51
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Richter G, Liao VWY, Ahring PK, Chebib M. The Z-Drugs Zolpidem, Zaleplon, and Eszopiclone Have Varying Actions on Human GABA A Receptors Containing γ1, γ2, and γ3 Subunits. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:599812. [PMID: 33328871 PMCID: PMC7710685 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.599812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric-acid type A (GABA A ) receptors expressing the γ1 or γ3 subunit are only found within a few regions of the brain, some of which are involved in sleep. No known compounds have been reported to selectively target γ1- or γ3-containing GABA A receptors. Pharmacological assessments of this are conflicting, possibly due to differences in experimental models, conditions, and exact protocols when reporting efficacies and potencies. In this study, we evaluated the modulatory properties of five non-benzodiazepine Z-drugs (zaleplon, indiplon, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and alpidem) used in sleep management and the benzodiazepine, diazepam on human α1β2γ receptors using all three γ subtypes. This was accomplished using concatenated GABA A pentamers expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and measured via two-electrode voltage clamp. This approach removes the potential for single subunits to form erroneous receptors that could contribute to the pharmacological assessment of these compounds. No compound tested had significant effects on γ1-containing receptors below 10 μM. Interestingly, zaleplon and indiplon were found to modulate γ3-containing receptors equally as efficacious as γ2-containing receptors. Furthermore, zaleplon had a higher potency for γ3- than for γ2-containing receptors, indicating certain therapeutic effects could occur via these γ3-containing receptors. Eszopiclone modulated γ3-containing receptors with reduced efficacy but no reduction in potency. These data demonstrate that the imidazopyridines zaleplon and indiplon are well suited to further investigate potential γ3 effects on sleep in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Richter
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Mary Chebib
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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52
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Benkherouf AY, Eerola K, Soini SL, Uusi-Oukari M. Humulone Modulation of GABA A Receptors and Its Role in Hops Sleep-Promoting Activity. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:594708. [PMID: 33177986 PMCID: PMC7591795 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.594708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humulus lupulus L. (hops) is a major constituent of beer. It exhibits neuroactive properties that make it useful as a sleeping aid. These effects are hypothesized to be mediated by an increase in GABAA receptor function. In the quest to uncover the constituents responsible for the sedative and hypnotic properties of hops, recent evidence revealed that humulone, a prenylated phloroglucinol derivative comprising 35-70% of hops alpha acids, may act as a positive modulator of GABAA receptors at low micromolar concentrations. This raises the question whether humulone plays a key role in hops pharmacological activity and potentially interacts with other modulators such as ethanol, bringing further enhancement in GABAA receptor-mediated effects of beer. Here we assessed electrophysiologically the positive modulatory activity of humulone on recombinant GABAA receptors expressed in HEK293 cells. We then examined humulone interactions with other active hops compounds and ethanol on GABA-induced displacement of [3H]EBOB binding to native GABAA receptors in rat brain membranes. Using BALB/c mice, we assessed humulone's hypnotic behavior with pentobarbital- and ethanol-induced sleep as well as sedation in spontaneous locomotion with open field test. We demonstrated for the first time that humulone potentiates GABA-induced currents in α1β3γ2 receptors. In radioligand binding to native GABAA receptors, the inclusion of ethanol enhanced humulone modulation of GABA-induced displacement of [3H]EBOB binding in rat forebrain and cerebellum as it produced a leftward shift in [3H]EBOB displacement curves. Moreover, the additive modulatory effects between humulone, isoxanthohumol and 6-prenylnaringenin were evident and corresponded to the sum of [3H]EBOB displacement by each compound individually. In behavioral tests, humulone shortened sleep onset and increased the duration of sleep induced by pentobarbital and decreased the spontaneous locomotion in open field at 20 mg/kg (i.p.). Despite the absence of humulone effects on ethanol-induced sleep onset, sleep duration was increased dose-dependently down to 10 mg/kg (i.p.). Our findings confirmed humulone's positive allosteric modulation of GABAA receptor function and displayed its sedative and hypnotic behavior. Humulone modulation can be potentially enhanced by ethanol and hops modulators suggesting a probable enhancement in the intoxicating effects of ethanol in hops-enriched beer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mikko Uusi-Oukari
- Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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53
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Yang JM, Shen CJ, Chen XJ, Kong Y, Liu YS, Li XW, Chen Z, Gao TM, Li XM. erbb4 Deficits in Chandelier Cells of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Confer Cognitive Dysfunctions: Implications for Schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:4334-4346. [PMID: 30590426 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
erbb4 is a known susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. Chandelier cells (ChCs, also known as axo-axonic cells) are a distinct GABAergic interneuron subtype that exclusively target the axonal initial segment, which is the site of pyramidal neuron action potential initiation. ChCs are a source of ErbB4 expression and alterations in ChC-pyramidal neuron connectivity occur in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of schizophrenic patients and animal models of schizophrenia. However, the contribution of ErbB4 in mPFC ChCs to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia remains unknown. By conditional deletion or knockdown of ErbB4 from mPFC ChCs, we demonstrated that ErbB4 deficits led to impaired ChC-pyramidal neuron connections and cognitive dysfunctions. Furthermore, the cognitive dysfunctions were normalized by L-838417, an agonist of GABAAα2 receptors enriched in the axonal initial segment. Given that cognitive dysfunctions are a core symptom of schizophrenia, our results may provide a new perspective for understanding the etiology of schizophrenia and suggest that GABAAα2 receptors may be potential pharmacological targets for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Yang
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Joint Institute for Genetics and Genome Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen-Jie Shen
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Joint Institute for Genetics and Genome Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Chen
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Joint Institute for Genetics and Genome Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Kong
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Si Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tian-Ming Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Joint Institute for Genetics and Genome Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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54
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Rodríguez-Landa JF, Guillén-Ruiz G, Hernández-López F, Cueto-Escobedo J, Rivadeneyra-Domínguez E, Bernal-Morales B, Herrera-Huerta EV. Chrysin reduces anxiety-like behavior through actions on GABA A receptors during metestrus-diestrus in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2020; 397:112952. [PMID: 33017640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Low concentrations of ovarian hormones, among other factors, are associated with greater vulnerability to negative effects of environmental stressors and may trigger anxiety symptoms in females. The flavonoid chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) exerts anxiolytic-like effects in male and ovariectomized female rats, but it is unknown if chrysin could reduce anxiety-like behavior that naturally occurs through the ovarian cycle phases. The present study evaluated the effect of chrysin on anxiety-like behavior associated with the ovarian cycle phases in rats and the participation of γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptors in these actions. The acute effects of chrysin (2 mg/kg) were investigated in female cycling Wistar rats in the elevated plus maze, locomotor activity test, and light/dark test. Diazepam (2 mg/kg) was used as reference anxiolytic drug. The participation of GABAA receptor in the anxiolytic actions of chrysin was explored by pretreating the rats with the noncompetitive GABAA chloride ion channel antagonist picrotoxin (1 mg/kg). Chrysin and diazepam prevented anxiety-like behavior that was associated with the metestrus-diestrus phase in both the elevated plus maze and light/dark test, and these effects were reversed by picrotoxin, with no significant changes in spontaneous locomotor activity. No significant motor effects of chrysin were detected in either behavioral test during proestrus-estrus or metestrus-diestrus phases, whereas diazepam produced motor hypoactivity in the locomotor activity test during proestrus-estrus phase. These results indicate that the flavonoid chrysin prevents anxiety-like behavior that naturally occurs during metestrus-diestrus in two unconditioned models that are used to evaluate anxiety-like behavior, and these effects were mediated by actions on GABAA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Francisco Rodríguez-Landa
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico; Facultad de Química Farmacéutica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Gabriel Guillén-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico; Cátedras CONACyT-Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Hernández-López
- Unidad de Medicina Familiar No. 66, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Jonathan Cueto-Escobedo
- Departamento de Investigación Clínica y Traslacional, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | | | - Blandina Bernal-Morales
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico; Facultad de Química Farmacéutica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
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55
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Karam HM, Radwan RR. Low dose γ radiation enhances antidepressant effect of resveratrol: Behavioral and neurochemical studies. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:1137-1145. [PMID: 32463565 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The low dose of radiation (LDR) has received growing attention for its beneficial neuroprotective effect. This study was designed to investigate the enhancing effect of LDR on the antidepressant potential of resveratrol against diazepam-induced depression in mice. Female mice divided into five groups; control, diazepam (2 mg/kg), LDR (0.5Gy) + diazepam, resveratrol (20 mg/kg) + diazepam, LDR + resveratrol+diazepam. Mice received diazepam showed depressive symptoms as evidenced by decreased locomotor activity in the open field and increased immobility time in the forced swimming and tail suspension tests integrated with a marked decline in biogenic amines (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) in brain tissues. These effects were ameliorated by LDR or resveratrol administration demonstrating an antidepressant activity. Interestingly, LDR triggered the antidepressant effect of resveratrol as it restored the changes in behavioral tests, neurotransmitters, and neuro-histoarchitecture. In conclusion, these findings suggested that LDR could be considered as a novel adjuvant that augmented the resveratrol antidepressant effect and might serve as a potential therapeutic approach for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M Karam
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rasha R Radwan
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
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56
