51
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Pantsar T, Rissanen S, Dauch D, Laitinen T, Vattulainen I, Poso A. Assessment of mutation probabilities of KRAS G12 missense mutants and their long-timescale dynamics by atomistic molecular simulations and Markov state modeling. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006458. [PMID: 30199525 PMCID: PMC6147662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A mutated KRAS protein is frequently observed in human cancers. Traditionally, the oncogenic properties of KRAS missense mutants at position 12 (G12X) have been considered as equal. Here, by assessing the probabilities of occurrence of all KRAS G12X mutations and KRAS dynamics we show that this assumption does not hold true. Instead, our findings revealed an outstanding mutational bias. We conducted a thorough mutational analysis of KRAS G12X mutations and assessed to what extent the observed mutation frequencies follow a random distribution. Unique tissue-specific frequencies are displayed with specific mutations, especially with G12R, which cannot be explained by random probabilities. To clarify the underlying causes for the nonrandom probabilities, we conducted extensive atomistic molecular dynamics simulations (170 μs) to study the differences of G12X mutations on a molecular level. The simulations revealed an allosteric hydrophobic signaling network in KRAS, and that protein dynamics is altered among the G12X mutants and as such differs from the wild-type and is mutation-specific. The shift in long-timescale conformational dynamics was confirmed with Markov state modeling. A G12X mutation was found to modify KRAS dynamics in an allosteric way, which is especially manifested in the switch regions that are responsible for the effector protein binding. The findings provide a basis to understand better the oncogenic properties of KRAS G12X mutants and the consequences of the observed nonrandom frequencies of specific G12X mutations. The oncogene KRAS is frequently mutated in various cancers. When the amino acid glycine 12 is mutated, KRAS protein acquires oncogenic properties that result in tumor cell-growth and cancer progression. These mutations prevail especially in the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, which is a cancer with an exceptionally dismal prognosis. To date, there is a limited understanding of the different mutations at the position 12, also regarding whether the different mutations would have different consequences. These discrepancies could have major implications for the future drug therapies targeting KRAS mutant harboring tumors. In this study, we made a critical assessment of the observed frequency of KRAS G12X mutations and the underlying causes for these frequencies. We also assessed KRAS G12X mutant discrepancies on an atomistic level by utilizing state-of-the-art molecular dynamics simulations. We found that the dynamics of the mutants does not only differ from the wild-type protein, but there is also a profound difference among the different mutants. These results emphasize that the different KRAS G12X mutations are not equal, and thereby they suggest that the future research related to mutant KRAS biology should account for these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatu Pantsar
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- * E-mail: (TP); (AP)
| | - Sami Rissanen
- Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Daniel Dauch
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Physiology I, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (TP); (AP)
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52
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Matsumoto S, Hiraga T, Hayashi Y, Yoshikawa Y, Tsuda C, Araki M, Neya M, Shima F, Kataoka T. Molecular Basis for Allosteric Inhibition of GTP-Bound H-Ras Protein by a Small-Molecule Compound Carrying a Naphthalene Ring. Biochemistry 2018; 57:5350-5358. [PMID: 30141910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ras oncogene products (H-Ras, K-Ras, and N-Ras) have been regarded as some of the most promising targets for anticancer drug discovery because their activating mutations are frequently found in human cancers. Nonetheless, molecular targeted therapy for them is currently unavailable. Here, we report the discovery of a small-molecule compound carrying a naphthalene ring, named KBFM123, which binds to the GTP-bound form of H-Ras. The solution structure of its complex with the guanosine 5'-(β,γ-imide) triphosphate-bound form of H-RasT35S (H-RasT35S·GppNHp) indicates that the naphthalene ring of KBFM123 interacts directly with a hydrophobic pocket located between switch I and switch II and allosterically inhibits the effector interaction by inducing conformational changes in switch I and its flanking region in strand β2, which are directly involved in recognition of the effector molecules, including c-Raf-1. In particular, Asp38 of H-Ras, a crucial residue for the interaction with c-Raf-1 via the formation of a salt bridge with Arg89 of the Ras-binding domain (RBD) of c-Raf-1, shows a drastic conformational change: its side chain orients toward the opposite direction. Consistent with these results, KBFM123 exhibits an activity to inhibit, albeit weakly, the association of H-RasG12V·GppNHp with the c-Raf-1 RBD. The binding of the naphthalene ring to the hydrophobic pocket of H-RasT35S·GppNHp is further supported by nuclear magnetic resonance analyses showing that two other naphthalene-containing compounds with distinct structures also exhibit similar binding properties with KBFM123. These results indicate that the naphthalene ring could become a promising scaffold for the development of Ras inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho , Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017 , Japan
| | - Toshiki Hiraga
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho , Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017 , Japan
| | - Yuki Hayashi
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho , Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017 , Japan
| | - Yoko Yoshikawa
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho , Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017 , Japan
| | - Chiemi Tsuda
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho , Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017 , Japan
| | - Mitsugu Araki
- Medicinal Frontier Department , KNC Laboratories Company, Ltd. , 1-1-1 Murotani , Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2241 , Japan
| | - Masahiro Neya
- Medicinal Frontier Department , KNC Laboratories Company, Ltd. , 1-1-1 Murotani , Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2241 , Japan
| | - Fumi Shima
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho , Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017 , Japan
| | - Tohru Kataoka
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho , Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017 , Japan
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53
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Phosphorylation promotes binding affinity of Rap-Raf complex by allosteric modulation of switch loop dynamics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12976. [PMID: 30154518 PMCID: PMC6113251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of phosphorylation of a serine residue on the structural and dynamic properties of Ras-like protein, Rap, and its interactions with effector protein Ras binding domain (RBD) of Raf kinase, in the presence of GTP, are investigated via molecular dynamics simulations. The simulations show that phosphorylation significantly effects the dynamics of functional loops of Rap which participate in the stability of the complex with effector proteins. The effects of phosphorylation on Rap are significant and detailed conformational analysis suggest that the Rap protein, when phosphorylated and with GTP ligand, samples different conformational space as compared to non-phosphorylated protein. In addition, phosphorylation of SER11 opens up a new cavity in the Rap protein which can be further explored for possible drug interactions. Residue network analysis shows that the phosphorylation of Rap results in a community spanning both Rap and RBD and strongly suggests transmission of allosteric effects of local alterations in Rap to distal regions of RBD, potentially affecting the downstream signalling. Binding free energy calculations suggest that phosphorylation of SER11 residue increases the binding between Rap and Raf corroborating the network analysis results. The increased binding of the Rap-Raf complex can have cascading effects along the signalling pathways where availability of Raf can influence the oncogenic effects of Ras proteins. These simulations underscore the importance of post translational modifications like phosphorylation on the functional dynamics in proteins and can be an alternative to drug-targeting, especially in notoriously undruggable oncoproteins belonging to Ras-like GTPase family.
