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Dai X, Yin Y, Qin L. Valproic acid exposure decreases the mRNA stability of Bcl-2 via up-regulating miR-34a in the cerebellum of rat. Neurosci Lett 2017; 657:159-165. [PMID: 28803955 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction, limited verbal communication and repetitive behaviors. Previous studies have shown that the level of Bcl-2 in the brain tissues of ASD patients is significantly decreased. However, the mechanisms underlie the down-regulation of Bcl-2 in ASD is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the alteration of Bcl-2 level and associated mechanisms in valproic acid (VPA) exposed ASD rats. VPA exposure resulted in ASD-like behaviors in rats, such as repetitive behavior and social interaction impairment. VPA exposure also down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2 both at mRNA and protein levels, either in cerebellar cortex or primary cerebellar cortical neuronal cells. Furthermore, VPA treatment decreased the mRNA stability of Bcl-2 instead of down-regulating its transcriptional activity. Meanwhile, VPA exposure up-regulated the expression of miR-34a in cerebellar cortex and primary cerebellar cortical neuronal cells. The mimics of miR-34a directly inhibited the expression of Bcl-2 and its antagonist blocked the down-regulation effect of VPA on Bcl-2 in primary cerebellar cortical neuronal cells. Our study implies that VPA may influence ASD through sequential up-regulating miR-34a and therefore down-regulating Bcl-2 in the brain tissues of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufang Dai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Psychological Diagnosis and Educational Technology for Children with Special Needs, Chongqing, 400047, China; College of Education Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 400047, China.
| | - Yunhou Yin
- Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Liyan Qin
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
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Patent highlights February–March 2017. Pharm Pat Anal 2017; 6:151-159. [DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2017-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liu Y, Wang M, Tan X, Wang X, Yang X, Xiao J, Li X, Wang F. Negative correlation between cerebrospinal fluid FGF21 levels and BDI scores in male Chinese subjects. Psychiatry Res 2017; 252:111-113. [PMID: 28259034 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an important metabolic regulator of glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Recently, FGF21 has been shown to play a robust neuroprotective role and act as a mediator of the effects of mood stabilizers. In the present study, we measured the concentration of FGF21 in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and investigated the relationship of FGF21 levels with depression and anxiety emotions. Sixty-seven Chinese volunteers were recruited from Beijing Jishuitan Hospital. A significant negative association was found between CSF FGF21 levels and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores in male subjects. Our findings provide evidence of the role of FGF21 in mood regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- Psychosomatic Medicine Research Division, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot 010110, China
| | - Xiaohua Tan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Fan Wang
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100096, China; Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830028, China.
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Meng Y, Wang W, Kang J, Wang X, Sun L. Role of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway in apoptotic cell death in the cerebral cortex of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2417-2422. [PMID: 28565857 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with cognitive dysfunction. Numerous previous studies have shown that type 1 diabetes-induced hyperglycaemia causes structural brain damage, such as a decrease in whole-brain grey matter. The impact of diabetes mellitus on the cerebral cortex is poorly understood and requires further clarification. In the present study, diabetes was induced via an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed to detect the morphological changes in the cerebral cortex, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining was used to detect neuronal apoptosis and western blotting was performed to determine protein expression levels. Nine weeks after the induction of diabetes, the body weight was significantly lower and the blood glucose levels were significantly higher in the diabetic rats than in the control rats (P<0.05). H&E staining revealed nuclear chromatin condensation and cytoplasmic shrinkage in the cerebral cortex of the diabetic rats and TUNEL staining further indicated apoptotic changes in the cerebral cortex of the diabetic rats. The ratio of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) -associated X protein/Bcl-2 and the