51
|
Ka M, Moffat JJ, Kim WY. MACF1 Controls Migration and Positioning of Cortical GABAergic Interneurons in Mice. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5525-5538. [PMID: 27756764 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons develop in the ganglionic eminence in the ventral telencephalon and tangentially migrate into the cortical plate during development. However, key molecules controlling interneuron migration remain poorly identified. Here, we show that microtubule-actin cross-linking factor 1 (MACF1) regulates GABAergic interneuron migration and positioning in the developing mouse brain. To investigate the role of MACF1 in developing interneurons, we conditionally deleted the MACF1 gene in mouse interneuron progenitors and their progeny using Dlx5/6-Cre-IRES-EGFP and Nkx2.1-Cre drivers. We found that MACF1 deletion results in a marked reduction and defective positioning of interneurons in the mouse cerebral cortex and hippocampus, suggesting abnormal interneuron migration. Indeed, the speed and mode of interneuron migration were abnormal in the MACF1-mutant brain, compared with controls. Additionally, MACF1-deleted interneurons showed a significant reduction in the length of their leading processes and dendrites in the mouse brain. Finally, loss of MACF1 decreased microtubule stability in cortical interneurons. Our findings suggest that MACF1 plays a critical role in cortical interneuron migration and positioning in the developing mouse brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minhan Ka
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Moffat
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Soler J, Fañanás L, Parellada M, Krebs MO, Rouleau GA, Fatjó-Vilas M. Genetic variability in scaffolding proteins and risk for schizophrenia and autism-spectrum disorders: a systematic review. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2018; 43:223-244. [PMID: 29947605 PMCID: PMC6019351 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.170066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaffolding proteins represent an evolutionary solution to controlling the specificity of information transfer in intracellular networks. They are highly concentrated in complexes located in specific subcellular locations. One of these complexes is the postsynaptic density of the excitatory synapses. There, scaffolding proteins regulate various processes related to synaptic plasticity, such as glutamate receptor trafficking and signalling, and dendritic structure and function. Most scaffolding proteins can be grouped into 4 main families: discs large (DLG), discs-large-associated protein (DLGAP), Shank and Homer. Owing to the importance of scaffolding proteins in postsynaptic density architecture, it is not surprising that variants in the genes that code for these proteins have been associated with neuropsychiatric diagnoses, including schizophrenia and autism-spectrum disorders. Such evidence, together with the clinical, neurobiological and genetic overlap described between schizophrenia and autism-spectrum disorders, suggest that alteration of scaffolding protein dynamics could be part of the pathophysiology of both. However, despite the potential importance of scaffolding proteins in these psychiatric conditions, no systematic review has integrated the genetic and molecular data from studies conducted in the last decade. This review has the following goals: to systematically analyze the literature in which common and/or rare genetic variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms, single nucleotide variants and copy number variants) in the scaffolding family genes are associated with the risk for either schizophrenia or autism-spectrum disorders; to explore the implications of the reported genetic variants for gene expression and/or protein function; and to discuss the relationship of these genetic variants to the shared genetic, clinical and cognitive traits of schizophrenia and autism-spectrum disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Soler
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Lourdes Fañanás
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Mara Parellada
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Mar Fatjó-Vilas
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Joensuu M, Lanoue V, Hotulainen P. Dendritic spine actin cytoskeleton in autism spectrum disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:362-381. [PMID: 28870634 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small actin-rich protrusions from neuronal dendrites that form the postsynaptic part of most excitatory synapses. Changes in the shape and size of dendritic spines correlate with the functional changes in excitatory synapses and are heavily dependent on the remodeling of the underlying actin cytoskeleton. Recent evidence implicates synapses at dendritic spines as important substrates of pathogenesis in neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although synaptic perturbations are not the only alterations relevant for these diseases, understanding the molecular underpinnings of the spine and synapse pathology may provide insight into their etiologies and could reveal new drug targets. In this review, we will discuss recent findings of defective actin regulation in dendritic spines associated with ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merja Joensuu
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Vanessa Lanoue
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Pirta Hotulainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Arora V, Pecoraro V, Aller MI, Román C, Paternain AV, Lerma J. Increased Grik4 Gene Dosage Causes Imbalanced Circuit Output and Human Disease-Related Behaviors. Cell Rep 2018; 23:3827-3838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
|
55
|
Abad C, Cook MM, Cao L, Jones JR, Rao NR, Dukes-Rimsky L, Pauly R, Skinner C, Wang Y, Luo F, Stevenson RE, Walz K, Srivastava AK. A Rare De Novo RAI1 Gene Mutation Affecting BDNF-Enhancer-Driven Transcription Activity Associated with Autism and Atypical Smith-Magenis Syndrome Presentation. BIOLOGY 2018; 7:biology7020031. [PMID: 29794985 PMCID: PMC6023015 DOI: 10.3390/biology7020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Deletions and mutations involving the Retinoic Acid Induced 1 (RAI1) gene at 17p11.2 cause Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS). Here we report a patient with autism as the main clinical presentation, with some SMS-like features and a rare de novo RAI1 gene mutation, c.3440G > A (p.R1147Q). We functionally characterized the RAI1 p.R1147Q mutant protein. The mutation, located near the nuclear localization signal, had no effect on the subcellular localization of the mutant protein. However, similar to previously reported RAI1 missense mutations in SMS patients, the RAI1 p.R1147Q mutant protein showed a significant deficiency in activating in vivo transcription of a reporter gene driven by a BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) intronic enhancer. In addition, expression of other genes associated with neurobehavioral abnormalities and/or neurodevelopmental disorders were found to be altered in this patient. These results suggest a likely contribution of RAI1, either alone or in combination of other factors, to social behavior and reinforce the RAI1 gene as a candidate gene in patients with autistic manifestations or social behavioral abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clemer Abad
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Melissa M Cook
- J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA.
| | - Lei Cao
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Julie R Jones
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA.
| | - Nalini R Rao
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Lynn Dukes-Rimsky
- J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA.
| | - Rini Pauly
- J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA.
| | - Cindy Skinner
- J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA.
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Feng Luo
- School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Roger E Stevenson
- J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA.
| | - Katherina Walz
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Anand K Srivastava
- J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Biochemsitry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Teng S, Thomson PA, McCarthy S, Kramer M, Muller S, Lihm J, Morris S, Soares DC, Hennah W, Harris S, Camargo LM, Malkov V, McIntosh AM, Millar JK, Blackwood DH, Evans KL, Deary IJ, Porteous DJ, McCombie WR. Rare disruptive variants in the DISC1 Interactome and Regulome: association with cognitive ability and schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1270-1277. [PMID: 28630456 PMCID: PMC5984079 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD) and recurrent major depressive disorder (rMDD) are common psychiatric illnesses. All have been associated with lower cognitive ability, and show evidence of genetic overlap and substantial evidence of pleiotropy with cognitive function and neuroticism. Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) protein directly interacts with a large set of proteins (DISC1 Interactome) that are involved in brain development and signaling. Modulation of DISC1 expression alters the expression of a circumscribed set of genes (DISC1 Regulome) that are also implicated in brain biology and disorder. Here we report targeted sequencing of 59 DISC1 Interactome genes and 154 Regulome genes in 654 psychiatric patients and 889 cognitively-phenotyped control subjects, on whom we previously reported evidence for trait association from complete sequencing of the DISC1 locus. Burden analyses of rare and singleton variants predicted to be damaging were performed for psychiatric disorders, cognitive variables and personality traits. The DISC1 Interactome and Regulome showed differential association across the phenotypes tested. After family-wise error correction across all traits (FWERacross), an increased burden of singleton disruptive variants in the Regulome was associated with SCZ (FWERacross P=0.0339). The burden of singleton disruptive variants in the DISC1 Interactome was associated with low cognitive ability at age 11 (FWERacross P=0.0043). These results identify altered regulation of schizophrenia candidate genes by DISC1 and its core Interactome as an alternate pathway for schizophrenia risk, consistent with the emerging effects of rare copy number variants associated with intellectual disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Teng
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington DC, USA
| | - P A Thomson
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC/University of Edinburgh Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S McCarthy
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - M Kramer
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - S Muller
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - J Lihm
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - S Morris
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC/University of Edinburgh Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D C Soares
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC/University of Edinburgh Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - W Hennah
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Harris
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC/University of Edinburgh Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Edinburgh, UK
| | - L M Camargo
- UCB New Medicines, One Broadway, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - V Malkov
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, MRL, Merck & Co, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J K Millar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC/University of Edinburgh Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D H Blackwood
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - K L Evans
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Edinburgh, UK
| | - I J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC/University of Edinburgh Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Edinburgh, UK
| | - W R McCombie
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Marballi KK, Gallitano AL. Immediate Early Genes Anchor a Biological Pathway of Proteins Required for Memory Formation, Long-Term Depression and Risk for Schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:23. [PMID: 29520222 PMCID: PMC5827560 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
While the causes of myriad medical and infectious illnesses have been identified, the etiologies of neuropsychiatric illnesses remain elusive. This is due to two major obstacles. First, the risk for neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, is determined by both genetic and environmental factors. Second, numerous genes influence susceptibility for these illnesses. Genome-wide association studies have identified at least 108 genomic loci for schizophrenia, and more are expected to be published shortly. In addition, numerous biological processes contribute to the neuropathology underlying schizophrenia. These include immune dysfunction, synaptic and myelination deficits, vascular abnormalities, growth factor disruption, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction. However, the field of psychiatric genetics lacks a unifying model to explain how environment may interact with numerous genes to influence these various biological processes and cause schizophrenia. Here we describe a biological cascade of proteins that are activated in response to environmental stimuli such as stress, a schizophrenia risk factor. The central proteins in this pathway are critical mediators of memory formation and a particular form of hippocampal synaptic plasticity, long-term depression (LTD). Each of these proteins is also implicated in schizophrenia risk. In fact, the pathway includes four genes that map to the 108 loci associated with schizophrenia: GRIN2A, nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFATc3), early growth response 1 (EGR1) and NGFI-A Binding Protein 2 (NAB2); each of which contains the "Index single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)" (most SNP) at its respective locus. Environmental stimuli activate this biological pathway in neurons, resulting in induction of EGR immediate early genes: EGR1, EGR3 and NAB2. We hypothesize that dysfunction in any of the genes in this pathway disrupts the normal activation of Egrs in response to stress. This may result in insufficient electrophysiologic, immunologic, and neuroprotective, processes that these genes normally mediate. Continued adverse environmental experiences, over time, may thereby result in neuropathology that gives rise to the symptoms of schizophrenia. By combining multiple genes associated with schizophrenia susceptibility, in a functional cascade triggered by neuronal activity, the proposed biological pathway provides an explanation for both the polygenic and environmental influences that determine the complex etiology of this mental illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ketan K. Marballi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Amelia L. Gallitano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Sundararajan T, Manzardo AM, Butler MG. Functional analysis of schizophrenia genes using GeneAnalytics program and integrated databases. Gene 2018; 641:25-34. [PMID: 29032150 PMCID: PMC6706854 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a chronic debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder with multiple risk factors involving numerous complex genetic influences. We examined and updated a master list of clinically relevant and susceptibility genes associated with SCZ reported in the literature and genomic databases dedicated to gene discovery for characterization of SCZ genes. We used the commercially available GeneAnalytics computer-based gene analysis program and integrated genomic databases to create a molecular profile of the updated list of 608 SCZ genes to model their impact in select categories (tissues and cells, diseases, pathways, biological processes, molecular functions, phenotypes and compounds) using specialized GeneAnalytics algorithms. Genes for schizophrenia were predominantly expressed in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, medulla oblongata, thalamus and hypothalamus. Psychiatric/behavioral disorders incorporating SCZ genes included ADHD, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder and alcohol dependence as well as cancer, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, sleep disturbances and inflammation. Function based analysis of major biological pathways and mechanisms associated with SCZ genes identified glutaminergic receptors (e.g., GRIA1, GRIN2, GRIK4, GRM5), serotonergic receptors (e.g., HTR2A, HTR2C), GABAergic receptors (e.g., GABRA1, GABRB2), dopaminergic receptors (e.g., DRD1, DRD2), calcium-related channels (e.g., CACNA1H, CACNA1B), solute transporters (e.g., SLC1A1, SLC6A2) and for neurodevelopment (e.g., ADCY1, MEF2C, NOTCH2, SHANK3). Biological mechanisms involving synaptic transmission, regulation of membrane potential and transmembrane ion transport were identified as leading molecular functions associated with SCZ genes. Our approach to interrogate SCZ genes and their interactions at various levels has increased our knowledge and insight into the disease process possibly opening new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tharani Sundararajan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Ann M Manzardo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Merlin G Butler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