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54
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Li ZL, Prakash P, Buck M. A "Tug of War" Maintains a Dynamic Protein-Membrane Complex: Molecular Dynamics Simulations of C-Raf RBD-CRD Bound to K-Ras4B at an Anionic Membrane. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:298-305. [PMID: 29532030 PMCID: PMC5832993 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Association of Raf kinase with activated Ras triggers downstream signaling cascades toward regulating transcription in the cells' nucleus. Dysregulation of Ras-Raf signaling stimulates cancers. We investigate the C-Raf RBD and CRD regions when bound to oncogenic K-Ras4B at the membrane. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the membrane plays an integral role in regulating the configurational ensemble of the complex. Remarkably, the complex samples a few states dynamically, reflecting a competition between C-Raf CRD- and K-Ras4B- membrane interactions. This competition arises because the interaction between the RBD and K-Ras is strong while the linker between the RBD and CRD is short. Such a mechanism maintains a modest binding for the overall complex at the membrane and is expected to facilitate fast signaling processes. Competition of protein-membrane contacts is likely a common mechanism for other multiprotein complexes, if not multidomain proteins at membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Lu Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurosciences, Department of Pharmacology, Case Comprehensive
Cancer Center and Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Priyanka Prakash
- Department
of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science at Houston, Houston, Texas 77225, United States
| | - Matthias Buck
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurosciences, Department of Pharmacology, Case Comprehensive
Cancer Center and Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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55
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McGee JH, Shim SY, Lee SJ, Swanson PK, Jiang SY, Durney MA, Verdine GL. Exceptionally high-affinity Ras binders that remodel its effector domain. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:3265-3280. [PMID: 29282294 PMCID: PMC5836121 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.816348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ras proteins are aberrantly activated in a wide range of human cancers, often endowing tumors with aggressive properties and resistance to therapy. Decades of effort to develop direct Ras inhibitors for clinical use have thus far failed, largely because of a lack of adequate small-molecule-binding pockets on the Ras surface. Here, we report the discovery of Ras-binding miniproteins from a naïve library and their evolution to afford versions with midpicomolar affinity to Ras. A series of biochemical experiments indicated that these miniproteins bind to the Ras effector domain as dimers, and high-resolution crystal structures revealed that these miniprotein dimers bind Ras in an unprecedented mode in which the Ras effector domain is remodeled to expose an extended pocket that connects two isolated pockets previously found to engage small-molecule ligands. We also report a Ras point mutant that stabilizes the protein in the open conformation trapped by these miniproteins. These findings provide new tools for studying Ras structure and function and present opportunities for the development of both miniprotein and small-molecule inhibitors that directly target the Ras proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H McGee
- From the Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and.,FOG Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - So Youn Shim
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and.,FOG Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140.,Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 and
| | | | | | | | | | - Gregory L Verdine
- From the Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, .,Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and.,FOG Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140.,Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 and
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56
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Lim CS, Wen C, Sheng Y, Wang G, Zhou Z, Wang S, Zhang H, Ye A, Zhu JJ. Piconewton-Scale Analysis of Ras-BRaf Signal Transduction with Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:10.1002/smll.201701972. [PMID: 28809097 PMCID: PMC6272124 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Intermolecular interactions dominate the behavior of signal transduction in various physiological and pathological cell processes, yet assessing these interactions remains a challenging task. Here, this study reports a single-molecule force spectroscopic method that enables functional delineation of two interaction sites (≈35 pN and ≈90 pN) between signaling effectors Ras and BRaf in the canonical mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. This analysis reveals mutations on BRaf at Q257 and A246, two sites frequently linked to cardio-faciocutaneous syndrome, result in ≈10-30 pN alterations in RasBRaf intermolecular binding force. The magnitude of changes in RasBRaf binding force correlates with the size of alterations in protein affinity and in α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-sensitive glutamate receptor (-R)-mediated synaptic transmission in neurons expressing replacement BRaf mutants, and predicts the extent of learning impairments in animals expressing replacement BRaf mutants. These results establish single-molecule force spectroscopy as an effective platform for evaluating the piconewton-level interaction of signaling molecules and predicting the behavior outcome of signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Seok Lim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Cheng Wen
- School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yanghui Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Undergraduate Class of 2011, Yuanpei Honors College, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guangfu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Zhuan Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shiqiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huaye Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Anpei Ye
- School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - J Julius Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525, EN, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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57
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Patsoukis N, Bardhan K, Weaver JD, Sari D, Torres-Gomez A, Li L, Strauss L, Lafuente EM, Boussiotis VA. The adaptor molecule RIAM integrates signaling events critical for integrin-mediated control of immune function and cancer progression. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/493/eaam8298. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aam8298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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58
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Ke H, Matsumoto S, Murashima Y, Taniguchi-Tamura H, Miyamoto R, Yoshikawa Y, Tsuda C, Kumasaka T, Mizohata E, Edamatsu H, Kataoka T. Structural basis for intramolecular interaction of post-translationally modified H-Ras•GTP prepared by protein ligation. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2470-2481. [PMID: 28730604 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ras undergoes post-translational modifications including farnesylation, proteolysis, and carboxymethylation at the C terminus, which are necessary for membrane recruitment and effector recognition. Full activation of c-Raf-1 requires cooperative interaction of the farnesylated C terminus and the activator region of Ras with its cysteine-rich domain (CRD). However, the molecular basis for this interaction remains unclear because of difficulties in preparing modified Ras in amounts sufficient for structural studies. Here, we use Sortase A-catalyzed protein ligation to prepare modified Ras in sufficient amounts for NMR and X-ray crystallographic analyses. The results show that the farnesylated C terminus establishes an intramolecular interaction with the catalytic domain and brings the farnesyl moiety to the proximity of the activator region, which may be responsible for their cooperative recognition of c-Raf-1-CRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoliang Ke
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yosuke Murashima
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Haruka Taniguchi-Tamura
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryo Miyamoto
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoko Yoshikawa
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chiemi Tsuda
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takashi Kumasaka
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo-gun, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Eiichi Mizohata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hironori Edamatsu
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tohru Kataoka
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
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59
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Wang W, Li K, Wan P, Lai F, Fu Q, Zhu T. Ras-like family small GTPases genes in Nilaparvata lugens: Identification, phylogenetic analysis, gene expression and function in nymphal development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172701. [PMID: 28241066 PMCID: PMC5328259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-nine cDNAs encoding Ras-like family small GTPases (RSGs) were cloned and sequenced from Nilaparvata lugens. Twenty-eight proteins are described here: 3 from Rho, 2 from Ras, 9 from Arf and 14 from Rabs. These RSGs from N.lugens have five conserved G-loop motifs and displayed a higher degree of sequence conservation with orthologues from insects. RT-qPCR analysis revealed NlRSGs expressed at all life stages and the highest expression was observed in hemolymph, gut or wing for most of NlRSGs. RNAi demonstrated that eighteen NlRSGs play a crucial role in nymphal development. Nymphs with silenced NlRSGs failed to molt, eclosion or development arrest. The qRT-PCR analysis verified the correlation between mortality and the down-regulation of the target genes. The expression level of nuclear receptors, Kr-h1, Hr3, FTZ-F1 and E93 involved in 20E and JH signal pathway was impacted in nymphs with silenced twelve NlRSGs individually. The expression of two halloween genes, Cyp314a1 and Cyp315a1 involved in ecdysone synthesis, decreased in nymphs with silenced NlSar1 or NlArf1. Cyp307a1 increased in nymphs with silenced NlArf6. In N.lugens with silenced NlSRβ, NlSar1 and NlRab2 at 9th day individually, 0.0% eclosion rate and almost 100.0% mortality was demonstrated. Further analysis showed NlSRβ could be served as a candidate target for dsRNA-based pesticides for N.lugens control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kailong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pinjun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengxiang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (QF); (THZ)
| | - Tingheng Zhu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (QF); (THZ)
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60
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Ecke M, Gerisch G. Co-existence of Ras activation in a chemotactic signal transduction pathway and in an autonomous wave - forming system. Small GTPases 2017; 10:72-80. [PMID: 28136018 PMCID: PMC6343538 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1268666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of Ras is common to two activities in cells of Dictyostelium discoideum: the directed movement in a gradient of chemoattractant and the autonomous generation of propagating waves of actin polymerization on the substrate-attached cell surface. We produced large cells by electric-pulse induced fusion to simultaneously study both activities in one cell. For imaging, a fluorescent label for activated Ras was combined with labels for filamentous actin, PIP3, or PTEN. Chemotactic responses were elicited in a diffusion gradient of cyclic AMP. Waves initiated at sites separate from the front of the cell propagated in all directions. Nevertheless, the wave-forming cells were capable of recognizing the attractant gradient and managed to migrate in its direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ecke
- a Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Martinsried , Germany
| | - Günther Gerisch
- a Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Martinsried , Germany
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61
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Abstract
The study of oncogenic RAS mutations has led to crucial discoveries regarding cancer molecular biology and behavior and has been integral in shaping the era of targeted cancer therapy. RAS mutations are one of the most common oncogenic drivers in human cancer, and intense efforts to find a clinically effective inhibitor are ongoing. Despite these efforts, targeting RAS mutations has remained elusive, so much so that some have termed oncogenic RAS mutations as "undruggable." In this review, we will summarize current understanding of RAS biology, explore strategies to inhibit RAS oncoproteins and its downstream effectors, and discuss recently described complexities that have shed new light on this pursuit.