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Ren XJ, Wang QQ, Zhang XP, Wang GY, Liu T, Deng N, Yan DQ. Establishment of a rat model with ageing insomnia induced by D-galactosef and para-chlorophenylalanine. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:3228-3236. [PMID: 32855692 PMCID: PMC7444385 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to establish a rat model of ageing insomnia induced by D-galactose and/or para-chlorophenylalanine. Following establishment of the model, body weights were measured, and Morris water maze and pentobarbital-induced sleep tests were performed. The serum levels of inflammatory mediators and the neural levels of neurotransmitters were detected. The results demonstrated that the body weights of PCPA+D-gal-induced ageing insomnia rats decreased significantly. Ageing insomnia rats exhibited longer latencies to the platform in the Morris water maze tests and fewer target crossings. The sleep latency of the model rats was longer and sleep time was shorter by contrast. The relative expression of hippocampal IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB and mGluR2 mRNA of the PCPA+D-gal-induced ageing insomnia group was higher, while the relative expression of 5-HT1AR and GABAARa1 mRNA were lower. The serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and brain level of glutamate increased in the PCPA+D-gal-induced ageing insomnia group, while the levels of 5-HT and GABA decreased. In conclusion, memory function, sleep time, expression of inflammatory factors and neurotransmitters are altered in ageing insomnia rats induced by D-galactose and para-chlorophenylalanine, indicating the successful establishment of a murine model of ageing insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Juan Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China.,Department of Gerontology, Xinjiang Urumqi Municipality Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830002, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Quan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Ping Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Guan-Ying Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Gerontology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Ning Deng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - De-Qi Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
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57
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Xie F, Zhang B, Chen Y, Jia H, Sun L, Zhuang K, Yin L, Cheng M, Lin B, Liu Y. A Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Tandem Cyclization to Benzo[
b
]indeno[1,2‐
e
][1,4]diazepines from
o
‐Phenylenediamines and Ynones. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fukai Xie
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University) Ministry of Education Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
- Wuya College of Innovation Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
- Institute of Drug Research in Medicine Capital of China Benxi 117000 People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University) Ministry of Education Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
- Wuya College of Innovation Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
- Institute of Drug Research in Medicine Capital of China Benxi 117000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University) Ministry of Education Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
- Wuya College of Innovation Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
- Institute of Drug Research in Medicine Capital of China Benxi 117000 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University) Ministry of Education Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
- Institute of Drug Research in Medicine Capital of China Benxi 117000 People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University) Ministry of Education Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
- Wuya College of Innovation Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
- Institute of Drug Research in Medicine Capital of China Benxi 117000 People's Republic of China
| | - Kaitong Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University) Ministry of Education Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
- Institute of Drug Research in Medicine Capital of China Benxi 117000 People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Yin
- Shenyang Heshi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Shengyang 110163 People's Republic of China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University) Ministry of Education Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
- Institute of Drug Research in Medicine Capital of China Benxi 117000 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University) Ministry of Education Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
- Institute of Drug Research in Medicine Capital of China Benxi 117000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University) Ministry of Education Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
- Wuya College of Innovation Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
- Institute of Drug Research in Medicine Capital of China Benxi 117000 People's Republic of China
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58
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Knutson DE, Smith JL, Ping X, Jin X, Golani LK, Li G, Tiruveedhula VVNPB, Rashid F, Mian MY, Jahan R, Sharmin D, Cerne R, Cook JM, Witkin JM. Imidazodiazepine Anticonvulsant, KRM-II-81, Produces Novel, Non-diazepam-like Antiseizure Effects. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2624-2637. [PMID: 32786313 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The need for improved medications for the treatment of epilepsy and chronic pain is essential. Epileptic patients typically take multiple antiseizure drugs without complete seizure freedom, and chronic pain is not fully managed with current medications. A positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of α2/3-containing GABAA receptors (5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazole[1,5-α][1,4]diazepin-3-yl) oxazole or KRM-II-81 (8) is a lead compound in a series of imidazodiazepines. We previously reported that KRM-II-81 produces broad-based anticonvulsant and antinociceptive efficacy in rodent models and provides a wider margin over motoric side effects than that of other GABAA receptor PAMs. The present series of experiments was designed to fill key missing gaps in prior preclinical studies assessing whether KRM-II-81 could be further differentiated from nonselective GABAA receptor PAMs using the anticonvulsant diazepam (DZP) as a comparator. In multiple chemical seizure provocation models in mice, KRM-II-81 was either equally or more efficacious than DZP. Most strikingly, KRM-II-81 but not DZP blocked the development of seizure sensitivity to the chemoconvulsants cocaine and pentylenetetrazol in seizure kindling models. These and predecessor data have placed KRM-II-81 into consideration for clinical development requiring the manufacture of kilogram amounts of good manufacturing practice material. We describe here a novel synthetic route amenable to kilogram quantity production. The new biological and chemical data provide key steps forward in the development of KRM-II-81 (8) as an improved treatment option for patients suffering from epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Knutson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Jodi L. Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, Indiana 46260, United States
| | - Xingjie Ping
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202,United States
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202,United States
| | - Lalit K. Golani
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - V. V. N. Phani Babu Tiruveedhula
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Farjana Rashid
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Md Yeunus Mian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Rajwana Jahan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Rok Cerne
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, Indiana 46260, United States
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Witkin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, Indiana 46260, United States
- Departments of Neuroscience and Trauma Research, Ascension St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana 46260, United States
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59
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Bouayyadi A, Aliani AE, Kasmi Y, Moussaif A, Abbadi NE, Mesfioui A, Essassi EM, Mzibri ME. Molecular docking analysis of α2-containing GABAA receptors with benzimidazoles derivatives. Bioinformation 2020; 16:611-619. [PMID: 33214749 PMCID: PMC7649024 DOI: 10.6026/97320630016611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is of interest to study the binding capacity of "3-[2-(2-Amino-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)ethyl]-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one" (OXB2) with the active site of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) located in the GABA type A receptor (GABAAR) in comparison with different GABAA subtypes. Optimal binding features were observed with the α2β2γ2 isoform (-8 kcal/mol). This is similar (-7.3 and -7.2 kcal/mol, respectively) for subtypes (α3β2γ2 and α1β2γ2). This implies that OXB2 binds preferentially to subtypes associated with anxiety (α2- and/or α3-containing receptors) linked molecules than with the subtype associated with sedation (α1-containing receptors). It is further noted that molecular dynamics simulation data of the complex (OXB2-GABAAR) shows adequate structural stability in aqueous environment. Moreover, relevant ADMET data is found adequate for further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Bouayyadi
- Division of Life Sciences, National Centre for Energy, Nuclear Sciences and Techniques (CNESTEN), Morocco
| | - Aissam El Aliani
- Division of Life Sciences, National Centre for Energy, Nuclear Sciences and Techniques (CNESTEN), Morocco
| | - Yassine Kasmi
- Division of Life Sciences, National Centre for Energy, Nuclear Sciences and Techniques (CNESTEN), Morocco
| | - Ahmed Moussaif
- Division of Life Sciences, National Centre for Energy, Nuclear Sciences and Techniques (CNESTEN), Morocco
| | - Najia El Abbadi
- Division of Life Sciences, National Centre for Energy, Nuclear Sciences and Techniques (CNESTEN), Morocco
| | - Abdelhalim Mesfioui
- Laboratory of Genetic, Endocrinology and Biotechnology–Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofaïl University, Morocco
| | - El Mokhtar Essassi
- Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Sciences, Innovation and Research. Morocco
| | - Mohammed El Mzibri
- Division of Life Sciences, National Centre for Energy, Nuclear Sciences and Techniques (CNESTEN), Morocco
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60
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The role of hippocampal GABA A receptors on anxiolytic effects of Echium amoenum extract in a mice model of restraint stress. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:6487-6496. [PMID: 32778988 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05699-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Echium amoenum (EA), a popular medicinal plant in Persian medicine, has anxiolytic, antioxidant, sedative, and anti-inflammatory effects. This study examined whether GABA-ergic signaling is involved in the anxiolytic effects of EA in mice. Sixty BALB/c mice (25-30 g) were divided into six groups (n = 10) as follows: the (I) control group received 10 ml/kg normal saline (NS). In the stress groups, the animals underwent 14 consecutive days of restraint stress (RS), and received following treatments simultaneously; (II) RS + NS; (III) RS + Diaz (Diazepam); (IV) RS + EA; (V) RS + Flu (Flumazenil) + EA; (VI) RS + Flu + Diaz. Behavioral tests including the open field test (OFT) and elevated plus maze (EPM) were performed to evaluate anxiety-like behaviors and the effects of the regimens. The plasma level of corticosterone and the hippocampal protein expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α, CREB, and BDNF, as well as p-GABAA/GABAA ratio, were also assessed. The findings revealed that chronic administration of EA alone produced anxiolytic effects in both behavioral tests, while diazepam alone or in combination with Flu failed to decrease the anxiety-like behaviors. Furthermore, the p-GABAA/GABAA and p-CREB/CREB ratios, and protein levels of BDNF were significantly increased in the EA-received group. On the other hand, plasma corticosterone levels and the hippocampal IL-1β and TNF-α levels were significantly decreased by EA. However, pre-treatment with GABAA receptors (GABAA Rs) antagonist, Flu, reversed the anxiolytic and molecular effects of EA in the RS-subjected animals. Our findings confirmed that alternation of GABAAR is involved in the effects of EA against RS-induced anxiety-like behaviors, HPA axis activation, and neuroinflammation.
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Etemad L, Farkhari H, Alavi MS, Roohbakhsh A. The Effect of Dihydromyricetin, a Natural Flavonoid, on
Morphine-induced Conditioned Place Preference and Physical Dependence in
Mice. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2020; 70:410-416. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1206-6757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective Dihydromyricetin (DHM), a natural flavonoid, is used to reduce
alcohol hangover. It has a modulatory role on GABAA receptors with significant
effects on seizure and anxiety in animal models. We aimed to evaluate the effect
of DHM on morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) and withdrawal sings
following morphine dependence using animal models.
Methods The effect of DHM (1, 2 and 5 mg/kg,
intraperitoneal; ip) on the acquisition and expression of morphine-induced CPP
was evaluated in male mice. Administration of morphine for three consecutive
days induced physical dependence. The withdrawal signs such as jumping and
defecation were precipitated by administration of naloxone
(8 mg/kg, ip). The effect of DHM on the development of physical
dependence was assessed by injection of DHM before morphine administrations.
Results DHM, at the dose of 5 mg/kg, reduced expression
of morphine CPP with an increase in the locomotor activity. DHM, at the doses of
2 and 5 mg/kg, also reduced development of morphine CPP. DHM
alleviated development of morphine-induced physical dependence at the dose of 1,
2, and 5 mg/kg by decreasing jumping and defecation.