XiangWei W, Jiang Y, Yuan H. De Novo Mutations and Rare Variants Occurring in NMDA Receptors. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 2:27-35. [PMID: 29756080 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A significant number of variants/mutations in the N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamatergic receptor (NMDAR) gene family (GRIN) have been identified along with stunning advances in the technologies of next generation of whole-exome sequencing. Mutations in human GRIN genes are distributed throughout the entire gene, from amino terminal domain to C-terminal domain, in patients with various neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, intellectual disability, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. Analyzing the currently available human genetic variations illustrates the genetic variation intolerance to missense mutations differs significantly among domains within the GRIN genes. Functional analyses of these mutations and their pharmacological profiles provide the first opportunity to understand the molecular mechanism and targeted therapeutic strategies for these neurological and psychiatric disorders, as well as unfold novel clues to channel function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenshu XiangWei
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yuwu Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.,Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Castellani CA, Melka MG, Gui JL, Gallo AJ, O'Reilly RL, Singh SM. Post-zygotic genomic changes in glutamate and dopamine pathway genes may explain discordance of monozygotic twins for schizophrenia. Clin Transl Med 2017; 6:43. [PMID: 29181591 PMCID: PMC5704032 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-017-0174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Monozygotic twins are valuable in assessing the genetic vs environmental contribution to diseases. In the era of complete genome sequences, they allow identification of mutational mechanisms and specific genes and pathways that offer predisposition to the development of complex diseases including schizophrenia. Methods We sequenced the complete genomes of two pairs of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia (MZD), including one representing a family tetrad. The family specific complete sequences have allowed identification of post zygotic mutations between MZD genomes. It allows identification of affected genes including relevant network and pathways that may account for the diseased state in pair specific patient. Results We found multiple twin specific sequence differences between co-twins that included small nucleotides [single nucleotide variants (SNV), small indels and block substitutions], copy number variations (CNVs) and structural variations. The genes affected by these changes belonged to a number of canonical pathways, the most prominent ones are implicated in schizophrenia and related disorders. Although these changes were found in both twins, they were more frequent in the affected twin in both pairs. Two specific pathway defects, glutamate receptor signaling and dopamine feedback in cAMP signaling pathways, were uniquely affected in the two patients representing two unrelated families. Conclusions We have identified genome-wide post zygotic mutations in two MZD pairs affected with schizophrenia. It has allowed us to use the threshold model and propose the most likely cause of this disease in the two patients studied. The results support the proposition that each schizophrenia patient may be unique and heterogeneous somatic de novo events may contribute to schizophrenia threshold and discordance of the disease in monozygotic twins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40169-017-0174-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Castellani
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada. .,McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - M G Melka
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - J L Gui
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - A J Gallo
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - R L O'Reilly
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - S M Singh
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Ishizuka K, Tabata H, Ito H, Kushima I, Noda M, Yoshimi A, Usami M, Watanabe K, Morikawa M, Uno Y, Okada T, Mori D, Aleksic B, Ozaki N, Nagata KI. Possible involvement of a cell adhesion molecule, Migfilin, in brain development and pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:789-802. [PMID: 29114925 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Migfilin, encoded by FBLIM1 at the 1p36 locus, is a multi-domain adaptor protein essential for various cellular processes such as cell morphology and migration. Small deletions and duplications at the 1p36 locus, monosomy of which results in neurodevelopmental disorders and multiple congenital anomalies, have also been identified in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the impact of FBLIM1, the gene within 1p36, on the pathogenesis of ASD is unknown. In this study, we performed morphological analyses of migfilin to elucidate its role in brain development. Migfilin was detected specifically in the embryonic and perinatal stages of the mouse brain. Either silencing or overexpression of migfilin in embryos following in utero electroporation disrupted Neocortical neuronal migration. Additionally, neurite elongation was impaired when migfilin was silenced in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons. We then screened FBLIM1 for rare exonic deletions/duplications in 549 Japanese ASD patients and 824 controls, detecting one case of ASD and intellectual delay that harbored a 26-kb deletion at 1p36.21 that solely included the C-terminal exon of FBLIM1. The FBLIM1 mRNA expression level in this case was reduced compared to levels in individuals without FBLIM1 deletion. Our findings indicate that tightly regulated expression of migfilin is essential for neuronal development and that FBLIM1 disruption may be related to the phenotypes associated with ASD and related neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Ishizuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidenori Tabata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ito
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Itaru Kushima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mariko Noda
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshimi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahide Usami
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Kyota Watanabe
- Hiroshima City Center for Children's Health and Development, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mako Morikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yota Uno
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Branko Aleksic
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Nagata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan.,Department of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Matsumoto Y, Niwa M, Mouri A, Noda Y, Fukushima T, Ozaki N, Nabeshima T. Adolescent stress leads to glutamatergic disturbance through dopaminergic abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex of genetically vulnerable mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:3055-3074. [PMID: 28756461 PMCID: PMC8034555 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress during the adolescent period influences postnatal maturation and behavioral patterns in adulthood. Adolescent stress-induced molecular and functional changes in neurons are the key clinical features of psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we exposed genetically vulnerable mice to isolation stress to examine the molecular changes in the glutamatergic system involving N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors via dopaminergic disturbance in the prefrontal cortex (PFc). RESULTS We report that late adolescent stress in combination with Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) genetic risk elicited alterations in glutamatergic neurons in the PFc, such as increased expression of glutamate transporters, decreased extracellular levels of glutamate, decreased concentration of d-serine, and impaired activation of NMDA-Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II signaling. These changes resulted in behavioral deficits in locomotor activity, forced swim, social interaction, and novelty preference tests. The glutamatergic alterations in the PFc were prevented if the animals were treated with an atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine and a dopamine D1 agonist SKF81297, which suggests that the activation of dopaminergic neurons is involved in the regulation of the glutamatergic system. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that adolescent stress combined with dopaminergic abnormalities in the PFc of genetically vulnerable mice induces glutamatergic disturbances, which leads to behavioral deficits in the young adult stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yurie Matsumoto
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Minae Niwa
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan.
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8560, Japan.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University, Graduate School of Health Science, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
- NPO Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, 468-0069, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Noda
- NPO Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, 468-0069, Japan
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukushima
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Toho University, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan.
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University, Graduate School of Health Science, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan.
- NPO Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, 468-0069, Japan.
- Aino University, Ibaragi, Osaka, 567-0012, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Developmental plasticity shapes synaptic phenotypes of autism-associated neuroligin-3 mutations in the calyx of Held. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:1483-1491. [PMID: 27725662 PMCID: PMC5687809 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Neuroligins are postsynaptic cell-adhesion molecules that bind to presynaptic neurexins. Mutations in neuroligin-3 predispose to autism, but how such mutations affect synaptic function remains incompletely understood. Here we systematically examined the effect of three autism-associated mutations, the neuroligin-3 knockout, the R451C knockin, and the R704C knockin, on synaptic transmission in the calyx of Held, a central synapse ideally suited for high-resolution analyses of synaptic transmission. Surprisingly, germline knockout of neuroligin-3 did not alter synaptic transmission, whereas the neuroligin-3 R451C and R704C knockins decreased and increased, respectively, synaptic transmission. These puzzling results prompted us to ask whether neuroligin-3 mutant phenotypes may be reshaped by developmental plasticity. Indeed, conditional knockout of neuroligin-3 during late development produced a marked synaptic phenotype, whereas conditional knockout of neuroligin-3 during early development caused no detectable effect, mimicking the germline knockout. In canvassing potentially redundant candidate genes, we identified developmentally early expression of another synaptic neurexin ligand, cerebellin-1. Strikingly, developmentally early conditional knockout of cerebellin-1 only modestly impaired synaptic transmission, whereas in contrast to the individual single knockouts, developmentally early conditional double knockout of both cerebellin-1 and neuroligin-3 severely decreased synaptic transmission. Our data suggest an unanticipated mechanism of developmental compensation whereby cerebellin-1 and neuroligin-3 functionally occlude each other during development of calyx synapses. Thus, although acute manipulations more likely reveal basic gene functions, developmental plasticity can be a major factor in shaping the overall phenotypes of genetic neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
|
64
|
Rodríguez-Ramos Á, Gámez-Del-Estal MM, Porta-de-la-Riva M, Cerón J, Ruiz-Rubio M. Impaired Dopamine-Dependent Locomotory Behavior of C. elegans Neuroligin Mutants Depends on the Catechol-O-Methyltransferase COMT-4. Behav Genet 2017; 47:596-608. [PMID: 28879499 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-017-9868-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurexins and neuroligins are neuronal membrane adhesion molecules that have been involved in neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. The nrx-1 and nlg-1 genes of Caenorhabditis elegans encode NRX-1 and NLG-1, orthologue proteins of human neurexins and neuroligins, respectively. Dopaminergic and serotoninergic signalling control the locomotory rate of the nematode. When well-fed animals are transferred to a plate with food (bacterial lawn), they reduce the locomotory rate. This behavior, which depends on dopamine, is known as basal slowing response (BSR). Alternatively, when food-deprived animals are moved to a plate with a bacterial lawn, further decrease their locomotory rate. This behavior, known as enhanced slowing response (ESR), is serotonin dependent. C. elegans nlg-1-deficient mutants are impaired in BSR and ESR. Here we report that nrx-1-deficient mutants were defective in ESR, but not in BSR. The nrx-1;nlg-1 double mutant was impaired in both behaviors. Interestingly, the nlg-1 mutants upregulate the expression of comt-4 which encodes an enzyme with putative catechol-O-methyltransferase activity involved in dopamine degradation. Our study also shows that comt-4(RNAi) in nlg-1-deficient mutants rescues the wild type phenotypes of BSR and ESR. On the other hand, comt-4(RNAi) in nlg-1-deficient mutants also recovers, at least partially, the gentle touch response and the pharyngeal pumping rate that were impaired in these mutants. These latter behaviors are dopamine and serotonin dependent, respectively. Based on these results we propose a model for the neuroligin function in modulating the dopamine-dependent locomotory behavior in the nematode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Rodríguez-Ramos
- Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- University Hospital Reina Sofía from Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M Mar Gámez-Del-Estal
- Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- University Hospital Reina Sofía from Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Julián Cerón
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Ruiz-Rubio
- Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.
