by IP3-evoked calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. AC8 shows co-localisation with IP3Rs and AC1 appears to be nearby. These observations support crosstalk between calcium and cAMP pathways in nanodomains in atria. Similar mechanisms also appear to operate in the pacemaker region of the sinoatrial node. Here we discuss these significant advances in our understanding of atrial physiology and pathology, together with implications for the identification of potential novel targets and modulators for the treatment of atrial arrhythmias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Derek A. Terrar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Fischer TW, Bergmann A, Kruse N, Kleszczynski K, Skobowiat C, Slominski AT, Paus R. New effects of caffeine on corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-induced stress along the intrafollicular classical hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (CRH-R1/2, IP 3 -R, ACTH, MC-R2) and the neurogenic non-HPA axis (substance P, p75 NTR and TrkA) in ex vivo human male androgenetic scalp hair follicles. Br J Dermatol 2021; 184:96-110. [PMID: 32271938 PMCID: PMC7962141 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human hair is highly responsive to stress, and human scalp hair follicles (HFs) contain a peripheral neuroendocrine equivalent of the systemic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis. Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is supposed to be aggravated by stress. We used corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which triggers the HPA axis, to induce a stress response in human ex vivo male AGA HFs. Caffeine is known to reverse testosterone-mediated hair growth inhibition in the same hair organ culture model. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether caffeine would antagonize CRH-mediated stress in these HFs. METHODS HFs from balding vertex area scalp biopsies of men affected by AGA were incubated with CRH (10-7 mol L-1 ) with or without caffeine (0·001% or 0·005%). RESULTS Compared to controls, CRH significantly enhanced the expression of catagen-inducing transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) (P < 0·001), CRH receptors 1 and 2 (CRH-R1/2) (P < 0·01), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (P < 0·001) and melanocortin receptor 2 (MC-R2) (P < 0·001), and additional stress-associated parameters, substance P and p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR ). CRH inhibited matrix keratinocyte proliferation and expression of anagen-promoting insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and the pro-proliferative nerve growth factor receptor NGF-tyrosine kinase receptor A (TrkA). Caffeine significantly counteracted all described stress effects and additionally enhanced inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3 -R), for the first time detected in human HFs. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide the first evidence in ex vivo human AGA HFs that the stress mediator CRH induces not only a complex intrafollicular HPA response, but also a non-HPA-related stress response. Moreover, we show that these effects can be effectively antagonized by caffeine. Thus, these data strongly support the hypothesis that stress can impair human hair physiology and induce hair loss, and that caffeine may effectively counteract stress-induced hair damage and possibly prevent stress-induced hair loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T W Fischer
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venerology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - A Bergmann
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venerology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - N Kruse
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venerology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - K Kleszczynski
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venerology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - C Skobowiat
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - A T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - R Paus
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venerology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Analytical Methods for Determination of Phytic Acid and Other Inositol Phosphates: A Review. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010174. [PMID: 33396544 PMCID: PMC7795710 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
From the early precipitation-based techniques, introduced more than a century ago, to the latest development of enzymatic bio- and nano-sensor applications, the analysis of phytic acid and/or other inositol phosphates has never been a straightforward analytical task. Due to the biomedical importance, such as antinutritional, antioxidant and anticancer effects, several types of methodologies were investigated over the years to develop a reliable determination of these intriguing analytes in many types of biological samples; from various foodstuffs to living cell organisms. The main aim of the present work was to critically overview the development of the most relevant analytical principles, separation and detection methods that have been applied in order to overcome the difficulties with specific chemical properties of inositol phosphates, their interferences, absence of characteristic signal (e.g., absorbance), and strong binding interactions with (multivalent) metals and other biological molecules present in the sample matrix. A systematical and chronological review of the applied methodology and the detection system is given, ranging from the very beginnings of the classical gravimetric and titrimetric analysis, through the potentiometric titrations, chromatographic and electrophoretic separation techniques, to the use of spectroscopic methods and of the recently reported fluorescence and voltammetric bio- and nano-sensors.