Conclusion These results indicated that DHM decreased acquisition and
expression of morphine CPP and inhibited development of morphine-induced
physical dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Etemad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute,
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Farkhari
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy,
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of
Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad,
Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute,
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Arias HR, Do Rego JL, Do Rego JC, Chen Z, Anouar Y, Scholze P, Gonzales EB, Huang R, Chagraoui A. Coronaridine congeners potentiate GABA A receptors and induce sedative activity in mice in a benzodiazepine-insensitive manner. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 101:109930. [PMID: 32194202 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether (+)-catharanthine induces sedative- or anxiolytic/anxiogenic-like activity in male mice, proper animal paradigms were used. The results showed that (+)-catharanthine induces sedative-like activity in the 63-72 mg/Kg dose range in a flumazenil-insensitive manner, but neither this effect nor anxiolytic/anxiogenic-like activity was observed at lower doses. To determine the underlying molecular mechanism of the sedative-like activity, electrophysiological and radioligand binding experiments were performed with (+)-catharanthine and (±)-18-methoxycoronaridine [(±)-18-MC] on GABAA (GABAARs) and glycine receptors (GlyRs). Coronaridine congeners both activated and potentiated a variety of human (h) GABAARs, except hρ1. (+)-Catharanthine-induced potentiation followed this receptor selectivity (EC50's in μM): hα1β2 (4.6 ± 0.8) > hα2β2γ2 (12.6 ± 3.8) ~ hα1β2γ2 (14.4 ± 4.6) indicating that both α1 and α2 are equally important, whereas γ2 is not necessary. (+)-Catharanthine was >2-fold more potent and efficient than (±)-18-MC at hα1β2γ2. (+)-Catharanthine also potentiated, whereas (±)-18-MC inhibited, hα1 GlyRs with very low potency. Additional [3H]-flunitrazepam competition binding experiments using rat cerebellum membranes clearly demonstrated that these ligands do not bind to the benzodiazepine site. This is supported by the observed activity at hα1β2 (lacking the BDZ site) and similar effects between α1- and α2-containing GABAARs. Our study shows, for the first time, that (+)-catharanthine induced sedative-like effects in mice, and coronaridine congeners potentiated human α1β2γ2, α1β2, and hα2β2γ2, but not ρ1, GABAARs, both in a benzodiazepine-insensitive fashion, whereas only (+)-catharanthine slightly potentiated GlyRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo R Arias
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Tahlequah, OK, USA.
| | - Jean Luc Do Rego
- Behavioral Analysis Platform SCAC, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France
| | - Jean Claude Do Rego
- Behavioral Analysis Platform SCAC, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France
| | - Zhenglan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Institute for Health Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Youssef Anouar
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Normandy (IRIB) Rouen, France
| | - Petra Scholze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eric B Gonzales
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Institute for Health Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Renqi Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Institute for Health Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Abdeslam Chagraoui
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Normandy (IRIB) Rouen, France; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, CHU de Rouen, France.
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Biggerstaff A, Kivell B, Smith JL, Mian MY, Golani LK, Rashid F, Sharmin D, Knutson DE, Cerne R, Cook JM, Witkin JM. The α2,3-selective potentiators of GABA A receptors, KRM-II-81 and MP-III-80, produce anxiolytic-like effects and block chemotherapy-induced hyperalgesia in mice without tolerance development. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 196:172996. [PMID: 32668266 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Opiate analgesics are one of the treatment options for severe chronic pain, including late-stage cancer, chronic back pain and other disorders. The recent resurgence in opioid overdose has highlighted the serious need for alternative medicines for pain management. While a role for potentiators of α2/3-containing GABAA receptors in the modulation of pain has been known for several years, advancements in this area required data from selective compounds. KRM-II-81(5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepin-3- yl)oxazole) and analogs selectively potentiate GABAA receptors containing α2/3 subunits and have recently been shown to attenuate pain behaviors in several acute and chronic pain models in rodents. The present study was designed to ascertain whether KRM-II-81 and the structural analog MP-III-80 (3-ethyl-5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepin-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole) would block chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel-induced pain in male, C57BL/6 mice. Both compounds significantly inhibited pain behaviors evoked by cold and tactile stimulation in paclitaxel-treated mice as did the neuropathic pain drug gabapentin. Subchronic dosing for 22 days with KRM-II-81 and MP-III-80 demonstrated enduring analgesic efficacy without tolerance development, while the effects of gabapentin showed evidence of tolerance development. KRM-II-81 and MP-III-80 also decreased marble-burying behavior in this mouse strain as did the anxiolytic drug chlordiazepoxide. In contrast to KRM-II-81 and MP-III-80, chlordiazepoxide had motor-impairing effects at anxiolytic-like doses. The data add to the literature documenting that these selective potentiators of α2/3-containing GABAA receptors are effective in a host of animal models used to detect novel analgesic drugs. The anxiolytic-like efficacy of these compounds fits well with the comorbidity of anxiety in patients with chronic pain and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Biggerstaff
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - B Kivell
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - J L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Md Y Mian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - L K Golani
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - F Rashid
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - D Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - D E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - R Cerne
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J M Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - J M Witkin
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and Trauma Research, Ascension St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Anxiolytic-like activity of 5-methoxyflavone in mice with involvement of GABAergic and serotonergic systems - in vivo and in silico evidences. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 36:100-110. [PMID: 32534819 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are common worldwide and novel compounds are investigated for anxiolytic effect. A few studies have demonstrated the anxiolytic-like activity of natural and synthetic flavonoids. 5-methoxyflavone, a synthetic flavone derivative, has been reported to exhibit central nervous system depressant (sedative-hypnotic) effect in an earlier study. The present study was designed to investigate whether 5-methoxyflavone possesses anxiolytic-like activity in mice by employing two unconditioned models of anxiety such as elevated plus maze and light-dark box test. The possible role played by GABAergic (GABAA) and serotonergic (5HT1A) systems in the anxiolytic-like effect of 5-methoxyflavone was also investigated in the elevated plus maze test. Molecular docking studies were performed to ascertain the interaction of 5-methoxyflavone with GABAA (α2 subunit-containing) and 5HT1A receptors. 5-methoxyflavone treatment in mice (10, 20 or 40 mg/kg, i.p) increased the number of entries and time spent in the open arms in an elevated plus maze (p < 0.001). In the light-dark box test a significant increase in the time spent in light compartment (p < 0.001) and prolonged latency to enter the dark compartment (p < 0.01) were also observed. Pretreatment of mice with 5HT1A antagonist pindolol (10 mg/kg, i.p) or GABAA antagonist bicuculline (2 mg/kg, i.p) significantly attenuated the effect of 5-methoxyflavone in the elevated plus maze test. In silico studies provided evidences for good binding affinity of 5-methoxyflavone towards GABAA (α2 subunit-containing) and serotonergic (5HT1A) receptors by H-bond interactions. In conclusion, the present study identified a novel anxiolytic-like effect of 5-methoxyflavone involving GABAergic and serotonergic mechanisms.
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The Impact of Emotional Symptoms and Family Support on the Association Between Homophobic Bullying and Sedative/Hypnotic Use among Gay and Bisexual Men in Taiwan: A Moderated Mediation Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17113870. [PMID: 32485987 PMCID: PMC7311954 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sedative/hypnotic use and homophobic bullying have become a big mental health concern for gay and bisexual men. However, few studies have investigated the mediators and moderators of the association between them. The current study aimed to build a conceptual model to estimate the mediating effect of emotional symptoms and the moderating effect of family support on this association among gay and bisexual men in Taiwan. A total of 500 gay or bisexual men were recruited for the study. Their history of homophobic bullying, their experience of sedative/hypnotic use, their perceived family support, and their current emotional symptoms were evaluated using self-reporting questionnaires. A moderated mediation model was developed to test the mediating effect of emotional symptoms and the moderating effect of family support. A higher level of homophobic bullying was significantly associated with sedative/hypnotic use among gay and bisexual men and this was mediated by a higher severity of emotional symptoms. A moderating effect of family support was identified, wherein the mediating effect of emotional symptoms was weaker when there was a higher level of perceived family support, thus revealing the protective effect of family support. The significant impact of emotional symptoms and family support on the association between homophobic bullying and sedative/hypnotic use was identified. Timely interventions for emotional symptoms and the enhancement of family support are crucial for gay and bisexual men.
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Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Cao SX, Sun P, Yang JM, Xia YF, Xie SZ, Yu XD, Fu JY, Shen CJ, He HY, Pan HQ, Chen XJ, Wang H, Li XM. MeCP2 in cholinergic interneurons of nucleus accumbens regulates fear learning. eLife 2020; 9:55342. [PMID: 32420873 PMCID: PMC7259956 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) encoded by the MECP2 gene is a transcriptional regulator whose mutations cause Rett syndrome (RTT). Mecp2-deficient mice show fear regulation impairment; however, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this abnormal behavior are largely uncharacterized. Here, we showed that Mecp2 gene deficiency in cholinergic interneurons of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) dramatically impaired fear learning. We further found that spontaneous activity of cholinergic interneurons in Mecp2-deficient mice decreased, mediated by enhanced inhibitory transmission via α2-containing GABAA receptors. With MeCP2 restoration, opto- and chemo-genetic activation, and RNA interference in ChAT-expressing interneurons of the NAc, impaired fear retrieval was rescued. Taken together, these results reveal a previously unknown role of MeCP2 in NAc cholinergic interneurons in fear regulation, suggesting that modulation of neurons in the NAc may ameliorate fear-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Xia Cao
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ming Yang
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Fang Xia
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Ze Xie
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Yu
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Yu Fu
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen-Jie Shen
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Yang He
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Qi Pan
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Chen
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Joint Institute for Genetics and Genome Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Taliani S, Da Settimo F, Martini C, Laneri S, Novellino E, Greco G. Exploiting the Indole Scaffold to Design Compounds Binding to Different Pharmacological Targets. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102331. [PMID: 32429433 PMCID: PMC7287756 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several indole derivatives have been disclosed by our research groups that have been collaborating for nearly 25 years. The results of our investigations led to a variety of molecules binding selectively to different pharmacological targets, specifically the type A γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) chloride channel, the translocator protein (TSPO), the murine double minute 2 (MDM2) protein, the A2B adenosine receptor (A2B AR) and the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). Herein, we describe how these works were conceived and carried out thanks to the versatility of indole nucleus to be exploited in the design and synthesis of drug-like molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Taliani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.D.S.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (G.G.); Tel.: +39-050-2219547 (S.T.); +39-081-678645 (G.G.)
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.D.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.D.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Sonia Laneri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.L.); (E.N.)
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.L.); (E.N.)
| | - Giovanni Greco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.L.); (E.N.)
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (G.G.); Tel.: +39-050-2219547 (S.T.); +39-081-678645 (G.G.)
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Hamilton KE, Shelton CM, Wheless J, Phelps SJ. Persistent Hypersomnolence Following Clobazam in a Child With Epilepsy and Undiagnosed CYP2C19 Polymorphism. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2020; 25:320-327. [PMID: 32461746 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-25.4.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We describe an 11-year-old female who presented with severe hypersomnolence after receiving 1 week of modest doses of clobazam (CLB). In reviewing the above case, we considered that the hypersomnolence could be related to a pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, or pharmacogenomic issue associated with CLB or to a combination of these factors. Although serum concentrations of CLB and its active metabolite are sensitive to factors that affect cytochrome-dependent metabolism, drug-drug interactions were omitted as a cause of the hypersomnolence. Subsequent DNA analysis of the cytochrome P450 2C19 gene revealed the patient as *2/*2 genotype with poor metabolizer enzyme activity. Because genetic testing of all patients treated with CLB is currently not practical, CLB dose/concentration ratios and pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction impact models may be indicated. Genetic testing should be considered when an adverse effect suggests the possibility of a polymorphism important to drug metabolism.