expression of cytochrome c and activated caspase-3 (cleaved caspase-3) were significantly increased, whereas the ratio of phosphorylated AKT/AKT was significantly decreased in the diabetic rats compared with that in the control rats (P<0.05). Taken together, these results suggested that diabetes mellitus may induce neuronal apoptosis in the cerebral cortex by downregulating AKT phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Meng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jinsong Kang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xinxue Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Liankun Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Zolezzi JM, Santos MJ, Bastías-Candia S, Pinto C, Godoy JA, Inestrosa NC. PPARs in the central nervous system: roles in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 92:2046-2069. [PMID: 28220655 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over 25 years have passed since peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors (PPARs), were first described. Like other members of the nuclear receptors superfamily, PPARs have been defined as critical sensors and master regulators of cellular metabolism. Recognized as ligand-activated transcription factors, they are involved in lipid, glucose and amino acid metabolism, taking part in different cellular processes, including cellular differentiation and apoptosis, inflammatory modulation and attenuation of acute and chronic neurological damage in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, PPAR activation can simultaneously reprogram the immune response, stimulate metabolic and mitochondrial functions, promote axonal growth, induce progenitor cells to differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes, and improve brain clearance of toxic molecules such as β-amyloid peptide. Although the molecular mechanisms and cross-talk with different molecular pathways are still the focus of intense research, PPARs are considered potential therapeutic targets for several neuropathological conditions, including degenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. This review considers recent advances regarding PPARs, as well as new PPAR agonists. We focus on the mechanisms behind the neuroprotective effects exerted by PPARs and summarise the roles of PPARs in different pathologies of the central nervous system, especially those associated with degenerative and inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Zolezzi
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), P. Catholic University of Chile, PO Box 114-D, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel J Santos
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sussy Bastías-Candia
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Tarapacá, Gral. Velásquez 1775, 1000007, Arica, Chile
| | - Claudio Pinto
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), P. Catholic University of Chile, PO Box 114-D, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan A Godoy
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), P. Catholic University of Chile, PO Box 114-D, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), P. Catholic University of Chile, PO Box 114-D, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Avoca Street Randwick NSW 2031, Sydney, Australia.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, PO Box 113-D, Avenida Bulnes 01855, 6210427, Punta Arenas, Chile
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FGF21 ameliorates the neurocontrol of blood pressure in the high fructose-drinking rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29582. [PMID: 27387420 PMCID: PMC4937430 DOI: 10.1038/srep29582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) is closely related to various metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. However, the direct targets and mechanisms linking FGF21 to blood pressure control and hypertension are still elusive. Here we demonstrated a novel regulatory function of FGF21 in the baroreflex afferent pathway (the nucleus tractus solitarii, NTS; nodose ganglion, NG). As the critical co-receptor of FGF21, β-klotho (klb) significantly expressed on the NTS and NG. Furthermore, we evaluated the beneficial effects of chronic intraperitoneal infusion of recombinant human FGF21 (rhFGF21) on the dysregulated systolic blood pressure, cardiac parameters, baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and hyperinsulinemia in the high fructose-drinking (HFD) rats. The BRS up-regulation is associated with Akt-eNOS-NO signaling activation in the NTS and NG induced by acute intravenous rhFGF21 administration in HFD and control rats. Moreover, the expressions of FGF21 receptors were aberrantly down-regulated in HFD rats. In addition, the up-regulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and -α (PPAR-γ/-α) in the NTS and NG in HFD rats were markedly reversed by chronic rhFGF21 infusion. Our study extends the work of the FGF21 actions on the neurocontrol of blood pressure regulations through baroreflex afferent pathway in HFD rats.