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62
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Takahashi M, Li Y, Dillon TJ, Stork PJS. Phosphorylation of Rap1 by cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase (PKA) Creates a Binding Site for KSR to Sustain ERK Activation by cAMP. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1449-1461. [PMID: 28003362 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.768986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is an important mediator of hormonal stimulation of cell growth and differentiation through its activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade. Two small G proteins, Ras and Rap1 have been proposed to mediate this activation. Using HEK293 cells as a model system, we have recently shown that both Ras and Rap1 are required for cAMP signaling to ERKs. However, cAMP-dependent Ras signaling to ERKs is transient and rapidly terminated by PKA phosphorylation of the Raf isoforms C-Raf and B-Raf. In contrast, cAMP-dependent Rap1 signaling to ERKs and Rap1 is potentiated by PKA. We show that this is due to sustained binding of B-Raf to Rap1. One of the targets of PKA is Rap1 itself, directly phosphorylating Rap1a on serine 180 and Rap1b on serine 179. We show that these phosphorylations create potential binding sites for the adaptor protein 14-3-3 that links Rap1 to the scaffold protein KSR. These results suggest that Rap1 activation of ERKs requires PKA phosphorylation and KSR binding. Because KSR and B-Raf exist as heterodimers within the cell, this binding also brings B-Raf to Rap1, allowing Rap1 to couple to ERKs through B-Raf binding to Rap1 independently of its Ras-binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Takahashi
- From the Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098
| | - Yanping Li
- From the Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098
| | - Tara J Dillon
- From the Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098
| | - Philip J S Stork
- From the Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098
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63
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Nakhaeizadeh H, Amin E, Nakhaei-Rad S, Dvorsky R, Ahmadian MR. The RAS-Effector Interface: Isoform-Specific Differences in the Effector Binding Regions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167145. [PMID: 27936046 PMCID: PMC5147862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS effectors specifically interact with the GTP-bound form of RAS in response to extracellular signals and link them to downstream signaling pathways. The molecular nature of effector interaction by RAS is well-studied but yet still incompletely understood in a comprehensive and systematic way. Here, structure-function relationships in the interaction between different RAS proteins and various effectors were investigated in detail by combining our in vitro data with in silico data. Equilibrium dissociation constants were determined for the binding of HRAS, KRAS, NRAS, RRAS1 and RRAS2 to both the RAS binding (RB) domain of CRAF and PI3Kα, and the RAS association (RA) domain of RASSF5, RALGDS and PLCε, respectively, using fluorescence polarization. An interaction matrix, constructed on the basis of available crystal structures, allowed identification of hotspots as critical determinants for RAS-effector interaction. New insights provided by this study are the dissection of the identified hotspots in five distinct regions (R1 to R5) in spite of high sequence variability not only between, but also within, RB/RA domain-containing effectors proteins. Finally, we propose that intermolecular β-sheet interaction in R1 is a central recognition region while R3 may determine specific contacts of RAS versus RRAS isoforms with effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Nakhaeizadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ehsan Amin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Saeideh Nakhaei-Rad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Radovan Dvorsky
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mohammad Reza Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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64
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Lange M, Prassler J, Ecke M, Müller-Taubenberger A, Gerisch G. Local Ras activation, PTEN pattern, and global actin flow in the chemotactic responses of oversized cells. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3462-72. [PMID: 27505897 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.191148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotactic responses of eukaryotic cells require a signal processing system that translates an external gradient of attractant into directed motion. To challenge the response system to its limits, we increased the size of Dictyostelium discoideum cells by using electric-pulse-induced fusion. Large cells formed multiple protrusions at different sites along the gradient of chemoattractant, independently turned towards the gradient and competed with each other. Finally, these cells succeeded to re-establish polarity by coordinating front and tail activities. To analyse the responses, we combined two approaches, one aimed at local responses by visualising the dynamics of Ras activation at the front regions of reorientating cells, the other at global changes of polarity by monitoring front-to-tail-directed actin flow. Asymmetric Ras activation in turning protrusions underscores that gradients can be sensed locally and translated into orientation. Different to cells of normal size, the polarity of large cells is not linked to an increasing front-to-tail gradient of the PIP3-phosphatase PTEN. But even in large cells, the front communicates with the tail through an actin flow that might act as carrier of a protrusion inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lange
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried D-82152, Germany
| | - Jana Prassler
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried D-82152, Germany
| | - Mary Ecke
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried D-82152, Germany
| | - Annette Müller-Taubenberger
- LMU Munich, Department of Cell Biology (Anatomy III), BioMedical Center, Großhaderner Str. 9, Martinsried D-82152, Germany
| | - Günther Gerisch
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried D-82152, Germany
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65
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Molecular Mechanism for Conformational Dynamics of Ras·GTP Elucidated from In-Situ Structural Transition in Crystal. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25931. [PMID: 27180801 PMCID: PMC4867591 DOI: 10.1038/srep25931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras•GTP adopts two interconverting conformational states, state 1 and state 2, corresponding to inactive and active forms, respectively. However, analysis of the mechanism for state transition was hampered by the lack of the structural information on wild-type Ras state 1 despite its fundamental nature conserved in the Ras superfamily. Here we solve two new crystal structures of wild-type H-Ras, corresponding to state 1 and state 2. The state 2 structure seems to represent an intermediate of state transition and, intriguingly, the state 1 crystal is successfully derived from this state 2 crystal by regulating the surrounding humidity. Structural comparison enables us to infer the molecular mechanism for state transition, during which a wide range of hydrogen-bonding networks across Switch I, Switch II and the α3-helix interdependently undergo gross rearrangements, where fluctuation of Tyr32, translocation of Gln61, loss of the functional water molecules and positional shift of GTP play major roles. The NMR-based hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiments also support this transition mechanism. Moreover, the unveiled structural features together with the results of the biochemical study provide a new insight into the physiological role of state 1 as a stable pool of Ras•GTP in the GDP/GTP cycle of Ras.