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Han W, Li J, Pelkey KA, Pandey S, Chen X, Wang YX, Wu K, Ge L, Li T, Castellano D, Liu C, Wu LG, Petralia RS, Lynch JW, McBain CJ, Lu W. Shisa7 is a GABA A receptor auxiliary subunit controlling benzodiazepine actions. Science 2020; 366:246-250. [PMID: 31601770 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax5719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The function and pharmacology of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs) are of great physiological and clinical importance and have long been thought to be determined by the channel pore-forming subunits. We discovered that Shisa7, a single-passing transmembrane protein, localizes at GABAergic inhibitory synapses and interacts with GABAARs. Shisa7 controls receptor abundance at synapses and speeds up the channel deactivation kinetics. Shisa7 also potently enhances the action of diazepam, a classic benzodiazepine, on GABAARs. Genetic deletion of Shisa7 selectively impairs GABAergic transmission and diminishes the effects of diazepam in mice. Our data indicate that Shisa7 regulates GABAAR trafficking, function, and pharmacology and reveal a previously unknown molecular interaction that modulates benzodiazepine action in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Han
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth A Pelkey
- Cellular and Synaptic Neuroscience Section, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Saurabh Pandey
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiumin Chen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ya-Xian Wang
- Advanced Imaging Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kunwei Wu
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lihao Ge
- Synaptic Transmission Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tianming Li
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Castellano
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Transgenetic Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ling-Gang Wu
- Synaptic Transmission Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald S Petralia
- Advanced Imaging Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joseph W Lynch
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Chris J McBain
- Cellular and Synaptic Neuroscience Section, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Steriade C, French J, Devinsky O. Epilepsy: key experimental therapeutics in early clinical development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:373-383. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1743678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claude Steriade
- Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacqueline French
- Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York, NY, USA
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71
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Antidepressant-like effects of kynurenic acid in a modified forced swim test. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:449-455. [DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an l-tryptophan metabolite with neuromodulatory activities, regulating the release of neurotransmitters such as glutamate, dopamine (DA), and acetylcholine (Ach). Dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway has been associated with neurodegenerative, neurological, and psychological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia.
Methods
The antidepressant-like effects of KYNA were studied with a modified mouse forced swimming test (FST), and the potential involvement of the serotonin (SER), norepinephrine, DA, Ach, N-methyl-d-aspartate, or gamma-aminobutyric acid subunit A (GABAA) receptors in its antidepressant-like effect was assayed by modified combination mouse FST. In combination studies, the mice were pretreated with the respective receptor antagonist, cyproheptadine (CPH), phenoxybenzamine, yohimbine, propranolol, haloperidol (HPD), atropine, MK-801, or bicuculline (BCL).
Results
The FST revealed that KYNA reversed immobility, climbing, and swimming times, suggesting the antidepressant-like effects of KYNA. Furthermore, the combination studies showed that CPH prevented the antidepressant-like effects of KYNA on immobility, climbing, and swimming times, whereas HPD reduced climbing time and BCL influenced immobility and climbing times and prevented the effects of KYNA on swimming time.
Conclusions
The results demonstrated, for the first time, the presence of antidepressant-like effects of KYNA in a modified mouse FST. Furthermore, modified combination FST showed that the antidepressant-like actions of KYNA strongly interacted with 5-hydroxytryptamine type 2 SER-ergic receptors, weakly interacted with D2, D3, D4 DA-ergic receptors, and interacted moderately with GABAA receptors.
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Lara CO, Burgos CF, Moraga-Cid G, Carrasco MA, Yévenes GE. Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels as Pharmacological Targets Against Chronic Pain. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:167. [PMID: 32218730 PMCID: PMC7079299 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a common detrimental condition that affects around 20% of the world population. The current drugs to treat chronic pain states, especially neuropathic pain, have a limited clinical efficiency and present significant adverse effects that complicates their regular use. Recent studies have proposed new therapeutic strategies focused on the pharmacological modulation of G-protein-coupled receptors, transporters, enzymes, and ion channels expressed on the nociceptive pathways. The present work intends to summarize recent advances on the pharmacological modulation of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels, which plays a key role in pain processing. Experimental data have shown that novel allosteric modulators targeting the excitatory nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, as well as the inhibitory GABAA and glycine receptors, reverse chronic pain-related behaviors in preclinical assays. Collectively, these evidences strongly suggest the pharmacological modulation of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels is a promising strategy towards the development of novel therapeutics to treat chronic pain states in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- César O Lara
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Carlos F Burgos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Gustavo Moraga-Cid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Mónica A Carrasco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Gonzalo E Yévenes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
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Li DJ, Chen SL, Chang YP, Yen CF. Factors Affecting Painkillers, Sedatives/Hypnotics, Nicotine, and Unhealthy Alcohol Use Among Gay and Bisexual Men in Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E851. [PMID: 32013262 PMCID: PMC7038077 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Substance use has become a major health problem globally for sexual minorities. However, few studies have explored multi-dimensional factors associated with smoking, drinking, and prescription drug use. We aimed to investigate the factors affecting painkiller, sedative/hypnotic, nicotine and unhealthy alcohol use among gay and bisexual men in Taiwan. We recruited 500 gay or bisexual men and assessed their experiences of using painkillers, sedatives/hypnotics, nicotine, alcohol and multi-dimensional factors with self-reported questionnaires. Multivariate logistic regression with a forward stepwise model was used to verify the factors associated with substance use. Overall, 9.4%, 5.4%, and 13.8% of the participants reported using painkillers, sedatives/hypnotics, and nicotine, respectively, and 5.6% reported unhealthy alcohol use. Victims of traditional homophobic bullying in childhood and adolescence were more likely to report nicotine use, sedative/hypnotic use, and unhealthy alcohol use in early adulthood than non-victims. Missing classes or truancy at senior high school was associated with painkiller and sedative/hypnotic use in early adulthood. Traditional homophobic bullying and missing classes or truancy in childhood and adolescence predicted substance use in early adulthood among the gay and bisexual men in this study. Timely preventions and interventions for substance use are crucial for gay and bisexual men, especially for those who experience homophobic bullying and missing classes or truancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Jeng Li
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Addiction Science, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung 80276, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Lan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Chang
- School of Nursing, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, New York, NY14214–3079, USA;
| | - Cheng-Fang Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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74
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Paine TA, Chang S, Poyle R. Contribution of GABA A receptor subunits to attention and social behavior. Behav Brain Res 2020; 378:112261. [PMID: 31560920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION GABA dysfunction is associated with a number of psychiatric conditions including schizophrenia, autism and depression. Blocking cortical GABAA receptors in rodents causes behavioral deficits, including impaired attention and sociability, that are consistent with the symptoms of these conditions. The subunit composition of GABAA receptors is diverse and can affect receptor function. The current experiment examined the role of GABAA receptors containing different α-subunits in social behavior and attention. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered FG7142 (0.0-5.0 mg/kg; a non-selective GABAA receptor inverse agonist), L-655,708 (0-1.0 mg/kg; a low efficacy inverse agonist at α5-containing GABAA receptors), MRK-016 (0.0-2.0 mg/kg; a high efficacy inverse agonist at α5-containing GABAA receptors), or L-838,417 (0.0-3.0 mg/kg; an antagonist at α1-containing receptors and a partial agonist at α2, α3, α5-containing GABAA receptors) and either tested on the social interaction and social preference tests or the 5-choice serial reaction time task. RESULTS FG7142 decreased social interactions and impaired attention. MRK-016 impaired attention but did not affect social behavior. Neither L-655,708 nor L-838,417 significantly affected either social behavior or attention. DISCUSSION Systemic reduction in GABAA receptor signaling decreased sociability and attention, a result consistent with past research demonstrating cortical GABAA receptor blockade impairs social behavior and attention. Overall, the effects of the receptor subtype selective ligands were minimal; α5-containing GABAA receptors may contribute to the attentional deficit but do not contribute to the decrease in sociability. Further research is needed to determine the GABAA receptor subunits that contribute to social behavior and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracie A Paine
- Department of Neuroscience, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, 44074, United States.