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Linares GR, Chiu CT, Scheuing L, Leng Y, Liao HM, Maric D, Chuang DM. Preconditioning mesenchymal stem cells with the mood stabilizers lithium and valproic acid enhances therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. Exp Neurol 2016; 281:81-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Turner CA, Eren-Koçak E, Inui EG, Watson SJ, Akil H. Dysregulated fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 53:136-43. [PMID: 26454097 PMCID: PMC4833700 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) system in brain-related disorders has received considerable attention in recent years. To understand the role of this system in neurological and psychiatric disorders, it is important to identify the specific members of the FGF family that are implicated, their location and the various mechanisms they can be modulated. Each disorder appears to impact specific molecular players in unique anatomical locations, and all of these could conceivably become targets for treatment. In the last several years, the issue of how to target this system directly has become an area of increasing interest. To date, the most promising therapeutics are small molecule inhibitors and antibodies that modulate FGF receptor (FGFR) function. Beyond attempting to modify the primary players affected by a given brain disorder, it may prove useful to target molecules, such as membrane-bound or extracellular proteins that interact with FGF ligands or FGFRs to modulate signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortney A Turner
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Emine Eren-Koçak
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Stanley J Watson
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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59
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Leng Y, Wang J, Wang Z, Liao HM, Wei M, Leeds P, Chuang DM. Valproic Acid and Other HDAC Inhibitors Upregulate FGF21 Gene Expression and Promote Process Elongation in Glia by Inhibiting HDAC2 and 3. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw035. [PMID: 27207921 PMCID: PMC5006201 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 21, a novel regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism, has robust protective properties in neurons. However, its expression and function in glia are unknown. Valproic acid, a mood stabilizer and anticonvulsant, is a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a dynamic gene regulator. We investigated whether histone deacetylase inhibition by valproic acid and other inhibitors upregulates fibroblast growth factor 21 expression and, if so, sought to identify the histone deacetylase isoform(s) involved and their role in altering glial cell morphology. METHODS C6 glioma or primary cortical glial cultures were treated with histone deacetylase inhibitors, and fibroblast growth factor 21 levels and length of cell processes were subsequently measured. Histone deacetylase 1, 2, or 3 was also knocked down to detect which isoform was involved in regulating fibroblast growth factor 21 mRNA levels. Finally, knockdown and overexpression of fibroblast growth factor 21 were performed to determine whether it played a role in regulating cell process length. RESULTS Treatment of C6 cells or primary glial cultures with valproic acid elevated fibroblast growth factor 21 mRNA levels, extended cell process length, and markedly increased acetylated histone-H3 levels. Other histone deacetylase inhibitors including pan- and class I-specific inhibitors, or selective knockdown of histone deacetylase 2 or 3 isoform produced similar effects. Knockdown or overexpression of fibroblast growth factor 21 significantly decreased or increased C6 cell process length, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In glial cell line and primary glia, using pharmacological inhibition and selective gene silencing of histone deacetylases to boost fibroblast growth factor 21 mRNA levels results in elongation of cell processes. Our study provides a new mechanism via which histone deacetylase 2 and 3 participate in upregulating fibroblast growth factor 21 transcription and extending process outgrowth in glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Leng
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - De-Maw Chuang
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
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Tubastatin A, an HDAC6 inhibitor, alleviates stroke-induced brain infarction and functional deficits: potential roles of α-tubulin acetylation and FGF-21 up-regulation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19626. [PMID: 26790818 PMCID: PMC4726180 DOI: 10.1038/srep19626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) 6 exists exclusively in cytoplasm and deacetylates cytoplasmic proteins such as α-tubulin. HDAC6 dysfunction is associated with several pathological conditions in the central nervous system. This study investigated the beneficial effects of tubastatin A (TubA), a novel specific HDAC6 inhibitor, in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and an in vitro model of excitotoxicity. Post-ischemic TubA treatment robustly improved functional outcomes, reduced brain infarction, and ameliorated neuronal cell death in MCAO rats. These beneficial effects lasted at least three days after MCAO. Notably, when given at 24 hours after MCAO, TubA still exhibited significant protection. Levels of acetylated α-tubulin were decreased in the ischemic hemisphere on Days 1 and 3 after MCAO, and were significantly restored by TubA. MCAO markedly downregulated fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) and TubA significantly reversed this downregulation. TubA also mitigated impaired FGF-21 signaling in the ischemic hemisphere, including up-regulating β-Klotho, and activating ERK and Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathways. In addition, both TubA and exogenous FGF-21 conferred neuroprotection and restored mitochondrial trafficking in rat cortical neurons against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Our findings suggest that the neuroprotective effects of TubA likely involve HDAC6 inhibition and the subsequent up-regulation of acetylated α-tubulin and FGF-21.