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66
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Athuluri-Divakar SK, Vasquez-Del Carpio R, Dutta K, Baker SJ, Cosenza SC, Basu I, Gupta YK, Reddy MVR, Ueno L, Hart JR, Vogt PK, Mulholland D, Guha C, Aggarwal AK, Reddy EP. A Small Molecule RAS-Mimetic Disrupts RAS Association with Effector Proteins to Block Signaling. Cell 2016; 165:643-55. [PMID: 27104980 PMCID: PMC5006944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic activation of RAS genes via point mutations occurs in 20%-30% of human cancers. The development of effective RAS inhibitors has been challenging, necessitating new approaches to inhibit this oncogenic protein. Functional studies have shown that the switch region of RAS interacts with a large number of effector proteins containing a common RAS-binding domain (RBD). Because RBD-mediated interactions are essential for RAS signaling, blocking RBD association with small molecules constitutes an attractive therapeutic approach. Here, we present evidence that rigosertib, a styryl-benzyl sulfone, acts as a RAS-mimetic and interacts with the RBDs of RAF kinases, resulting in their inability to bind to RAS, disruption of RAF activation, and inhibition of the RAS-RAF-MEK pathway. We also find that ribosertib binds to the RBDs of Ral-GDS and PI3Ks. These results suggest that targeting of RBDs across multiple signaling pathways by rigosertib may represent an effective strategy for inactivation of RAS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Krishna Athuluri-Divakar
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rodrigo Vasquez-Del Carpio
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kaushik Dutta
- New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Stacey J Baker
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Stephen C Cosenza
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Indranil Basu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yogesh K Gupta
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - M V Ramana Reddy
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Lynn Ueno
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jonathan R Hart
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter K Vogt
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David Mulholland
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chandan Guha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Aneel K Aggarwal
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - E Premkumar Reddy
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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67
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Blaževitš O, Mideksa YG, Šolman M, Ligabue A, Ariotti N, Nakhaeizadeh H, Fansa EK, Papageorgiou AC, Wittinghofer A, Ahmadian MR, Abankwa D. Galectin-1 dimers can scaffold Raf-effectors to increase H-ras nanoclustering. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24165. [PMID: 27087647 PMCID: PMC4834570 DOI: 10.1038/srep24165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal-1) dimers crosslink carbohydrates on cell surface receptors. Carbohydrate-derived inhibitors have been developed for cancer treatment. Intracellularly, Gal-1 was suggested to interact with the farnesylated C-terminus of Ras thus specifically stabilizing GTP-H-ras nanoscale signalling hubs in the membrane, termed nanoclusters. The latter activity may present an alternative mechanism for how overexpressed Gal-1 stimulates tumourigenesis. Here we revise the current model for the interaction of Gal-1 with H-ras. We show that it indirectly forms a complex with GTP-H-ras via a high-affinity interaction with the Ras binding domain (RBD) of Ras effectors. A computationally generated model of the Gal-1/C-Raf-RBD complex is validated by mutational analysis. Both cellular FRET as well as proximity ligation assay experiments confirm interaction of Gal-1 with Raf proteins in mammalian cells. Consistently, interference with H-rasG12V-effector interactions basically abolishes H-ras nanoclustering. In addition, an intact dimer interface of Gal-1 is required for it to positively regulate H-rasG12V nanoclustering, but negatively K-rasG12V nanoclustering. Our findings suggest stacked dimers of H-ras, Raf and Gal-1 as building blocks of GTP-H-ras-nanocluster at high Gal-1 levels. Based on our results the Gal-1/effector interface represents a potential drug target site in diseases with aberrant Ras signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Blaževitš
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6B, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Yonatan G. Mideksa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6B, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Maja Šolman
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6B, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Alessio Ligabue
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6B, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Nicholas Ariotti
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hossein Nakhaeizadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eyad K. Fansa
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | - Mohammad R. Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Abankwa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6B, 20520 Turku, Finland
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68
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Lu S, Jang H, Muratcioglu S, Gursoy A, Keskin O, Nussinov R, Zhang J. Ras Conformational Ensembles, Allostery, and Signaling. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6607-65. [PMID: 26815308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ras proteins are classical members of small GTPases that function as molecular switches by alternating between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states. Ras activation is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors that catalyze the exchange of GDP by GTP, and inactivation is terminated by GTPase-activating proteins that accelerate the intrinsic GTP hydrolysis rate by orders of magnitude. In this review, we focus on data that have accumulated over the past few years pertaining to the conformational ensembles and the allosteric regulation of Ras proteins and their interpretation from our conformational landscape standpoint. The Ras ensemble embodies all states, including the ligand-bound conformations, the activated (or inactivated) allosteric modulated states, post-translationally modified states, mutational states, transition states, and nonfunctional states serving as a reservoir for emerging functions. The ensemble is shifted by distinct mutational events, cofactors, post-translational modifications, and different membrane compositions. A better understanding of Ras biology can contribute to therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Universities E-Institute for Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai, 200025, China.,Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, National Cancer Institute , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, National Cancer Institute , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | | | | | | | - Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, National Cancer Institute , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States.,Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Sackler Institute of Molecular Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Universities E-Institute for Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai, 200025, China
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69
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Coyle SM, Lim WA. Mapping the functional versatility and fragility of Ras GTPase signaling circuits through in vitro network reconstitution. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26765565 PMCID: PMC4775219 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ras-superfamily GTPases are central controllers of cell proliferation and morphology. Ras signaling is mediated by a system of interacting molecules: upstream enzymes (GEF/GAP) regulate Ras's ability to recruit multiple competing downstream effectors. We developed a multiplexed, multi-turnover assay for measuring the dynamic signaling behavior of in vitro reconstituted H-Ras signaling systems. By including both upstream regulators and downstream effectors, we can systematically map how different network configurations shape the dynamic system response. The concentration and identity of both upstream and downstream signaling components strongly impacted the timing, duration, shape, and amplitude of effector outputs. The distorted output of oncogenic alleles of Ras was highly dependent on the balance of positive (GAP) and negative (GEF) regulators in the system. We found that different effectors interpreted the same inputs with distinct output dynamics, enabling a Ras system to encode multiple unique temporal outputs in response to a single input. We also found that different Ras-to-GEF positive feedback mechanisms could reshape output dynamics in distinct ways, such as signal amplification or overshoot minimization. Mapping of the space of output behaviors accessible to Ras provides a design manual for programming Ras circuits, and reveals how these systems are readily adapted to produce an array of dynamic signaling behaviors. Nonetheless, this versatility comes with a trade-off of fragility, as there exist numerous paths to altered signaling behaviors that could cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Coyle
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Program in Biological Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Wendell A Lim
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Program in Biological Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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70
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Gillette WK, Esposito D, Abreu Blanco M, Alexander P, Bindu L, Bittner C, Chertov O, Frank PH, Grose C, Jones JE, Meng Z, Perkins S, Van Q, Ghirlando R, Fivash M, Nissley DV, McCormick F, Holderfield M, Stephen AG. Farnesylated and methylated KRAS4b: high yield production of protein suitable for biophysical studies of prenylated protein-lipid interactions. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15916. [PMID: 26522388 PMCID: PMC4629113 DOI: 10.1038/srep15916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenylated proteins play key roles in several human diseases including cancer, atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. KRAS4b, which is frequently mutated in pancreatic, colon and lung cancers, is processed by farnesylation, proteolytic cleavage and carboxymethylation at the C-terminus. Plasma membrane localization of KRAS4b requires this processing as does KRAS4b-dependent RAF kinase activation. Previous attempts to produce modified KRAS have relied on protein engineering approaches or in vitro farnesylation of bacterially expressed KRAS protein. The proteins produced by these methods do not accurately replicate the mature KRAS protein found in mammalian cells and the protein yield is typically low. We describe a protocol that yields 5-10 mg/L highly purified, farnesylated, and methylated KRAS4b from insect cells. Farnesylated and methylated KRAS4b is fully active in hydrolyzing GTP, binds RAF-RBD on lipid Nanodiscs and interacts with the known farnesyl-binding protein PDEδ.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K. Gillette
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Dominic Esposito
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Maria Abreu Blanco
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Patrick Alexander
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Lakshman Bindu
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Cammi Bittner
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Oleg Chertov
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Peter H. Frank
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Carissa Grose
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jane E. Jones
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Zhaojing Meng
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Shelley Perkins
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Que Van
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Rodolfo Ghirlando
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 5 Memorial Drive, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Matthew Fivash
- Data Management Systems, NCI at Frederick, PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Dwight V. Nissley
