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Effect of Low-Fat Diet in Obese Mice Lacking Toll-like Receptors. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101464. [PMID: 30304787 PMCID: PMC6213519 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed at assessing the effect of a low-fat diet (LFD) in obese mice lacking toll–like receptors (Tlr) and understanding the expression and regulation of microRNAs during weight reduction. Methods: C57BL/6, Tlr5−/−, Tlr2−/− and Tlr4−/− mice were used in this study. A group of mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) (58% kcal) for 12 weeks to induce obesity (diet-induced obesity, DIO). Another group that had been fed with HFD for eight weeks (obese mice) were switched to a low-fat diet (LFD) (10.5% kcal) for the next four weeks to reduce their body weight. The control mice were fed with a standard AIN-76A diet for the entire 12 weeks. The body weight of the mice was measured weekly. At the end of the experiment, epididymal fat weight and adipocyte size were measured. The differentially expressed miRNAs in the fat tissue was determined by next-generation sequencing with real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–qPCR). Target prediction and functional annotation of miRNAs were performed using miRSystem database. Results: Switching to LFD significantly reduced the body weight and epididymal fat mass in the HFD-fed C57BL/6 and Tlr5−/− mice but not in Tlr2−/− and Tlr4−/− mice. Weight reduction significantly decreased the size of adipocytes in C57BL/6 but not in the Tlr knockout mice. In Tlr2−/− and Tlr4−/− mice, feeding with HFD and the subsequent weight reduction resulted in an aberrant miRNA expression in the epididymal fat tissue unlike in C57BL/6 and Tlr5−/−. However, target prediction and functional annotation by miRSystem database revealed that all the top 10 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database pathways of the dysregulated miRNAs during weight reduction in the C57BL/6 mice were also found in the regulated pathways of Tlr5−/−, Tlr2−/−, and Tlr4−/− strains. However, among these pathways, gene sets involved in arginine and proline metabolism and glutathione metabolism were mainly involved in the Tlr knockout mice but not in the C57BL/6 mice. Conclusions: In this study, we demonstrated that feeding of LFD leads to significant body weight reduction in C57BL/6 and Tlr5−/− mice, but not in Tlr2−/− and Tlr4−/− mice. Significant reduction in the size of adipocytes of epididymal fat was only found in C57BL/6, but not in Tlr5−/−, Tlr2−/−, and Tlr4−/− mice. The dysregulated miRNAs in Tlr2−/− and Tlr4−/− mice were different from those in C57BL/6 and Tlr5−/− strains. Among those miRNA-regulated pathways, arginine and proline metabolism as well as glutathione metabolism may have important roles in the Tlr knockout mice rather than in C57BL/6 mice.
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Du H, Cui S, Li Y, Yang G, Wang P, Fikrig E, You F. MiR-221 negatively regulates innate anti-viral response. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200385. [PMID: 30089112 PMCID: PMC6082502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a critical role in the initial antiviral response. However, the timing and duration of these responses must be tightly regulated during infection to ensure appropriate immune cell activation and anti-viral defenses. Here we demonstrate that during antiviral response, a negative regulator miR-221 was also induced in an ELF4-dependent manner. We further show that ELF4 promotes miR-221 expression through direct binding to its promoter. Overexpression and knockdown assay show that miR-221 can negatively regulate IFNβ production in time of virus infection. RNA-seq analysis of miR-221 overexpressed cells revealed multiple candidate targets. Taken together, our study identified a novel negative microRNA regulator of innate antiviral response, which is dependent on ELF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Du
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Cui
- Neuroscience Research Institute; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfei Li
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Peiyan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EF); (FY)
| | - Fuping You
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (EF); (FY)
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Sun H, Zhou Z, Dong Y, Yang A, Pan Y, Jiang J, Chen Z, Guan X, Wang B, Gao S, Jiang B. In-depth profiling of miRNA regulation in the body wall of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus during skin ulceration syndrome progression. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:202-208. [PMID: 29763733 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that mediate mRNA degradation or translation repression. Previous study showed that the expression of miRNAs was significantly changed in the body wall of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus after skin ulceration syndrome (SUS) infection, which is a dynamic process. However, the critical miRNAs from body wall that involved in different infection stages of SUS remain unknown. In this study, four cDNA libraries were constructed with the body wall from healthy and three SUS-infected stages of A. japonicus. A total of 248 conserved miRNAs and five novel miRNAs were identified through Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. Compared to the control, 238 miRNAs showed significant differential expression at three stages of SUS progression. Totally, 3149 miRNA-mRNA pairs were identified by target prediction and 314 miRNA-mRNA pairs showed negative correlation. It is noteworthy that 15 miRNAs and four mRNAs were located at the crucial positions of the network built with the anti-correlated miRNA-mRNA pairs. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the predicted targets were involved in many immune-related processes. Deep analysis of miR-31c-5p, miR-29b-3p, NF-kB, mucin 2 and titin showed that they may play important roles in the pathogens attachment and recognition, signaling transduction and lesions repair of A. japonicus after SUS infection. These results would be useful for further investigating the potential roles of critical miRNAs and mRNAs in A. japonicus immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Sun
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Zunchun Zhou
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
| | - Ying Dong
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Aifu Yang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Yongjia Pan
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Guan
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Bai Wang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Shan Gao
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Bei Jiang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
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Ouyang W, Qian J, Pan QX, Wang JY, Xia XX, Wang XL, Zhu YM, Wang YS. gga-miR-142-5p attenuates IRF7 signaling and promotes replication of IBDV by directly targeting the chMDA5's 3' untranslated region. Vet Microbiol 2018; 221:74-80. [PMID: 29981711 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chicken melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (chMDA5) is a key pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that recognizes RNA viral infections and initiates an antiviral innate immune response in chickens. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the regulation of chMDA5 to sense RNA virus infection, but how it exerts antiviral activity against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection and regulates chMDA5 in chicken cells is unclear. Thus, we measured the expression of chMDA5 in IBDV-infected DT40 cells and found it significantly increased. Overexpression of chMDA5 activated the IFN-β and Mx promoters via IRF7-dependent pathways and inhibited replication of IBDV in DT40 cells. The opposite effect occurred after chMDA5 knockdown using siRNA. Also, gga-miR-142-5p regulated chMDA5 according to bioinformatic analysis and data from a dual-luciferase reporter system. Overexpression of gga-miR-142-5p reduced the expression of the chMDA5 protein, promoting IBDV replication, and decreased the activity of the IFN-β and Mx promoters via an IRF7-dependent pathway; however, it had no effect on the NF-κB-dependent pathway in DT40 cells. Thus, gga-miR-142-5p is a negative regulator of chMDA5 and promotes IBDV replication in DT40 cells through an IRF7-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ouyang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Qun-Xing Pan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jing-Yu Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xing-Xia Xia
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiao-Li Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yu-Mei Zhu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yong-Shan Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China.
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55
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Nejad C, Stunden HJ, Gantier MP. A guide to miRNAs in inflammation and innate immune responses. FEBS J 2018; 285:3695-3716. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Nejad
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases Hudson Institute of Medical Research Clayton Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science Monash University Clayton Australia
| | - H. James Stunden
- Institute of Innate Immunity Biomedical Center University Hospitals Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Michael P. Gantier
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases Hudson Institute of Medical Research Clayton Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science Monash University Clayton Australia
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56
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Zhang S, Li J, Li J, Yang Y, Kang X, Li Y, Wu X, Zhu Q, Zhou Y, Hu Y. Up-regulation of microRNA-203 in influenza A virus infection inhibits viral replication by targeting DR1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6797. [PMID: 29717211 PMCID: PMC5931597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules that play important roles in various biological processes. Much evidence shows that miRNAs are closely associated with numerous virus infections; however, involvement of cellular miRNAs in influenza A virus (IAV) infection is unclear. Here, we found that expression of miR-203 was up-regulated markedly via two different mechanisms during IAV infection. First, we examined the effects of type I interferon induced by IAV on direct activation of miR-203 expression. Next, we showed that DNA demethylation within the miR-203 promoter region in A549 cells induced its up-regulation, and that expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 was down-regulated following H5N1 virus infection. Ectopic expression of miR-203 in turn inhibited H5N1 virus replication by targeting down-regulator of transcription 1 (DR1), which was identified as a novel target of miR-203. Silencing DR1 in miR-203 knockout cells using a specific siRNA inhibited replication of the H5N1 virus, an effect similar to that of miR-203. In summary, the data show that host cell expression of miR-203 is up-regulated upon IAV infection, which increases antiviral responses by suppressing a novel target gene, DR1. Thus, we have identified a novel mechanism underlying the relationship between miR-203 and IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China.