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Tsai LK, Chen CL, Tsai YC, Ting CH, Chien YH, Lee NC, Hwu WL. Hypothermia improves disease manifestations in SMA mice via SMN augmentation. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:631-41. [PMID: 26647309 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a progressive motor neuron disease caused by a deficiency of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of intermittent transient hypothermia in a mouse model of SMA. SMA mice were exposed to ice for 50 s to achieve transient hypothermia (below 25°C) daily beginning on postnatal day 1. Neonatal SMA mice (Smn(-/-)SMN2(+/-)) who received daily transient hypothermia exhibited reduced motor neuron degeneration and muscle atrophy and preserved the architecture of neuromuscular junction when compared with untreated controls at day 8 post-treatment. Daily hypothermia also prolonged the lifespan, increased body weight and improved motor coordination in SMA mice. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses showed that transient hypothermia led to an increase in SMN transcript and protein levels in the spinal cord and brain. In in vitro studies using an SMN knockdown motor neuron-like cell-line, transient hypothermia increased intracellular SMN protein expression and length of neurites, confirming the direct effect of hypothermia on motor neurons. These data indicate that the efficacy of intermittent transient hypothermia in improving outcome in an SMA mouse model may be mediated, in part, via an upregulation of SMN levels in the motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Kai Tsai
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan,
| | - Chien-Lin Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hung Ting
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan and
| | - Yin-Hsio Chien
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ni-Chong Lee
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Wuh-Liang Hwu
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Andersen B, Omar BA, Rakipovski G, Raun K, Ahrén B. Fibroblast growth factor 21 prevents glycemic deterioration in insulin deficient mouse models of diabetes. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 764:189-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Maino B, D'Agata V, Severini C, Ciotti MT, Calissano P, Copani A, Chang YC, DeLisi C, Cavallaro S. Igf1 and Pacap rescue cerebellar granule neurons from apoptosis via a common transcriptional program. Cell Death Discov 2015; 1. [PMID: 26941962 PMCID: PMC4773033 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2015.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A shift of the delicate balance between apoptosis and survival-inducing signals determines the fate of neurons during the development of the central nervous system and its homeostasis throughout adulthood. Both pathways, promoting or protecting from apoptosis, trigger a transcriptional program. We conducted whole-genome expression profiling to decipher the transcriptional regulatory elements controlling the apoptotic/survival switch in cerebellar granule neurons following the induction of apoptosis by serum and potassium deprivation or their rescue by either insulin-like growth factor-1 (Igf1) or pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (Pacap). Although depending on different upstream signaling pathways, the survival effects of Igf1 and Pacap converged into common transcriptional cascades, thus suggesting the existence of a general transcriptional program underlying neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Maino
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Italian National Research Council, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Cinzia Severini
- Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, Italian National Research Council, 00143 Roma, Italy
| | | | | | - Agata Copani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Yi-Chien Chang
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Charles DeLisi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sebastiano Cavallaro
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Italian National Research Council, 95126 Catania, Italy
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Díaz-Anzaldúa A, Ocampo-Mendoza Y, Hernández-Lagunas JO, Díaz-Madrid FA, Romo-Nava F, Juárez-García F, Ortega-Ortiz H, Díaz-Anzaldúa A, Gutiérrez-Mora D, Becerra-Palars C, Berlanga-Cisneros C. Differences in body mass index according to fat mass- and obesity-associated (FTO) genotype in Mexican patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2015; 17:662-9. [PMID: 26529281 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The prevalence of obesity has dramatically increased in many countries and it is particularly high in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). A region in the first intron of the fat mass- and obesity-associated (FTO) gene, encompassing markers rs9939973, rs8050136, and rs9939609, has been consistently associated with obesity and body mass index (BMI) in different populations. We sought to determine whether FTO is associated with BMI and/or obesity in patients with BD. METHODS The sample included 129 Mexican Mestizo patients with bipolar I or bipolar II disorder. After obtaining informed consent, participants were evaluated with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders and weight, height, and body measurements were recorded. DNA was extracted from a 5-mL blood sample and real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed. The results were analyzed with Haploview v4.2 and SPSS v21. RESULTS Differences in mean BMI were explained by rs8050136 and rs9939609 genotypes, especially by comparing non-carriers and carriers of two copies of the risk allele (Tukey's p ≤ 0.019), with a mean difference in BMI as high as 7.81 kg/m(2) . Differences in BMI were also explained by the interaction of the genotype (rs8050136 and/or rs9939609), the use of second-generation antipsychotics, and the use of mood stabilizers (p ≤ 0.41). Obesity was also associated with these two markers when patients with and without obesity were compared. CONCLUSIONS In patients with BD, differences in BMI may be affected by the presence of FTO risk alleles, especially in homozygous individuals for these variants. Besides evaluating the possible metabolic effects of certain antipsychotics or mood stabilizers, it is important to evaluate the role of other factors such as FTO risk alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Díaz-Anzaldúa