| | - Sara Chang
- Department of Neuroscience, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, 44074, United States
| | - Rachel Poyle
- Department of Neuroscience, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, 44074, United States
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Pandey KP, Khan ZA, Golani LK, Mondal P, Mian Y, Rashid F, Tiruveedhula VVNPB, Knutson DE, Sharmin D, Ahmed T, Rezvanian S, Zahn NM, Arnold LA, Witkin JM, Cook JM. Design, synthesis and characterization of novel gamma‑aminobutyric acid type A receptor ligands. ARKIVOC 2020; 2020:242-256. [PMID: 33642954 DOI: 10.24820/ark.5550190.p011.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antinociceptive ligand HZ-166 is a GABAA α2/α3 receptor subtype-selective potentiator. It has been shown to exhibit anxiolytic-like effects in rodent and rhesus monkeys, as well as reduced sedative/ataxic liabilities. In order to improve the metabolic stability of HZ-166, the ethyl ester moiety was bioisosterically replaced with 2,4-disubstituted oxazoles and oxazolines. The new analogs of HZ-166 were synthesized, characterized, and evalutated for their biological activity and docked in the human full-length heteromeric α1β3γ2L GABAA receptor subtype CyroEM structure (6HUO). Importantly no sedation nor ataxia was observed on the rotorod for LKG-I-70 (6) or KPP-III-51 (6c) at 100 and 120 mg/kg, respectively. These was also no loss of righting response for either ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal P Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Zubair Ahmed Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Lalit K Golani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Prithu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Yeunus Mian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Farjana Rashid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - V V N Phani Babu Tiruveedhula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Taukir Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Sepideh Rezvanian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Nicolas M Zahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
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Witkin JM, Li G, Golani LK, Xiong W, Smith JL, Ping X, Rashid F, Jahan R, Cerne R, Cook JM, Jin X. The Positive Allosteric Modulator of α2/3-Containing GABA A Receptors, KRM-II-81, Is Active in Pharmaco-Resistant Models of Epilepsy and Reduces Hyperexcitability after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 372:83-94. [PMID: 31694876 PMCID: PMC6927408 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.260968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The imidizodiazepine, 5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepin-3-yl)oxazole (KRM-II-81), is selective for α2/3-containing GABAA receptors. KRM-II-81 dampens seizure activity in rodent models with enhanced efficacy and reduced motor-impairment compared with diazepam. In the present study, KRM-II-81 was studied in assays designed to detect antiepileptics with improved chances of impacting pharmaco-resistant epilepsies. The potential for reducing neural hyperactivity weeks after traumatic brain injury was also studied. KRM-II-81 suppressed convulsions in corneal-kindled mice. Mice with kainate-induced mesial temporal lobe seizures exhibited spontaneous recurrent hippocampal paroxysmal discharges that were significantly reduced by KRM-II-81 (15 mg/kg, orally). KRM-II-81 also decreased convulsions in rats undergoing amygdala kindling in the presence of lamotrigine (lamotrigine-insensitive model) (ED50 = 19 mg/kg, i.p.). KRM-II-81 reduced focal and generalized seizures in a kainate-induced chronic epilepsy model in rats (20 mg/kg, i.p., three times per day). In mice with damage to the left cerebral cortex by controlled-cortical impact, enduring neuronal hyperactivity was dampened by KRM-II-81 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) as observed through in vivo two-photon imaging of layer II/III pyramidal neurons in GCaMP6-expressing transgenic mice. No notable side effects emerged up to doses of 300 mg/kg KRM-II-81. Molecular modeling studies were conducted: docking in the binding site of the α1β3γ2L GABAA receptor showed that replacing the C8 chlorine atom of alprazolam with the acetylene of KRM-II-81 led to loss of the key interaction with α1His102, providing a structural rationale for its low affinity for α1-containing GABAA receptors compared with benzodiazepines such as alprazolam. Overall, these findings predict that KRM-II-81 has improved therapeutic potential for epilepsy and post-traumatic epilepsy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We describe the effects of a relatively new orally bioavailable small molecule in rodent models of pharmaco-resistant epilepsy and traumatic brain injury. KRM-II-81 is more potent and generally more efficacious than standard-of-care antiepileptics. In silico docking experiments begin to describe the structural basis for the relative lack of motor impairment induced by KRM-II-81. KRM-II-81 has unique structural and anticonvulsant effects, predicting its potential as an improved antiepileptic drug and novel therapy for post-traumatic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Witkin
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Lalit K Golani
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Wenhui Xiong
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Jodi L Smith
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Xingjie Ping
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Farjana Rashid
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Rajwana Jahan
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Rok Cerne
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
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SILVA ALLYSONQDA, NILIN JEAMYLLE, LOUREIRO SUSANA, COSTA-LOTUFO LETICIAV. Acute and chronic toxicity of the benzodiazepine diazepam to the tropical crustacean Mysidopsis juniae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 92:e20180595. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020180595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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78
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Kreuzer M, García PS, Brucklacher-Waldert V, Claassen R, Schneider G, Antkowiak B, Drexler B. Diazepam and ethanol differently modulate neuronal activity in organotypic cortical cultures. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:58. [PMID: 31823754 PMCID: PMC6902402 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pharmacodynamic results of diazepam and ethanol administration are similar, in that each can mediate amnestic and sedative-hypnotic effects. Although each of these molecules effectively reduce the activity of central neurons, diazepam does so through modulation of a more specific set of receptor targets (GABAA receptors containing a γ-subunit), while alcohol is less selective in its receptor bioactivity. Our investigation focuses on divergent actions of diazepam and ethanol on the firing patterns of cultured cortical neurons. Method We used electrophysiological recordings from organotypic slice cultures derived from Sprague–Dawley rat neocortex. We exposed these cultures to either diazepam (15 and 30 µM, n = 7) or ethanol (30 and 60 mM, n = 11) and recorded the electrical activity at baseline and experimental conditions. For analysis, we extracted the episodes of spontaneous activity, i.e., cortical up-states. After separation of action potential and local field potential (LFP) activity, we looked at differences in the number of action potentials, in the spectral power of the LFP, as well as in the coupling between action potential and LFP phase. Results While both substances seem to decrease neocortical action potential firing in a not significantly different (p = 0.659, Mann–Whitney U) fashion, diazepam increases the spectral power of the up-state without significantly impacting the spectral composition, whereas ethanol does not significantly change the spectral power but the oscillatory architecture of the up-state as revealed by the Friedman test with Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05). Further, the action potential to LFP-phase coupling reveals a synchronizing effect of diazepam for a wide frequency range and a narrow-band de-synchronizing effect for ethanol (p < 0.05, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test). Conclusion Diazepam and ethanol, induce specific patterns of network depressant actions. Diazepam induces cortical network inhibition and increased synchronicity via gamma subunit containing GABAA receptors. Ethanol also induces cortical network inhibition, but without an increase in synchronicity via a wider span of molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kreuzer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul S García
- Department of Anesthesiology, Neuroanesthesia Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, USA
| | - Verena Brucklacher-Waldert
- Dept. of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Experimental Anesthesiology Section, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Horizon Discovery, 8100 Cambridge Research Park, Waterbeach, Cambridge, CB25 9TL, UK
| | - Rebecca Claassen
- Dept. of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Experimental Anesthesiology Section, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Psychiatrie-Zentrum Linthgebiet, Standort Rapperswil, Untere Bahnhofstrasse 11, 8640, Rapperswil, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Schneider
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Antkowiak
- Dept. of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Experimental Anesthesiology Section, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Werner Reichardt Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Berthold Drexler
- Dept. of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Experimental Anesthesiology Section, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Cao Y, Yan H, Yu G, Su R. Flumazenil-insensitive benzodiazepine binding sites in GABAA receptors contribute to benzodiazepine-induced immobility in zebrafish larvae. Life Sci 2019; 239:117033. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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80
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Maramai S, Benchekroun M, Ward SE, Atack JR. Subtype Selective γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor (GABAAR) Modulators Acting at the Benzodiazepine Binding Site: An Update. J Med Chem 2019; 63:3425-3446. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Maramai
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Mohamed Benchekroun
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
- Équipe de Chimie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Génomique Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire, GBCM, EA7528, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
| | - Simon E. Ward
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - John R. Atack
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
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81
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Non-sedating benzodiazepines cause paralysis and tissue damage in the parasitic blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007826. [PMID: 31730614 PMCID: PMC6881066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic flatworm infections (e.g. tapeworms and fluke worms) are treated by a limited number of drugs. In most cases, control is reliant upon praziquantel (PZQ) monotherapy. However, PZQ is ineffective against sexually immature parasites, and there have also been several concerning reports on cestode and trematode infections with poor PZQ cure-rates, emphasizing the need for alternative therapies to treat these infections. We have revisited a series of benzodiazepines given the anti-schistosomal activity of meclonazepam (MCLZ). MCLZ was discovered in the 1970's but was not brought to market due to dose-limiting sedative side effects. However, in the decades since there have been advances in our understanding of the benzodiazepine GABAA receptor sub-types that drive sedation and the development of sub-type selective, non-sedating ligands. Additionally, the sequencing of flatworm genomes reveals that parasitic trematodes and cestodes have lost GABAAR-like ligand gated anion channels, indicating that MCLZ's anti-parasitic target is distinct from the human receptors that drive sedation. Therefore, we have screened a library of classical and non-sedating 1,4-benzodiazepines against Schistosoma mansoni and identified a series of imidazobenzodiazepines that immobilize worms in vitro. One of these hits, Xhe-II-048 also disrupted the parasite tegument, resulting in extensive vacuole formation beneath the apical membrane. The hit compound series identified has a dramatically lower (~1000×) affinity for the human central benzodiazepine binding site and is a promising starting point for the development of novel anti-schistosomal benzodiazepines with minimal host side-effects.
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82
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Self-administration of benzodiazepine and cocaine combinations by male and female rhesus monkeys in a choice procedure: role of α1 subunit-containing GABA A receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:3271-3279. [PMID: 31183518 PMCID: PMC6832789 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Compounds lacking efficacy at the α1 subunit-containing GABAA (α1GABAA) receptor appear to have reduced abuse potential compared with those having measurable efficacy at this receptor, though their self-administration in nonhuman primates is dependent upon past drug experience. OBJECTIVES We used a drug vs. drug choice procedure to evaluate the hypothesis that L-838,417, a compound lacking efficacy at αGABAA receptors, would not enhance cocaine choice in monkeys trained to self-administer cocaine. We also hypothesized that zolpidem, a compound with preferential modulation of ⍺1GABAA receptors and midazolam, a nonselective benzodiazepine, would enhance cocaine choice in this procedure. METHODS One female and three male rhesus monkeys chose between cocaine alone (0.1 mg/kg/injection) vs. the same dose of cocaine combined with midazolam (0.003-0.1 mg/kg/injection), zolpidem (0.003-0.3 mg/kg/injection), or L-838-417 (0.01-0.1 mg/kg/injection). In addition, we evaluated choice between saline and L-838,417 at select doses to determine whether L-838,417 would function as a reinforcer on its own. RESULTS Consistent with our hypotheses, midazolam- and zolpidem-cocaine mixtures were chosen over cocaine alone at sufficiently high doses. However, L-838,417-cocaine mixtures also were chosen over cocaine alone in three of four subjects with at least one dose. When available alone vs. saline, L-838,417 did not function as a reinforcer in any subject. CONCLUSION Compounds that lack efficacy at α1GABAA receptors may have low abuse potential compared to classic benzodiazepines, but self-administration of these compounds is context-dependent.