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Brogaard L, Larsen LE, Heegaard PMH, Anthon C, Gorodkin J, Dürrwald R, Skovgaard K. IFN-λ and microRNAs are important modulators of the pulmonary innate immune response against influenza A (H1N2) infection in pigs. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194765. [PMID: 29677213 PMCID: PMC5909910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is paramount in the response to and clearance of influenza A virus (IAV) infection in non-immune individuals. Known factors include type I and III interferons and antiviral pathogen recognition receptors, and the cascades of antiviral and pro- and anti-inflammatory gene expression they induce. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly recognized to participate in post-transcriptional modulation of these responses, but the temporal dynamics of how these players of the antiviral innate immune response collaborate to combat infection remain poorly characterized. We quantified the expression of miRNAs and protein coding genes in the lungs of pigs 1, 3, and 14 days after challenge with swine IAV (H1N2). Through RT-qPCR we observed a 400-fold relative increase in IFN-λ3 gene expression on day 1 after challenge, and a strong interferon-mediated antiviral response was observed on days 1 and 3 accompanied by up-regulation of genes related to the pro-inflammatory response and apoptosis. Using small RNA sequencing and qPCR validation we found 27 miRNAs that were differentially expressed after challenge, with the highest number of regulated miRNAs observed on day 3. In contrast, the number of protein coding genes found to be regulated due to IAV infection peaked on day 1. Pulmonary miRNAs may thus be aimed at fine-tuning the initial rapid inflammatory response after IAV infection. Specifically, we found five miRNAs (ssc-miR-15a, ssc-miR-18a, ssc-miR-21, ssc-miR-29b, and hsa-miR-590-3p)-four known porcine miRNAs and one novel porcine miRNA candidate-to be potential modulators of viral pathogen recognition and apoptosis. A total of 11 miRNAs remained differentially expressed 14 days after challenge, at which point the infection had cleared. In conclusion, the results suggested a role for miRNAs both during acute infection as well as later, with the potential to influence lung homeostasis and susceptibility to secondary infections in the lungs of pigs after IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Brogaard
- Section for Protein Science and Signaling Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Lars E. Larsen
- Division of Diagnostics and Scientific Advice–Virology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter M. H. Heegaard
- Section for Protein Science and Signaling Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Anthon
- Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health (RTH), Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jan Gorodkin
- Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health (RTH), Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ralf Dürrwald
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Section for Protein Science and Signaling Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Momen-Heravi F, Bala S. miRNA regulation of innate immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:1205-1217. [PMID: 29656417 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir1117-459r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA and are pivotal posttranscriptional regulators of both innate and adaptive immunity. They act by regulating the expression of multiple immune genes, thus, are the important elements to the complex immune regulatory network. Deregulated expression of specific miRNAs can lead to potential autoimmunity, immune tolerance, hyper-inflammatory phenotype, and cancer initiation and progression. In this review, we discuss the contributory pathways and mechanisms by which several miRNAs influence the development of innate immunity and fine-tune immune response. Moreover, we discuss the consequence of deregulated miRNAs and their pathogenic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Momen-Heravi
- Division of Periodontics, Section of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shashi Bala
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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59
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Zhou Z, Lin Z, Pang X, Shan P, Wang J. MicroRNA regulation of Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 75:32-40. [PMID: 29408644 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line defense mechanism that recognizes, responds to, controls or eliminates invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a critical family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) tightly regulated by complex mechanisms involving many molecules to ensure a beneficial outcome in response to foreign invaders. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulator family in a wide range of biological processes, have been identified as new molecules related to the regulation of TLR-signaling pathways in immune responses. To date, at least 22 TLR types have been identified in more than a dozen different fish species. However, the functions and underlying mechanisms of miRNAs in the regulation of inflammatory responses related to the TLR-signaling pathway in fish is lacking. In this review, we summarize the regulation of miRNA expression profiles in the presence of TLR ligands or pathogen infections in teleost fish. We focus on the effects of miRNAs in regulating TLR-signaling pathways by targeting multiple molecules, including TLRs themselves, TLR-associated signaling proteins, and TLR-induced cytokines. An understanding of the relationship between the TLR-signaling pathways and miRNAs may provide new insights for drug intervention to manipulate immune responses in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixia Zhou
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Zhijuan Lin
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xin Pang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Peipei Shan
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
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60
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Ayyar KK, Reddy KVR. MAPK and NF-κB signalling pathways regulate the expression of miRNA, let-7f in human endocervical epithelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:4751-4759. [PMID: 29323736 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) mediate post-transcriptional gene suppression and are a critical component of the complex regulatory networks in epithelial immune responses. Transcription of miRNA genes in epithelial cells can be elaborately controlled through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and associated nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, leading to nuclear transcription factor associated-transactivation and transrepression of miRNAs. MiRNA, let-7f is involved in the regulation of innate immune responses post TLR3 stimulation in human endocervical cells (End1/E6E7) and decreased let-7f is associated with poor immune activation. Thus, expression of let-7f is under strict control. However, the mechanism by which let-7f is regulated in these cells is not known. Therefore, in the present study, we have investigated the role of MAPK and NF-κB in the transcription of let-7f. We report that signalling of TLR3, results in activation of multiple signalling pathways including MAPK/ERK, JNK, p38, and NF-κB. Of these MAPK/ p38 and JNK directly influence the expression of let-7f in End1/E6E7 cells. Inhibition of ERK and NF-κB up regulates the expression of let-7f and its transcription factor, C/EBPβ. In conclusion, we have identified a system through which TLR3 mediated immune response is regulated by C/EBPβ and let-7f through the temporal activation of MAPK and NF-κB in human endocervical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchana K Ayyar
- Division of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR-NIRRH), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kudumula V R Reddy
- Division of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR-NIRRH), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Peng W, Sun Y, Li GF, He LG, Li RZ, Liang YS, Ding X, Yu X, Zhang Y, Lin HR, Lu DQ. Two Distinct Interferon-γ in the Orange-Spotted Grouper ( Epinephelus coioides): Molecular Cloning, Functional Characterization, and Regulation in Toll-Like Receptor Pathway by Induction of miR-146a. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:41. [PMID: 29535680 PMCID: PMC5834515 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a Th1 cytokine that is critical for innate and adaptive immunity. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling pathways are critical in early host defense against invading pathogens. miR-146a has been reported to participate in the regulation of host immunity. The known mechanisms of integrations between the IFNγ and TLR signaling pathways are incompletely understood, especially in teleosts. In this study, orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) IFNγ1 and IFNγ2, their biological activities, especially their involvements in TLR pathway, were explored. We identified and cloned two IFNγ genes of E. coioides, namely EcIFNγ1 and EcIFNγ2. The produced recombinant E. coioides IFNγ1 (rEcIFNγ1) and IFNγ2 (rEcIFNγ2) proteins showed functions, which are similar to those of other bony fishes, such as enhancing nitric oxide responses and respiratory burst response. rEcIFNγ2 could regulate TLR pathway by enhancing the promoter activity of miR-146a upstream sequence and thus increasing the expression level of miR-146a, which possibly targets TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), a key adapter molecule in TLR signaling pathway. Taken together, these findings unravel a novel regulatory mechanism of anti-inflammatory response by IFNγ2, which could mediate TLR pathway through IFNγ2-miR-146a-TRAF6 negative regulation loop. It is suggested that IFNγ2 may provide a promising therapeutic, which may help to fine tune the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gao-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang-Ge He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruo-Zhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao-Si Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Ran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Qi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Dan-Qi Lu,
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Xu T, Chu Q, Cui J, Zhao X. The inducible microRNA-203 in fish represses the inflammatory responses to Gram-negative bacteria by targeting IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1386-1396. [PMID: 29242191 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses are the first defense against pathogenic invaders. Activation and termination of these immune responses are regulated by several mechanisms. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a group of small non-coding RNAs, have been implicated in the regulation of a spectrum of both physiological and pathological conditions, including immune responses. Although the immune regulatory miRNA networks in higher vertebrates have been well described, regulation of these responses in fish species is poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the role of the miRNA miR-203 involved in inflammatory responses in miiuy croaker (Miichthys miiuy). We found that the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio anguillarum and lipopolysaccharide significantly up-regulated host miR-203 expression. The increased miR-203 expression suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines and thereby prevented mounting of a full immune response. Mechanistically, we identified and validated IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) as a target of miR-203. We observed that miR-203 post-transcriptionally controls IRAK4 expression and thereby inhibits the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling. In summary, our findings reveal that miR-203 in fish is a critical suppressor of innate immune responses to bacterial infection by suppressing a feedback to IRAK4-NF-κB-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjun Xu
- From the College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China and .,Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics and Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Qing Chu
- From the College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China and
| | - Junxia Cui
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics and Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Xueyan Zhao
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics and Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
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Toll-Like Receptor Ligand-Induced Liver Injury in D-Galactosamine-Sensitized Mice: Differences between TLR7/8 and TLR9 Ligands, Cytokine Patterns, and Cross-Tolerance Induction by TLR2 Ligand Pretreatment. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:9653793. [PMID: 29181417 PMCID: PMC5664326 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9653793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of Toll-like receptor ligands (TLRLs) is known to cause liver injury in D-galN-sensitized mice. In the present study, we aimed to complement preceding reports on the TLRL/D-galN system by analyzing comparisons among TLRLs, mouse strain dependence, effects on serum levels of cytokines, and effects of sequential administrations of different TLRLs. In a preliminary set of analyses, we first confirmed that liver failure can be induced by diverse TLRLs, including LTA and R848 in combination with D-galN. Analysis using TLR4-deficient mice excluded potential confounding effects of endogenous TLR4Ls that include those referred to as DAMPs in CpG DNA/D-galN hepatotoxicity. Subsequently, we showed that LTA pretreatment could prevent mortality in both CpG DNA/D-galN- and R848/D-galN-treated mice compared to without pretreatment. Incidentally, we observed that without the LTA pretreatment, CpG DNA/D-galN showed relatively higher liver-specific toxicity whereas R848/D-galN showed more symptoms of multiple organ failure. These findings suggest that, in D-galN-sensitized mice, different TLRLs not only show similarity in the ability to induce hepatic injury but also exhibit distinctive abilities in inducing systemic inflammation and multiple organ failure. These findings also suggest the potential usefulness of cross-tolerance induction using LTA in the prevention of organ failure in TLRL-mediated acute inflammation.