Collapse
|
74
|
Lete MG, Tripathi A, Chandran V, Bankaitis VA, McDermott MI. Lipid transfer proteins and instructive regulation of lipid kinase activities: Implications for inositol lipid signaling and disease. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 78:100740. [PMID: 32992233 PMCID: PMC7986245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cellular membranes are critical platforms for intracellular signaling that involve complex interfaces between lipids and proteins, and a web of interactions between a multitude of lipid metabolic pathways. Membrane lipids impart structural and functional information in this regulatory circuit that encompass biophysical parameters such as membrane thickness and fluidity, as well as chaperoning the interactions of protein binding partners. Phosphatidylinositol and its phosphorylated derivatives, the phosphoinositides, play key roles in intracellular membrane signaling, and these involvements are translated into an impressively diverse set of biological outcomes. The phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs) are key regulators of phosphoinositide signaling. Found in a diverse array of organisms from plants, yeast and apicomplexan parasites to mammals, PITPs were initially proposed to be simple transporters of lipids between intracellular membranes. It now appears increasingly unlikely that the soluble versions of these proteins perform such functions within the cell. Rather, these serve to facilitate the activity of intrinsically biologically insufficient inositol lipid kinases and, in so doing, promote diversification of the biological outcomes of phosphoinositide signaling. The central engine for execution of such functions is the lipid exchange cycle that is a fundamental property of PITPs. How PITPs execute lipid exchange remains very poorly understood. Molecular dynamics simulation approaches are now providing the first atomistic insights into how PITPs, and potentially other lipid-exchange/transfer proteins, operate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta G Lete
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, College Station, TX, 77843-1114, USA; Institute Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, College Station, TX, 77843-1114, USA
| | - Vijay Chandran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, College Station, TX, 77843-1114, USA
| | - Vytas A Bankaitis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, College Station, TX, 77843-1114, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2128, USA; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Mark I McDermott
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, College Station, TX, 77843-1114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Ozen G, Aljesri K, Celik Z, Turkyılmaz G, Turkyılmaz S, Teskin O, Norel X, Topal G. Mechanism of thromboxane receptor-induced vasoconstriction in human saphenous vein. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 151:106476. [PMID: 32721526 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Saphenous vein (SV) is one of the most widely used graft material in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is implicated in graft failure by inducing vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanism involved in TXA2-induced vasoconstriction in human SV. The role of different inhibitors and blockers on U46619 (TXA2-mimetic)-induced vasoconstriction is investigated by using an isolated organ bath system. Relaxation responses to several mediators are evaluated in SV pre-contracted with U46619 and compared with those pre-contracted with phenylephrine. Our results demonstrate that U46619-induced contraction is completely blocked by myosin light chain kinase inhibitor ML-9 or TP receptor antagonist BAY u3405. Furthermore, U46619-induced contraction is partially inhibited by phospholipase C inhibitor U73122, protein kinase C inhibitor calphostin C, Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632, L-type calcium channel blocker nifedipine, store-operated channel inhibitor SKF96365 or removal of extracellular calcium. Relaxation responses to NO donor (sodium nitroprusside), guanylate cyclase (GC) stimulator (riociguat), phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors (sildenafil, IBMX), adenylate cyclase (AC) activator (forskolin) and acetylcholine (ACh) are markedly reduced when U46619 is used as a pre-contraction agent. Our results demonstrate that influx of extracellular Ca2+ (through L-type calcium channels and store-operated calcium channels) and intracellular Ca2+ release together with Ca2+ sensitization (through Rho-kinase activation) are necessary components for TXA2-induced vasoconstriction in SV. Moreover, more pronounced decrease in vasorelaxation induced by several mediators (SNP, riociguat, sildenafil, IBMX, forskolin, and ACh) in the presence of U46619 when compared with phenylephrine suggests that there is a crosstalk between the TP receptor signaling pathway and PDE, AC, GC enzymes. We believe that the investigation of mechanism of the TXA2-induced vasoconstriction in SV will provide additional information for the prevention of SV graft failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gulsev Ozen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34116, Turkey.
| | - Khadija Aljesri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34116, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Celik
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34116, Turkey
| | - Gulsum Turkyılmaz
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital Bakırkoy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Saygın Turkyılmaz
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital Bakırkoy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onder Teskin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Xavier Norel
- Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Gokce Topal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34116, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Sano M, Asano T, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Epitope mapping of an anti-diacylglycerol kinase delta monoclonal antibody DdMab-1. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 24:100808. [PMID: 32944659 PMCID: PMC7481522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase δ (DGKδ) is a type II DGK, which catalyzes diacylglycerol phosphorylation to produce phosphatidic acid. DGKδ is expressed in several types of tissues and organs including the stomach, testis, bone marrow, and lymph node. Here, we established an anti-human DGKδ (hDGKδ) mAb, DdMab-1 (mouse IgG2a, kappa), which is useful for Western blot analysis. We also introduced deletion or point mutations to hDGKδ, and performed western blotting to determine the binding epitope of DdMab-1. DdMab-1 reacted with the dN670 mutant, but not with the dN680 mutant, indicating that the N-terminus of the DdMab-1 epitope is mainly located between amino acids 670 and 680 of the protein. Further analysis using point mutants demonstrated that R675A, R678A, K679A, and K682A mutants were not detected, and V680A was only weakly detected by DdMab-1, indicating that Arg675, Arg678, Lys679, Val680 and Lys682 are important for binding of DdMab-1 to hDGKδ. DGKδ catalyzes diacylglycerol phosphorylation to produce phosphatidic acid. We established a novel anti-hDGKδ mAb, DdMab-1. DdMab-1 is useful for Western blot analysis. R675, R678, K679, V680, and K682 are important for binding of DdMab-1 to hDGKδ.