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83
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Moniri NH. Reintroduction of quazepam: an update on comparative hypnotic and adverse effects. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2019; 34:275-285. [PMID: 31274695 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Insomnia is a prevalent disorder that affects over one-third of the U.S. population to varying degrees and is highly disruptive towards quality of life. Pharmacological treatments for insomnia include benzodiazepines (BZs) and the non-BZ 'Z-drugs' (zolpidem, zaleplon, eszopiclone, zopiclone), which are amongst the most widely prescribed medications. Yet, these agents can produce adverse effects such as tolerance to the hypnotic effect, rebound insomnia, next-day residual drowsiness, as well as amnesia and complex behaviours such as sleep-walking, sleep-eating and sleep-driving. Quazepam, one of the five BZ approved for treatment of insomnia, was recently relaunched to the U.S. market in 2016 and is distinguished amongst hypnotic BZ by unique pharmacological characteristics including selectivity for sleep-promoting α1-subunit containing γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA-A) receptors and a significantly lower relative receptor binding affinity. These features likely drive the decreased rate of adverse events seen clinically with quazepam, such as tolerance, rebound insomnia and amnesic behaviours, compared with other BZ. Given the recent reintroduction of quazepam as a pharmacotherapeutic option, and the lack of head-to-head comparative trials against newer agents, the purpose of this review is to provide an update on distinguishing features of quazepam with regard to its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, sleep efficacy and potential adverse effects compared to other agents used for insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader H Moniri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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84
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Abstract
Current GABAergic sleep-promoting medications were developed pragmatically, without making use of the immense diversity of GABAA receptors. Pharmacogenetic experiments are leading to an understanding of the circuit mechanisms in the hypothalamus by which zolpidem and similar compounds induce sleep at α2βγ2-type GABAA receptors. Drugs acting at more selective receptor types, for example, at receptors containing the α2 and/or α3 subunits expressed in hypothalamic and brain stem areas, could in principle be useful as hypnotics/anxiolytics. A highly promising sleep-promoting drug, gaboxadol, which activates αβδ-type receptors failed in clinical trials. Thus, for the time being, drugs such as zolpidem, which work as positive allosteric modulators at GABAA receptors, continue to be some of the most effective compounds to treat primary insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wisden
- Department Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - X Yu
- Department Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - N P Franks
- Department Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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85
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Witkin JM, Ping X, Cerne R, Mouser C, Jin X, Hobbs J, Tiruveedhula VVNPB, Li G, Jahan R, Rashid F, Kumar Golani L, Cook JM, Smith JL. The value of human epileptic tissue in the characterization and development of novel antiepileptic drugs: The example of CERC-611 and KRM-II-81. Brain Res 2019; 1722:146356. [PMID: 31369732 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The need for improved antiepileptics is clearly mandated despite the existence of multiple existing medicines from different chemical and mechanistic classes. Standard of care agents do not fully control epilepsies and have a variety of side-effect and safety issues. Patients typically take multiple antiepileptic drugs and yet many continue to have seizures. Antiepileptic-unresponsive seizures are life-disrupting and life-threatening. One approach to seizure control is surgical resection of affected brain tissue and associated neural circuits. Although non-human brain studies can provide insight into novel antiepileptic mechanisms, human epileptic brain is the bottom-line biological substrate. Human epileptic brain can provide definitive information on the presence or absence of the putative protein targets of interest in the patient population, the potential changes in these proteins in the epileptic state, and the engagement of novel molecules and their functional impact in target tissue. In this review, we discuss data on two novel potential antiepileptic drugs. CERC-611 (LY3130481) is an AMPA receptor antagonist that selectively blocks AMPA receptors associated with the auxiliary protein TARP γ-8 and is in clinical development. KRM-II-81 is a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors selectively associated with protein subunits α2 and α 3. Preclinical data on these compounds argue that patient-based biological data increase the probability that a newly discovered molecule will translate its antiepileptic potential to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Witkin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Xingjie Ping
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rok Cerne
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Claire Mouser
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jon Hobbs
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Rajwana Jahan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Farjana Rashid
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Lalit Kumar Golani
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jodi L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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86
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Nomura T, Hawkins NA, Kearney JA, George AL, Contractor A. Potentiating α 2 subunit containing perisomatic GABA A receptors protects against seizures in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome. J Physiol 2019; 597:4293-4307. [PMID: 31045243 DOI: 10.1113/jp277651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Dravet syndrome mice (Scn1a+/- ) demonstrate a marked strain dependence for the severity of seizures which is correlated with GABAA receptor α2 subunit expression. The α2 /α3 subunit selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) AZD7325 potentiates inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) specifically in perisomatic synapses. AZD7325 demonstrates stronger effects on IPSCs in the seizure resistant mouse strain, consistent with higher α2 subunit expression. AZD7325 demonstrates seizure protective effects in Scn1a+/- mice without apparent sedative effects in vivo. ABSTRACT GABAA receptor potentiators are commonly used for the treatment of epilepsy, but it is not clear whether targeting distinct GABAA receptor subtypes will have disproportionate benefits over adverse effects. Here we demonstrate that the α2 /α3 selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) AZD7325 preferentially potentiates hippocampal inhibitory responses at synapses proximal to the soma of CA1 neurons. The effect of AZD7325 on synaptic responses was more prominent in mice on the 129S6/SvEvTac background strain, which have been demonstrated to be seizure resistant in the model of Dravet syndrome (Scn1a+/- ), and in which the α2 GABAA receptor subunits are expressed at higher levels relative to in the seizure prone C57BL/6J background strain. Consistent with this, treatment of Scn1a+/- mice with AZD7325 elevated the temperature threshold for hyperthermia-induced seizures without apparent sedative effects. Our results in a model system indicate that selectively targeting α2 is a potential therapeutic option for Dravet syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Nomura
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Nicole A Hawkins
- Department of Pharmacology Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jennifer A Kearney
- Department of Pharmacology Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Alfred L George
- Department of Pharmacology Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Anis Contractor
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Neurobiology Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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87
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Kwakowsky A, Calvo-Flores Guzmán B, Pandya M, Turner C, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RL. GABA A receptor subunit expression changes in the human Alzheimer's disease hippocampus, subiculum, entorhinal cortex and superior temporal gyrus. J Neurochem 2019; 145:374-392. [PMID: 29485232 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. GABA type A receptors (GABAA Rs) are severely affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the distribution and subunit composition of GABAA Rs in the AD brain are not well understood. This is the first comprehensive study to show brain region- and cell layer-specific alterations in the expression of the GABAA R subunits α1-3, α5, β1-3 and γ2 in the human AD hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and superior temporal gyrus. In late-stage AD tissue samples using immunohistochemistry we found significant alteration of all investigated GABAA Rs subunits except for α3 and β1 that were well preserved. The most prominent changes include an increase in GABAA R α1 expression associated with AD in all layers of the CA3 region, in the stratum (str.) granulare and hilus of the dentate gyrus. We found a significant increase in GABAA R α2 expression in the str. oriens of the CA1-3, str. radiatum of the CA2,3 and decrease in the str. pyramidale of the CA1 region in AD cases. In AD there was a significant increase in GABAA R α5 subunit expression in str. pyramidale, str. oriens of the CA1 region and decrease in the superior temporal gyrus. We also found a significant decrease in the GABAA R β3 subunit immunoreactivity in the str. oriens of the CA2, str. granulare and str. moleculare of the dentate gyrus. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the expression of the GABAA R subunits shows brain region- and layer-specific alterations in AD, and these changes could significantly influence and alter GABAA R function in the disease. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14179.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kwakowsky
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Beatriz Calvo-Flores Guzmán
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Madhavi Pandya
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clinton Turner
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Henry J Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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88
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Mattei C, Taly A, Soualah Z, Saulais O, Henrion D, Guérineau NC, Verleye M, Legros C. Involvement of the GABA A receptor α subunit in the mode of action of etifoxine. Pharmacol Res 2019; 145:104250. [PMID: 31059790 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Etifoxine (EFX) is a non-benzodiazepine psychoactive drug which exhibits anxiolytic effects through a dual mechanism, by directly binding to GABAA receptors (GABAARs) and to the mitochondrial 18-kDa translocator protein, resulting in the potentiation of the GABAergic function. The β subunit subtype plays a key role in the EFX-GABAAR interaction, however this does not explain the anxiolytic effects of this drug. Here, we combined behavioral and electrophysiological experiments to challenge the role of the GABAAR α subunit in the EFX mode of action. After single administrations of anxiolytic doses (25-50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), EFX did not induce any neurological nor locomotor impairments, unlike the benzodiazepine bromazepam (0.5-1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). We established the EFX pharmacological profile on heteropentameric GABAARs constructed with α1 to α6 subunit expressed in Xenopus oocyte. Unlike what is known for benzodiazepines, neither the γ nor δ subunits influenced EFX-mediated potentiation of GABA-evoked currents. EFX acted first as a partial agonist on α2β3γ2S, α3β3γ2S, α6β3γ2S and α6β3δ GABAARs, but not on α1β3γ2S, α4β3γ2S, α4β3δ nor α5β3γ2S GABAARs. Moreover, EFX exhibited much higher positive allosteric modulation towards α2β3γ2S, α3β3γ2S and α6β3γ2S than for α1β3γ2S, α4β3γ2S and α5β3γ2S GABAARs. At 20 μM, corresponding to brain concentration at anxiolytic doses, EFX increased GABA potency to the highest extent for α3β3γ2S GABAARs. We built a docking model of EFX on α3β3γ2S GABAARs, which is consistent with a binding site located between α and β subunits in the extracellular domain. In conclusion, EFX preferentially potentiates α2β3γ2S and α3β3γ2S GABAARs, which might support its advantageous anxiolytic/sedative balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Mattei
- Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015 - UMR INSERM U1083, Université d'Angers, 3 Rue Roger Amsler 49100 ANGERS, France.
| | - Antoine Taly
- Theoretical Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, CNRS UPR9080, University of Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Zineb Soualah
- Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015 - UMR INSERM U1083, Université d'Angers, 3 Rue Roger Amsler 49100 ANGERS, France
| | - Ophélie Saulais
- Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015 - UMR INSERM U1083, Université d'Angers, 3 Rue Roger Amsler 49100 ANGERS, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015 - UMR INSERM U1083, Université d'Angers, 3 Rue Roger Amsler 49100 ANGERS, France
| | - Nathalie C Guérineau
- Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015 - UMR INSERM U1083, Université d'Angers, 3 Rue Roger Amsler 49100 ANGERS, France
| | - Marc Verleye
- Biocodex, Department of Pharmacology, Zac de Mercières, 60200 Compiègne, France
| | - Christian Legros
- Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015 - UMR INSERM U1083, Université d'Angers, 3 Rue Roger Amsler 49100 ANGERS, France.