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64
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Lu J, Xu D, Jiang Y, Kong S, Shen Z, Xia S, Lu L. Integrated analysis of mRNA and viral miRNAs in the kidney of Carassius auratus gibelio response to cyprinid herpesvirus 2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13787. [PMID: 29062054 PMCID: PMC5653811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding single stranded RNAs that play crucial roles in numerous biological processes. Vertebrate herpesviruses encode multiple viral miRNAs that modulate host and viral genes. However, the roles of viral miRNAs in lower vertebrates have not been fully determined. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing to analyse the miRNA and mRNA expression profiles of Carassius auratus gibelio in response to infection by cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2). RNA sequencing obtained 26,664 assembled transcripts, including 2,912 differentially expressed genes. Based on small RNA sequencing and secondary structure predictions, we identified 17 CyHV-2 encoded miRNAs, among which 14 were validated by stem-loop quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and eight were validated by northern blotting. Furthermore, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of miRNAs-mRNA pairs revealed diverse affected immune signalling pathways, including the RIG-I-like receptor and JAK-STAT pathways. Finally, we presented four genes involved in RIG-I-like pathways, including host gene IRF3, RBMX, PIN1, viral gene ORF4, which are negatively regulated by CyHV-2 encoded miRNA miR-C4. The present study is the first to provide a comprehensive overview of viral miRNA-mRNA co-regulation, which might have a key role in controlling post-transcriptomic regulation during CyHV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Dan Xu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Fishery Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yousheng Jiang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Fishery Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shanyun Kong
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyuan Shen
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Siyao Xia
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Fishery Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
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Andreassen R, Høyheim B. miRNAs associated with immune response in teleost fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 75:77-85. [PMID: 28254620 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as important post transcriptional regulators of gene expression. In higher vertebrates, a subset of miRNAs has been identified as important regulators of a number of key genes in immune system gene networks, and this paper review recent studies on miRNAs associated with immune response in teleost fish. Challenge studies conducted in several species have identified differently expressed miRNAs associated with viral or bacterial infection. The results from these studies point out several miRNAs that are likely to have evolutionary conserved functions that are related to immune response in teleost fish. Changed expression levels of mature miRNAs from the five miRNA genes miRNA-462, miRNA-731, miRNA-146, miRNA-181 and miRNA-223 are observed following viral as well as bacterial infection in several teleost fish. Furthermore, significant changes in expression of mature miRNAs from the five genes miRNA-21, miRNA-155, miRNA-1388, miRNA-99 and miRNA-100 are observed in multiple studies of virus infected fish while changes in expression of mature miRNA from the three genes miRNA-122, miRNA-192 and miRNA-451 are observed in several studies of fish with bacterial infections. Interestingly, some of these genes are not present in higher vertebrates. The function of the evolutionary conserved miRNAs responding to infection depends on the target gene(s) they regulate. A few target genes have been identified while a large number of target genes have been predicted by in silico analysis. The results suggest that many of the targets are genes from the host's immune response gene networks. We propose a model with expected temporal changes in miRNA expression if they target immune response activators/effector genes or immune response inhibitors, respectively. The best way to understand the function of a miRNA is to identify its target gene(s), but as the amount of genome resources for teleost fish is limited, with less well characterized genomes and transcriptomes, identifying the true target genes of the miRNAs associated with the immune response is a challenge. Identifying such target genes by applying new methods and approaches will likely be the next important step to understand the function of the miRNAs associated with immune response in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Andreassen
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Pilestredet 50, N-0130 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Bjørn Høyheim
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
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MicroRNA in vivo precipitation identifies miR-151-3p as a computational unpredictable miRNA to target Stat3 and inhibits innate IL-6 production. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 15:99-110. [PMID: 28890541 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) function as important regulators in the immune response and inflammation. Several approaches have been reported to computationally predict miRNAs and their potential targets. However, there are still many miRNA-target interactions that are unpredictable by using the current computational algorithms. We established a miRNA in vivo precipitation method (miRIP) to identify unpredictable miRNAs with definite targets in these cells. Because Stat3 is a well-known transcription factor involved in innate immunity and inflammation, we utilized the miRIP method to identify miRNAs that bind Stat3 mRNA in macrophages. Among the captured miRNAs, miR-151-3p was confirmed to interact with Stat3 mRNA 3'-UTR and downregulate the Stat3 protein levels. LPS stimulation decreased miR-151-3p expression, thereby increasing IL-6 production. Therefore, we found that miR-151-3p inhibited LPS-induced IL-6 production by targeting Stat3. These data further confirmed miRIP as an efficient method to identify unpredictable miRNAs and explore miRNAs-mediated regulation in innate immunity and inflammation.
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Downregulated expression of miR-223 promotes Toll-like receptor-activated inflammatory responses in macrophages by targeting RhoB. Mol Immunol 2017; 91:42-48. [PMID: 28881218 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) induced-inflammatory response must be tightly regulated to avoid impairment in host itself. Numerous factors have been identified in regulation of TLR-triggered inflammatory response. Among these, microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules which have got much attention. MiR-223, which highly expresses in myeloid cells of the bone marrow, has reported to participate in kinds of inflammatory responses by targeting inflammasome sensor-NLRP3 to repress production of IL-6 and IL-1β, and thus attenuate inflammatory response. However, the function of miR-223 in TLRs-activated inflammatory response of macrophages is not clear. Here we found miR-223 expression is dramatically reduced in macrophages by TLR ligand stimulation (e.g. LPS, CpG and poly (I:C)). The down-regulated miR-223 leads to the increase in the RhoB expression, which induce the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling, promoting TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β production upon LPS stimulation. In addition, the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A increased miR-223 expression obviously in TLR-triggered macrophages, which in turn suppressed RhoB expression and downstream IL-6 production, suggesting that the inhibition of miR-223 by histone deacetylation may be involved in the regulation of TLR-activated inflammatory response. Herein, our findings suggest that miR-223-RhoB axis might be a novel target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Li P, Fan W, Li Q, Wang J, Liu R, Everaert N, Liu J, Zhang Y, Zheng M, Cui H, Zhao G, Wen J. Splenic microRNA Expression Profiles and Integration Analyses Involved in Host Responses to Salmonella enteritidis Infection in Chickens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:377. [PMID: 28884089 PMCID: PMC5573731 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the role of miRNAs in regulating genes involved in the host response to Salmonella enteritidis (SE) infection, next generation sequencing was applied to explore the altered splenic expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) and deregulated genes in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Birds were either infected or not (controls, C) and those challenged with SE were evaluated 24 h later and separated into two groups on the basis of the severity of clinical symptoms and blood load of SE: resistant (R, SE challenged-slight clinical symptoms and <105 cfu / 10 μL), and susceptible (S, SE challenged-severe clinical symptoms and >107 cfu/10 μL). Thirty-two differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were identified in spleen, including 16 miRNAs between S and C, 13 between R and C, and 13 between S and R. Through integration analysis of DE miRNAs and mRNA, a total of 273 miRNA-target genes were identified. Functional annotation analysis showed that Apoptosis and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and adaptive immune response were significantly enriched (P < 0.05). Interestingly, apoptosis pathway was significantly enriched in S vs. C, while NOD-like receptor pathway was enriched in R vs. C (P < 0.05). Two miRNAs, gga-miR-101-3p and gga-miR-155, in the hub positions of the miRNA-mRNA regulatory network, were identified as candidates potentially associated with SE infection. These 2 miRNAs directly repressed luciferase reporter gene activity via binding to 3'-untranslated regions of immune-related genes IRF4 and LRRC59; over-expressed gga-miR-155 and interference gga-miR-101-3p in chicken HD11 macrophage cells significantly altered expression of their target genes and decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These findings facilitate better understanding of the mechanisms of host resistance and susceptibility to SE infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of LiègeGembloux, Belgium
- State Key Laboratory of Animal NutritionBeijing, China
| | - Wenlei Fan
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Qinghe Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal NutritionBeijing, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Nadia Everaert
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of LiègeGembloux, Belgium
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal NutritionBeijing, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Maiqing Zheng
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Huanxian Cui
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Guiping Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal NutritionBeijing, China
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Abstract
MicroRNAs are small endogenous noncoding RNAs implicating in the regulation of diverse biological processes, including proliferation, differentiation, cancer, apoptosis, and viral infections. MicroRNAs regulate gene expression by either mRNA degradation or inhibition of protein translation. Although microRNAs have emerged as important controller involved in regulation of inflammatory response, the microRNA-mediated regulatory mechanism remains less clear in teleost. Here, we report that miR-148 targets MyD88 and down-regulates its expression by inhibition protein translation rather than degradation mRNA in miiuy croaker. Additionally, we found that miR-148 was significantly upregulated in miiuy croaker after treated with Vibro harveyi, as well as LPS. Overexpression of miR-148 inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines production, such as IL-6 and IL-1β, which then avoid excessive inflammation response. miR-148 has also been identified to suppress NF-κB pathway through targeting and repressing MyD88 expression. Taken together, our findings indicate that miR-148 participates in bacteria-induced inflammatory response and act as a negative regulator for MyD88-mediated NF-κB signaling, which may clarify the mechanism of microRNAs for avoiding excessive inflammation in teleost fish.