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Frank McCormick
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Matthew Holderfield
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Andrew G. Stephen
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702
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71
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Clausen R, Ma B, Nussinov R, Shehu A. Mapping the Conformation Space of Wildtype and Mutant H-Ras with a Memetic, Cellular, and Multiscale Evolutionary Algorithm. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004470. [PMID: 26325505 PMCID: PMC4556523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An important goal in molecular biology is to understand functional changes upon single-point mutations in proteins. Doing so through a detailed characterization of structure spaces and underlying energy landscapes is desirable but continues to challenge methods based on Molecular Dynamics. In this paper we propose a novel algorithm, SIfTER, which is based instead on stochastic optimization to circumvent the computational challenge of exploring the breadth of a protein's structure space. SIfTER is a data-driven evolutionary algorithm, leveraging experimentally-available structures of wildtype and variant sequences of a protein to define a reduced search space from where to efficiently draw samples corresponding to novel structures not directly observed in the wet laboratory. The main advantage of SIfTER is its ability to rapidly generate conformational ensembles, thus allowing mapping and juxtaposing landscapes of variant sequences and relating observed differences to functional changes. We apply SIfTER to variant sequences of the H-Ras catalytic domain, due to the prominent role of the Ras protein in signaling pathways that control cell proliferation, its well-studied conformational switching, and abundance of documented mutations in several human tumors. Many Ras mutations are oncogenic, but detailed energy landscapes have not been reported until now. Analysis of SIfTER-computed energy landscapes for the wildtype and two oncogenic variants, G12V and Q61L, suggests that these mutations cause constitutive activation through two different mechanisms. G12V directly affects binding specificity while leaving the energy landscape largely unchanged, whereas Q61L has pronounced, starker effects on the landscape. An implementation of SIfTER is made available at http://www.cs.gmu.edu/~ashehu/?q=OurTools. We believe SIfTER is useful to the community to answer the question of how sequence mutations affect the function of a protein, when there is an abundance of experimental structures that can be exploited to reconstruct an energy landscape that would be computationally impractical to do via Molecular Dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Clausen
- Department of Computer Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Buyong Ma
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Sackler Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amarda Shehu
- Department of Computer Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biongineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
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72
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Aramini JM, Vorobiev SM, Tuberty LM, Janjua H, Campbell ET, Seetharaman J, Su M, Huang YJ, Acton TB, Xiao R, Tong L, Montelione GT. The RAS-Binding Domain of Human BRAF Protein Serine/Threonine Kinase Exhibits Allosteric Conformational Changes upon Binding HRAS. Structure 2015; 23:1382-1393. [PMID: 26165597 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RAS binding is a critical step in the activation of BRAF protein serine/threonine kinase and stimulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Mutations in both RAS and BRAF are associated with many human cancers. Here, we report the solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray crystal structures of the RAS-binding domain (RBD) from human BRAF. We further studied the complex between BRAF RBD and the GppNHp bound form of HRAS in solution. Backbone, side-chain, and (19)F NMR chemical shift perturbations reveal unexpected changes distal to the RAS-binding face that extend through the core of the RBD structure. Moreover, backbone amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange NMR data demonstrate conformational ensemble changes in the RBD core structure upon complex formation. These changes in BRAF RBD reveal a basis for allosteric regulation of BRAF structure and function, and suggest a mechanism by which RAS binding can signal the drastic domain rearrangements required for activation of BRAF kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Aramini
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Sergey M Vorobiev
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Lynda M Tuberty
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Haleema Janjua
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Elliot T Campbell
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jayaraman Seetharaman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Min Su
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Yuanpeng J Huang
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Thomas B Acton
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Rong Xiao
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Liang Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Gaetano T Montelione
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Abstract
RAF family kinases were among the first oncoproteins to be described more than 30 years ago. They primarily act as signalling relays downstream of RAS, and their close ties to cancer have fuelled a large number of studies. However, we still lack a systems-level understanding of their regulation and mode of action. The recent discovery that the catalytic activity of RAF depends on an allosteric mechanism driven by kinase domain dimerization is providing a vital new piece of information towards a comprehensive model of RAF function. The fact that current RAF inhibitors unexpectedly induce ERK signalling by stimulating RAF dimerization also calls for a deeper structural characterization of this family of kinases.
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74
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Shima F, Matsumoto S, Yoshikawa Y, Kawamura T, Isa M, Kataoka T. Current status of the development of Ras inhibitors. J Biochem 2015; 158:91-9. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Zhang Z, Zhang W, Huang S, Sun Q, Wang Y, Hu Y, Sun N, Zhang Y, Jiang Z, Minato N, Pin JP, Su L, Liu J. GABAB receptor promotes its own surface expression by recruiting a Rap1-dependent signaling cascade. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2302-13. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.167056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key players in cell signaling, and their cell surface expression is tightly regulated. For many GPCRs such as β2-AR (β2-adrenergic receptor), receptor activation leads to downregulation of receptor surface expression, a phenomenon that has been extensively characterized. By contrast, some other GPCRs, such as GABAB receptor, remain relatively stable at the cell surface even after prolonged agonist treatment; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we identify the small GTPase Rap1 as a key regulator for promoting GABAB receptor surface expression. Agonist stimulation of GABAB receptor signals through Gαi/o to inhibit Rap1GAPII (also known as Rap1GAP1b, an isoform of Rap1GAP1), thereby activating Rap1 (which has two isoforms, Rap1a and Rap1b) in cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). The active form of Rap1 is then recruited to GABAB receptor through physical interactions in CGNs. This Rap1-dependent signaling cascade promotes GABAB receptor surface expression by stimulating receptor recycling. Our results uncover a new mechanism regulating GPCR surface expression and also provide a potential explanation for the slow, long-lasting inhibitory action of GABA neurotransmitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyong Zhang
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Siluo Huang
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yunyun Wang
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yongjian Hu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ninghua Sun
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yilei Zhang
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Nagahiro Minato
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, UMR 5203, Université Montpellier 1 et 2, Montpellier cedex 5 34094, France
| | - Li Su
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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76
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Mott HR, Owen D. Structures of Ras superfamily effector complexes: What have we learnt in two decades? Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 50:85-133. [PMID: 25830673 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.999191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The Ras superfamily small G proteins are master regulators of a diverse range of cellular processes and act via downstream effector molecules. The first structure of a small G protein-effector complex, that of Rap1A with c-Raf1, was published 20 years ago. Since then, the structures of more than 60 small G proteins in complex with their effectors have been published. These effectors utilize a diverse array of structural motifs to interact with the G protein fold, which we have divided into four structural classes: intermolecular β-sheets, helical pairs, other interactions, and pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. These classes and their representative structures are discussed and a contact analysis of the interactions is presented, which highlights the common effector-binding regions between and within the small G protein families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Mott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
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77
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Riecken LB, Tawamie H, Dornblut C, Buchert R, Ismayel A, Schulz A, Schumacher J, Sticht H, Pohl KJ, Cui Y, Reis A, Morrison H, Abou Jamra R. Inhibition of RAS Activation Due to a Homozygous Ezrin Variant in Patients with Profound Intellectual Disability. Hum Mutat 2015; 36:270-8. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Björn Riecken
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Hasan Tawamie
- Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Carsten Dornblut
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Rebecca Buchert
- Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Amina Ismayel
- Praxis of Pediatrics; Jesser El Sheghour; Idlib Syria
| | - Alexander Schulz
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
| | | | - Heinrich Sticht
- Bioinformatics; Institute of Biochemistry; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Katja J. Pohl
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Yan Cui
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
| | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Helen Morrison
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
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78
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Gupta VK, Rajala A, Rajala RVS. Non-canonical regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma isoform activity in retinal rod photoreceptor cells. Cell Commun Signal 2015; 13:7. [PMID: 25644171 PMCID: PMC4326362 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-015-0087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of lipid kinases that phosphorylate the D3-hydroxyls of the inositol ring of phosphoinositides, and are responsible for coordinating a diverse range of cellular functions. A canonical pathway of activation of PI3Ks through the interaction of RA-domain with Ras proteins has been well established. In retinal photoreceptors, we have identified a non-canonical pathway of PI3Kγ activation through the interaction of its RA-domain with a putative Ras-like domain (RLD) in alpha subunit of cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (CNGA1) in retinal rod photoreceptors. Results The interaction between PI3Kγ and CNGA1 does not appear to play a role in regulation of CNG channel activity, but PI3Kγ uses CNGA1 as an anchoring module to achieve close proximity to its substrate to generate D3-phosphoinositides. Conclusions Our studies suggest a functional non-canonical PI3Kγ activation in retinal rod photoreceptor cells.