Collapse
|
77
|
Appelhof B, Wagner M, Hoefele J, Heinze A, Roser T, Koch-Hogrebe M, Roosendaal SD, Dehghani M, Mehrjardi MYV, Torti E, Houlden H, Maroofian R, Rajabi F, Sticht H, Baas F, Wieczorek D, Jamra RA. Pontocerebellar hypoplasia due to bi-allelic variants in MINPP1. Eur J Hum Genet 2020; 29:411-421. [PMID: 33168985 PMCID: PMC7940488 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-00749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH) describes a group of rare heterogeneous neurodegenerative diseases with prenatal onset. Here we describe eight children with PCH from four unrelated families harboring the homozygous MINPP1 (NM_004897.4) variants; c.75_94del, p.(Leu27Argfs*39), c.851 C > A, p.(Ala284Asp), c.1210 C > T, p.(Arg404*), and c.992 T > G, p.(Ile331Ser). The homozygous p.(Leu27Argfs*39) change is predicted to result in a complete absence of MINPP1. The p.(Arg404*) would likely lead to a nonsense mediated decay, or alternatively, a loss of several secondary structure elements impairing protein folding. The missense p.(Ala284Asp) affects a buried, hydrophobic residue within the globular domain. The introduction of aspartic acid is energetically highly unfavorable and therefore predicted to cause a significant reduction in protein stability. The missense p.(Ile331Ser) affects the tight hydrophobic interactions of the isoleucine by the disruption of the polar side chain of serine, destabilizing the structure of MINPP1. The overlap of the above-mentioned genotypes and phenotypes is highly improbable by chance. MINPP1 is the only enzyme that hydrolyses inositol phosphates in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen and several studies support its role in stress induced apoptosis. The pathomechanism explaining the disease mechanism remains unknown, however several others genes of the inositol phosphatase metabolism (e.g., INPP5K, FIG4, INPP5E, ITPR1) are correlated with phenotypes of neurodevelopmental disorders. Taken together, we present MINPP1 as a novel autosomal recessive pontocerebellar hypoplasia gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Appelhof
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Matias Wagner
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Hoefele
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Heinze
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Timo Roser
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Medicine and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Haunersches Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Stefan D Roosendaal
- Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mohammadreza Dehghani
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | | | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Farrah Rajabi
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts, USA
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Division of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander -Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Baas
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Katan M, Cockcroft S. Phospholipase C families: Common themes and versatility in physiology and pathology. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 80:101065. [PMID: 32966869 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase Cs (PLCs) are expressed in all mammalian cells and play critical roles in signal transduction. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of these enzymes in physiology and pathology, a detailed structural, biochemical, cell biological and genetic information is required. In this review, we cover all these aspects to summarize current knowledge of the entire superfamily. The families of PLCs have expanded from 13 enzymes to 16 with the identification of the atypical PLCs in the human genome. Recent structural insights highlight the common themes that cover not only the substrate catalysis but also the mechanisms of activation. This involves the release of autoinhibitory interactions that, in the absence of stimulation, maintain classical PLC enzymes in their inactive forms. Studies of individual PLCs provide a rich repertoire of PLC function in different physiologies. Furthermore, the genetic studies discovered numerous mutated and rare variants of PLC enzymes and their link to human disease development, greatly expanding our understanding of their roles in diverse pathologies. Notably, substantial evidence now supports involvement of different PLC isoforms in the development of specific cancer types, immune disorders and neurodegeneration. These advances will stimulate the generation of new drugs that target PLC enzymes, and will therefore open new possibilities for treatment of a number of diseases where current therapies remain ineffective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Katan
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shamshad Cockcroft
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Atencio ASM, de Manzo FAP, Velasco M. Role of Histamine as a Peripheral Sympathetic Neuromediator and its Interrelation with Substance P. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:4486-4495. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200813132951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article is an educational review about the fundamental aspects related to the proposal of the existence
of a peripheral sympathetic reflex regulated by histamine, through its effect on presynaptic H3 type receptors,
under the interaction of a sensory neuron that would be mediated by Substance P. In this respect, we consider
it useful to highlight the role of histamine, so we discuss some aspects about its history, metabolism, and
function, as well as its interaction with H3 type receptors that are considered as neuroreceptors, which define and
typify it as a neuromediator at both levels of the nervous system, central and peripheral.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Augusto S. Manzo Atencio
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Vargas Medical School, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - Manuel Velasco