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Bruscella P, Bottini S, Baudesson C, Pawlotsky JM, Feray C, Trabucchi M. Viruses and miRNAs: More Friends than Foes. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:824. [PMID: 28555130 PMCID: PMC5430039 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that eukaryotic miRNAs (hereafter called host miRNAs) play a role in the replication and propagation of viruses. Expression or targeting of host miRNAs can be involved in cellular antiviral responses. Most times host miRNAs play a role in viral life-cycles and promote infection through complex regulatory pathways. miRNAs can also be encoded by a viral genome and be expressed in the host cell. Viral miRNAs can share common sequences with host miRNAs or have totally different sequences. They can regulate a variety of biological processes involved in viral infection, including apoptosis, evasion of the immune response, or modulation of viral life-cycle phases. Overall, virus/miRNA pathway interaction is defined by a plethora of complex mechanisms, though not yet fully understood. This article review summarizes recent advances and novel biological concepts related to the understanding of miRNA expression, control and function during viral infections. The article also discusses potential therapeutic applications of this particular host–pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Bruscella
- INSERM U955, Team "Pathophysiology and Therapy of Chronic Viral Hepatitis", Université Paris-EstCréteil, France
| | | | - Camille Baudesson
- INSERM U955, Team "Pathophysiology and Therapy of Chronic Viral Hepatitis", Université Paris-EstCréteil, France
| | - Jean-Michel Pawlotsky
- INSERM U955, Team "Pathophysiology and Therapy of Chronic Viral Hepatitis", Université Paris-EstCréteil, France
| | - Cyrille Feray
- INSERM U955, Team "Pathophysiology and Therapy of Chronic Viral Hepatitis", Université Paris-EstCréteil, France
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Andreassen R, Woldemariam NT, Egeland IØ, Agafonov O, Sindre H, Høyheim B. Identification of differentially expressed Atlantic salmon miRNAs responding to salmonid alphavirus (SAV) infection. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:349. [PMID: 28472924 PMCID: PMC5418855 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3741-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) control multiple biological processes including the innate immune responses by negative post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. As there were no studies on the role(s) of miRNAs in viral diseases in Atlantic salmon, we aimed to identify miRNAs responding to salmonid alphavirus (SAV) infection. Their expression were studied at different time points post infection with SAV isolates associated with different mortalities. Furthermore, the genome sequences of the identified miRNAs were analysed to reveal putative cis-regulatory elements, and, finally, their putative target genes were predicted. Results Twenty differentially expressed miRNAs (DE miRNAs) were identified. The expression of the majority of these increased post infection with maximum levels reached after the viral load were stabilized or decreasing. On the other hand, some miRNAs (e.g. the miRNA-21 family) showed decreased expression at the early time points post infection. There were significant differences in the temporal expression of individual miRNA associated with different SAV isolates. Target gene prediction in SAV responsive immune network genes showed that seventeen of the DE miRNAs could target 24 genes (e.g. IRF3, IRF7). Applying the Atlantic salmon transcriptome as input 28 more immune network genes were revealed as putative targets (e.g. IRF5, IRF4). The majority of the predicted target genes promote inflammatory response. The upstream sequences of the miRNA genes revealed a high density of cis-regulatory sequences known as binding sites for immune network transcription factors (TFs). A high expression in the late phase could therefore be due to increased transcription promoted by immune response activated TFs. Based on the in silico target predictions, we discuss their putative roles as early promotors or late inhibitors of inflammation. We propose that the differences in expressions associated with different SAV isolates could contribute to their differences in mortality rates. Conclusions This study represents the first steps in exploring miRNAs important in viral-host interaction in Atlantic salmon. We identified several miRNAs responding to SAV infection. Some likely to prohibit harmful inflammation while other may promote an early immune response. Their predicted functions need to be validated and further studied in functional assays to fully understand their roles in immune homeostasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3741-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Andreassen
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Pilestredet 50, N-0130, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Nardos Tesfaye Woldemariam
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Pilestredet 50, N-0130, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ine Østråt Egeland
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Pilestredet 50, N-0130, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oleg Agafonov
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Department of Core Facilities, Institute of Cancer Research, Radium hospital, part of Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Sindre
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PB 750 Sentrum, N-106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Høyheim
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, 0454, Oslo, Norway
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Chu Q, Sun Y, Cui J, Xu T. MicroRNA-3570 Modulates the NF-κB Pathway in Teleost Fish by Targeting MyD88. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3274-3282. [PMID: 28250156 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response, a protective process to clear detrimental stimuli, constitutes the defense against infectious pathogens. However, excessive inflammation disrupts immune homeostasis, which may induce autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In this study, we report that microRNA (miR)-3570 plays a negative role in the bacteria-induced inflammatory response of miiuy croaker. Upregulation of miR-3570 by Vibrio anguillarum and LPS inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production, thus avoiding an excessive inflammation response. Evidence showed that miR-3570 targets MyD88 and posttranscriptionally downregulates its expression. Overexpression of miR-3570 in macrophages suppresses the expression of MyD88, as well as its downstream signaling of IL-1R-associated kinases 1 and 4 and TNFR-associated factor 6. These results suggest that miR-3570 plays a regulatory in the bacteria-induced inflammatory response through the MyD88-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway by targeting MyD88.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chu
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics and Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Yuena Sun
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics and Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Junxia Cui
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics and Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics and Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
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Chu Q, Sun Y, Cui J, Xu T. Inducible microRNA-214 contributes to the suppression of NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response via targeting myd88 gene in fish. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5282-5290. [PMID: 28235799 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.777078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon recognition of bacterial pathogens by pattern recognition receptors, cells are activated to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I IFN by multiple signaling pathways. Every step of the process must be precisely regulated to prevent dysregulation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to be important regulators with profound effects on inflammatory response. Nevertheless, the miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanism remains unclear in fish species. Here, we addressed the role of miiuy croaker miR-214 in the bacteria triggered inflammatory response. miR-214 could significantly be up-regulated by Vibro harveyi and LPS stimulation. Up-regulating miR-214 subsequently inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines by targeting myd88 to avoid excessive inflammation. Moreover, the negative regulatory mechanism of miR-214 has been demonstrated to be via the myd88-mediated NF-κB pathway. This is the first to focus on miR-214 acting as the negative regulator involved in the bacteria-triggered inflammatory response and thus may provide knowledge on the host-cell regulator responses to microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chu
- From the Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Yuena Sun
- From the Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Junxia Cui
- From the Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- From the Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
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Shi H, Cao N, Pu Y, Xie L, Zheng L, Yu C. Long non-coding RNA expression profile in minor salivary gland of primary Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:109. [PMID: 27188286 PMCID: PMC4869341 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine the roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the regulation of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) and reveal the expression profile of lncRNAs in labial salivary glands (LSGs) in pSS patients. METHOD The expression of 63,431 lncRNAs and 39,887 mRNAs were determined in the LSG of four pSS patients and four healthy controls using microarray experiments. Validation was performed in 30 pSS patients and 16 controls using real-time PCR. LncRNA-mRNA co-expression and gene-pathway networks were constructed using bioinformatics software. RESULT A total of 1243 lncRNAs (upregulated: 890, downregulated: 353) and 1457 mRNAs (upregulated: 1141, downregulated: 316) were differentially expressed in the LSGs of pSS patients (fold change >2, P <0.05). Eight of these lncRNAs were validated using real-time PCR. ENST00000420219.1 (3.13-fold), ENST00000455309.1 (2.51-fold), n336161 (2.45-fold), NR_002712 (2.41-fold), ENST00000546086.1 (1.94-fold), Lnc-UTS2D-1:1 (1.79-fold), n340599 (1.69-fold), and TCONS_l2_00014794 (1.28-fold) were significantly upregulated in pSS. There were strong correlations between these lncRNAs and β2 microglobulin, disease course, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), rheumatoid factor (RF), IgA, IgM, visual analogue scale (VAS) of parotid swelling and VAS of dry eyes. Computational analyses revealed that 28 of the differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs were associated with eight DE lncRNAs involved in chemokine signaling pathways, the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed the expression profile of lncRNAs in LSGs of pSS patients. Many novel lncRNA transcripts that play important roles in the pathogenesis of pSS were dysregulated in pSS. Therefore, this study will aid in the development of new diagnostic biomarkers and drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Shi
- Department of Oral Surgery, Affiliated Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningning Cao