- University Hospital Reina Sofía from Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Ishizuka K, Fujita Y, Kawabata T, Kimura H, Iwayama Y, Inada T, Okahisa Y, Egawa J, Usami M, Kushima I, Uno Y, Okada T, Ikeda M, Aleksic B, Mori D, Someya T, Yoshikawa T, Iwata N, Nakamura H, Yamashita T, Ozaki N. Rare genetic variants in CX3CR1 and their contribution to the increased risk of schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1184. [PMID: 28763059 PMCID: PMC5611740 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CX3CR1, a G protein-coupled receptor solely expressed by microglia in the brain, has been repeatedly reported to be associated with neurodevelopmental disorders including schizophrenia (SCZ) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in transcriptomic and animal studies but not in genetic studies. To address the impacts of variants in CX3CR1 on neurodevelopmental disorders, we conducted coding exon-targeted resequencing of CX3CR1 in 370 Japanese SCZ and 192 ASD patients using next-generation sequencing technology, followed by a genetic association study in a sample comprising 7054 unrelated individuals (2653 SCZ, 574 ASD and 3827 controls). We then performed in silico three-dimensional (3D) structural modeling and in vivo disruption of Akt phosphorylation to determine the impact of the detected variant on CX3CR1-dependent signal transduction. We detected a statistically significant association between the variant Ala55Thr in CX3CR1 with SCZ and ASD phenotypes (odds ratio=8.3, P=0.020). A 3D structural model indicated that Ala55Thr could destabilize the conformation of the CX3CR1 helix 8 and affect its interaction with a heterotrimeric G protein. In vitro functional analysis showed that the CX3CR1-Ala55Thr mutation inhibited cell signaling induced by fractalkine, the ligand for CX3CR1. The combined data suggested that the variant Ala55Thr in CX3CR1 might result in the disruption of CX3CR1 signaling. Our results strengthen the association between microglia-specific genes and neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Ishizuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya
University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya,
Japan
| | - Y Fujita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience,
Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka,
Japan
| | - T Kawabata
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka
University, Osaka, Japan
| | - H Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya
University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya,
Japan
| | - Y Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry,
RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - T Inada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya
University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya,
Japan
| | - Y Okahisa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama
University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - J Egawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata
University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences,
Niigata, Japan
| | - M Usami
- Department of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and
Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - I Kushima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya
University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya,
Japan
| | - Y Uno
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya
University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya,
Japan,Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular
Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA,
USA
| | - T Okada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya
University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya,
Japan
| | - M Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health
University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - B Aleksic
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya
University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya,
Japan,Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School
of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku,
Nagoya, Aichi
4668550, Japan. E-mail:
| | - D Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya
University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya,
Japan,Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya
University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - To Someya
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata
University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences,
Niigata, Japan
| | - T Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry,
RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - N Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health
University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - H Nakamura
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka
University, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience,
Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka,
Japan
| | - N Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya
University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya,
Japan
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Wu HF, Chen PS, Hsu YT, Lee CW, Wang TF, Chen YJ, Lin HC. D-Cycloserine Ameliorates Autism-Like Deficits by Removing GluA2-Containing AMPA Receptors in a Valproic Acid-Induced Rat Model. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4811-4824. [PMID: 28733898 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0685-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA)-exposed rat offspring have demonstrated autism spectrum disorder (ASD) phenotypes and impaired N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-dependent long-term depression (LTD) in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala. NMDAR partial agonist D-cycloserine (DCS) has been reported to act as a cognitive enhancer by increasing the NMDAR response to improve autistic-like phenotypes in animals. However, the mechanism of DCS in alleviating the ASD is still unknown. Using combined behavioral, electrophysiological, and molecular approaches, we found that DCS administration rescued social interaction deficits and anxiety/repetitive-like behaviors observed in VPA-exposed offspring. In the amygdala synapses, DCS treatment reversed the decreased paired pulse ratio (PPR) and the impaired NMDAR-dependent LTD, increased the frequency and amplitude of miniature excitatory post-synaptic currents (mEPSCs), and resulted in a higher dendritic spine density at the amygdala synapses in the VPA-exposed offspring. Moreover, we found that DCS facilitated the removal of GluA2-containing α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (GluA2/AMPARs) by inducing NMDAR-dependent LTD in the VPA-exposed offspring. We further established that the effects of DCS treatment, including increased GluA2/AMPAR removal and rescues of impaired social behavior, were blocked by Tat-GluA23Y, a GluA2-derived peptide that disrupted regulation of AMPAR endocytosis. These results provided the first evidence that rescue of the ASD-like phenotype by DCS is mediated by the mechanism of GluA2/AMPAR removal in VPA-exposed rat offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Fang Wu
- Department and Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Po See Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
- Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Hsu
- Department and Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Lee
- Department and Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Feng Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Department and Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ching Lin
- Department and Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Exome array analysis suggests an increased variant burden in families with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2017; 185:9-16. [PMID: 27939555 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The exome array assays rare-but-recurrent, likely deleterious, exonic variants and represents an intermediary between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays and sequencing for genetic association studies. Multiplex families with multiple affected individuals may be enriched for disease-associated variants of this class compared to unrelated populations. We present an exome array study of schizophrenia in 99 multiplex families (n=341, including 118 cases) from the Western Australian Family Study of Schizophrenia (WAFSS). Compared to 55,726 individuals from the DIAGRAM sample not selected for schizophrenia, overall allele frequency of exome variants was higher in the WAFSS (P<2.2E-16). This was pronounced in variants nominally associated (P<0.05) with schizophrenia. Genes harbouring variants present only in WAFSS cases were enriched (FDR-corrected P=0.05) for membership of the 'extracellular matrix (ECM) - receptor interaction' biological pathway, adding to evidence that processes affecting the composition or turnover of ECM may contribute to neuropsychiatric disease. We did not find individual variants significantly associated with schizophrenia, although like previous studies, power to detect associations of small effect size was low. Cases did not exhibit a higher burden of variants compared to their unaffected relatives and the finding of previous exome chip studies of unrelated samples that 'schizophrenia gene-sets' were enriched for case-only variants was not replicated in the WAFSS. The higher frequency of moderately rare, exonic variants in these multiplex families compared to a population-based sample may account for some of their genetic liability to schizophrenia, and adds to evidence for a role of exome array variants from previous studies of unrelated samples.