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89
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Witkin JM, Cerne R, Davis PG, Freeman KB, do Carmo JM, Rowlett JK, Methuku KR, Okun A, Gleason SD, Li X, Krambis MJ, Poe M, Li G, Schkeryantz JM, Jahan R, Yang L, Guo W, Golani LK, Anderson WH, Catlow JT, Jones TM, Porreca F, Smith JL, Knopp KL, Cook JM. The α2,3-selective potentiator of GABA A receptors, KRM-II-81, reduces nociceptive-associated behaviors induced by formalin and spinal nerve ligation in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 180:22-31. [PMID: 30825491 PMCID: PMC6529285 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Clinical evidence indicates that positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of GABAA receptors have analgesic benefit in addition to efficacy in anxiety disorders. However, the utility of GABAA receptor PAMs as analgesics is compromised by the central nervous system side effects of non-selective potentiators. A selective potentiator of GABAA receptors associated with α2/3 subunits, KRM-II-81(5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepin-3-yl)oxazole), has demonstrated anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and antinociceptive effects in rodents with reduced motoric side effects. The present study evaluated the potential of KRM-II-81 as a novel analgesic. Oral administration of KRM-II-81 attenuated formalin-induced flinching; in contrast, diazepam was not active. KRM-II-81 attenuated nociceptive-associated behaviors engendered by chronic spinal nerve ligation (L5/L6). Diazepam decreased locomotion of rats at the dose tested in the formalin assay (10 mg/kg) whereas KRM-II-81 produced small decreases that were not dose-dependent (10-100 mg/kg). Plasma and brain levels of KRM-II-81 were used to demonstrate selectivity for α2/3- over α1-associated GABAA receptors and to define the degree of engagement of these receptors. Plasma and brain concentrations of KRM-II-81 were positively-associated with analgesic efficacy. GABA currents from isolated rat dorsal-root ganglion cultures were potentiated by KRM-II-81 with an ED50 of 32 nM. Measures of respiratory depression were reduced by alprazolam whereas KRM-II-81 was either inactive or produced effects with lower potency and efficacy. These findings add to the growing body of data supporting the idea that α2/3-selective GABAA receptor PAMs will have efficacy and tolerability as pain medications including those for neuropathic pain. Given their predicted anxiolytic effects, α2/3-selective GABAA receptor PAMs offer an additional inroad into the management of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Witkin
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - R Cerne
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - K B Freeman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - J M do Carmo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - J K Rowlett
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - K R Methuku
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - A Okun
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S D Gleason
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - X Li
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M J Krambis
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M Poe
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - G Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - J M Schkeryantz
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R Jahan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - L Yang
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - W Guo
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - L K Golani
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - W H Anderson
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - J T Catlow
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - T M Jones
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - F Porreca
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - K L Knopp
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - J M Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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90
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Chen X, van Gerven J, Cohen A, Jacobs G. Human pharmacology of positive GABA-A subtype-selective receptor modulators for the treatment of anxiety. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:571-582. [PMID: 30518829 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders arise from disruptions among the highly interconnected circuits that normally serve to process the streams of potentially threatening stimuli. The resulting imbalance among these circuits can cause a fundamental misinterpretation of neural sensory information as threatening and can lead to the inappropriate emotional and behavioral responses observed in anxiety disorders. There is considerable preclinical evidence that the GABAergic system, in general, and its α2- and/or α5-subunit-containing GABA(A) receptor subtypes, in particular, are involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. However, the clinical efficacy of GABA-A α2-selective agonists for the treatment of anxiety disorders has not been unequivocally demonstrated. In this review, we present several human pharmacological studies that have been performed with the aim of identifying the pharmacologically active doses/exposure levels of several GABA-A subtype-selective novel compounds with potential anxiolytic effects. The pharmacological selectivity of novel α2-subtype-selective GABA(A) receptor partial agonists has been demonstrated by their distinct effect profiles on the neurophysiological and neuropsychological measurements that reflect the functions of multiple CNS domains compared with those of benzodiazepines, which are nonselective, full GABA(A) agonists. Normalizing the undesired pharmacodynamic side effects against the desired on-target effects on the saccadic peak velocity is a useful approach for presenting the pharmacological features of GABA(A)-ergic modulators. Moreover, combining the anxiogenic symptom provocation paradigm with validated neurophysiological and neuropsychological biomarkers may provide further construct validity for the clinical effects of novel anxiolytic agents. In addition, the observed drug effects on serum prolactin levels support the use of serum prolactin levels as a complementary neuroendocrine biomarker to further validate the pharmacodynamic measurements used during the clinical pharmacological study of novel anxiolytic agents.
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91
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Nelson TS, Holstein SE, Baird JP, Pittman DW. Selective stimulation of central GABA Aα2,3,5 receptors increases intake and motivation to consume sucrose solution in rats. Neuroscience 2019; 409:111-119. [PMID: 31047979 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines are one of the most commonly prescribed anxiolytic drugs in America, and between 2006 and 2015 prescription rates increased by an estimated 27.1%. Weight gain is a common side effect of these drugs and it may result from increased feeding caused by drug-enhanced food palatability. We investigated the role of specific GABAA receptor subtypes involved with benzodiazepine-induced food consumption through third ventricle injections of L-838,417, a partial agonist of GABAA α2, α3, and α5 subunits, and a full antagonist of the α1 receptor subunit. A microanalysis of the licking behavior of adult male rats to a sucrose solution was used to isolate drug effects on specific consummatory behaviors that include: hedonic taste evaluation, food approach behavior, and oromotor function. L-838,417 dose-dependently increased intake through increases in the motivation to approach the solution (shorter pause intervals between bouts of licking) and through enhancement of measures associated with hedonic taste evaluation. Oromotor depressant effects previously associated with broad-spectrum benzodiazepine receptor agonists were not observed. These results indicate that nuclei in proximity to the ventricles respond to GABAA α2, α3, or α5 activation to induce motivation to feed, absent of α1 receptor subunit activation. Furthermore, activation of the α1 subunit is not necessary for benzodiazepine hyperphagia and may instead contribute to the oromotor depressant and sedative properties of classic benzodiazepine agonists. Hypothalamic nuclei such as the paraventricular nucleus may be involved in the benzodiazepine-increased motivation to feed, while the parabrachial nucleus of the hindbrain could contribute to benzodiazepine-induced enhancement of taste palatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler S Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Wofford College, 429 North Church Street, Spartanburg, SC 29303-3663, USA
| | - Sarah E Holstein
- Department of Psychology, Wofford College, 429 North Church Street, Spartanburg, SC 29303-3663, USA
| | - John-Paul Baird
- Department of Psychology, Amherst College, P.O. Box 5000, Amherst, MA 01002-5000, USA
| | - David W Pittman
- Department of Psychology, Wofford College, 429 North Church Street, Spartanburg, SC 29303-3663, USA.
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92
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Abstract
Propofol as an agonist of GABAA receptor has a rewarding and discriminative stimulus effect. However, which subtype of the GABAA receptor is involved in the discriminative stimulus effects of propofol is still not clear. We observed the effects of an agonist or an antagonist of the subtype-selective GABAA receptor on discriminative stimulus effects of propofol. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate 10 mg/kg (intraperitoneal) propofol from intralipid under a fixed-ratio 10 schedule of food reinforcement. We found that propofol produced dose-dependent substitution for propofol at 10 mg/kg, with response rate reduction only at a dose above those producing the complete substitution. CL218,872 (1–3 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), an α1 subunit-selective GABAA receptor agonist, and SL651,498 (0.3–3 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), an α2/3 GABAA receptor selective agonist, could partially substitute for the discriminative stimulus effects of propofol (40–80% propofol-appropriate responding). Meanwhile, L838,417 (0.2–0.6 mg/kg, intravenous), a α2/3/5 GABAA receptor selective agonist, could produce near 100% propofol-appropriate responding and completely substitute for propofol effects. Moreover, the administration of L655,708, the α5 GABAA receptor inverse agonist, could dose dependently attenuate the discriminative stimulus of propofol. In contrast, the α1 GABAA receptor antagonist β-CCt (1–3 mg/kg) combined with propofol (10 mg/kg) failed to block the propofol effect. The data showed that propofol produces discriminative stimulus effects in a dose-dependent manner and acts mainly on the α5 GABAA to produce the discriminative stimulus effect.
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93
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Petrache AL, Rajulawalla A, Shi A, Wetzel A, Saito T, Saido TC, Harvey K, Ali AB. Aberrant Excitatory-Inhibitory Synaptic Mechanisms in Entorhinal Cortex Microcircuits During the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:1834-1850. [PMID: 30766992 PMCID: PMC6418384 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction is widely proposed as an initial insult leading to the neurodegeneration observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We hypothesize that the initial insult originates in the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) due to deficits in key interneuronal functions and synaptic signaling mechanisms, in particular, Wnt (Wingless/integrated). To investigate this hypothesis, we utilized the first knock-in mouse model of AD (AppNL-F/NL-F), expressing a mutant form of human amyloid-β (Aβ) precursor protein. This model shows an age-dependent accumulation of Aβ, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Prior to the typical AD pathology, we showed a decrease in canonical Wnt signaling activity first affecting the LEC in combination with synaptic hyperexcitation and severely disrupted excitatory-inhibitory inputs onto principal cells. This synaptic imbalance was consistent with a reduction in the number of parvalbumin-containing (PV) interneurons, and a reduction in the somatic inhibitory axon terminals in the LEC compared with other cortical regions. However, targeting GABAA receptors on PV cells using allosteric modulators, diazepam, zolpidem, or a nonbenzodiazepine, L-838,417 (modulator of α2/3 subunit-containing GABAA receptors), restored the excitatory-inhibitory imbalance observed at principal cells in the LEC. These data support our hypothesis, providing a rationale for targeting the synaptic imbalance in the LEC for early stage therapeutic intervention to prevent neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anqi Shi
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Wetzel
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Takashi Saito
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Kirsten Harvey
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Afia B Ali
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
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94
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Prevot TD, Li G, Vidojevic A, Misquitta KA, Fee C, Santrac A, Knutson DE, Stephen MR, Kodali R, Zahn NM, Arnold LA, Scholze P, Fisher JL, Marković BD, Banasr M, Cook JM, Savic M, Sibille E. Novel Benzodiazepine-Like Ligands with Various Anxiolytic, Antidepressant, or Pro-Cognitive Profiles. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2019; 5:84-97. [PMID: 31192221 PMCID: PMC6528097 DOI: 10.1159/000496086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Altered gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) function is consistently reported in psychiatric disorders, normal aging, and neurodegenerative disorders and reduced function of GABA interneurons is associated with both mood and cognitive symptoms. Benzodiazepines (BZ) have broad anxiolytic, but also sedative, anticonvulsant and amnesic effects, due to nonspecific GABA-A receptor (GABAA-R) targeting. Varying the profile of activity of BZs at GABAA-Rs is predicted to uncover additional therapeutic potential. We synthesized four novel imidazobenzodiazepine (IBZD) amide ligands and tested them for positive allosteric modulation at multiple α-GABAA-R (α-positive allosteric modulators), pharmacokinetic properties, as well as anxiolytic and antidepressant activities in adult mice. Efficacy at reversing stress-induced or age-related working memory deficits was assessed using a spontaneous alternation task. Diazepam (DZP) was used as a control. Three ligands (GL-II-73, GL-II-74, and GL-II-75) demonstrated adequate brain penetration and showed predictive anxiolytic and antidepressant efficacies. GL-II-73 and GL-II-75 significantly reversed stress-induced and age-related working memory deficits. In contrast, DZP displayed anxiolytic but no antidepressant effects or effects on working memory. We demonstrate distinct profiles of anxiolytic, antidepressant, and/or pro-cognitive activities of newly designed IBZD amide ligands, suggesting novel therapeutic potential for IBZD derivatives in depression and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Prevot
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Aleksandra Vidojevic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Keith A. Misquitta
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corey Fee
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anja Santrac
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Daniel E. Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael Rajesh Stephen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Revathi Kodali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nicolas M. Zahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Leggy A. Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Petra Scholze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Janet L. Fisher
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Bojan D. Marković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mounira Banasr
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Miroslav Savic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,*Etienne Sibille, PhD, Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Room 134, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8 (Canada), E-Mail
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95
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Gurrell R, Gorman D, Whitlock M, Ogden A, Reynolds DS, DiVentura B, Abou-Khalil B, Gelfand M, Pollard J, Hogan RE, Krauss G, Sperling M, Vazquez B, Wechsler RT, Friedman D, Butt RP, French J. Photosensitive epilepsy. Neurology 2019; 92:e1786-e1795. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThe objective of this phase 2a study was to assess the activity of PF-06372865, a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of α2/3/5 subunit-containing GABAA receptors with minimal activity at α1-containing receptors, which are believed to mediate many of the adverse events associated with benzodiazepines, in the epilepsy photosensitivity model as a proof-of-principle of efficacy.MethodsSeven participants with a photoparoxysmal response to intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) at baseline were randomized in a double-blind, 4-period cross-over study examining single doses of 17.5 and 52.5 mg PF-06372865, 2 mg lorazepam (active control), and placebo. Standardized photosensitivity ranges (SPRs) to IPS were recorded at screening, predose, and 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours postdose. The primary endpoint was the average least squares mean change in the SPR in the participant's most sensitive eye condition, across all time points.ResultsBoth doses of PF-06372865 produced a marked and statistically significant mean reduction in SPR compared to placebo, which was similar in degree to lorazepam. There was complete suppression of SPR in 6/7 participants following PF-06372865 or lorazepam administration. PF-06372865 was safe and well-tolerated.ConclusionPF-06372865 demonstrated highly robust efficacy. This demonstrates anticonvulsant activity of a novel α2/3/5-subtype selective GABAA PAM in humans. Further study of the antiepileptic properties of PF-06372865 is warranted.Clinicaltrials.gov identifierNCT02564029.Classification of evidenceThis study provides Class II evidence that for people with a stable photoparoxysmal response to intermittent photic stimulation, PF-06372865 reduces the SPR.