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Vargas Medical School, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Capel RA, Bose SJ, Collins TP, Rajasundaram S, Ayagama T, Zaccolo M, Burton RAB, Terrar DA. IP 3-mediated Ca 2+ release regulates atrial Ca 2+ transients and pacemaker function by stimulation of adenylyl cyclases. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 320:H95-H107. [PMID: 33064562 PMCID: PMC7864251 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00380.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inositol trisphosphate (IP3) is a Ca2+-mobilizing second messenger shown to modulate atrial muscle contraction and is thought to contribute to atrial fibrillation. Cellular pathways underlying IP3 actions in cardiac tissue remain poorly understood, and the work presented here addresses the question whether IP3-mediated Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is linked to adenylyl cyclase activity including Ca2+-stimulated adenylyl cyclases (AC1 and AC8) that are selectively expressed in atria and sinoatrial node (SAN). Immunocytochemistry in guinea pig atrial myocytes identified colocalization of type 2 IP3 receptors with AC8, while AC1 was located in close vicinity. Intracellular photorelease of IP3 by UV light significantly enhanced the amplitude of the Ca2+ transient (CaT) evoked by electrical stimulation of atrial myocytes (31 ± 6% increase 60 s after photorelease, n = 16). The increase in CaT amplitude was abolished by inhibitors of adenylyl cyclases (MDL-12,330) or protein kinase A (H89), showing that cAMP signaling is required for this effect of photoreleased IP3. In mouse, spontaneously beating right atrial preparations, phenylephrine, an α-adrenoceptor agonist with effects that depend on IP3-mediated Ca2+ release, increased the maximum beating rate by 14.7 ± 0.5%, n = 10. This effect was substantially reduced by 2.5 µmol/L 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate and abolished by a low dose of MDL-12,330, observations which are again consistent with a functional interaction between IP3 and cAMP signaling involving Ca2+ stimulation of adenylyl cyclases in the SAN pacemaker. Understanding the interaction between IP3 receptor pathways and Ca2+-stimulated adenylyl cyclases provides important insights concerning acute mechanisms for initiation of atrial arrhythmias. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides evidence supporting the proposal that IP3 signaling in cardiac atria and sinoatrial node involves stimulation of Ca2+-activated adenylyl cyclases (AC1 and AC8) by IP3-evoked Ca2+ release from junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum. AC8 and IP3 receptors are shown to be located close together, while AC1 is nearby. Greater understanding of these novel aspects of the IP3 signal transduction mechanism is important for future study in atrial physiology and pathophysiology, particularly atrial fibrillation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Capel
- Department of Pharmacology, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel J Bose
- Department of Pharmacology, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas P Collins
- Department of Pharmacology, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Skanda Rajasundaram
- Department of Pharmacology, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thamali Ayagama
- Department of Pharmacology, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca-Ann Beatrice Burton
- Department of Pharmacology, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Derek A Terrar
- Department of Pharmacology, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Irvine R. Adventures with Mike. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118880. [PMID: 33017597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here are a few personal recollections of my 'big adventure' with Mike.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Irvine
- Dept of Pharmacology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Tracey TJ, Kirk SE, Steyn FJ, Ngo ST. The role of lipids in the central nervous system and their pathological implications in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 112:69-81. [PMID: 32962914 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipids play an important role in the central nervous system (CNS). They contribute to the structural integrity and physical characteristics of cell and organelle membranes, act as bioactive signalling molecules, and are utilised as fuel sources for mitochondrial metabolism. The intricate homeostatic mechanisms underpinning lipid handling and metabolism across two major CNS cell types; neurons and astrocytes, are integral for cellular health and maintenance. Here, we explore the various roles of lipids in these two cell types. Given that changes in lipid metabolism have been identified in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, we also discuss changes in lipid handling and utilisation in the context of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), in order to identify key cellular processes affected by the disease, and inform future areas of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Tracey
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - S E Kirk
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - F J Steyn
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - S T Ngo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Belkacemi L, Darmani NA. Dopamine receptors in emesis: Molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic function. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105124. [PMID: 32814171 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine is a member of the catecholamine family and is associated with multiple physiological functions. Together with its five receptor subtypes, dopamine is closely linked to neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, depression, attention deficit-hyperactivity, and restless leg syndrome. Unfortunately, several dopamine receptor-based agonists used to treat some of these diseases cause nausea and vomiting as impending side-effects. The high degree of cross interactions of dopamine receptor ligands with many other targets including G-protein coupled receptors, transporters, enzymes, and ion-channels, add to the complexity of discovering new targets for the treatment of nausea and vomiting. Using activation status of signaling cascades as mechanism-based biomarkers to foresee drug sensitivity combined with the development of dopamine receptor-based biased agonists may hold great promise and seems as the next step in drug development for the treatment of such multifactorial diseases. In this review, we update the present knowledge on dopamine and dopamine receptors and their potential roles in nausea and vomiting. The pre- and clinical evidence provided in this review supports the implication of both dopamine and dopamine receptor agonists in the incidence of emesis. Besides the conventional dopaminergic antiemetic drugs, potential novel antiemetic targeting emetic protein signaling cascades may offer superior selectivity profile and potency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louiza Belkacemi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Nissar A Darmani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Robinson KJ, Watchon M, Laird AS. Aberrant Cerebellar Circuitry in the Spinocerebellar Ataxias. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:707. [PMID: 32765211 PMCID: PMC7378801 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases that share convergent disease features. A common symptom of these diseases is development of ataxia, involving impaired balance and motor coordination, usually stemming from cerebellar dysfunction and neurodegeneration. For most spinocerebellar ataxias, pathology can be attributed to an underlying gene mutation and the impaired function of the encoded protein through loss or gain-of-function effects. Strikingly, despite vast heterogeneity in the structure and function of disease-causing genes across the SCAs and the cellular processes affected, the downstream effects have considerable overlap, including alterations in cerebellar circuitry. Interestingly, aberrant function and degeneration of Purkinje cells, the major output neuronal population present within the cerebellum, precedes abnormalities in other neuronal populations within many SCAs, suggesting that Purkinje cells have increased vulnerability to cellular perturbations. Factors that are known to contribute to perturbed Purkinje cell function in spinocerebellar ataxias include altered gene expression resulting in altered expression or functionality of proteins and channels that modulate membrane potential, downstream impairments in intracellular calcium homeostasis and changes in glutamatergic input received from synapsing climbing or parallel fibers. This review will explore this enhanced vulnerability and the aberrant cerebellar circuitry linked with it in many forms of SCA. It is critical to understand why Purkinje cells are vulnerable to such insults and what overlapping pathogenic mechanisms are occurring across multiple SCAs, despite different underlying genetic mutations. Enhanced understanding of disease mechanisms will facilitate the development of treatments to prevent or slow progression of the underlying neurodegenerative processes, cerebellar atrophy and ataxic symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angela S. Laird
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Tanwar J, Arora S, Motiani RK. Orai3: Oncochannel with therapeutic potential. Cell Calcium 2020; 90:102247. [PMID: 32659517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ion channels in particular Calcium (Ca2+) channels play a critical role in physiology by regulating plethora of cellular processes ranging from cell proliferation, differentiation, transcriptional regulation and programmed cell death. One such physiologically important and highly Ca2+ selective channel family is Orai channels consisting of three homologs Orai1, Orai2 and Orai3. Orai channels are responsible for Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane in response to decrease in Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Ca2+ stores. STIM1/STIM2 proteins sense the reduction in ER Ca2+ levels and activate Orai channels for restoring ER Ca2+ as well as for driving cellular functions. This signaling cascade is known as Store Operated Ca2+ Entry (SOCE). Although Orai1 is the ubiquitous SOCE channel protein, Orai2 and Orai3 mediate SOCE in certain specific tissues. Further, mammalian specific homolog Orai3 forms heteromultimeric channel with Orai1 for constituting Arachidonic acid regulated Ca2+ (ARC) channels or arachidonic acid metabolite Leukotriene C4 (LTC4) regulated Ca2+ (LRC) channels. Literature suggests that Orai3 regulates Breast, Prostate, Lung and Gastrointestinal cancers by either forming Store Operated Ca2+ (SOC) or ARC/LRC channels in the cancerous cells but not in healthy tissue. In this review, we would discuss the role of Orai3 in these cancers and would highlight the potential of therapeutic targeting of Orai3 for better management and treatment of cancer. Finally, we will deliberate on key outstanding questions in the field that demand critical attention and further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Tanwar
- Laboratory of Calciomics and Systemic Pathophysiology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, Delhi-NCR, India; CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Samriddhi Arora
- Laboratory of Calciomics and Systemic Pathophysiology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, Delhi-NCR, India
| | - Rajender K Motiani
- Laboratory of Calciomics and Systemic Pathophysiology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, Delhi-NCR, India.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
BRAF and NRAS mutated melanoma: Different Ca 2+ responses, Na +/Ca 2+ exchanger expression, and sensitivity to inhibitors. Cell Calcium 2020; 90:102241. [PMID: 32562975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is a ubiquitous intracellular second messenger, playing central roles in the regulation of several biological processes. Alterations in Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling are an important feature of tumor cells to acquire proliferative and survival advantages, which include structural and functional changes in storage capacity, channels, and pumps. Here, we investigated the differences in Ca2+ homeostasis in vemurafenib-responsive and non-responsive melanoma cells. Also, the expression of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) and the impact of its inhibition were studied. For this, it was used B-RAFV600E and NRASQ61R-mutated human melanoma cells. The intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM decreased the viability of SK-MEL-147 but not of SK-MEL-19 and EGTA sensitized NRASQ61R-mutated cells to vemurafenib. These cells also presented a smaller response to thapsargin and ionomycin regarding the cytosolic Ca2+ levels in relation to SK-MEL-19, which was associated to an increased expression of NCX1, NO basal levels, and sensitivity to NCX inhibitors. These data highlight the differences between B-RAFV600E and NRASQ61R-mutated melanoma cells in response to Ca2+ stimuli and point to the potential combination of clinically used chemotherapeutic drugs, including vemurafenib, with NCX inhibitors as a new therapeutic strategy to the treatment of melanoma.