Collapse
|
68
|
Platzer K, Yuan H, Schütz H, Winschel A, Chen W, Hu C, Kusumoto H, Heyne HO, Helbig KL, Tang S, Willing MC, Tinkle BT, Adams DJ, Depienne C, Keren B, Mignot C, Frengen E, Strømme P, Biskup S, Döcker D, Strom TM, Mefford HC, Myers CT, Muir AM, LaCroix A, Sadleir L, Scheffer IE, Brilstra E, van Haelst MM, van der Smagt JJ, Bok LA, Møller RS, Jensen UB, Millichap JJ, Berg AT, Goldberg EM, De Bie I, Fox S, Major P, Jones JR, Zackai EH, Jamra RA, Rolfs A, Leventer RJ, Lawson JA, Roscioli T, Jansen FE, Ranza E, Korff CM, Lehesjoki AE, Courage C, Linnankivi T, Smith DR, Stanley C, Mintz M, McKnight D, Decker A, Tan WH, Tarnopolsky MA, Brady LI, Wolff M, Dondit L, Pedro HF, Parisotto SE, Jones KL, Patel AD, Franz DN, Vanzo R, Marco E, Ranells JD, Di Donato N, Dobyns WB, Laube B, Traynelis SF, Lemke JR. GRIN2B encephalopathy: novel findings on phenotype, variant clustering, functional consequences and treatment aspects. J Med Genet 2017; 54:460-470. [PMID: 28377535 PMCID: PMC5656050 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-104509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed for a comprehensive delineation of genetic, functional and phenotypic aspects of GRIN2B encephalopathy and explored potential prospects of personalised medicine. METHODS Data of 48 individuals with de novo GRIN2B variants were collected from several diagnostic and research cohorts, as well as from 43 patients from the literature. Functional consequences and response to memantine treatment were investigated in vitro and eventually translated into patient care. RESULTS Overall, de novo variants in 86 patients were classified as pathogenic/likely pathogenic. Patients presented with neurodevelopmental disorders and a spectrum of hypotonia, movement disorder, cortical visual impairment, cerebral volume loss and epilepsy. Six patients presented with a consistent malformation of cortical development (MCD) intermediate between tubulinopathies and polymicrogyria. Missense variants cluster in transmembrane segments and ligand-binding sites. Functional consequences of variants were diverse, revealing various potential gain-of-function and loss-of-function mechanisms and a retained sensitivity to the use-dependent blocker memantine. However, an objectifiable beneficial treatment response in the respective patients still remains to be demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS In addition to previously known features of intellectual disability, epilepsy and autism, we found evidence that GRIN2B encephalopathy is also frequently associated with movement disorder, cortical visual impairment and MCD revealing novel phenotypic consequences of channelopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hannah Schütz
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neurosensory Systems, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Hessen, Germany
| | - Alexander Winschel
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neurosensory Systems, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Hessen, Germany
| | - Wenjuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chun Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hirofumi Kusumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Henrike O Heyne
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katherine L Helbig
- Division of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | - Sha Tang
- Division of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | - Marcia C Willing
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Brad T Tinkle
- Advocate Children’s Hospital, Park Ridge, Illinois, USA
| | - Darius J Adams
- Genetics and Metabolism, Goryeb Children’s Hospital, Atlantic Health System, Morristown, New Jersey, USA
| | - Christel Depienne
- INSERM, U 1127, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7225, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France
- Département de Génétique, Centre de Référence des Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, GRC UPMC “Déficiences Intellectuelles et Autisme”, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- UMR 7104/INSERM U964/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Laboratoire de cytogénétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Boris Keren
- INSERM, U 1127, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7225, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France
- Département de Génétique, Centre de Référence des Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, GRC UPMC “Déficiences Intellectuelles et Autisme”, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Mignot
- Département de Génétique, Centre de Référence des Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, GRC UPMC “Déficiences Intellectuelles et Autisme”, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Eirik Frengen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospitals and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Petter Strømme
- Department of Pediatrics, Oslo University Hospitals and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Saskia Biskup
- Practice for Human Genetics and CeGaT GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dennis Döcker
- Practice for Human Genetics and CeGaT GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heather C Mefford
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Candace T Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alison M Muir
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Amy LaCroix
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lynette Sadleir
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eva Brilstra
- Department of Genetics, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke M van Haelst
- Department of Genetics, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Levinus A Bok
- Department of Paediatrics, Màxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rikke S Møller
- The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark
- Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Uffe B Jensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - John J Millichap
- Departments of Pediatrics, Epilepsy Center and Division of Neurology Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anne T Berg
- Departments of Pediatrics, Epilepsy Center and Division of Neurology Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ethan M Goldberg
- Division of Neurology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Isabelle De Bie
- Department of Medical Genetics, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stephanie Fox
- Department of Medical Genetics, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Philippe Major
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Université de Montréal, CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal, Canada
| | - Julie R Jones
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | - Elaine H Zackai
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig, Germany
- Centogene AG, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Richard J Leventer
- Department of Neurology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John A Lawson
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Floor E Jansen
- Department of Child Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuelle Ranza
- Service of Genetic Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian M Korff
- Department of Child and Adolescent, Neurology Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Elina Lehesjoki
- The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carolina Courage
- The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Linnankivi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Mark Mintz
- The Center for Neurological and Neurodevelopmental Health and the Clinical Research Center of New Jersey, Voorhees, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Wen-Hann Tan
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren I Brady
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Markus Wolff
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children’s Hospital, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Dondit
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Center for Developmental Medicine, Olgahospital Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Helio F Pedro
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Kelly L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Anup D Patel
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - David N Franz
- Department of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rena Vanzo
- Lineagen, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Elysa Marco
- Department of Neurology, University of San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Judith D Ranells
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Nataliya Di Donato
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - William B Dobyns
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bodo Laube
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neurosensory Systems, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Hessen, Germany
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Arbaclofen in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized, Controlled, Phase 2 Trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:1390-1398. [PMID: 27748740 PMCID: PMC5436109 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of emerging data point to an imbalance between neuronal excitation and inhibition in at least a subgroup of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including in those with fragile X syndrome (FXS), one of the most common genetic syndromes within ASD. In animal models of FXS and of ASD, GABA-B agonists have improved both brain and behavioral phenotypes, including social behavior. A phase 2 randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial found that the GABA-B agonist arbaclofen improved social avoidance symptoms in FXS. A pilot open-label trial of arbaclofen suggested similar benefits in ASD. We therefore evaluated arbaclofen in a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study of 150 participants, aged 5-21 years, with ASD. No difference from placebo was detected on the primary outcome measure, the parent-rated Aberrant Behavior Checklist Social Withdrawal/Lethargy subscale. However, a specified secondary analysis found improvement on the clinician-rated Clinical Global Impression of Severity. An exploratory post hoc analysis of participants with a consistent rater across the trial revealed greater improvement in the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales II socialization domain in participants receiving arbaclofen. Affect lability (11%) and sedation (9%) were the most common adverse events. In this exploratory study, secondary analyses suggest that arbaclofen may have the potential to improve symptoms in some children with ASD, but further study will be needed to replicate and extend these initial findings.
Collapse
|
70
|
Moffat JJ, Ka M, Jung EM, Smith AL, Kim WY. The role of MACF1 in nervous system development and maintenance. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:9-17. [PMID: 28579452 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1), also known as actin crosslinking factor 7 (ACF7), is essential for proper modulation of actin and microtubule cytoskeletal networks. Most MACF1 isoforms are expressed broadly in the body, but some are exclusively found in the nervous system. Consequentially, MACF1 is integrally involved in multiple neural processes during development and in adulthood, including neurite outgrowth and neuronal migration. Furthermore, MACF1 participates in several signaling pathways, including the Wnt/β-catenin and GSK-3 signaling pathways, which regulate key cellular processes, such as proliferation and cell migration. Genetic mutation or dysregulation of the MACF1 gene has been associated with neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases, specifically schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. MACF1 may also play a part in neuromuscular disorders and have a neuroprotective role in the optic nerve. In this review, the authors seek to synthesize recent findings relating to the roles of MACF1 within the nervous system and explore potential novel functions of MACF1 not yet examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Moffat
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Minhan Ka
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Eui-Man Jung
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Amanda L Smith
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Hegyi H. Connecting myelin-related and synaptic dysfunction in schizophrenia with SNP-rich gene expression hubs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45494. [PMID: 28382934 PMCID: PMC5382542 DOI: 10.1038/srep45494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining genome-wide mapping of SNP-rich regions in schizophrenics and gene expression data in all brain compartments across the human life span revealed that genes with promoters most frequently mutated in schizophrenia are expression hubs interacting with far more genes than the rest of the genome. We summed up the differentially methylated “expression neighbors” of genes that fall into one of 108 distinct schizophrenia-associated loci with high number of SNPs. Surprisingly, the number of expression neighbors of the genes in these loci were 35 times higher for the positively correlating genes (32 times higher for the negatively correlating ones) than for the rest of the ~16000 genes. While the genes in the 108 loci have little known impact in schizophrenia, we identified many more known schizophrenia-related important genes with a high degree of connectedness (e.g. MOBP, SYNGR1 and DGCR6), validating our approach. Both the most connected positive and negative hubs affected synapse-related genes the most, supporting the synaptic origin of schizophrenia. At least half of the top genes in both the correlating and anti-correlating categories are cancer-related, including oncogenes (RRAS and ALDOA), providing further insight into the observed inverse relationship between the two diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hedi Hegyi
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Hawi Z, Cummins TDR, Tong J, Arcos-Burgos M, Zhao Q, Matthews N, Newman DP, Johnson B, Vance A, Heussler HS, Levy F, Easteal S, Wray NR, Kenny E, Morris D, Kent L, Gill M, Bellgrove MA. Rare DNA variants in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene increase risk for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a next-generation sequencing study. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:580-584. [PMID: 27457811 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent and highly heritable disorder of childhood with negative lifetime outcomes. Although candidate gene and genome-wide association studies have identified promising common variant signals, these explain only a fraction of the heritability of ADHD. The observation that rare structural variants confer substantial risk to psychiatric disorders suggests that rare variants might explain a portion of the missing heritability for ADHD. Here we believe we performed the first large-scale next-generation targeted sequencing study of ADHD in 152 child and adolescent cases and 188 controls across an a priori set of 117 genes. A multi-marker gene-level analysis of rare (<1% frequency) single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) revealed that the gene encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was associated with ADHD at Bonferroni corrected levels. Sanger sequencing confirmed the existence of all novel rare BDNF variants. Our results implicate BDNF as a genetic risk factor for ADHD, potentially by virtue of its critical role in neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Hawi
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - T D R Cummins
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J Tong
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - M Arcos-Burgos
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Q Zhao
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - N Matthews
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - D P Newman
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - B Johnson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - A Vance
- Academic Child Psychiatry Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - H S Heussler
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - F Levy
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Child and Family East, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - S Easteal
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - N R Wray
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - E Kenny
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D Morris
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - L Kent
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK
| | - M Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M A Bellgrove
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Genome-wide DNA Methylation Changes in a Mouse Model of Infection-Mediated Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:265-276. [PMID: 27769567 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to infectious or inflammatory insults increases the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Using a well-established mouse model of prenatal viral-like immune activation, we examined whether this pathological association involves genome-wide DNA methylation differences at single nucleotide resolution. METHODS Prenatal immune activation was induced by maternal treatment with the viral mimetic polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid in middle or late gestation. Following behavioral and cognitive characterization of the adult offspring (n = 12 per group), unbiased capture array bisulfite sequencing was combined with subsequent matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses to quantify DNA methylation changes and transcriptional abnormalities in the medial prefrontal cortex of immune-challenged and control offspring. Gene ontology term enrichment analysis was used to explore shared functional pathways of genes with differential DNA methylation. RESULTS Adult offspring of immune-challenged mothers displayed hyper- and hypomethylated CpGs at numerous loci and at distinct genomic regions, including genes relevant for gamma-aminobutyric acidergic differentiation and signaling (e.g., Dlx1, Lhx5, Lhx8), Wnt signaling (Wnt3, Wnt8a, Wnt7b), and neural development (e.g., Efnb3, Mid1, Nlgn1, Nrxn2). Altered DNA methylation was associated with transcriptional changes of the corresponding genes. The epigenetic and transcriptional effects were dependent on the offspring's age and were markedly influenced by the precise timing of prenatal immune activation. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal viral-like immune activation is capable of inducing stable DNA methylation changes in the medial prefrontal cortex. These long-term epigenetic modifications are a plausible mechanism underlying the disruption of prefrontal gene transcription and behavioral functions in subjects with prenatal infectious histories.