- Department of Oral Surgery, Affiliated Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiping Pu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Affiliated Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisong Xie
- Department of Oral Surgery, Affiliated Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyan Zheng
- Department of Oral Surgery, Affiliated Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chuangqi Yu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Affiliated Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
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75
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Wolf S, Wu W, Jones C, Perwitasari O, Mahalingam S, Tripp RA. MicroRNA Regulation of Human Genes Essential for Influenza A (H7N9) Replication. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155104. [PMID: 27166678 PMCID: PMC4864377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are important pathogens of humans and animals. While seasonal influenza viruses infect humans every year, occasionally animal-origin viruses emerge to cause pandemics with significantly higher morbidity and mortality rates. In March 2013, the public health authorities of China reported three cases of laboratory confirmed human infection with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus, and subsequently there have been many cases reported across South East Asia and recently in North America. Most patients experience severe respiratory illness, and morbidity with mortality rates near 40%. No vaccine is currently available and the use of antivirals is complicated due the frequent emergence of drug resistant strains. Thus, there is an imminent need to identify new drug targets for therapeutic intervention. In the current study, a high-throughput screening (HTS) assay was performed using microRNA (miRNA) inhibitors to identify new host miRNA targets that reduce influenza H7N9 replication in human respiratory (A549) cells. Validation studies lead to a top hit, hsa-miR-664a-3p, that had potent antiviral effects in reducing H7N9 replication (TCID50 titers) by two logs. In silico pathway analysis revealed that this microRNA targeted the LIF and NEK7 genes with effects on pro-inflammatory factors. In follow up studies using siRNAs, anti-viral properties were shown for LIF. Furthermore, inhibition of hsa-miR-664a-3p also reduced virus replication of pandemic influenza A strains H1N1 and H3N2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wolf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Weilin Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Cheryl Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Olivia Perwitasari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
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76
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Brogaard L, Heegaard PMH, Larsen LE, Mortensen S, Schlegel M, Dürrwald R, Skovgaard K. Late regulation of immune genes and microRNAs in circulating leukocytes in a pig model of influenza A (H1N2) infection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21812. [PMID: 26893019 PMCID: PMC4759598 DOI: 10.1038/srep21812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short regulatory RNA molecules which are implicated in modulating gene expression. Levels of circulating, cell-associated miRNAs in response to influenza A virus (IAV) infection has received limited attention so far. To further understand the temporal dynamics and biological implications of miRNA regulation in circulating leukocytes, we collected blood samples before and after (1, 3, and 14 days) IAV challenge of pigs. Differential expression of miRNAs and innate immune factor mRNA transcripts was analysed using RT-qPCR. A total of 20 miRNAs were regulated after IAV challenge, with the highest number of regulated miRNAs seen on day 14 after infection at which time the infection was cleared. Targets of the regulated miRNAs included genes involved in apoptosis and cell cycle regulation. Significant regulation of both miRNAs and mRNA transcripts at 14 days after challenge points to a protracted effect of IAV infection, potentially affecting the host’s ability to respond to secondary infections. In conclusion, experimental IAV infection of pigs demonstrated the dynamic nature of miRNA and mRNA regulation in circulating leukocytes during and after infection, and revealed the need for further investigation of the potential immunosuppressing effect of miRNA and innate immune signaling after IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Brogaard
- Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lars E Larsen
- Section for Virology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Shila Mortensen
- Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | | | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Matusiak M, Van Opdenbosch N, Lamkanfi M. CARD- and pyrin-only proteins regulating inflammasome activation and immunity. Immunol Rev 2016; 265:217-30. [PMID: 25879296 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-bound and intracellular immune receptors respond to microbial pathogens by initiating signaling cascades that result in production of inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial factors. These host responses need to be tightly regulated to prevent tissue damage and other harmful consequences of excessive inflammation. CARD-only proteins (COPs) and Pyrin-only proteins (POPs) are human- and primate-specific dominant negative inhibitors that modulate inflammatory and innate immune responses. In addition, several poxviruses encode POPs that interfere with inflammatory and host defense responses. COPs and POPs modulate inflammatory signaling at several checkpoints by sequestering key components of the inflammasome and NF-κB signaling cascades, thus hampering downstream signal transduction. Here, we review and discuss current understanding of the evolutionary history and molecular mechanisms by which roles of host- and virus-encoded COPs and POPs may regulate inflammatory and immune responses. In addition, we address their (patho)physiological roles and highlight topics for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Matusiak
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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78
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79
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Zheng Q, Hou J, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Cao X. Type I IFN-Inducible Downregulation of MicroRNA-27a Feedback Inhibits Antiviral Innate Response by Upregulating Siglec1/TRIM27. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:1317-26. [PMID: 26700765 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Upon recognition of viral components by pattern recognition receptors, including TLRs and retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like helicases, cells are activated to produce type I IFN, which plays key roles in host antiviral innate immune response. However, excessive IFN production may induce immune disorders, and the mechanisms responsible for the regulation of type I IFN production have attracted much attention. Furthermore, type I IFN activates the downstream IFN/JAK/STAT pathway to modulate expression of a set of genes against viral infection, but whether these genes can feedback regulate type I IFN production is poorly understood. In this study, by screening the microRNAs modulated by viral infection in macrophages, we identified that microRNA (miR)-27a was significantly downregulated via the IFN/JAK/STAT1/runt-related transcription factor 1 pathway. Inducible downregulation of miR-27a, in turn, negatively regulated vesicular stomatitis virus-triggered type I IFN production, thus promoting vesicular stomatitis virus replication in macrophages. Mechanistically, we found that miR-27a directly targeted sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin (Siglec)1 and E3 ubiquitin ligase tripartite motif-containing protein 27 (TRIM27), both of which were previously verified as negative regulators of type I IFN production. Furthermore, we constructed "Sponge" transgenic mice against miR-27a expression and found that Siglec1 and TRIM27 expression were elevated whereas type I IFN production was inhibited and viral replication was aggregated in vivo. Therefore, type I IFN-induced downregulation of miR-27a can upregulate Siglec1 and TRIM27 expression, feedback inhibiting type I IFN production in antiviral innate response. Our study outlines a new negative way to feedback regulate type I IFN production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingliang Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; and
| | - Jin Hou
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yingyun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; and
| | - Xuetao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; and National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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80
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Ingle H, Kumar S, Raut AA, Mishra A, Kulkarni DD, Kameyama T, Takaoka A, Akira S, Kumar H. The microRNA miR-485 targets host and influenza virus transcripts to regulate antiviral immunity and restrict viral replication. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra126. [PMID: 26645583 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aab3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that are responsible for dynamic changes in gene expression, and some regulate innate antiviral responses. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is a cytosolic sensor of viral RNA; RIG-I activation induces an antiviral immune response. We found that miR-485 of the host was produced in response to viral infection and targeted RIG-I mRNA for degradation, which led to suppression of the antiviral response and enhanced viral replication. Thus, inhibition of the expression of mir-485 markedly reduced the replication of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and the H5N1 strain of influenza virus in mammalian cells. Unexpectedly, miR-485 also bound to the H5N1 gene PB1 (which encodes an RNA polymerase required for viral replication) in a sequence-specific manner, thereby inhibiting replication of the H5N1 virus. Furthermore, miR-485 exhibited bispecificity, targeting RIG-I in cells with a low abundance of H5N1 virus and targeting PB1 in cells with increased amounts of the H5N1 virus. These findings highlight the dual role of miR-485 in preventing spurious activation of antiviral signaling and restricting influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshad Ingle
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Ashwin Ashok Raut
- Pathogenomics Lab, OIE Reference Lab for Avian Influenza, ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal 462022, India
| | - Anamika Mishra
- Pathogenomics Lab, OIE Reference Lab for Avian Influenza, ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal 462022, India
| | - Diwakar Dattatraya Kulkarni
- Pathogenomics Lab, OIE Reference Lab for Avian Influenza, ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal 462022, India
| | - Takeshi Kameyama
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Akinori Takaoka
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Himanshu Kumar
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India. Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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81
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Cardoso AL, Guedes JR, de Lima MCP. Role of microRNAs in the regulation of innate immune cells under neuroinflammatory conditions. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 26:1-9. [PMID: 26410391 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