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79
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Hickey JL, Simpson EJ, Hou J, Luyt LG. An Integrated Imaging Probe Design: The Synthesis of99mTc/Re-Containing Macrocyclic Peptide Scaffolds. Chemistry 2014; 21:568-78. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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80
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Mott HR, Owen D. RLIP76 (RalBP1): The first piece of the structural puzzle. Small GTPases 2014; 1:157-160. [PMID: 21686269 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.1.3.14233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RLIP76 (RalBP1) is a multidomain protein that is a downstream effector of the small GTP ases RalA and RalB. As well as the Ral binding domain it contains a RhoGAP domain active against Cdc42 and Rac1. RLIP76 also binds to proteins involved in endocytosis and to R-Ras. We recently solved the structure of the Ral binding domain of RLIP76 and the structure of the complex that it forms with RalB. The structure shows that, unlike the other Ral effectors characterized so far, RLIP76 forms a coiled-coil that interacts with RalB. The RLIP76 Ral binding domain binds to both the switch regions of RalB, which are the parts of the G protein that chance conformation upon nucleotide exchange. Here, we review our structure and discuss how it sheds light on the other functions of RLIP76.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Mott
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Cambridge; Cambridge, UK
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81
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Cox AD, Der CJ. Ras history: The saga continues. Small GTPases 2014; 1:2-27. [PMID: 21686117 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.1.1.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the roots of Ras sprouted from the rich history of retrovirus research, it was the discovery of mutationally activated RAS genes in human cancer in 1982 that stimulated an intensive research effort to understand Ras protein structure, biochemistry and biology. While the ultimate goal has been developing anti-Ras drugs for cancer treatment, discoveries from Ras have laid the foundation for three broad areas of science. First, they focused studies on the origins of cancer to the molecular level, with the subsequent discovery of genes mutated in cancer that now number in the thousands. Second, elucidation of the biochemical mechanisms by which Ras facilitates signal transduction established many of our fundamental concepts of how a normal cell orchestrates responses to extracellular cues. Third, Ras proteins are also founding members of a large superfamily of small GTPases that regulate all key cellular processes and established the versatile role of small GTP-binding proteins in biology. We highlight some of the key findings of the last 28 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne D Cox
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC USA
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82
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Real-time visualization and quantification of native Ras activation in single living cells. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1120:285-305. [PMID: 24470033 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-791-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Ras family of small guanosine triphosphate phosphohydrolases are GDP/GTP-binding proteins that function as pivotal molecular switches in multiple cell biological processes. The prototypical Ras family members K-Ras, N-Ras, and H-Ras, in particular, have been the focus of intense research for the last 30 years owing to their critical function as signalling nodes in the control of cell growth and proliferation and as drivers of oncogenic transformation. One aspect that has attracted much attention in recent times is the spatial control of Ras activity, which is dictated largely by a series of posttranslational modifications that do effectively govern the subcellular distribution and trafficking of Ras. Accordingly, strong emphasis has been placed on developing methodological microscopy-based approaches for the visualization of active Ras-GTP complexes at subcellular resolution. Here we describe the use of a collection of fluorescent affinity probes for the real-time visualization of Ras-GTP in live cells. These probes are multivalent and thus feature high avidity/affinity to Ras-GTP, which obviates the over-expression of Ras and enables one to image endogenous Ras-GTP formation. In addition, this chapter details the use of automated segmentation strategies for the unbiased quantification of probe-derived fluorescence at individual subcellular sites like the plasma membrane and endomembranes.
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83
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Structure and function of RLIP76 (RalBP1): an intersection point between Ras and Rho signalling. Biochem Soc Trans 2014; 42:52-8. [PMID: 24450627 DOI: 10.1042/bst20130231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
RLIP76 (Ral-interacting protein of 76 kDa) [also known as RalBP1 (Ral-binding protein 1)] is an effector for the Ral family small GTPases. RLIP76 has been implicated in a number of cell processes, including receptor-mediated endocytosis, cell migration, mitochondrial division and metabolite transport. RLIP76 has two recognizable domains in the centre of the protein sequence: a GAP (GTPase-activating protein) domain for the Rho family G-proteins and an RBD (Ral-binding domain). The remainder of RLIP76 has no discernable homology with other proteins. The RBD forms a simple coiled-coil of two α-helices, which interacts with RalB by binding to both of the nucleotide-sensitive 'switch' regions. Both of these RLIP76 helices are involved in the interaction with Ral, but the interhelix loop is left free. This is the location of one of the two ATP-binding sites that have been identified in RLIP76 and suggests that Ral interaction would not prevent ATP binding. The structure of the RhoGAP-RBD dyad shows that the two domains are fixed in their orientation by a relatively rigid linker. This domain arrangement allows the two domains to engage Rho family and Ral small G-proteins simultaneously at the membrane. This suggests that RLIP76 is a node for Rho and Ras family signalling.
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84
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Chen BY. VASP-E: specificity annotation with a volumetric analysis of electrostatic isopotentials. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003792. [PMID: 25166865 PMCID: PMC4148194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Algorithms for comparing protein structure are frequently used for function annotation. By searching for subtle similarities among very different proteins, these algorithms can identify remote homologs with similar biological functions. In contrast, few comparison algorithms focus on specificity annotation, where the identification of subtle differences among very similar proteins can assist in finding small structural variations that create differences in binding specificity. Few specificity annotation methods consider electrostatic fields, which play a critical role in molecular recognition. To fill this gap, this paper describes VASP-E (Volumetric Analysis of Surface Properties with Electrostatics), a novel volumetric comparison tool based on the electrostatic comparison of protein-ligand and protein-protein binding sites. VASP-E exploits the central observation that three dimensional solids can be used to fully represent and compare both electrostatic isopotentials and molecular surfaces. With this integrated representation, VASP-E is able to dissect the electrostatic environments of protein-ligand and protein-protein binding interfaces, identifying individual amino acids that have an electrostatic influence on binding specificity. VASP-E was used to examine a nonredundant subset of the serine and cysteine proteases as well as the barnase-barstar and Rap1a-raf complexes. Based on amino acids established by various experimental studies to have an electrostatic influence on binding specificity, VASP-E identified electrostatically influential amino acids with 100% precision and 83.3% recall. We also show that VASP-E can accurately classify closely related ligand binding cavities into groups with different binding preferences. These results suggest that VASP-E should prove a useful tool for the characterization of specific binding and the engineering of binding preferences in proteins. Proteins, the ubiquitous worker molecules of the cell, are a diverse class of molecules that perform very specific tasks. Understanding how proteins achieve specificity is a critical step towards understanding biological systems and a key prerequisite for rationally engineering new proteins. To examine electrostatic influences on specificity in proteins, this paper presents VASP-E, a software tool that generates solid representations of the electrostatic potential fields that surround proteins. VASP-E compares solids with constructive solid geometry, a class of techniques developed first for modeling complex machine parts. We observed that solid representations could quantify the degree of charge complementarity in protein-protein interactions and identify key residues that strengthen or weaken them. VASP-E correctly identified amino acids with established experimental influences on protein-protein binding specificity. We also observed that solid representations of electrostatic fields could identify electrostatic conservations and variations that relate to similarities and differences in binding specificity between proteins and small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Y. Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, P.C. Rossin College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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85
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Src promotes GTPase activity of Ras via tyrosine 32 phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3785-94. [PMID: 25157176 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406559111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Ras GTPase and various other components of the Ras signaling pathways are among the most common genetic alterations in human cancers and also have been identified in several familial developmental syndromes. Over the past few decades it has become clear that the activity or the oncogenic potential of Ras is dependent on the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Src to promote the Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway essential for proliferation, differentiation, and survival of eukaryotic cells. However, no direct relationship between Ras and Src has been established. We show here that Src binds to and phosphorylates GTP-, but not GDP-, loaded Ras on a conserved Y32 residue within the switch I region in vitro and that in vivo, Ras-Y32 phosphorylation markedly reduces the binding to effector Raf and concomitantly increases binding to GTPase-activating proteins and the rate of GTP hydrolysis. These results suggest that, in the context of predetermined crystallographic structures, Ras-Y32 serves as an Src-dependent keystone regulatory residue that modulates Ras GTPase activity and ensures unidirectionality to the Ras GTPase cycle.