Collapse
|
74
|
Ping LY, Chuang YA, Hsu SH, Tsai HY, Cheng MC. Screening for Mutations in the TBX1 Gene on Chromosome 22q11.2 in Schizophrenia. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7110102. [PMID: 27879657 PMCID: PMC5126788 DOI: 10.3390/genes7110102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A higher-than-expected frequency of schizophrenia in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome suggests that chromosome 22q11.2 harbors the responsive genes related to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The TBX1 gene, which maps to the region on chromosome 22q11.2, plays a vital role in neuronal functions. Haploinsufficiency of the TBX1 gene is associated with schizophrenia endophenotype. This study aimed to investigate whether the TBX1 gene is associated with schizophrenia. We searched for mutations in the TBX1 gene in 652 patients with schizophrenia and 567 control subjects using a re-sequencing method and conducted a reporter gene assay. We identified six SNPs and 25 rare mutations with no association with schizophrenia from Taiwan. Notably, we identified two rare schizophrenia-specific mutations (c.-123G>C and c.-11delC) located at 5' UTR of the TBX1 gene. The reporter gene assay showed that c.-123C significantly decreased promoter activity, while c.-11delC increased promoter activity compared with the wild-type. Our findings suggest that the TBX1 gene is unlikely a major susceptible gene for schizophrenia in an ethnic Chinese population for Taiwan, but a few rare mutations in the TBX1 gene may contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia in some patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lieh-Yung Ping
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien 98142, Taiwan.
| | - Yang-An Chuang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien 98142, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Hsin Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien 98142, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Yao Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien 98142, Taiwan.
| | - Min-Chih Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien 98142, Taiwan.
- Center for General Education, St. Mary's Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Yilan County 26644, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Lin YC, Frei JA, Kilander MBC, Shen W, Blatt GJ. A Subset of Autism-Associated Genes Regulate the Structural Stability of Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:263. [PMID: 27909399 PMCID: PMC5112273 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a range of neurological conditions that affect individuals’ ability to communicate and interact with others. People with ASD often exhibit marked qualitative difficulties in social interaction, communication, and behavior. Alterations in neurite arborization and dendritic spine morphology, including size, shape, and number, are hallmarks of almost all neurological conditions, including ASD. As experimental evidence emerges in recent years, it becomes clear that although there is broad heterogeneity of identified autism risk genes, many of them converge into similar cellular pathways, including those regulating neurite outgrowth, synapse formation and spine stability, and synaptic plasticity. These mechanisms together regulate the structural stability of neurons and are vulnerable targets in ASD. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of those autism risk genes that affect the structural connectivity of neurons. We sub-categorize them into (1) cytoskeletal regulators, e.g., motors and small RhoGTPase regulators; (2) adhesion molecules, e.g., cadherins, NCAM, and neurexin superfamily; (3) cell surface receptors, e.g., glutamatergic receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases; (4) signaling molecules, e.g., protein kinases and phosphatases; and (5) synaptic proteins, e.g., vesicle and scaffolding proteins. Although the roles of some of these genes in maintaining neuronal structural stability are well studied, how mutations contribute to the autism phenotype is still largely unknown. Investigating whether and how the neuronal structure and function are affected when these genes are mutated will provide insights toward developing effective interventions aimed at improving the lives of people with autism and their families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chih Lin
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Jeannine A Frei
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Michaela B C Kilander
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Wenjuan Shen
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Gene J Blatt
- Laboratory of Autism Neurocircuitry, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Föcking M, Dicker P, Lopez LM, Hryniewiecka M, Wynne K, English JA, Cagney G, Cotter DR. Proteomic analysis of the postsynaptic density implicates synaptic function and energy pathways in bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e959. [PMID: 27898073 PMCID: PMC5290351 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The postsynaptic density (PSD) contains a complex set of proteins of known relevance to neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We enriched for this anatomical structure in the anterior cingulate cortex of 16 bipolar disorder samples and 20 controls from the Stanley Medical Research Institute. Unbiased shotgun proteomics incorporating label-free quantitation was used to identify differentially expressed proteins. Quantitative investigation of the PSD identified 2033 proteins, among which 288 were found to be differentially expressed. Validation of expression changes of DNM1, DTNA, NDUFV2, SEPT11 and SSBP was performed by western blotting. Bioinformatics analysis of the differentially expressed proteins implicated metabolic pathways including mitochondrial function, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, protein translation and calcium signaling. The data implicate PSD-associated proteins, and specifically mitochondrial function in bipolar disorder. They relate synaptic function in bipolar disorder and the energy pathways that underpin it. Overall, our findings add to a growing literature linking the PSD and mitochondrial function in psychiatric disorders generally, and suggest that mitochondrial function associated with the PSD is particularly important in bipolar disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Föcking
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland,Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Education and Research Centre, Dublin 9, Ireland. E-mail: or
| | - P Dicker
- Departments of Epidemiology and Public Health, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L M Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Hryniewiecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K Wynne
- Proteome Research Centre, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J A English
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - G Cagney
- Proteome Research Centre, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D R Cotter
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland,Department of Psychiatry, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland,Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Education and Research Centre, Dublin 9, Ireland. E-mail: or
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Ghaleiha A, Alikhani R, Kazemi MR, Mohammadi MR, Mohammadinejad P, Zeinoddini A, Hamedi M, Shahriari M, Keshavarzi Z, Akhondzadeh S. Minocycline as Adjunctive Treatment to Risperidone in Children with Autistic Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2016; 26:784-791. [PMID: 27128958 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2015.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This is an investigation of minocycline efficacy and safety as an adjuvant to risperidone in management of children with autism. METHODS Forty-six children with diagnosis of autistic disorder, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria and a score of ≥12 on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community (ABC-C) irritability subscale, who were already drug-free for at least 6 months participated in a randomized controlled trial and underwent 10 weeks of treatment with either minocycline (50 mg twice per day) or placebo in addition to risperidone titrated up to 2 mg/day (based on bodyweight). Patients were evaluated using ABC-C at baseline and at weeks 5 and 10. RESULTS General linear model repeated measures showed significant effect for time × treatment interaction on the irritability [F(2, 88) = 3.94, p = 0.02] and hyperactivity/noncompliance [F(1.50, 66.05) = 7.92, p = 0.002], but not for lethargy/social withdrawal [F(1.61, 71.02) = 0.98, p = 0.36], stereotypic behavior [F(1.34, 58.80) = 1.55, p = 0.22], and inappropriate speech subscale scores [F(1.52, 66.88) = 1.15, p = 0.31]. By week 10, 21 (91.3%) patients in the minocycline group and 15 (65.5%) patients in the placebo group achieved at least partial response (p = 0.03). Frequencies of adverse events were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS Minocycline seems to be a safe and effective adjuvant in management of patients with autistic disorder. Future studies with larger sample sizes, longer follow-ups, and inflammatory cytokine measurements are warranted to confirm these findings and provide insight into minocycline mechanism of action in autistic disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghaleiha
- 1 Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rosa Alikhani
- 2 Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad-Reza Mohammadi
- 2 Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Mohammadinejad
- 2 Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Zeinoddini
- 2 Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hamedi
- 2 Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Shahriari
- 2 Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Keshavarzi
- 1 Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shahin Akhondzadeh
- 1 Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Hu C, Chen W, Myers SJ, Yuan H, Traynelis SF. Human GRIN2B variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. J Pharmacol Sci 2016; 132:115-121. [PMID: 27818011 PMCID: PMC5125235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of whole exome/genome sequencing technologies has given rise to an unprecedented volume of data linking patient genomic variability to brain disorder phenotypes. A surprising number of variants have been found in the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) gene family, with the GRIN2B gene encoding the GluN2B subunit being implicated in many cases of neurodevelopmental disorders, which are psychiatric conditions originating in childhood and include language, motor, and learning disorders, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental delay, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. The GRIN2B gene plays a crucial role in normal neuronal development and is important for learning and memory. Mutations in human GRIN2B were distributed throughout the entire gene in a number of patients with various neuropsychiatric and developmental disorders. Studies that provide functional analysis of variants are still lacking, however current analysis of de novo variants that segregate with disease cases such as intellectual disability, developmental delay, ASD or epileptic encephalopathies reveal altered NMDAR function. Here, we summarize the current reports of disease-associated variants in GRIN2B from patients with multiple neurodevelopmental disorders, and discuss implications, highlighting the importance of functional analysis and precision medicine therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wenjuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Scott J Myers
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Friston K, Brown HR, Siemerkus J, Stephan KE. The dysconnection hypothesis (2016). Schizophr Res 2016; 176:83-94. [PMID: 27450778 PMCID: PMC5147460 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years have passed since the dysconnection hypothesis was first proposed (Friston and Frith, 1995; Weinberger, 1993). In that time, neuroscience has witnessed tremendous advances: we now live in a world of non-invasive neuroanatomy, computational neuroimaging and the Bayesian brain. The genomics era has come and gone. Connectomics and large-scale neuroinformatics initiatives are emerging everywhere. So where is the dysconnection hypothesis now? This article considers how the notion of schizophrenia as a dysconnection syndrome has developed - and how it has been enriched by recent advances in clinical neuroscience. In particular, we examine the dysconnection hypothesis in the context of (i) theoretical neurobiology and computational psychiatry; (ii) the empirical insights afforded by neuroimaging and associated connectomics - and (iii) how bottom-up (molecular biology and genetics) and top-down (systems biology) perspectives are converging on the mechanisms and nature of dysconnections in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK.