MiRNAs are short, evolutionary conserved noncoding RNA molecules with the ability to control the magnitude of inflammation. The immunosuppressive nature of the brain is sustained by miRNA-dependent regulation of microglial cells, which become activated under neuroinflammatory conditions, such as brain injury and neurodegeneration. The pro-inflammatory and suppressive role of the most studied neuroimmune miRNAs, miR-155 and miR-146a, has been recently challenged. Although the molecular targets of these miRNAs remain unchanged across brain diseases, different kinetics of miRNA expression and degradation can produce different immune outcomes and change microglia phenotypes. Here, we discuss current knowledge regarding the implications of disruption of miRNA networks in neuroinflammation and in the pathophysiology of acute and chronic CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Cardoso
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana R Guedes
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria C Pedroso de Lima
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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82
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Sun X, Zhang J, Hou Z, Han Q, Zhang C, Tian Z. miR-146a is directly regulated by STAT3 in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells and involved in anti-tumor immune suppression. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:243-52. [PMID: 25607648 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.977112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in tumorigenesis, but their role in tumor-induced immune suppression is largely unknown. STAT3 signaling, a key pathway mediating immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment, is responsible for the transcription of several important miRNAs. In this study, we observed that miR-146a, a known important regulator of immune responses, was downregulated by blocking activated STAT3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Furthermore, miR-146a inhibition in HCC cells not only altered the STAT3 activation-associated cytokine profile but also reversed HCC-induced NK cell dysfunction in vitro and improved the anti-tumor effect of lymphocytes in vivo. Importantly, ChIP and luciferase reporter assays confirmed that STAT3 directly bound to the miR-146a promoter and induced miR-146a expression. These findings indicated that miR-146a expression was regulated by aberrantly activated STAT3 in HCC cells and exerted negative effects on anti-tumor immune response, which resulted in the upregulation of cytokines such as TGF-β, IL-17, VEGF and downregulation of type I IFN to create an immunosuppressive microenvironment. This further insight into understanding the mechanism responsible for tumor-induced immune suppression highlights the potential application of miR-146a as a novel immunotherapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Sun
- a Institute of Immunopharmacology & Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences ; Shandong University ; Jinan , Shandong Province , China
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83
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Carpenter S. Long noncoding RNA: Novel links between gene expression and innate immunity. Virus Res 2015; 212:137-45. [PMID: 26362525 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protection against infection and maintenance of homeostasis are the hallmarks of the innate immune system. The complex signaling cascades that occur following microbial infection have been studied intensely for a number of years and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) represent novel regulatory components of these pathways. The catalogue of lncRNA present in our genomes continues to increase as deep sequencing data becomes available. It is clear that they represent critical regulatory steps in a large number of biological systems yet we currently understand the functions for approximately 1% of all annotated lncRNA. This review will cover the recent findings on the emerging roles for lncRNA in controlling the inflammatory response and their mechanisms of action. Gaining a better understanding of these processes could facilitate the development of novel therapeutics to prevent damaging inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Carpenter
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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84
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Lu M, Zhang P, Li C, Zhang W, Jin C, Han Q. MiR-31 modulates coelomocytes ROS production via targeting p105 in Vibrio splendidus challenged sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus in vitro and in vivo. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:293-299. [PMID: 25917973 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
MiR-31 is a critical regulator of gene expression in many pathogenic processes in vertebrates. In this study, we identified p105 as a novel target of miR-31 in Apostichopus japonicus and investigated their regulatory roles in vitro and in vivo. The negative expression profiles between miR-31 and Ajp105 were detected in both LPS-exposed primary coelomocytes and Vibrio splendidus-challenged sea cucumber. Co-infection miR-31 mimics significantly depressed the expression of Ajp105 and increased ROS production in vitro. In contrast, miR-31 inhibitor significantly elevated the expression of Ajp105 and decreased ROS level. Consistently, miR-31 over-expression or Ajp105 silencing in vivo both greatly promoted ROS accumulation. Taken together, our findings confirmed that miR-31 could modulate respiratory burst via targeting Ajp105 during sea cucumber pathological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, PR China
| | - Pengjuan Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, PR China
| | - Chenghua Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, PR China.
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, PR China
| | - Chunhua Jin
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, PR China
| | - Qingxi Han
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, PR China
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85
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Zhu B, Ye J, Nie Y, Ashraf U, Zohaib A, Duan X, Fu ZF, Song Y, Chen H, Cao S. MicroRNA-15b Modulates Japanese Encephalitis Virus-Mediated Inflammation via Targeting RNF125. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26202983 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) can target CNS and cause neuroinflammation that is characterized by profound neuronal damage and concomitant microgliosis/astrogliosis. Although microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a major regulatory network with profound effects on inflammatory response, it is less clear how they regulate JEV-induced inflammation. In this study, we found that miR-15b is involved in modulating the JEV-induced inflammatory response. The data demonstrate that miR-15b is upregulated during JEV infection of glial cells and mouse brains. In vitro overexpression of miR-15b enhances the JEV-induced inflammatory response, whereas inhibition of miR-15b decreases it. Mechanistically, ring finger protein 125 (RNF125), a negative regulator of RIG-I signaling, is identified as a direct target of miR-15b in the context of JEV infection. Furthermore, inhibition of RNF125 by miR-15b results in an elevation in RIG-I levels, which, in turn, leads to a higher production of proinflammatory cytokines and type I IFN. In vivo knockdown of virus-induced miR-15b by antagomir-15b restores the expression of RNF125, reduces the production of inflammatory cytokines, attenuates glial activation and neuronal damage, decreases viral burden in the brain, and improves survival in the mouse model. Taken together, our results indicate that miR-15b modulates the inflammatory response during JEV infection by negative regulation of RNF125 expression. Therefore, miR-15b targeting may constitute an interesting and promising approach to control viral-induced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Jing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Yanru Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Usama Ashraf
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ali Zohaib
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; and Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Yunfeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Shengbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; and
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86
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Midbrain dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease exhibit a dysregulated miRNA and target-gene network. Brain Res 2015; 1618:111-21. [PMID: 26047984 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The degeneration of substantia nigra (SN) dopamine (DA) neurons in sporadic Parkinson׳s disease (PD) is characterized by disturbed gene expression networks. Micro(mi)RNAs are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and we recently provided evidence that these molecules may play a functional role in the pathogenesis of PD. Here, we document a comprehensive analysis of miRNAs in SN DA neurons and PD, including sex differences. Our data show that miRNAs are dysregulated in disease-affected neurons and differentially expressed between male and female samples with a trend of more up-regulated miRNAs in males and more down-regulated miRNAs in females. Unbiased Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) revealed a network of miRNA/target-gene associations that is consistent with dysfunctional gene and signaling pathways in PD pathology. Our study provides evidence for a general association of miRNAs with the cellular function and identity of SN DA neurons, and with deregulated gene expression networks and signaling pathways related to PD pathogenesis that may be sex-specific.
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87
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Integration analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles in swine testis cells infected with Japanese encephalitis virus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 32:342-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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88
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Difference in microRNA expression and editing profile of lung tissues from different pig breeds related to immune responses to HP-PRRSV. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9549. [PMID: 25856272 PMCID: PMC5381705 DOI: 10.1038/srep09549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most devastating diseases for the pig industry. Our goal was to identify microRNAs involved in the host immune response to PRRS. We generated microRNA expression profiles of lung tissues from Tongcheng or Landrace pigs infected with a highly pathogenic PRRS virus (PRRSV) at 3, 5, 7 dpi (day post infection) and control individuals from these two breeds. Our data showed that 278 known and 294 novel microRNAs were expressed in these combined microRNA transcriptomes. Compared with control individuals, almost half of the known microRNAs (116 in Tongcheng and 153 in Landrace) showed significantly differential expression (DEmiRNAs) at least once. The numbers of down-regulated DEmiRNAs were larger than the corresponding number of up-regulated DEmiRNAs in both breeds. Interestingly, miR-2320-5p, which was predicted to bind to conserved sequences of the PRRSV genome, was down-regulated significantly at 3 dpi after PRRSV infection in both breeds. In addition, PRRSV infection induced a significant increase of microRNA editing level in both breeds. Our results provide novel insight into the role of microRNA in response to PRRSV infection in vivo, which will aid the research for developing novel therapies against PRRSV.