Collapse
|
87
|
Asano T, Sano M, Takei J, Sayama Y, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Epitope Mapping of the Anti-Diacylglycerol Kinase Monoclonal Antibody DhMab-4 for Immunohistochemical Analysis. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2020; 39:117-122. [PMID: 32486932 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2020.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) plays a pivotal role in intracellular signaling pathways in mammals. Activated G protein-coupled receptor activates phospholipase C (PLC) through heterotrimeric G protein, following which PLC hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into diacylglycerol (DG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). DGK catalyzes DG phosphorylation to produce phosphatidic acid. DG and phosphatidic acid function as second messengers and their intracellular concentrations are regulated by DGK; therefore, DGK plays an important role in regulating many biological processes. There are ten DGK isozymes, of which DGKη is classified as a type II DGK. Reports have shown that DGKη is associated with several diseases; for example, it is highly expressed in the hippocampus and cerebellum and is a key element in bipolar disorder. Although a DGKη-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) is necessary to reveal the association between the expression of DGKη and diseases, an anti-DGKη mAb for immunohistochemistry has not yet been established. In this study, we established a specific anti-human DGKη (hDGKη) mAb, DhMab-4 (mouse IgG2b, kappa). DhMab-4 strongly stained Purkinje cells of human cerebellum in immunohistochemistry analysis. For epitope mapping of DhMab-4, we produced deletion or point mutants of hDGKη and performed western blotting to determine the binding epitope of DhMab-4. DhMab-4 reacted with dN745 mutant but not with dN750 mutant, indicating that the N-terminus of the DhMab-4 epitope is located between amino acids 745 and 750. More detailed analysis using point mutants demonstrated that five mutants, that is, D747A, P748A, F749A, G750A, and T752A, were not detected by DhMab-4. These results indicate that Asp747, Pro748, Phe749, Gly750, and Thr752 are important for DhMab-4 binding to hDGKη.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teizo Asano
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masato Sano
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junko Takei
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sayama
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Noble M, Lin QT, Sirko C, Houpt JA, Novello MJ, Stathopulos PB. Structural Mechanisms of Store-Operated and Mitochondrial Calcium Regulation: Initiation Points for Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3642. [PMID: 32455637 PMCID: PMC7279490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal signaling ion that is essential for the life and death processes of all eukaryotes. In humans, numerous cell stimulation pathways lead to the mobilization of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (S/ER) stored Ca2+, resulting in the propagation of Ca2+ signals through the activation of processes, such as store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). SOCE provides a sustained Ca2+ entry into the cytosol; moreover, the uptake of SOCE-mediated Ca2+ by mitochondria can shape cytosolic Ca2+ signals, function as a feedback signal for the SOCE molecular machinery, and drive numerous mitochondrial processes, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and distinct cell death pathways. In recent years, tremendous progress has been made in identifying the proteins mediating these signaling pathways and elucidating molecular structures, invaluable for understanding the underlying mechanisms of function. Nevertheless, there remains a disconnect between using this accumulating protein structural knowledge and the design of new research tools and therapies. In this review, we provide an overview of the Ca2+ signaling pathways that are involved in mediating S/ER stored Ca2+ release, SOCE, and mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, as well as pinpoint multiple levels of crosstalk between these pathways. Further, we highlight the significant protein structures elucidated in recent years controlling these Ca2+ signaling pathways. Finally, we describe a simple strategy that aimed at applying the protein structural data to initiating drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Noble
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada; (M.N.); (Q.-T.L.); (C.S.); (M.J.N.)
| | - Qi-Tong Lin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada; (M.N.); (Q.-T.L.); (C.S.); (M.J.N.)
| | - Christian Sirko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada; (M.N.); (Q.-T.L.); (C.S.); (M.J.N.)
| | - Jacob A. Houpt
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada;
| | - Matthew J. Novello
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada; (M.N.); (Q.-T.L.); (C.S.); (M.J.N.)
| | - Peter B. Stathopulos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada; (M.N.); (Q.-T.L.); (C.S.); (M.J.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Ozolina NV, Gurina VV, Nesterkina IS, Nurminsky VN. Variations in the content of tonoplast lipids under abiotic stress. PLANTA 2020; 251:107. [PMID: 32440739 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The vacuolar membrane is an essential component in protecting the plant cell from stress factors. Different variations in the tonoplast lipid content, which depend on the type of stress, have been reviewed. The lipid content of vacuolar membranes of beet roots (Beta vulgaris L.) under hypoosmotic, hyperosmotic and oxidative types of stress has been studied. These types of stress induce variations in the content of almost all the classes of studied lipids (phospholipids, glycoglycerolipids, sterols and fatty acids). The variations, which are characteristic of a single stress, include the variations (i) in the content of individual glycoglycerolipids and in their total content, (ii) in the total content of sterols, and (iii) in the ratio of content of phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine in the scope of tonoplast phospholipids. Variations observed under all of the types of stress under scrutiny include (i) variations in the content of fatty acids of tonoplast lipids, (ii) some decrease in the content of phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylethanolamine, and (iii) variations in the content of individual sterols. Stigmasterol, campesterol, as well as the stigmasterol/sitosterol ratio increased in varying degrees under all of the types of stress. The most substantial variations have been observed in the content of sterols under abiotic stress. This is probably due to role of sterols in regulation of such membrane characteristics as permeability and microviscosity. In our opinion, sterols may represent one of the main components of tonoplast adaptive mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Ozolina
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 132, Lermontov St., Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - Veronika V Gurina
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 132, Lermontov St., Irkutsk, 664033, Russia.