| | - Harriet R. Brown
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK,Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Jakob Siemerkus
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaas E. Stephan
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Chuang YA, Hu TM, Chen CH, Hsu SH, Tsai HY, Cheng MC. Rare mutations and hypermethylation of the ARC gene associated with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2016; 176:106-113. [PMID: 27464451 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (ARC), which interacts with the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) complex, is a critical effector molecule downstream of multiple neuronal signaling pathways. Dysregulation of the ARC/NMDAR complex can disrupt learning, memory, and normal brain functions. This study examined the role of ARC in susceptibility to schizophrenia. We used a resequencing strategy to identify the variants of ARC in 1078 subjects, including patients with schizophrenia and normal controls. We identified 16 known SNPs and 27 rare mutations. SNP-based analysis showed no association of ARC with schizophrenia. In addition, the rare mutations did not increase the burden in patients compared with controls. However, one patient-specific allele in the putative ARC promoter region and seven patient-specific mutants in ARC exon regions significantly reduced the reporter gene activity compared with ARC wild-type. Methylation of a putative ARC promoter attenuated reporter activity in vitro, suggesting that ARC expression is regulated by DNA methylation. Pyrosequencing revealed eight hypermethylated CpG sites in the putative ARC promoter region in 64 schizophrenic patients compared with 63 controls. Taken together, our results suggest that both rare variants and epigenetic regulation of ARC contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia in some patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-An Chuang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Mental Health Research Center, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ming Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Mental Health Research Center, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Department and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsin Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Mental Health Research Center, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yao Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Mental Health Research Center, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chih Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Mental Health Research Center, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan; Center for General Education, St. Mary's Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Yilan County, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Hayashi-Takagi A. Synapse pathology and translational applications for schizophrenia. Neurosci Res 2016; 114:3-8. [PMID: 27633835 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disorder, with an estimated lifetime prevalence of 0.7%. Despite its relatively low prevalence, the onset of schizophrenia usually occurs early in life, resulting in a severe lifelong disability for patients and increasing the economic and care burden on their families. This makes schizophrenia one of the most catastrophic mental illnesses. Although the etiology of schizophrenia remains poorly understood, clinical, genetic, and pharmacological studies have indicated that its pathophysiology involves synaptic disturbances. Here, I review the evidence suggesting synaptic disturbance as the causal pathophysiology of schizophrenia and discuss the possible application of synaptic intervention as a novel therapeutic strategy for schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hayashi-Takagi
- Laboratory of Medical Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebachi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Lepeta K, Lourenco MV, Schweitzer BC, Martino Adami PV, Banerjee P, Catuara-Solarz S, de La Fuente Revenga M, Guillem AM, Haidar M, Ijomone OM, Nadorp B, Qi L, Perera ND, Refsgaard LK, Reid KM, Sabbar M, Sahoo A, Schaefer N, Sheean RK, Suska A, Verma R, Vicidomini C, Wright D, Zhang XD, Seidenbecher C. Synaptopathies: synaptic dysfunction in neurological disorders - A review from students to students. J Neurochem 2016; 138:785-805. [PMID: 27333343 PMCID: PMC5095804 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synapses are essential components of neurons and allow information to travel coordinately throughout the nervous system to adjust behavior to environmental stimuli and to control body functions, memories, and emotions. Thus, optimal synaptic communication is required for proper brain physiology, and slight perturbations of synapse function can lead to brain disorders. In fact, increasing evidence has demonstrated the relevance of synapse dysfunction as a major determinant of many neurological diseases. This notion has led to the concept of synaptopathies as brain diseases with synapse defects as shared pathogenic features. In this review, which was initiated at the 13th International Society for Neurochemistry Advanced School, we discuss basic concepts of synapse structure and function, and provide a critical view of how aberrant synapse physiology may contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders (autism, Down syndrome, startle disease, and epilepsy) as well as neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer and Parkinson disease). We finally discuss the appropriateness and potential implications of gathering synapse diseases under a single term. Understanding common causes and intrinsic differences in disease-associated synaptic dysfunction could offer novel clues toward synapse-based therapeutic intervention for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this Review, which was initiated at the 13th International Society for Neurochemistry (ISN) Advanced School, we discuss basic concepts of synapse structure and function, and provide a critical view of how aberrant synapse physiology may contribute to neurodevelopmental (autism, Down syndrome, startle disease, and epilepsy) as well as neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases), gathered together under the term of synaptopathies. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 783.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Lepeta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Barbara C Schweitzer
- Department for Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Pamela V Martino Adami
- Laboratory of Amyloidosis and Neurodegeneration, Fundación Instituto Leloir-IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Priyanjalee Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Silvina Catuara-Solarz
- Systems Biology Program, Cellular and Systems Neurobiology, Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario de La Fuente Revenga
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Alain Marc Guillem
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F. 07000, Mexico
| | - Mouna Haidar
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Omamuyovwi M Ijomone
- Department of Human Anatomy, Cross River University of Technology, Okuku Campus, Cross River, Nigeria
| | - Bettina Nadorp
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Alexander Grass Center for Bioengineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lin Qi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Nirma D Perera
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise K Refsgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kimberley M Reid
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Mariam Sabbar
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Arghyadip Sahoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Midnapore Medical College, West Bengal University of Health Sciences, West Bengal, India
| | - Natascha Schaefer
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca K Sheean
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Suska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rajkumar Verma
- Department of Neurosciences Uconn Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | | | - Dean Wright
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xing-Ding Zhang
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Constanze Seidenbecher
- Department for Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS) Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Smigiel R, Kostrzewa G, Kosinska J, Pollak A, Stawinski P, Szmida E, Bloch M, Szymanska K, Karpinski P, Sasiadek MM, Ploski R. Further evidence forGRIN2Bmutation as the cause of severe epileptic encephalopathy. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:3265-3270. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Smigiel
- Department of Paediatrics; Wroclaw Medical University; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Grazyna Kostrzewa
- Department of Medical Genetics; Warsaw Medical University; Warsaw Poland
| | - Joanna Kosinska
- Department of Medical Genetics; Warsaw Medical University; Warsaw Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pollak
- Department of Medical Genetics; Warsaw Medical University; Warsaw Poland
| | - Piotr Stawinski
- World Hearing Center; Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing; Warsaw Poland
| | - Elzbieta Szmida
- Department of Genetics; Wroclaw Medical University; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Michal Bloch
- Department of Paediatrics; Wroclaw Medical University; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Krystyna Szymanska
- Department of Child Psychiatry; Warsaw Medical University; Warsaw Poland
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Neuropathology; Medical Research Center; Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - Pawel Karpinski
- Department of Genetics; Wroclaw Medical University; Wroclaw Poland
| | | | - Rafal Ploski
- Department of Medical Genetics; Warsaw Medical University; Warsaw Poland
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
An JY, Claudianos C. Genetic heterogeneity in autism: From single gene to a pathway perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:442-453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
85
|
Murphy E, Benítez-Burraco A. Language deficits in schizophrenia and autism as related oscillatory connectomopathies: An evolutionary account. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 83:742-764. [PMID: 27475632 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterised by marked language deficits, but it is not clear how these arise from gene mutations associated with the disorders. Our goal is to narrow the gap between SZ and ASD and, ultimately, give support to the view that they represent abnormal (but related) ontogenetic itineraries for the human faculty of language. We will focus on the distinctive oscillatory profiles of the SZ and ASD brains, in turn using these insights to refine our understanding of how the brain implements linguistic computations by exploring a novel model of linguistic feature-set composition. We will argue that brain rhythms constitute the best route to interpreting language deficits in both conditions and mapping them to neural dysfunction and risk alleles of the genes. Importantly, candidate genes for SZ and ASD are overrepresented among the gene sets believed to be important for language evolution. This translational effort may help develop an understanding of the aetiology of SZ and ASD and their high prevalence among modern populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Murphy
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Liu X, Campanac E, Cheung HH, Ziats MN, Canterel-Thouennon L, Raygada M, Baxendale V, Pang ALY, Yang L, Swedo S, Thurm A, Lee TL, Fung KP, Chan WY, Hoffman DA, Rennert OM. Idiopathic Autism: Cellular and Molecular Phenotypes in Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4507-4523. [PMID: 27356918 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder whose pathophysiology remains elusive as a consequence of the unavailability for study of patient brain neurons; this deficit may potentially be circumvented by neural differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Rare syndromes with single gene mutations and autistic symptoms have significantly advanced the molecular and cellular understanding of autism spectrum disorders; however, in aggregate, they only represent a fraction of all cases of autism. In an effort to define the cellular and molecular phenotypes in human neurons of non-syndromic autism, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from three male autism spectrum disorder patients who had no identifiable clinical syndromes, and their unaffected male siblings and subsequently differentiated these patient-specific stem cells into electrophysiologically active neurons. iPSC-derived neurons from these autistic patients displayed decreases in the frequency and kinetics of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents relative to controls, as well as significant decreases in Na+ and inactivating K+ voltage-gated currents. Moreover, whole-genome microarray analysis of gene expression identified 161 unique genes that were significantly differentially expressed in autistic patient iPSC-derived neurons (>twofold, FDR < 0.05). These genes were significantly enriched for processes related to synaptic transmission, such as neuroactive ligand-receptor signaling and extracellular matrix interactions, and were enriched for genes previously associated with autism spectrum disorder. Our data demonstrate aberrant voltage-gated currents and underlying molecular changes related to synaptic function in iPSC-derived neurons from individuals with idiopathic autism as compared to unaffected siblings controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhuo Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical and Developmental Genomics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, MSC 1255, Building 10, Room 1C-250, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1255, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emilie Campanac
- Molecular Neurophysiology and Biophysics Section, Program in Development Neuroscience, NICHD, NIH, 35 Convent Drive, MSC 4995, Porter Neuroscience Research Center Building 35, Room 3C-905, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4995, USA
| | - Hoi-Hung Cheung
- Laboratory of Clinical and Developmental Genomics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, MSC 1255, Building 10, Room 1C-250, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1255, USA
- CUHK-GIBH CAS Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mark N Ziats
- Laboratory of Clinical and Developmental Genomics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, MSC 1255, Building 10, Room 1C-250, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1255, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- University at Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 9AN, UK
| | - Lucile Canterel-Thouennon
- Laboratory of Clinical and Developmental Genomics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, MSC 1255, Building 10, Room 1C-250, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1255, USA
| | - Margarita Raygada
- Laboratory of Clinical and Developmental Genomics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, MSC 1255, Building 10, Room 1C-250, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1255, USA
| | - Vanessa Baxendale
- Laboratory of Clinical and Developmental Genomics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, MSC 1255, Building 10, Room 1C-250, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1255, USA
| | - Alan Lap-Yin Pang
- Laboratory of Clinical and Developmental Genomics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, MSC 1255, Building 10, Room 1C-250, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1255, USA
| | - Lu Yang
- Laboratory of Clinical and Developmental Genomics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, MSC 1255, Building 10, Room 1C-250, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1255, USA
| | - Susan Swedo
- Pediatrics and Developmental Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Audrey Thurm
- Pediatrics and Developmental Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tin-Lap Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Pui Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK-GIBH CAS Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dax A Hoffman
- Molecular Neurophysiology and Biophysics Section, Program in Development Neuroscience, NICHD, NIH, 35 Convent Drive, MSC 4995, Porter Neuroscience Research Center Building 35, Room 3C-905, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4995, USA.