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86
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Yang Z, Chen H, Yang X, Wan X, He L, Miao R, Yang H, Zhong Y, Wang L, Zhao H. A phylogenetic analysis of the ubiquitin superfamily based on sequence and structural information. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:6083-8. [PMID: 24997693 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin belongs to an important class of protein modifier and gene expression regulator proteins that participates in various cellular processes. A large number of ubiquitin-related proteins have been identified during the last two decades. However, the evolutionary history of this ancient gene family remains largely unknown. We analyzed the members of the superfamily using both sequence- and structure-based methodology to better understand the evolution of ubiquitin-related proteins. As a part of these analyses we used the MEME algorithm to extract common sequence motifs across the superfamily, and we inferred the phylogeny and distribution of the superfamily members across multiple species. A total of 23 families were identified in the gene family. Several common sequence motifs were revealed and evaluated. We also found that the number of genes for ubiquitin-related proteins encoded within a specific genome correlates with the biological complexity of that particular species. This analysis should provide valuable insight into the sequence/function relationships and evolutionary history of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, 100730, China
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87
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Integrated RAS signaling defined by parallel NMR detection of effectors and regulators. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:223-30. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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88
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Lim SM, Westover KD, Ficarro SB, Harrison RA, Choi HG, Pacold ME, Carrasco M, Hunter J, Kim ND, Xie T, Sim T, Jänne PA, Meyerson M, Marto JA, Engen JR, Gray NS. Therapeutic Targeting of Oncogenic K-Ras by a Covalent Catalytic Site Inhibitor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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89
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Lim SM, Westover KD, Ficarro SB, Harrison RA, Choi HG, Pacold ME, Carrasco M, Hunter J, Kim ND, Xie T, Sim T, Jänne PA, Meyerson M, Marto JA, Engen JR, Gray NS. Therapeutic targeting of oncogenic K-Ras by a covalent catalytic site inhibitor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:199-204. [PMID: 24259466 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a GDP analogue, SML-8-73-1, and a prodrug derivative, SML-10-70-1, which are selective, direct-acting covalent inhibitors of the K-Ras G12C mutant relative to wild-type Ras. Biochemical and biophysical measurements suggest that modification of K-Ras with SML-8-73-1 renders the protein in an inactive state. These first-in-class covalent K-Ras inhibitors demonstrate that irreversible targeting of the K-Ras guanine-nucleotide binding site is potentially a viable therapeutic strategy for inhibition of Ras signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Min Lim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (USA); Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 (USA); Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
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90
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Shima F, Yoshikawa Y, Matsumoto S, Kataoka T. Discovery of small-molecule Ras inhibitors that display antitumor activity by interfering with Ras·GTP-effector interaction. Enzymes 2013; 34 Pt. B:1-23. [PMID: 25034098 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420146-0.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ras proteins, particularly their active GTP-bound forms (Ras·GTP), were thought "undruggable" owing to the absence of apparent drug-accepting pockets in their crystal structures. Only recently, such pockets have been found in the crystal structures representing a novel Ras·GTP conformation. We have conducted an in silico docking screen targeting a pocket in the crystal structure of M-Ras(P40D)·GTP and obtained Kobe0065, which, along with its analogue Kobe2602, inhibits binding of H-Ras·GTP to c-Raf-1. They inhibit the growth of H-rasG12V-transformed NIH3T3 cells, which are accompanied by downregulation of not only MEK/ERK but also Akt, RalA, and Sos, indicating the blockade of interaction with multiple effectors. Moreover, they exhibit antitumor activity on a xenograft of human colon carcinoma carrying K-rasG12V. The nuclear magnetic resonance structure of a complex of the compound with H-Ras(T35S)·GTP confirms its insertion into the surface pocket. Thus, these compounds may serve as a novel scaffold for the development of Ras inhibitors with higher potency and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Shima
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoko Yoshikawa
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tohru Kataoka
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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91
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Mace PD, Wallez Y, Egger MF, Dobaczewska MK, Robinson H, Pasquale EB, Riedl SJ. Structure of ERK2 bound to PEA-15 reveals a mechanism for rapid release of activated MAPK. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1681. [PMID: 23575685 PMCID: PMC3640864 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ERK1/2 kinases are the principal effectors of a central signaling cascade that converts extracellular stimuli into cell proliferation and migration responses and, when deregulated, can promote cell oncogenic transformation. The scaffolding protein PEA-15 is a death effector domain (DED) protein that directly interacts with ERK1/2 and affects ERK1/2 subcellular localization and phosphorylation. Here, to understand this ERK1/2 signaling complex, we have solved the crystal structures of PEA-15 bound to three different ERK2 phospho-conformers. The structures reveal that PEA-15 uses a bipartite binding mode, occupying two key docking sites of ERK2. Remarkably, PEA-15 can efficiently bind the ERK2 activation loop in the critical Thr-X-Tyr region in different phosphorylation states. PEA-15 binding triggers an extended allosteric conduit in dually phosphorylated ERK2, disrupting key features of active ERK2. At the same time PEA-15 binding protects ERK2 from dephosphorylation, thus setting the stage for immediate ERK activity upon its release from the PEA-15 inhibitory complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Mace
- Program in Apoptosis and Cell Death Research, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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92
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Abstract
Coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) analysis is a useful method for studying protein-protein interactions. It currently involves electrophoresis and western blotting, which are not optimized for detecting weak and transient interactions. In this protocol we describe an advanced version of co-IP analysis that uses real-time, single-molecule fluorescence imaging as its detection scheme. Bait proteins are pulled down onto the imaging plane of a total internal reflection (TIR) microscope. With unpurified cells or tissue extracts kept in reaction chambers, we observe single protein-protein interactions between the surface-immobilized bait and the fluorescent protein-labeled prey proteins in real time. Such direct recording provides an improvement of five orders of magnitude in the time resolution of co-IP analysis. With the single-molecule sensitivity and millisecond time resolution, which distinguish our method from other methods for measuring weak protein-protein interactions, it is possible to quantify the interaction kinetics and active fraction of native, unlabeled bait proteins. Real-time single-molecule co-IP analysis, which takes ∼4 h to complete from lysate preparation to kinetic analysis, provides a general avenue for revealing the rich kinetic picture of target protein-protein interactions, and it can be used, for example, to investigate the molecular lesions that drive individual cancers at the level of protein-protein interactions.