| | - Irina S Nesterkina
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 132, Lermontov St., Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - Vadim N Nurminsky
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 132, Lermontov St., Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Yoneda A, Kanemaru K, Matsubara A, Takai E, Shimozawa M, Satow R, Yamaguchi H, Nakamura Y, Fukami K. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate is localized in the plasma membrane outer leaflet and regulates cell adhesion and motility. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:1050-1056. [PMID: 32439160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids are distributed asymmetrically in the plasma membrane (PM) of mammalian cells. Phosphatidylinositol (PI) and its phosphorylated forms are primarily located in the inner leaflet of the PM. Among them, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) is a well-known substrate for phospholipase C (PLC) or phosphoinositide-3 kinase, and is also a regulator for the actin cytoskeleton or ion channels. Although functions of PI(4,5)P2 in the inner leaflet are well characterized, those in the outer leaflet are poorly understood. Here, PI(4,5)P2 was detected in the cell surface of non-permeabilized cells by anti-PI(4,5)P2 antibodies and the pleckstrin-homology (PH) domain of PLCδ1 that specifically binds PI(4,5)P2. Cell surface PI(4,5)P2 signal was universally detected in various cell lines and freshly isolated mouse bone marrow cells and showed a punctate pattern in a cholesterol, sphingomyelin, and actin polymerization-dependent manner. Furthermore, blocking cell surface PI(4,5)P2 by the addition of anti-PI(4,5)P2 antibody or the PH domain of PLCδ1 inhibited cell attachment, spreading, and migration. Taken together, these results indicate a unique localization of PI(4,5)P2 in the outer leaflet that may have a crucial role in cell attachment, spreading, and migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Yoneda
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Kanemaru
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ai Matsubara
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erika Takai
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Shimozawa
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Satow
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Yamaguchi
- Department of Cancer Cell Research, Sasaki Institute, Sasaki Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nakamura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Fukami
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Fallek A, Weiss-Shtofman M, Kramer M, Dobrovetsky R, Portnoy M. Phosphorylation Organocatalysts Highly Active by Design. Org Lett 2020; 22:3722-3727. [PMID: 32319783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The activity of nucleophilic organocatalysts for alcohol/phenol phosphorylation was enhanced through attaching oligoether appendages to a benzyl substituent on imidazole- or aminopyridine-based active units, presumably because of stabilizing n-cation interactions of the ethereal oxygens with the positively charged aza-heterocycle in the catalytic intermediates, and was substantially higher than that of known benchmark catalysts for a range of substrates. Density functional theory calculations and the study of analogues having a lower potential for such stabilizing interactions support our hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Fallek
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Mor Weiss-Shtofman
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Maria Kramer
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Roman Dobrovetsky
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Moshe Portnoy
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Godoy-Parejo C, Deng C, Zhang Y, Liu W, Chen G. Roles of vitamins in stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1771-1791. [PMID: 31676963 PMCID: PMC11104807 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells can differentiate to diverse cell types in our body, and they hold great promises in both basic research and clinical therapies. For specific stem cell types, distinctive nutritional and signaling components are required to maintain the proliferation capacity and differentiation potential in cell culture. Various vitamins play essential roles in stem cell culture to modulate cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. Besides their common nutritional functions, specific vitamins are recently shown to modulate signal transduction and epigenetics. In this article, we will first review classical vitamin functions in both somatic and stem cell cultures. We will then focus on how stem cells could be modulated by vitamins beyond their nutritional roles. We believe that a better understanding of vitamin functions will significantly benefit stem cell research, and help realize their potentials in regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Godoy-Parejo
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Chunhao Deng
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
- Bioimaging and Stem Cell Core Facility, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Guokai Chen
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
- Bioimaging and Stem Cell Core Facility, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Clostridium perfringens Epsilon-Toxin Impairs the Barrier Function in MDCK Cell Monolayers in a Ca 2+-Dependent Manner. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050286. [PMID: 32365779 PMCID: PMC7291203 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epsilon-toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens significantly contributes to the pathogeneses of enterotoxemia in ruminants and multiple sclerosis in humans. Epsilon-toxin forms a heptameric oligomer in the host cell membrane, promoting cell disruption. Here, we investigate the effect of epsilon-toxin on epithelial barrier functions. Epsilon-toxin impairs the barrier integrity of Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, as demonstrated by decreased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), increased paracellular flux marker permeability, and the decreased cellular localization of junctional proteins, such as occludin, ZO-1, and claudin-1. U73122, an endogenous phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, inhibited the decrease in TEER and the increase in the permeability of flux marker induced by epsilon-toxin. The application of epsilon-toxin to MDCK cells resulted in the biphasic formation of 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3). U73122 blocked the formation of DAG and IP3 induced by the toxin. Epsilon-toxin also specifically activated endogenous PLC-γ1. Epsilon-toxin dose-dependently increased the cytosolic calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i). The toxin-induced elevation of [Ca2+]i was inhibited by U73122. Cofilin is a key regulator of actin cytoskeleton turnover and tight-junction (TJ) permeability regulation. Epsilon-toxin caused cofilin dephosphorylation. These results demonstrate that epsilon-toxin induces Ca2+ influx through activating the phosphorylation of PLC-γ1 and then causes TJ opening accompanied by cofilin dephosphorylation.