| | - Owen M Rennert
- Laboratory of Clinical and Developmental Genomics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, MSC 1255, Building 10, Room 1C-250, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1255, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Sinclair D, Cesare J, McMullen M, Carlson GC, Hahn CG, Borgmann-Winter KE. Effects of sex and DTNBP1 (dysbindin) null gene mutation on the developmental GluN2B-GluN2A switch in the mouse cortex and hippocampus. J Neurodev Disord 2016; 8:14. [PMID: 27134685 PMCID: PMC4852102 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-016-9148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia differentially impact males and females and are highly heritable. The ways in which sex and genetic vulnerability influence the pathogenesis of these disorders are not clearly understood. The n-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor pathway has been implicated in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders and changes dramatically across postnatal development at the level of the GluN2B-GluN2A subunit "switch" (a shift from reliance on GluN2B-containing receptors to reliance on GluN2A-containing receptors). We investigated whether sex and genetic vulnerability (specifically, null mutation of DTNBP1 [dysbindin; a possible susceptibility gene for schizophrenia]) influence the developmental GluN2B-GluN2A switch. METHODS Subcellular fractionation to enrich for postsynaptic density (PSD), together with Western blotting and kinase assay, were used to investigate the GluN2B-GluN2A switch in the cortex and hippocampus of male and female DTNBP1 null mutant mice and their wild-type littermates. Main effects of sex and DTNBP1 genotype, and interactions with age, were assessed using factorial ANOVA. RESULTS Sex differences in the GluN2B-GluN2A switch emerged across development at the frontal cortical synapse, in parameters related to GluN2B. Males across genotypes displayed higher GluN2B:GluN2A and GluN2B:GluN1 ratios (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively), higher GluN2B phosphorylation at Y1472 (p < 0.01), and greater abundance of PLCγ (p < 0.01) and Fyn (p = 0.055) relative to females. In contrast, effects of DTNBP1 were evident exclusively in the hippocampus. The developmental trajectory of GluN2B was disrupted in DTNBP1 null mice (genotype × age interaction p < 0.05), which also displayed an increased synaptic GluN2A:GluN1 ratio (p < 0.05) and decreased PLCγ (p < 0.05) and Fyn (only in females; p < 0.0005) compared to wild-types. CONCLUSIONS Sex and DTNBP1 mutation influence the GluN2B-GluN2A switch at the synapse in a brain-region-specific fashion involving pY1472-GluN2B, Fyn, and PLCγ. This highlights the possible mechanisms through which risk factors may mediate their effects on vulnerability to disorders of NMDA receptor dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Sinclair
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Signaling Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ; Present address: Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales Australia
| | - Joseph Cesare
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Signaling Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | | | | | - Chang-Gyu Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Signaling Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Karin E Borgmann-Winter
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Signaling Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Ishizuka K, Kimura H, Wang C, Xing J, Kushima I, Arioka Y, Oya-Ito T, Uno Y, Okada T, Mori D, Aleksic B, Ozaki N. Investigation of Rare Single-Nucleotide PCDH15 Variants in Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorders. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153224. [PMID: 27058588 PMCID: PMC4825995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both schizophrenia (SCZ) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neuropsychiatric disorders with overlapping genetic etiology. Protocadherin 15 (PCDH15), which encodes a member of the cadherin super family that contributes to neural development and function, has been cited as a risk gene for neuropsychiatric disorders. Recently, rare variants of large effect have been paid attention to understand the etiopathology of these complex disorders. Thus, we evaluated the impacts of rare, single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) in PCDH15 on SCZ or ASD. First, we conducted coding exon-targeted resequencing of PCDH15 with next-generation sequencing technology in 562 Japanese patients (370 SCZ and 192 ASD) and detected 16 heterozygous SNVs. We then performed association analyses on 2,096 cases (1,714 SCZ and 382 ASD) and 1,917 controls with six novel variants of these 16 SNVs. Of these six variants, four (p.R219K, p.T281A, p.D642N, c.3010-1G>C) were ultra-rare variants (minor allele frequency < 0.0005) that may increase disease susceptibility. Finally, no statistically significant association between any of these rare, heterozygous PCDH15 point variants and SCZ or ASD was found. Our results suggest that a larger sample size of resequencing subjects is necessary to detect associations between rare PCDH15 variants and neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Ishizuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Chenyao Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Jingrui Xing
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Itaru Kushima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuko Arioka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoko Oya-Ito
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yota Uno
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Branko Aleksic
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Pergola G, Di Carlo P, Andriola I, Gelao B, Torretta S, Attrotto MT, Fazio L, Raio A, Albergo D, Masellis R, Rampino A, Blasi G, Bertolino A. Combined effect of genetic variants in the GluN2B coding gene (GRIN2B) on prefrontal function during working memory performance. Psychol Med 2016; 46:1135-1150. [PMID: 26690829 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715002639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The GluN2B subunit of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors is crucially involved in the physiology of the prefrontal cortex during working memory (WM). Consistently, genetic variants in the GluN2B coding gene (GRIN2B) have been associated with cognitive phenotypes. However, it is unclear how GRIN2B genetic variation affects gene expression and prefrontal cognitive processing. Using a composite score, we tested the combined effect of GRIN2B variants on prefrontal activity during WM performance in healthy subjects. METHOD We computed a composite score to combine the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms on post-mortem prefrontal GRIN2B mRNA expression. We then computed the composite score in independent samples of healthy participants in a peripheral blood expression study (n = 46), in a WM behavioural study (n = 116) and in a WM functional magnetic resonance imaging study (n = 122). RESULTS Five polymorphisms were associated with GRIN2B expression: rs2160517, rs219931, rs11055792, rs17833967 and rs12814951 (all corrected p < 0.05). The score computed to account for their combined effect reliably indexed gene expression. GRIN2B composite score correlated negatively with intelligence quotient, WM behavioural efficiency and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity. Moreover, there was a non-linear association between GRIN2B genetic score and prefrontal activity, i.e. both high and low putative genetic score levels were associated with high blood oxygen level-dependent signals in the prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS Multiple genetic variants in GRIN2B are jointly associated with gene expression, prefrontal function and behaviour during WM. These results support the role of GRIN2B genetic variants in WM prefrontal activity in human adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Pergola
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - P Di Carlo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - I Andriola
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - B Gelao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - S Torretta
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - M T Attrotto
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - L Fazio
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - A Raio
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - D Albergo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - R Masellis
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - A Rampino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - G Blasi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| | - A Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neuroscience and Sensory Organs,University of Bari 'Aldo Moro',Piazza Giulio Cesare 11,70124 Bari,Italy
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
|
91
|
Banerjee A, Luong JA, Ho A, Saib AO, Ploski JE. Overexpression of Homer1a in the basal and lateral amygdala impairs fear conditioning and induces an autism-like social impairment. Mol Autism 2016; 7:16. [PMID: 26929812 PMCID: PMC4770673 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-016-0077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) represent a heterogeneous group of disorders with a wide range of behavioral impairments including social and communication deficits. Apart from these core symptoms, a significant number of ASD individuals display higher levels of anxiety, and some studies indicate that a subset of ASD individuals have a reduced ability to be fear conditioned. Deciphering the molecular basis of ASD has been considerably challenging and it currently remains poorly understood. In this study we examined the molecular basis of autism-like impairments in an environmentally induced animal model of ASD, where pregnant rats are exposed to the known teratogen, valproic acid (VPA), on day 12.5 of gestation and the subsequent progeny exhibit ASD-like symptoms. We focused our analysis on the basal and lateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA), a region of the brain found to be associated with ASD pathology. Methods We performed whole genome gene expression analysis on the BLA using DNA microarrays to examine differences in gene expression within the amygdala of VPA-exposed animals. We validated one VPA-dysregulated candidate gene (Homer1a) using both quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot. Finally, we overexpressed Homer1a within the basal and lateral amygdala of naïve animals utilizing adeno-associated viruses (AAV) and subsequently examined these animals in a battery of behavioral tests associated with ASD, including auditory fear conditioning, social interaction and open field. Results Our microarray data indicated that Homer1a was one of the genes which exhibited a significant upregulation within the amygdala. We observed an increase in Homer1a messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein in multiple cohorts of VPA-exposed animals indicating that dysregulation of Homer1a levels might underlie some of the symptoms exhibited by VPA-exposed animals. To test this hypothesis, we overexpressed Homer1a within BLA neurons utilizing a viral-mediated approach and found that overexpression of Homer1a impaired auditory fear conditioning and reduced social interaction, while having no influence on open-field behavior. Conclusions This study indicates that dysregulation of amygdala Homer1a might contribute to some autism-like symptoms induced by VPA exposure. These findings are interesting in part because Homer1a influences the functioning of Shank3, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR5), and Homer1, and these proteins have previously been associated with ASD, indicating that these differing models of ASD may have a similar molecular basis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13229-016-0077-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Banerjee
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, 615 Michael St. WBRB #415, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Jonathan A Luong
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell road, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - Anthony Ho
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell road, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - Aeshah O Saib
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell road, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - Jonathan E Ploski
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell road, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Increased Dosage of High-Affinity Kainate Receptor Gene grik4 Alters Synaptic Transmission and Reproduces Autism Spectrum Disorders Features. J Neurosci 2016; 35:13619-28. [PMID: 26446216 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2217-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The understanding of brain diseases requires the identification of the molecular, synaptic, and cellular disruptions underpinning the behavioral features that define the disease. The importance of genes related to synaptic function in brain disease has been implied in studies describing de novo germline mutations and copy number variants. Indeed, de novo copy number variations (deletion or duplication of a chromosomal region) of synaptic genes have been recently implicated as risk factors for mental retardation or autism. Among these genes is GRIK4, a gene coding for a glutamate receptor subunit of the kainate type. Here we show that mice overexpressing grik4 in the forebrain displayed social impairment, enhanced anxiety, and depressive states, accompanied by altered synaptic transmission, showing more efficient information transfer through the hippocampal trisynaptic circuit. Together, these data indicate that a single gene variation in the glutamatergic system results in behavioral symptomatology consistent with autism spectrum disorders as well as in alterations in synaptic function in regions involved in social activity. Autistic features of these mice represent powerful tools for improving diagnosis and testing of specific treatments targeting abnormalities in glutamatergic signaling related to autism spectrum disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A genetic overlap exists between autism spectrum disorders (ASD), currently thought to represent a continuum of the same disorder with varying degrees of severity, and other neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric endophenotypes. We show that the duplication of a single gene coding for a high-affinity kainate receptor subunit (i.e., grik4) in a limited area of the brain recapitulates behavioral endophenotypes seen in humans diagnosed with autism (anhedonia, depression, anxiety, and altered social interaction), including some humans with GRIK4 duplications. Therefore, it should be possible to use mice overexpressing grik4 to directly address circuit dysfunctions associated with ASDs and test specific treatments of autism-related behaviors.
Collapse
|
93
|
Ko J, Choii G, Um JW. The balancing act of GABAergic synapse organizers. Trends Mol Med 2016; 21:256-68. [PMID: 25824541 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) is the main neurotransmitter at inhibitory synapses in the mammalian brain. It is essential for maintaining the excitation and inhibition (E/I) ratio, whose imbalance underlies various brain diseases. Emerging information about inhibitory synapse organizers provides a novel molecular framework for understanding E/I balance at the synapse, circuit, and systems levels. This review highlights recent advances in deciphering these components of the inhibitory synapse and their roles in the development, transmission, and circuit properties of inhibitory synapses. We also discuss how their dysfunction may lead to a variety of brain disorders, suggesting new therapeutic strategies based on balancing the E/I ratio.