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89
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Long noncoding RNA SPRY4-IT1 predicts poor patient prognosis and promotes tumorigenesis in gastric cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 53:2016-2028. [PMID: 25835973 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the second common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as novel regulators in the cancer paradigm. However, investigation of lncRNAs on GC is still in its infancy. In this study, we focused on lncRNA SPRY4 intronic transcript 1 (SPRY4-IT1) and investigated its expression pattern, clinical significance, biological function, and molecular mechanism in GC. SPRY4-IT1 expression was examined, and its correlation with clinicopathological characteristics and patient prognosis was analyzed. A series of assays were performed to understand the role of SPRY4-IT1 in GC. SPRY4-IT1 expression was elevated in GC tissues and cell lines, and SPRY4-IT1 levels were highly positively correlated with tumor size, invasion depth, distant metastasis, TNM stage, and reduced overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). A multivariate analysis showed that SPRY4-IT1 expression is an independent prognostic factor of OS and DFS in patients with GC. Additionally, the results of in vitro assays showed that the suppression of SPRY4-IT1 expression in GC cell line MKN-45 significantly reduced cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell migration/invasion. Moreover, the tumorigenic effects of SPRY4-IT1 were partially mediated by the regulation of certain cyclins and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-related genes. Our data suggest that SPRY4-IT1 plays a critical role in GC tumorigenesis and may represent a novel prognostic marker and potential therapeutic target in patients with GC.
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90
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Siddle KJ, Tailleux L, Deschamps M, Loh YHE, Deluen C, Gicquel B, Antoniewski C, Barreiro LB, Farinelli L, Quintana-Murci L. bacterial infection drives the expression dynamics of microRNAs and their isomiRs. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005064. [PMID: 25793259 PMCID: PMC4368565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimal coordination of the transcriptional response of host cells to infection is essential for establishing appropriate immunological outcomes. In this context, the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) – important epigenetic regulators of gene expression – in regulating mammalian immune systems is increasingly well recognised. However, the expression dynamics of miRNAs, and that of their isoforms, in response to infection remains largely unexplored. Here, we characterized the genome-wide miRNA transcriptional responses of human dendritic cells, over time, to various mycobacteria differing in their virulence as well as to other bacteria outside the genus Mycobacterium, using small RNA-sequencing. We detected the presence of a core temporal response to infection, shared across bacteria, comprising 49 miRNAs, highlighting a set of miRNAs that may play an essential role in the regulation of basic cellular responses to stress. Despite such broadly shared expression dynamics, we identified specific elements of variation in the miRNA response to infection across bacteria, including a virulence-dependent induction of the miR-132/212 family in response to mycobacterial infections. We also found that infection has a strong impact on both the relative abundance of the miRNA hairpin arms and the expression dynamics of miRNA isoforms. That we observed broadly consistent changes in relative arm expression and isomiR distribution across bacteria suggests that this additional, internal layer of variability in miRNA responses represents an additional source of subtle miRNA-mediated regulation upon infection. Collectively, this study increases our understanding of the dynamism and role of miRNAs in response to bacterial infection, revealing novel features of their internal variability and identifying candidate miRNAs that may contribute to differences in the pathogenicity of mycobacterial infections. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate important cellular processes by inhibiting the expression of gene targets. In recent years, it has become clear that miRNAs play a critical role in the regulation of the immune response to infection, a highly complex phenotype involving the activation of both generic and infection-specific responses. However, it remains unclear to what extent miRNAs are involved in the regulation of these two types of response. Here, focusing on the miRNA response to mycobacteria, pathogens of major public health importance, we present the first comparative, deep sequencing-based analysis of the miRNA response to a panel of bacterial infections. We define a set of miRNAs that play an essential role in basic cellular responses to stress and identify pathogen-specific miRNA responses that reflect mechanisms by which certain pathogens interfere with the host response to infection. In addition, we show that infection can alter the expression level and proportions of miRNA isoforms, transcripts originating from the same miRNA but with slight differences in their nucleotide sequences. This study highlights a novel aspect of miRNA expression dynamics upon infection and increases our understanding of miRNA-mediated mechanisms involved in host cellular responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J. Siddle
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | | | - Matthieu Deschamps
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Cellule Pasteur UPMC, Paris, France
| | - Yong-Hwee Eddie Loh
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Luis B. Barreiro
- Ste-Justine Hospital Research Centre and Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Lluís Quintana-Murci
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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91
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Zhou Y, Sun L, Wang X, Zhou L, Li J, Liu M, Wang F, Peng J, Gui X, Zhao H, Reichenbach N, Zhou D, Ho WZ. Heroin use promotes HCV infection and dysregulates HCV-related circulating microRNAs. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:102-10. [PMID: 25572448 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9577-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is common among injection drug users (IDUs). There is accumulating evidence that circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are associated with HCV infection and disease progression. The present study was undertaken to determine the in vivo impact of heroin use on HCV infection and HCV-related circulating miRNA expression. Using the blood specimens from four groups of the study subjects (HCV-infected individuals, heroin users with/without HCV infection, and healthy volunteers), we found that HCV-infected heroin users had significantly higher viral load than HCV-infected non-heroin users (p = 0.0004). Measurement of HCV-related circulating miRNAs in plasma showed that miRs-122, 141, 29a, 29b, and 29c were significantly increased in the heroin users with HCV infection, whereas miR-351, an HCV inhibitory miRNA, was significantly decreased in heroin users as compared to control subjects. Further investigation identified a negative correlation between the plasma levels of miR-29 family members and severity of HCV infection based on aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI). In addition, heroin use and/or HCV infection also dysregulated a panel of plasma miRNAs. Taken together, these data for the first time revealed in vivo evidence that heroin use and/or HCV infection alter circulating miRNAs, which provides a novel mechanism for the impaired innate anti-HCV immunity among IDUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
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92
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Lawless N, Vegh P, O'Farrelly C, Lynn DJ. The Role of microRNAs in Bovine Infection and Immunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:611. [PMID: 25505900 PMCID: PMC4245999 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, non-coding RNAs that are recognized as critical regulators of immune gene expression during infection. Many immunologically significant human miRNAs have been found to be conserved in agriculturally important species, including cattle. Discovering how bovine miRNAs mediate the immune defense during infection is critical to understanding the etiology of the most prevalent bovine diseases. Here, we review current knowledge of miRNAs in the bovine genome, and discuss the advances in understanding of miRNAs as regulators of immune cell function, and bovine immune response activation, regulation, and resolution. Finally, we consider the future perspectives on miRNAs in bovine viral disease, their role as potential biomarkers and in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Lawless
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany , Meath , Ireland ; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Peter Vegh
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany , Meath , Ireland ; School of Genetics and Microbiology, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - David J Lynn
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace , Adelaide, SA , Australia ; School of Medicine, Flinders University , Bedford Park, SA , Australia
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93
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Saba R, Sorensen DL, Booth SA. MicroRNA-146a: A Dominant, Negative Regulator of the Innate Immune Response. Front Immunol 2014; 5:578. [PMID: 25484882 PMCID: PMC4240164 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules that can play critical roles as regulators of numerous pathways and biological processes including the immune response. Emerging as one of the most important miRNAs to orchestrate immune and inflammatory signaling, often through its recognized target genes, IRAK1 and TRAF6, is microRNA-146a (miR-146a). MiR-146a is one, of a small number of miRNAs, whose expression is strongly induced following challenge of cells with bacterial endotoxin, and prolonged expression has been linked to immune tolerance, implying that it acts as a fine-tuning mechanism to prevent an overstimulation of the inflammatory response. In other cells, miR-146a has been shown to play a role in the control of the differentiation of megakaryocytic and monocytic lineages, adaptive immunity, and cancer. In this review, we discuss the central role prescribed to miR-146a in innate immunity. We particularly focus on the role played by miR-146a in the regulation and signaling mediated by one of the main pattern recognition receptors, toll/IL-1 receptors (TLRs). Additionally, we also discuss the role of miR-146a in several classes of autoimmune pathologies where this miRNA has been shown to be dysregulated, as well as its potential role in the pathobiology of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Saba
- Molecular PathoBiology, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada , Winnipeg, MB , Canada
| | - Debra L Sorensen
- Molecular PathoBiology, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada , Winnipeg, MB , Canada
| | - Stephanie A Booth
- Molecular PathoBiology, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada , Winnipeg, MB , Canada ; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB , Canada
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94