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93
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Ho M, Wilson BA, Peterson JW. Bacterially Expressed Raf-1 Catalytic Domain is Highly Associated with GroEL. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.199900101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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94
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Ritchie AW, Webb LJ. Optimizing Electrostatic Field Calculations with the Adaptive Poisson–Boltzmann Solver to Predict Electric Fields at Protein–Protein Interfaces. I. Sampling and Focusing. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:11473-89. [DOI: 10.1021/jp404582w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Ritchie
- Department
of Chemistry,
Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, and Institute
for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1
University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lauren J. Webb
- Department
of Chemistry,
Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, and Institute
for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1
University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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95
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Gingras AR, Puzon-McLaughlin W, Ginsberg MH. The structure of the ternary complex of Krev interaction trapped 1 (KRIT1) bound to both the Rap1 GTPase and the heart of glass (HEG1) cytoplasmic tail. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:23639-49. [PMID: 23814056 PMCID: PMC3745310 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.462911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of function mutation in Krev interaction trapped 1 (KRIT1) causes autosomal dominant familial cerebral cavernous malformations and disrupts cardiovascular development. The biological function of KRIT1 requires that its FERM (band 4.1, ezrin, radixin, moesin) domain physically interact with both the small GTPase Rap1 and the cytoplasmic tail of the Heart of glass (HEG1) membrane anchor. In this study, we show that the KRIT1 FERM domain can bind both Rap1 and HEG1 simultaneously, and we solved the crystal structure of the KRIT1-Rap1-HEG1 ternary complex. Rap1 binds on the surface of the F1 and F2 subdomains, in an interaction that leaves its Switch II region accessible to other potential effectors. HEG1 binds in a hydrophobic pocket at the KRIT1 F1 and F3 interface, and there is no overlap with the Rap1-binding site. Indeed, the affinity of KRIT1 or the KRIT1-Rap1 complex for HEG1 is comparable (Kd = 1.2 and 0.96 μm, respectively) showing that there is no competition between the two sites. Furthermore, analysis of this structure revealed a specific ionic interaction between the F2 lobe of KRIT1 and Rap1 that could explain the remarkable Rap1 specificity of KRIT1. This structural insight enabled design of KRIT1(K570I), a mutant that binds Rap1 with 8-fold lower affinity and exhibits increased binding to HRas. These data show that HEG1 can recruit the Rap1-KRIT complex to the plasma membrane where Rap1's Switch II region remains accessible and reveals an important determinant of KRIT1's specificity for Rap1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre R Gingras
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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96
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Qamra R, Hubbard SR. Structural basis for the interaction of the adaptor protein grb14 with activated ras. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72473. [PMID: 23967305 PMCID: PMC3742580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Grb14, a member of the Grb7-10-14 family of cytoplasmic adaptor proteins, is a tissue-specific negative regulator of insulin signaling. Grb7-10-14 contain several signaling modules, including a Ras-associating (RA) domain, a pleckstrin-homology (PH) domain, a family-specific BPS (between PH and SH2) region, and a C-terminal Src-homology-2 (SH2) domain. We showed previously that the RA and PH domains, along with the BPS region and SH2 domain, are necessary for downregulation of insulin signaling. Here, we report the crystal structure at 2.4-Å resolution of the Grb14 RA and PH domains in complex with GTP-loaded H-Ras (G12V). The structure reveals that the Grb14 RA and PH domains form an integrated structural unit capable of binding simultaneously to small GTPases and phosphoinositide lipids. The overall mode of binding of the Grb14 RA domain to activated H-Ras is similar to that of the RA domains of RalGDS and Raf1 but with important distinctions. The integrated RA-PH structural unit in Grb7-10-14 is also found in a second adaptor family that includes Rap1-interacting adaptor molecule (RIAM) and lamellipodin, proteins involved in actin-cytoskeleton rearrangement. The structure of Grb14 RA-PH in complex with H-Ras represents the first detailed molecular characterization of tandem RA-PH domains bound to a small GTPase and provides insights into the molecular basis for specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Qamra
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Stevan R. Hubbard
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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97
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Abstract
The Ras superfamily G-proteins are monomeric proteins of approximately 21kDa that act as a molecular switch to regulate a variety of cellular processes. The structure of the Ras superfamily G-proteins, their regulators as well as posttranslational modification of these proteins leading to their membrane association have been elucidated. The Ras superfamily G-proteins interact at their effector domains with their downstream effectors via protein-protein interactions. Mutational activation or overexpression of the Ras superfamily G-proteins has been observed in a number of human cancer cases. Over the years, a variety of approaches to inhibit the Ras superfamily G-proteins have been developed. These different approaches are discussed in this volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Tetlow
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fuyuhiko Tamanoi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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98
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99
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Real-time single-molecule co-immunoprecipitation analyses reveal cancer-specific Ras signalling dynamics. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1505. [PMID: 23422673 PMCID: PMC3586730 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) has become a standard technique, but its protein-band output provides only static, qualitative information about protein–protein interactions. Here we demonstrate a real-time single-molecule co-IP technique that generates real-time videos of individual protein–protein interactions as they occur in unpurified cell extracts. By analysing single Ras–Raf interactions with a 50-ms time resolution, we have observed transient intermediates of the protein–protein interaction and determined all the essential kinetic rates. Using this technique, we have quantified the active fraction of native Ras proteins in xenograft tumours, normal tissue and cancer cell lines. We demonstrate that the oncogenic Ras mutations selectively increase the active-Ras fraction by one order of magnitude, without affecting total Ras levels or single-molecule signalling kinetics. Our approach allows us to probe the previously hidden, dynamic aspects of weak protein–protein interactions. It also suggests a path forward towards precision molecular diagnostics at the protein–protein interaction level. Co-immunoprecipitation provides static and qualitative information about protein–protein interactions. Lee et al. create real-time movies of single protein–protein interactions during co-immunoprecipitation, and use them to assess the dynamics of mutant Ras proteins derived from tumours.
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100
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Goepfert A, Stanger FV, Dehio C, Schirmer T. Conserved inhibitory mechanism and competent ATP binding mode for adenylyltransferases with Fic fold. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64901. [PMID: 23738009 PMCID: PMC3667792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous FIC domain is evolutionarily conserved from bacteria to human and has been shown to catalyze AMP transfer onto protein side-chain hydroxyl groups. Recently, it was predicted that most catalytically competent Fic proteins are inhibited by the presence of an inhibitory helix αinh that is provided by a cognate anti-toxin (class I), or is part of the N- or C-terminal part of the Fic protein itself (classes II and III). In vitro, inhibition is relieved by mutation of a conserved glutamate of αinh to glycine. For the class III bacterial Fic protein NmFic from Neisseria meningitidis, the inhibitory mechanism has been elucidated. Here, we extend above study by including bacterial class I and II Fic proteins VbhT from Bartonella schoenbuchensis and SoFic from Shewanella oneidensis, respectively, and the respective E->G mutants. Comparative enzymatic and crystallographic analyses show that, in all three classes, the ATP substrate binds to the wild-type FIC domains, but with the α-phosphate in disparate and non-competent orientations. In the E->G mutants, however, the tri-phosphate moiety is found reorganized to the same tightly bound structure through a unique set of hydrogen bonds with Fic signature motif residues. The γ-phosphate adopts the location that is taken by the inhibitory glutamate in wild-type resulting in an α-phosphate orientation that can be attacked in-line by a target side-chain hydroxyl group. The latter is properly registered to the Fic active center by main-chain β-interactions with the β-hairpin flap. These data indicate that the active site motif and the exposed edge of the flap are both required to form an adenylylation-competent Fic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Goepfert
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Focal Area Structural Biology and Biophysics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric V. Stanger
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Focal Area Structural Biology and Biophysics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Dehio
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (TS); (CD)
| | - Tilman Schirmer
- Focal Area Structural Biology and Biophysics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (TS); (CD)
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