Collapse
|
94
|
Zhou Y, Kaiser T, Monteiro P, Zhang X, Van der Goes MS, Wang D, Barak B, Zeng M, Li C, Lu C, Wells M, Amaya A, Nguyen S, Lewis M, Sanjana N, Zhou Y, Zhang M, Zhang F, Fu Z, Feng G. Mice with Shank3 Mutations Associated with ASD and Schizophrenia Display Both Shared and Distinct Defects. Neuron 2015; 89:147-62. [PMID: 26687841 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies have revealed significant overlaps of risk genes among psychiatric disorders. However, it is not clear how different mutations of the same gene contribute to different disorders. We characterized two lines of mutant mice with Shank3 mutations linked to ASD and schizophrenia. We found both shared and distinct synaptic and behavioral phenotypes. Mice with the ASD-linked InsG3680 mutation manifest striatal synaptic transmission defects before weaning age and impaired juvenile social interaction, coinciding with the early onset of ASD symptoms. On the other hand, adult mice carrying the schizophrenia-linked R1117X mutation show profound synaptic defects in prefrontal cortex and social dominance behavior. Furthermore, we found differential Shank3 mRNA stability and SHANK1/2 upregulation in these two lines. These data demonstrate that different alleles of the same gene may have distinct phenotypes at molecular, synaptic, and circuit levels in mice, which may inform exploration of these relationships in human patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Tobias Kaiser
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Patrícia Monteiro
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; PhD Program in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-214 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Marie S Van der Goes
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dongqing Wang
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Boaz Barak
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Menglong Zeng
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Life Science, Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Chenchen Li
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Congyi Lu
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael Wells
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Aldo Amaya
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Shannon Nguyen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael Lewis
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Neville Sanjana
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yongdi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Division of Life Science, Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Feng Zhang
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Zhanyan Fu
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Guoping Feng
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Peykov S, Berkel S, Schoen M, Weiss K, Degenhardt F, Strohmaier J, Weiss B, Proepper C, Schratt G, Nöthen MM, Boeckers TM, Rietschel M, Rappold GA. Identification and functional characterization of rare SHANK2 variants in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1489-98. [PMID: 25560758 PMCID: PMC4653611 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent genetic data on schizophrenia (SCZ) have suggested that proteins of the postsynaptic density of excitatory synapses have a role in its etiology. Mutations in the three SHANK genes encoding for postsynaptic scaffolding proteins have been shown to represent risk factors for autism spectrum disorders and other neurodevelopmental disorders. To address if SHANK2 variants are associated with SCZ, we sequenced SHANK2 in 481 patients and 659 unaffected individuals. We identified a significant increase in the number of rare (minor allele frequency<1%) SHANK2 missense variants in SCZ individuals (6.9%) compared with controls (3.9%, P=0.039). Four out of fifteen non-synonymous variants identified in the SCZ cohort (S610Y, R958S, P1119T and A1731S) were selected for functional analysis. Overexpression and knockdown-rescue experiments were carried out in cultured primary hippocampal neurons with a major focus on the analysis of morphological changes. Furthermore, the effect on actin polymerization in fibroblast cell lines was investigated. All four variants revealed functional impairment to various degrees, as a consequence of alterations in spine volume and clustering at synapses and an overall loss of presynaptic contacts. The A1731S variant was identified in four unrelated SCZ patients (0.83%) but not in any of the sequenced controls and public databases (P=4.6 × 10(-5)). Patients with the A1731S variant share an early prodromal phase with an insidious onset of psychiatric symptoms. A1731S overexpression strongly decreased the SHANK2-Bassoon-positive synapse number and diminished the F/G-actin ratio. Our results strongly suggest a causative role of rare SHANK2 variants in SCZ and underline the contribution of SHANK2 gene mutations in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Peykov
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Berkel
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Schoen
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - K Weiss
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Phillipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - F Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
| | - J Strohmaier
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - B Weiss
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Proepper
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - G Schratt
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Phillipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - M M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, Bonn University, Bonn, Germany,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - T M Boeckers
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - M Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - G A Rappold
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany,Interdisciplinary Center of Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany,Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, Heidelberg 69120, Germany. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Che F, Zhang Y, Wang G, Heng X, Liu S, Du Y. The role of GRIN2B in Tourette syndrome: Results from a transmission disequilibrium study. J Affect Disord 2015; 187:62-5. [PMID: 26321256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have indicated that dopamine interacts with glutamatergic projection neurons and that N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors might be involved in the pathogenesis of Tourette syndrome (TS). In this study, we examined whether two functional polymorphisms (rs1805476 and rs1805502) in the 3'UTR of the NMDA receptor 2B subunit gene (GRIN2B) were associated with TS in Chinese Han trios. METHODS DNA samples collected from 261 TS nuclear families were genotyped by PCR and direct sequencing technology. Haplotype relative risk (HRR), transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) and Haplotype-based haplotype relative risk (HHRR) analyses were performed on the genotype data. RESULTS We found an over-transmission of the A allele in rs1805476 and the T allele in rs1805502 from parents to their affected children, using the HRR (rs1805476: HRR=0.696, χ(2)=4.161, P=0.041, 95% CI: 0.491-0.986; rs1805502: HRR=0.697, χ(2)=3.954, P=0.047, 95% CI: 0.488-0.995). There was also strong evidence for a linkage between polymorphisms and TS using the TDT (rs1805476: TDT=5.447, df=1, P=0.024; rs1805502: TDT=5.233, df=1, P=0.027). LIMITATIONS The sample is small and the current population is just limited to the Chinese Han population. CONCLUSIONS These data support the hypothesis that GRIN2B might play a major role in the pathogenesis of TS in Chinese Han trios. However, these results need to be replicated using larger datasets collected from different populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Che
- Departmen of Neurology, Provincial Hospital affiliated Shandong University, No. 44 wenhua west road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University No. 27 Jiefang Road, Linyi, Shandong 276003, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Child Healthcare Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Guiju Wang
- Child Healthcare Department, Rizhao people's Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xueyuan Heng
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University No. 27 Jiefang Road, Linyi, Shandong 276003, PR China
| | - Shiguo Liu
- Prenatal diagnosis center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Yifeng Du
- Departmen of Neurology, Provincial Hospital affiliated Shandong University, No. 44 wenhua west road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder with a heterogeneous genetic and neurobiological background that influences early brain development, and is expressed as a combination of psychotic symptoms - such as hallucinations, delusions and disorganization - and motivational and cognitive dysfunctions. The mean lifetime prevalence of the disorder is just below 1%, but large regional differences in prevalence rates are evident owing to disparities in urbanicity and patterns of immigration. Although gross brain pathology is not a characteristic of schizophrenia, the disorder involves subtle pathological changes in specific neural cell populations and in cell-cell communication. Schizophrenia, as a cognitive and behavioural disorder, is ultimately about how the brain processes information. Indeed, neuroimaging studies have shown that information processing is functionally abnormal in patients with first-episode and chronic schizophrenia. Although pharmacological treatments for schizophrenia can relieve psychotic symptoms, such drugs generally do not lead to substantial improvements in social, cognitive and occupational functioning. Psychosocial interventions such as cognitive-behavioural therapy, cognitive remediation and supported education and employment have added treatment value, but are inconsistently applied. Given that schizophrenia starts many years before a diagnosis is typically made, the identification of individuals at risk and those in the early phases of the disorder, and the exploration of preventive approaches are crucial.
Collapse
|
98
|
Hu TM, Chen CH, Chuang YA, Hsu SH, Cheng MC. Resequencing of early growth response 2 (EGR2) gene revealed a recurrent patient-specific mutation in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2015; 228:958-60. [PMID: 26119399 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal myelination is considered as part of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We resequenced the genomic DNA of the EGR2, which has a specific function in the myelination of peripheral nervous system, in 543 schizophrenic patients and 554 non-psychotic controls. We identified six known SNPs, which were not associated with schizophrenia. Nevertheless, we discovered 24 rare mutations, some of them were patient-specific, including a recurrent mutation (p.P173_Y174insP), which might be associated with the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ming Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Mental Health Research Center, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Department and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yang-An Chuang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Mental Health Research Center, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsin Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Mental Health Research Center, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chih Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Mental Health Research Center, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan; Center for General Education, St. Mary׳s Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Yilan County, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Kang J, Park H, Kim E. IRSp53/BAIAP2 in dendritic spine development, NMDA receptor regulation, and psychiatric disorders. Neuropharmacology 2015; 100:27-39. [PMID: 26275848 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
IRSp53 (also known as BAIAP2) is a multi-domain scaffolding and adaptor protein that has been implicated in the regulation of membrane and actin dynamics at subcellular structures, including filopodia and lamellipodia. Accumulating evidence indicates that IRSp53 is an abundant component of the postsynaptic density at excitatory synapses and an important regulator of actin-rich dendritic spines. In addition, IRSp53 has been implicated in diverse psychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Mice lacking IRSp53 display enhanced NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptor function accompanied by social and cognitive deficits, which are reversed by pharmacological suppression of NMDA receptor function. These results suggest the hypothesis that defective actin/membrane modulation in IRSp53-deficient dendritic spines may lead to social and cognitive deficits through NMDA receptor dysfunction. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Synaptopathy--from Biology to Therapy'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaeseung Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Haram Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, South Korea; Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Ogden KK, Ozkan ED, Rumbaugh G. Prioritizing the development of mouse models for childhood brain disorders. Neuropharmacology 2015; 100:2-16. [PMID: 26231830 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in hundreds of genes contribute to cognitive and behavioral dysfunction associated with developmental brain disorders (DBDs). Due to the sheer number of risk factors available for study combined with the cost of developing new animal models, it remains an open question how genes should be prioritized for in-depth neurobiological investigations. Recent reviews have argued that priority should be given to frequently mutated genes commonly found in sporadic DBD patients. Intrigued by this idea, we explored to what extent "high priority" risk factors have been studied in animals in an effort to assess their potential for generating valuable preclinical models capable of advancing the neurobiological understanding of DBDs. We found that in-depth whole animal studies are lacking for many high priority genes, with relatively few neurobiological studies performed in construct valid animal models aimed at understanding the pathological substrates associated with disease phenotypes. However, some high priority risk factors have been extensively studied in animal models and they have generated novel insights into DBD patho-neurobiology while also advancing early pre-clinical therapeutic treatment strategies. We suggest that prioritizing model development toward genes frequently mutated in non-specific DBD populations will accelerate the understanding of DBD patho-neurobiology and drive novel therapeutic strategies. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Synaptopathy--from Biology to Therapy'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Ogden
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Emin D Ozkan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Gavin Rumbaugh
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| |
Collapse
|