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Cezar-de-Mello PFT, Toledo-Pinto TG, Marques CS, Arnez LEA, Cardoso CC, Guerreiro LTA, Antunes SLG, Jardim MM, Covas CDJF, Illaramendi X, Dias-Baptista IM, Rosa PS, Durães SMB, Pacheco AG, Ribeiro-Alves M, Sarno EN, Moraes MO. Pre-miR-146a (rs2910164 G>C) single nucleotide polymorphism is genetically and functionally associated with leprosy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3099. [PMID: 25187983 PMCID: PMC4154665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae infects macrophages and Schwann cells inducing a gene expression program to facilitate its replication and progression to disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression and could be involved during the infection. To address the genetic influence of miRNAs in leprosy, we enrolled 1,098 individuals and conducted a case-control analysis in order to study four miRNAs genes containing single nucleotide polymorphism (miRSNP). We tested miRSNP-125a (rs12975333 G>T), miRSNP-223 (rs34952329 *>T), miRSNP-196a-2 (rs11614913 C>T) and miRSNP-146a (rs2910164 G>C). Amongst them, miRSNP-146a was the unique gene associated with risk to leprosy per se (GC OR = 1.44, p = 0.04; CC OR = 2.18, p = 0.0091). We replicated this finding showing that the C-allele was over-transmitted (p = 0.003) using a transmission-disequilibrium test. A functional analysis revealed that live M. leprae (MOI 100∶1) was able to induce miR-146a expression in THP-1 (p<0.05). Furthermore, pure neural leprosy biopsies expressed augmented levels of that miRNA as compared to biopsy samples from neuropathies not related with leprosy (p = 0.001). Interestingly, carriers of the risk variant (C-allele) produce higher levels of mature miR-146a in nerves (p = 0.04). From skin biopsies, although we observed augmented levels of miR-146a, we were not able to correlate it with a particular clinical form or neither host genotype. MiR-146a is known to modulate TNF levels, thus we assessed TNF expression (nerve biopsies) and released by peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with BCG Moreau. In both cases lower TNF levels correlates with subjects carrying the risk C-allele, (p = 0.0453 and p = 0.0352; respectively), which is consistent with an immunomodulatory role of this miRNA in leprosy. In spite of the successful drug therapy, leprosy is still affecting people worldwide. It is well known that host genetic background influences leprosy development and that genetic variants have been associated with the disease. Therefore we conducted a study to evaluate the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) polymorphisms in leprosy. We observed that a polymorphism in miR-146a is associated with the risk to develop leprosy in Brazilians. Based on the analysis of clinical specimens, we found that the genetic variant was correlated with elevated levels of miR-146a and it is also a negative regulator of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), an important inflammatory mediator in the leprosy context. These findings provide tenable evidences that miR-146a is important in the control of gene expression during M. leprae infection and also may contribute with leprosy development by controlling TNF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula F. T. Cezar-de-Mello
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Thiago G. Toledo-Pinto
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Carolinne S. Marques
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Lucia E. A. Arnez
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Cynthia C. Cardoso
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Luana T. A. Guerreiro
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Sérgio L. G. Antunes
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Márcia M. Jardim
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Claudia de J. F. Covas
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Ximena Illaramendi
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | | | - Sandra M. B. Durães
- Centro de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Antonio G. Pacheco
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Euzenir N. Sarno
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Milton O. Moraes
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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95
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Carpenter S, Ricci EP, Mercier BC, Moore MJ, Fitzgerald KA. Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:361-76. [PMID: 24854588 DOI: 10.1038/nri3682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune responses combat infectious microorganisms by inducing inflammatory responses, antimicrobial pathways and adaptive immunity. Multiple genes within each of these functional categories are coordinately and temporally regulated in response to distinct external stimuli. The substantial potential of these responses to drive pathological inflammation and tissue damage highlights the need for rigorous control of these responses. Although transcriptional control of inflammatory gene expression has been studied extensively, the importance of post-transcriptional regulation of these processes is less well defined. In this Review, we discuss the regulatory mechanisms that occur at the level of mRNA splicing, mRNA polyadenylation, mRNA stability and protein translation, and that have instrumental roles in controlling both the magnitude and duration of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Carpenter
- 1] Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA. [2]
| | - Emiliano P Ricci
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA. [2]
| | - Blandine C Mercier
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA. [2]
| | - Melissa J Moore
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- 1] Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA. [2] Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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96
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Chen J, Liu Z, Yang Y. In vitro screening of LPS-induced miRNAs in leukocytes derived from cord blood and their possible roles in regulating TLR signals. Pediatr Res 2014; 75:595-602. [PMID: 24513687 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in a wide variety of biological processes and play roles in the regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signals. We hypothesized that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced miRNAs in the leukocytes from cord blood (CB) play an important role in newborn innate immunity, specifically in the regulation of the TLR signaling pathway. METHODS The expression profiles of LPS-induced miRNAs and TLR-related genes were studied by microarray and PCR arrays, respectively. A bioinformatics analysis was used to identify the potential biological processes and targets involved in the TLR signals affected by these miRNAs. RESULTS A total of 85 miRNAs and 41 TLR-related genes were differentially expressed. The bioinformatics analysis showed that the potential target genes of these miRNAs were involved in regulation of cellular biosynthetic process, regulation of gene expression, regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process, etc. Thirteen potential miRNA-mRNA interaction sites were found within the cDNA sequences of 11 differentially expressed TLR signaling pathway genes. CONCLUSION We identified a global miRNA expression signature occurring during LPS-induced acute inflammation in leukocytes derived from CB. The target genes were mainly involved in several biological processes, and these miRNAs may play important roles in the regulation of TLR signals. However, the precise mechanisms require further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiande Chen
- 1] Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Ministry of Health, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China [2] Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- 1] Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Ministry of Health, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China [2] Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Ministry of Health, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China [2] Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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97
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He X, Jing Z, Cheng G. MicroRNAs: new regulators of Toll-like receptor signalling pathways. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:945169. [PMID: 24772440 PMCID: PMC3977468 DOI: 10.1155/2014/945169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a critical family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), are responsible for the innate immune responses via signalling pathways to provide effective host defence against pathogen infections. However, TLR-signalling pathways are also likely to stringently regulate tissue maintenance and homeostasis by elaborate modulatory mechanisms. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators and as an essential part of the networks involved in regulating TLR-signalling pathways. In this review, we highlight our understanding of the regulation of miRNA expression profiles by TLR-signalling pathways and the regulation of TLR-signalling pathways by miRNAs. We focus on the roles of miRNAs in regulating TLR-signalling pathways by targeting multiple molecules, including TLRs themselves, their associated signalling proteins and regulatory molecules, and transcription factors and functional cytokines induced by them, at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Zhizhong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Guofeng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
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98
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Hantavirus immunology of rodent reservoirs: current status and future directions. Viruses 2014; 6:1317-35. [PMID: 24638205 PMCID: PMC3970152 DOI: 10.3390/v6031317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses are hosted by rodents, insectivores and bats. Several rodent-borne hantaviruses cause two diseases that share many features in humans, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Eurasia or hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in the Americas. It is thought that the immune response plays a significant contributory role in these diseases. However, in reservoir hosts that have been closely examined, little or no pathology occurs and infection is persistent despite evidence of adaptive immune responses. Because most hantavirus reservoirs are not model organisms, it is difficult to conduct meaningful experiments that might shed light on how the viruses evade sterilizing immune responses and why immunopathology does not occur. Despite these limitations, recent advances in instrumentation and bioinformatics will have a dramatic impact on understanding reservoir host responses to hantaviruses by employing a systems biology approach to identify important pathways that mediate virus/reservoir relationships.
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99
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Sathe A, Patgaonkar MS, Bashir T, Reddy KVR. MicroRNA let-7f: a novel regulator of innate immune response in human endocervical cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71:137-53. [PMID: 24405266 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Endocervical epithelial cells express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that aid in innate immune responses. Mechanisms regulating signaling of PRRs are poorly understood. METHODS OF STUDY Endocervical cells (End1/E6E7) were treated with ligands of TLR9 and RIG-I once or after pre-stimulation with same ligand. Cytokine responses were determined by ELISA. Differential gene expression was analyzed by microarray. Differentially expressed genes were validated by qPCR /Western blot. Role of let-7f was studied by inhibition and over-expression studies using commercial inhibitors and let-7f encoding plasmids, respectively. RESULTS Single stimulation of cells with TLR9 ligand, but not RIG-I ligand, induced tolerance to subsequent challenge to the same ligand. Stimulation with TLR9 decreased let-7f and increased its target Blimp-1. Conversely, RIG-I stimulation increased let-7f and decreased Blimp-1 expression. Inhibition and over-expression revealed let-7f is involved in induction of immune tolerance. CONCLUSION We identify let-7f as a novel regulator of PRR signaling in endocervical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya Sathe
- Division of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology (MIM), National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, India
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Cardwell LN, Weaver BK. IL-10 Inhibits LPS-Induced Expression of miR-147 in Murine Macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/abc.2014.44032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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