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96
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An 8-Week, Randomized, Phase 2, Double-Blind, Sequential Parallel-Group Comparison Study of Two Dose Levels of the GABAA Positive Allosteric Modulator PF-06372865 Compared With Placebo as an Adjunctive Treatment in Outpatients With Inadequate Response to Standard of Care for Generalized Anxiety Disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2019; 39:20-27. [PMID: 30531477 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000000997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common psychiatric disorder, but many patients experience only partial relief of symptoms with existing therapies. Benzodiazepines are effective in many cases but are limited by a number of significant adverse effects. PF-06372865 is a subtype-selective gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA)-positive allosteric modulator lacking in functional activity at alpha 1-containing receptors that are believed to mediate many of these adverse effects. METHODS PF-06372865 was evaluated as an adjunct to current GAD treatment in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, sequential parallel comparison study in patients with GAD who showed an incomplete response to current standard-of-care pharmacotherapy. A total of 90 subjects (of the planned 384) were randomized into the study before the decision to terminate the study. Two doses of PF-06372865 (2.5 mg twice daily and 7.5 mg twice daily) were compared with placebo. RESULTS Neither dose of PF-06372865 differentiated from placebo on week 4 Hamilton Anxiety Inventory total (primary end point) or on the Sheehan Disability Scale total score (secondary end point). Adverse events including dizziness, headache, and somnolence were observed, and the 7.5 mg dose demonstrated some impairment on the Digit Symbol Substitution test and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale relative to placebo and the 2.5 mg dose. CONCLUSIONS Factors contributing to the negative results include the limited sample size and failure to explore a broader range of doses.
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97
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Mezzomo NJ, Fontana BD, Müller TE, Duarte T, Quadros VA, Canzian J, Pompermaier A, Soares SM, Koakoski G, Loro VL, Rosemberg DB, Barcellos LJG. Taurine modulates the stress response in zebrafish. Horm Behav 2019; 109:44-52. [PMID: 30742830 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is used as an emergent model organism to investigate the behavioral and physiological responses to stress. The anxiolytic-like effects of taurine in zebrafish support the existence of different mechanisms of action, which can play a role in preventing stress-related disorders (i.e., modulation of GABAA, strychnine-sensitive glycine, and NMDA receptors, as well as antioxidant properties). Herein, we investigate whether taurine modulates some behavioral and biochemical responses in zebrafish acutely submitted to chemical and mechanical stressors. We pretreated zebrafish for 1 h in beakers at 42, 150, and 400 mg/L taurine. Fish were later acutely exposed to a chemical stressor (conspecific alarm substance) or to a mechanical stressor (net chasing), which elicits escaping responses and aversive behaviors. Locomotion, exploration, and defensive-like behaviors were measured using the novel tank and the light-dark tests. Biochemical (brain oxidative stress-related parameters) and whole-body cortisol levels were also quantified. We showed that taurine prevents anxiety/fear-like behaviors and protein carbonylation and dampens the cortisol response following acute stress in zebrafish. In summary, our results demonstrate a protective role of taurine against stress-induced behavioral and biochemical changes, thereby reinforcing the growing utility of zebrafish models to investigate the neuroprotective actions of taurine in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathana J Mezzomo
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Barbara D Fontana
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Talise E Müller
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Tâmie Duarte
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa A Quadros
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Canzian
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Aline Pompermaier
- Graduate Program in Bio-Experimentation, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), BR 285, Passo Fundo, RS 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Suelen M Soares
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Gessi Koakoski
- Graduate Program in Bio-Experimentation, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), BR 285, Passo Fundo, RS 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Vania L Loro
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
| | - Leonardo J G Barcellos
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Bio-Experimentation, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), BR 285, Passo Fundo, RS 99052-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), BR 285, Passo Fundo, RS 99052-900, Brazil
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98
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Zarezin DP, Nenajdenko VG. Diazocarbonyl derivatives of amino acids: unique chiral building blocks for the synthesis of biologically active compounds. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with applications of chiral α-amino diazoketones, α-amino acid derivatives, in the synthesis of various biologically active compounds. General approaches to the synthesis of chiral α-amino diazoketones, including the Arndt – Eistert reaction, acylation of trimethylsilyldiazomethanes, etc., are discussed. Due to the presence of three functional groups, these building blocks can be used to produce a wide range of organic compounds with potential physiological activity, ranging from various heterocyclic compounds to peptidomimetics. Methods for the synthesis of β-amino acid-containing peptides and depsipeptides, amino acid derivatives and heterocyclic compounds with three- to seven-membered rings are considered.
The bibliography includes 226 references.
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99
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Gurrell R, Dua P, Feng G, Sudworth M, Whitlock M, Reynolds DS, Butt RP. A randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial with the α2/3/5 subunit selective GABAA positive allosteric modulator PF-06372865 in patients with chronic low back pain. Pain 2019; 159:1742-1751. [PMID: 29787472 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The effect of PF-06372865, a subtype-selective positive allosteric modulator of the γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor, on chronic low back pain was investigated in a randomised, placebo- and active-controlled phase 2 clinical trial. The parallel treatment group trial consisted of a 1-week single-blind placebo run in the phase, followed by 4-week double-blind treatment. Patients were randomised to receive either PF-06372865, naproxen, or placebo twice a day for 4 weeks. The primary end point was the numerical rating score of low back pain intensity after 4 weeks of active treatment. Secondary end points included the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire and the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised. The trial had predefined decision rules based on the probability that PF-06372865 was better than placebo. The study was stopped at the interim analysis for futility. At this time, a total of 222 patients were randomised and the mean PF-06372865 4-week response on the low back pain intensity was 0.16 units higher (worse) than placebo (90% confidence interval -0.28 to 0.60). There were small, statistically significant reductions in the delayed recall test score with PF-06372865, as measured by Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised. The effects of naproxen were in line with expectations. PF-06372865 was well tolerated. The most common treatment-related adverse events in the PF-06372865 arm were somnolence (5 mild and 4 moderate), dizziness (2 mild and 3 moderate), and nausea (2 mild). Although the reason for the lack of analgesic effect is not completely clear, it may be a result of not achieving sufficient receptor occupancy to drive efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Gurrell
- Pfizer Inc, Neusentis, Granta Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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100
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Benkherouf AY, Soini SL, Stompor M, Uusi-Oukari M. Positive allosteric modulation of native and recombinant GABA A receptors by hops prenylflavonoids. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 852:34-41. [PMID: 30797788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hops are a major component of beer that is added during brewing. In addition to its wide range of bioactivity, it exhibits neuroactive properties as a sedative and sleeping aid. The compounds responsible for this activity are yet to be revealed and understood in terms of their pharmacological properties. Here we evaluated the potential of several hops flavonoids in modulating the GABAergic activity and assessed their selectivity to GABAA receptors subtypes. GABA-potentiating effects were measured using [3H]ethynylbicycloorthobenzoate (EBOB) radioligand binding assay in native and recombinant α1β3γ2, α2β3γ2 and α6β3δ receptors expressed in HEK293 cells. Flumazenil sensitivity of GABA-potentiating effects and [3H]Ro 15-4513 binding assay were used to examine the flavonoids binding to benzodiazepine site. The prenylflavonoids xanthohumol (XN), isoxanthohumol (IXN) and 8-prenylnaringenin (8PN) potentiated GABA-induced displacement of [3H]EBOB binding in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 for this potentiation in native GABAA receptors were 29.7 µM, 11.6 µM, 7.3 µM, respectively. In recombinant receptors, the sensitivity to prenylflavonoid potentiation of GABA-induced displacement of [3H]EBOB binding followed the order α6β3δ > α2β3γ2 > α1β3γ2 with the strongest inhibition observed by 8PN in α6β3δ (IC50 = 3.6 μM). Flumazenil had no significant effect on the prenylflavonoid-induced displacement of [3H]EBOB binding and [3H]Ro 15-4513 displacement from native GABAA receptors was only detected at high micromolar concentrations (100 µM). We identified potent prenylflavonoids in hops that positively modulate GABA-induced responses in native and αβγ/δ recombinant GABAA receptors at low micromolar concentrations. These GABAergic modulatory effects were not mediated via the high-affinity benzodiazepine binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Y Benkherouf
- Centre of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Sanna L Soini
- Centre of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Monika Stompor
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Mikko Uusi-Oukari
- Centre of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Finland.
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