- Departamento de Genética, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Pisquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRF), Mexico D.F, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Ocampo-Mendoza
- Departamento de Genética, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Pisquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRF), Mexico D.F, Mexico
| | - José Octavio Hernández-Lagunas
- Departamento de Genética, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Pisquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRF), Mexico D.F, Mexico
| | - Federico Alejandro Díaz-Madrid
- Departamento de Genética, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Pisquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRF), Mexico D.F, Mexico
| | - Francisco Romo-Nava
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico D.F, Mexico
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Jackson TC, Manole MD, Kotermanski SE, Jackson EK, Clark RSB, Kochanek PM. Cold stress protein RBM3 responds to temperature change in an ultra-sensitive manner in young neurons. Neuroscience 2015; 305:268-78. [PMID: 26265550 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extremely mild hypothermia to 36.0 °C is not thought to appreciably differ clinically from 37.0 °C. However, it is possible that 36.0 °C stimulates highly sensitive hypothermic signaling mechanism(s) and alters biochemistry. To the best of our knowledge, no such ultra-sensitive pathway/mechanisms have been described. Here we show that cold stress protein RNA binding motif 3 (RBM3) increases in neuron and astrocyte cultures maintained at 33 °C or 36 °C for 24 or 48 h, compared to 37 °C controls. Neurons cultured at 36 °C also had increased global protein synthesis (GPS). Finally, we found that melatonin or fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) augmented RBM3 upregulation in young neurons cooled to 36 °C. Our results show that a 1 °C reduction in temperature can induce pleiotropic biochemical changes by upregulating GPS in neurons which may be mediated by RBM3 and that this process can be pharmacologically mimicked and enhanced with melatonin or FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Jackson
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, 200 Hill Building, 3434 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
| | - M D Manole
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, 200 Hill Building, 3434 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - S E Kotermanski
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Bridgeside Point Building 1, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - E K Jackson
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Bridgeside Point Building 1, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - R S B Clark
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, 200 Hill Building, 3434 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - P M Kochanek
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, 200 Hill Building, 3434 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
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66
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Kim KH, Lee MS. FGF21 as a mediator of adaptive responses to stress and metabolic benefits of anti-diabetic drugs. J Endocrinol 2015; 226:R1-16. [PMID: 26116622 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Most hormones secreted from specific organs of the body in response to diverse stimuli contribute to the homeostasis of the whole organism. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a hormone induced by a variety of environmental or metabolic stimuli, plays a crucial role in the adaptive response to these stressful conditions. In addition to its role as a stress hormone, FGF21 appears to function as a mediator of the therapeutic effects of currently available drugs and those under development for treatment of metabolic diseases. In this review, we highlight molecular mechanisms and the functional importance of FGF21 induction in response to diverse stress conditions such as changes of nutritional status, cold exposure, and exercise. In addition, we describe recent findings regarding the role of FGF21 in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes associated with obesity, liver diseases, pancreatitis, muscle atrophy, atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and diabetic nephropathy. Finally, we discuss the current understanding of the actions of FGF21 as a crucial regulator mediating beneficial metabolic effects of therapeutic agents such as metformin, glucagon/glucagon-like peptide 1 analogues, thiazolidinedione, sirtuin 1 activators, and lipoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kook Hwan Kim
- Severance Biomedical Research InstituteDepartment of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Severance Biomedical Research InstituteDepartment of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea Severance Biomedical Research InstituteDepartment of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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67
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Scheuing L, Chiu CT, Liao HM, Linares GR, Chuang DM. Preclinical and clinical investigations of mood stabilizers for Huntington's disease: what have we learned? Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:1024-38. [PMID: 25285035 PMCID: PMC4183923 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.9898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a lethal, autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by CAG repeat expansions at exon 1 of the huntingtin (Htt) gene, which encodes for a mutant huntingtin protein (mHtt). Prominent symptoms of HD include motor dysfunction, characterized by chorea; psychiatric disturbances such as mood and personality changes; and cognitive decline that may lead to dementia. Pathologically multiple complex processes and pathways are involved in the development of HD, including selective loss of neurons in the striatum and cortex, dysregulation of cellular autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased neurotrophic and growth factor levels, and aberrant regulation of gene expression and epigenetic patterns. No cure for HD presently exists, nor are there drugs that can halt the progression of this devastating disease. Therefore, the need to discover neuroprotective modalities to combat HD is critical. In basic and preclinical studies using cellular and animal HD models, the mood stabilizers lithium and valproic acid (VPA) have shown multiple beneficial effects, including behavioral and motor improvement, enhanced neuroprotection, and lifespan extension. Recent studies in transgenic HD mice support the notion that combined lithium/VPA treatment is more effective than treatment with either drug alone. In humans, several clinical studies of HD patients found that lithium treatment improved mood, and that VPA treatment both stabilized mood and moderately reduced chorea. In contrast, other studies observed that the hallmark features of HD were unaffected by treatment with either lithium or VPA. The current review discusses preclinical and clinical investigations of the beneficial effects of lithium and VPA on HD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Scheuing
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive MSC 1363, Bethesda, MD 20892-1363, USA
| | - Chi-Tso Chiu
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive MSC 1363, Bethesda, MD 20892-1363, USA
| | - Hsiao-Mei Liao
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive MSC 1363, Bethesda, MD 20892-1363, USA
| | - Gabriel R Linares
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive MSC 1363, Bethesda, MD 20892-1363, USA
| | - De-Maw Chuang
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive MSC 1363, Bethesda, MD 20892-1363, USA
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Leeds PR, Yu F, Wang Z, Chiu CT, Zhang Y, Leng Y, Linares GR, Chuang DM. A new avenue for lithium: intervention in traumatic brain injury. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:422-33. [PMID: 24697257 DOI: 10.1021/cn500040g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability and death from trauma to central nervous system (CNS) tissues. For patients who survive the initial injury, TBI can lead to neurodegeneration as well as cognitive and motor deficits, and is even a risk factor for the future development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Preclinical studies of multiple neuropathological and neurodegenerative disorders have shown that lithium, which is primarily used to treat bipolar disorder, has considerable neuroprotective effects. Indeed, emerging evidence now suggests that lithium can also mitigate neurological deficits incurred from TBI. Lithium exerts neuroprotective effects and stimulates neurogenesis via multiple signaling pathways; it inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), upregulates neurotrophins and growth factors (e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)), modulates inflammatory molecules, upregulates neuroprotective factors (e.g., B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70)), and concomitantly downregulates pro-apoptotic factors. In various experimental TBI paradigms, lithium has been shown to reduce neuronal death, microglial activation, cyclooxygenase-2 induction, amyloid-β (Aβ), and hyperphosphorylated tau levels, to preserve blood-brain barrier integrity, to mitigate neurological deficits and psychiatric disturbance, and to improve learning and memory outcome. Given that lithium exerts multiple therapeutic effects across an array of CNS disorders, including promising results in preclinical models of TBI, additional clinical research is clearly warranted to determine its therapeutic attributes for combating TBI. Here, we review lithium's exciting potential in ameliorating physiological as well as cognitive deficits induced by TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Leeds
- Molecular
Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1363, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1363, United States
| | - Fengshan Yu
- Molecular
Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1363, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1363, United States
| | - Zhifei Wang
- Molecular
Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1363, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1363, United States
| | - Chi-Tso Chiu
- Molecular
Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1363, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1363, United States
| | | | - Yan Leng
- Molecular
Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1363, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1363, United States
| | - Gabriel R. Linares
- Molecular
Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1363, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1363, United States
| | - De-Maw Chuang
- Molecular
Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1363, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1363, United States
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69
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Gimeno RE, Moller DE. FGF21-based pharmacotherapy--potential utility for metabolic disorders. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:303-11. [PMID: 24709036 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Currently available therapies for diabetes or obesity produce modest efficacy and are usually used in combination with agents targeting cardiovascular risk factors. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a circulating protein with pleiotropic metabolic actions; pharmacological doses of FGF21 produce anti-diabetic, lipid-lowering, and weight-reducing effects in rodents. Several potential benefits have translated to non-human primates and obese humans with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Accumulating results point to a specific receptor complex and actions in adipose tissue, liver, and brain; several pathways lead to enhanced fatty acid oxidation, increased insulin sensitivity, and augmented energy expenditure. A range of strategies are being explored to derive potent, safe, and convenient therapies which could potentially represent novel approaches to prevent and treat a variety of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Gimeno
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | - David E Moller
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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