Collapse
|
94
|
Petersen OH, Petersen CC. In Memoriam Sir Michael Berridge 1938 - 2020. Cell Calcium 2020; 88:102209. [PMID: 32353559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The article is an 'In Memoriam' article honouring the memory of Sir Michael Berridge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ole H Petersen
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK.
| | - Carl Ch Petersen
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Omoruyi FO, Stennett D, Foster S, Dilworth L. New Frontiers for the Use of IP6 and Inositol Combination in Treating Diabetes Mellitus: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E1720. [PMID: 32290029 PMCID: PMC7212753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol, or myo-inositol, and associated analog molecules, including myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, are known to possess beneficial biomedical properties and are now being widely studied. The impact of these compounds in improving diabetic indices is significant, especially in light of the high cost of treating diabetes mellitus and associated disorders globally. It is theorized that, within ten years, the global population of people with the disease will reach 578 million individuals, with the cost of care projected to be approximately 2.5 trillion dollars. Natural alternatives to pharmaceuticals are being sought, and this has led to studies involving inositol, and myo-inositol-hexakisphosphate, also referred to as IP6. It has been reported that IP6 can improve diabetic indices and regulate the activities of some metabolic enzymes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Current research activities have been focusing on the mechanisms of action of inositol and IP6 in the amelioration of the indices of diabetes mellitus. We demonstrated that an IP6 and inositol combination supplement may regulate insulin secretion, modulate serum leptin concentrations, food intake, and associated weight gain, which may be beneficial in both prediabetic and diabetic states. The supplement attenuates vascular damage by reducing red cell distribution width. Serum HDL is increased while serum triglycerides tend to decrease with consumption of the combination supplement, perhaps due to the modulation of lipogenesis involving reduced serum lipase activity. We also noted increased fecal lipid output following combination supplement consumption. Importantly, liver function was found to be preserved. Concurrently, serum reactive oxygen species production was reduced, indicating that inositol and IP6 supplement consumption may reduce free radical damage to tissues and organs as well as serum lipids and blood glucose by preserving liver function. This review provides an overview of the findings associated with inositol and IP6 supplementation in the effective treatment of diabetes with a view to proposing the potential mechanisms of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix O. Omoruyi
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA;
| | - Dewayne Stennett
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Mona, Jamaica; (D.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Shadae Foster
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Mona, Jamaica; (D.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Lowell Dilworth
- Department of Pathology, The University of the West Indies Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Mona, Jamaica
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Schverer M, O'Mahony SM, O’Riordan KJ, Donoso F, Roy BL, Stanton C, Dinan TG, Schellekens H, Cryan JF. Dietary phospholipids: Role in cognitive processes across the lifespan. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 111:183-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
97
|
Ferreira‐Junior NC, Lagatta DC, Kuntze LB, Fujiwara EA, Firmino EMS, Borges‐Assis AB, Resstel LBM, Sampaio KN. Dorsal hippocampus cholinergic and nitrergic neurotransmission modulates the cardiac baroreflex function in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:991-1010. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Davi Campos Lagatta
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto University of Sao Paulo Ribeirao Preto Brazil
| | - Luciana Bärg Kuntze
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto University of Sao Paulo Ribeirao Preto Brazil
| | - Eduardo Akira Fujiwara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Federal University of Espírito Santo Vitória Brazil
| | - Egidi Mayara Silva Firmino
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto University of Sao Paulo Ribeirao Preto Brazil
| | - Anna Bárbara Borges‐Assis
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto University of Sao Paulo Ribeirao Preto Brazil
| | | | - Karla Nívea Sampaio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Federal University of Espírito Santo Vitória Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Webb SE, Kelu JJ, Miller AL. Role of Two-Pore Channels in Embryonic Development and Cellular Differentiation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:a035170. [PMID: 31358517 PMCID: PMC6942120 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Since the identification of nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) and its putative target, the two-pore channel (TPC), the NAADP/TPC/Ca2+ signaling pathway has been reported to play a role in a diverse range of functions in a variety of different cell types. TPCs have also been associated with a number of diseases, which arise when their activity is perturbed. In addition, TPCs have been shown to play key roles in various embryological processes and during the differentiation of a variety of cell types. Here, we review the role of NAADP/TPC/Ca2+ signaling during early embryonic development and cellular differentiation. We pay particular attention to the role of TPC2 in the development and maturation of early neuromuscular activity in zebrafish, and during the differentiation of isolated osteoclasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes. Our aim is to emphasize the conserved features of TPC-mediated Ca2+ signaling in a number of selected examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Webb
- Division of Life Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clearwater Bay, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Jeffrey J Kelu
- Division of Life Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clearwater Bay, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Andrew L Miller
- Division of Life Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clearwater Bay, Hong Kong, PRC
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Prinz WA, Toulmay A, Balla T. The functional universe of membrane contact sites. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:7-24. [PMID: 31732717 PMCID: PMC10619483 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organelles compartmentalize eukaryotic cells, enhancing their ability to respond to environmental and developmental changes. One way in which organelles communicate and integrate their activities is by forming close contacts, often called 'membrane contact sites' (MCSs). Interest in MCSs has grown dramatically in the past decade as it is has become clear that they are ubiquitous and have a much broader range of critical roles in cells than was initially thought. Indeed, functions for MCSs in intracellular signalling (particularly calcium signalling, reactive oxygen species signalling and lipid signalling), autophagy, lipid metabolism, membrane dynamics, cellular stress responses and organelle trafficking and biogenesis have now been reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William A Prinz
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Alexandre Toulmay
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tamas Balla
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Abstract
The multitudinous inositol phosphate family elicits a wide range of molecular effects that regulate countless biological responses. In this review, I provide a methodological viewpoint of the manner in which key advances in the field of inositol phosphate research were made. I also note some of the considerable challenges that still lie ahead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Shears
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|