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Differences in Environmental and Hormonal Regulation of Growth Responses in Two Highly Productive Hybrid Populus Genotypes. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity, in response to adverse conditions, determines plant productivity and survival. The aim of this study was to test if two highly productive Populus genotypes, characterised by different in vitro etiolation patterns, differ also in their responses to hormones gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA), and to a GA biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PBZ). The experiments on shoot cultures of ‘Hybrida 275′ (abbr. H275; Populus maximowiczii × P. trichocarpa) and IBL 91/78 (Populus tremula × P. alba) were conducted by either modulating the physical in vitro environment or by adding specific chemicals to the nutrient medium. Our results revealed two main sets of differences between the studied genotypes in environmental and hormonal regulation of growth responses. First, the genotype H275 responded to darkness with PBZ-inhibitable shoot elongation; in contrast, the elongation of IBL 91/78 shoots was not affected either by darkness or PBZ treatment. Secondly, the explants of H275 were unable to recover their growth if it was inhibited with ABA; in contrast, those of IBL 91/78 recovered so well after the temporal inhibition by ABA that, when rooted subsequently, they developed longer shoots and roots than without a previous ABA treatment. Our results indicate that GA catabolism and repressive signalling provide an important pathway to control growth and physiological adaptation in response to immediate or impending adverse conditions. These observations can help breeders define robust criteria for identifying genotypes with high resistance and productivity and highlight where genotypes exhibit susceptibility to stress.
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He H, Yamamuro C. Interplays between auxin and GA signaling coordinate early fruit development. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab078. [PMID: 35043212 PMCID: PMC8955447 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones and their interactions are critical for fruit development and, are key topics in horticulture research. Auxin, together with gibberellic acid (GA), promotes cell division and expansion, thus subsequently regulates fruit development and enlargement after fertilization. Auxin and GA related mutants show parthenocarpy (fruit formation without fertilization of ovule) in many plant species, indicating that these hormones and possibly their interactions play a key role in the regulation of fruit initiation and development. Recent studies have shown clear molecular and genetic evidence that ARF/IAA and DELLA protein interact each other and regulate both auxin and GA signaling pathways in response to auxin and GA during fruit growth in horticultural plants, tomato (the most studied freshy fruit) and strawberry (the model of Rosaceae). These recent findings provide new insights into the mechanisms by which plant hormones auxin and GA regulate fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai He
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Chizuko Yamamuro
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
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53
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Zhou Y, Myat AA, Liang C, Meng Z, Guo S, Wei Y, Sun G, Wang Y, Zhang R. Insights Into MicroRNA-Mediated Regulation of Flowering Time in Cotton Through Small RNA Sequencing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:761244. [PMID: 35432420 PMCID: PMC9010036 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.761244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The timing of flowering is a key determinant for plant reproductive. It has been demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in transition from the vegetative to reproductive stage in cotton; however, knowledge remains limited about the regulatory role of miRNAs involved in flowering time regulation in cotton. To elucidate the molecular basis of miRNAs in response to flowering time in cotton, we performed high-throughput small RNA sequencing at the fifth true leaf stage. We identified 56 and 43 miRNAs that were significantly up- and downregulated in two elite early flowering cultivars (EFC) compared with two late flowering cultivars (LFC), respectively. The miRNA targets by RNA sequencing analysis showed that GhSPL4 in SBP transcription factor family targeted by GhmiR156 was significantly upregulated in EFCs. Co-expression regulatory network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that GhSOC1, GhAP1, GhFD, GhCOL3, and GhAGL16 act as node genes in the auxin- and gibberellin-mediated flowering time regulatory networks in cotton. Therefore, elucidation of miRNA-mediated flowering time regulatory network will contribute to our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying flowering time in cotton.
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Liu H, Jia Y, Chai Y, Wang S, Chen H, Zhou X, Huang C, Guo S, Chen D. Whole-transcriptome analysis of differentially expressed genes between ray and disc florets and identification of flowering regulatory genes in Chrysanthemum morifolium. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:947331. [PMID: 35991433 PMCID: PMC9388166 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.947331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum morifolium has ornamental and economic values. However, there has been minimal research on the morphology of the chrysanthemum florets and related genes. In this study, we used the leaves as a control to screen for differentially expressed genes between ray and disc florets in chrysanthemum flowers. A total of 8,359 genes were differentially expressed between the ray and disc florets, of which 3,005 were upregulated and 5,354 were downregulated in the disc florets. Important regulatory genes that control flower development and flowering determination were identified. Among them, we identified a TM6 gene (CmTM6-mu) that belongs to the Class B floral homeotic MADS-box transcription factor family, which was specifically expressed in disc florets. We isolated this gene and found it was highly similar to other typical TM6 lineage genes, but a single-base deletion at the 3' end of the open reading frame caused a frame shift that generated a protein in which the TM6-specific paleoAP3 motif was missing at the C terminus. The CmTM6-mu gene was ectopically expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Petal and stamen developmental processes were unaffected in transgenic A. thaliana lines; however, the flowering time was earlier than in the wild-type control. Thus, the C-terminal of paleoAP3 appears to be necessary for the functional performance in regulating the development of petals or stamens and CmTM6-mu may be involved in the regulation of flowering time in chrysanthemum. The results of this study will be useful for future research on flowering molecular mechanisms and for the breeding of novel flower types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Jia
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhong Chai
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Chen
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumei Zhou
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Conglin Huang
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Conglin Huang,
| | - Shuang Guo
- Chengdu Park City Construction Development Research Institute, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Conglin Huang,
| | - Dongliang Chen
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Conglin Huang,
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Li M, Zhu Y, Li S, Zhang W, Yin C, Lin Y. Regulation of Phytohormones on the Growth and Development of Plant Root Hair. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:865302. [PMID: 35401627 PMCID: PMC8988291 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.865302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The tubular-shaped unicellular extensions of plant epidermal cells known as root hairs are important components of plant roots and play crucial roles in absorbing nutrients and water and in responding to stress. The growth and development of root hair include, mainly, fate determination of root hair cells, root hair initiation, and root hair elongation. Phytohormones play important regulatory roles as signal molecules in the growth and development of root hair. In this review, we describe the regulatory roles of auxin, ethylene (ETH), jasmonate (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), strigolactone (SL), cytokinin (CK), and brassinosteroid (BR) in the growth and development of plant root hairs. Auxin, ETH, and CK play positive regulation while BR plays negative regulation in the fate determination of root hair cells; Auxin, ETH, JA, CK, and ABA play positive regulation while BR plays negative regulation in the root hair initiation; Auxin, ETH, CK, and JA play positive regulation while BR, GA, and ABA play negative regulation in the root hair elongation. Phytohormones regulate root hair growth and development mainly by regulating transcription of root hair associated genes, including WEREWOLF (WER), GLABRA2 (GL2), CAPRICE (CPC), and HAIR DEFECTIVE 6 (RHD6). Auxin and ETH play vital roles in this regulation, with JA, ABA, SL, and BR interacting with auxin and ETH to regulate further the growth and development of root hairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanchun Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Susu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changxi Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Changxi Yin,
| | - Yongjun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Riemer E, Pullagurla NJ, Yadav R, Rana P, Jessen HJ, Kamleitner M, Schaaf G, Laha D. Regulation of plant biotic interactions and abiotic stress responses by inositol polyphosphates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:944515. [PMID: 36035672 PMCID: PMC9403785 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.944515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs), derivatives of inositol hexakisphosphate (phytic acid, InsP6) or lower inositol polyphosphates, are energy-rich signaling molecules that have critical regulatory functions in eukaryotes. In plants, the biosynthesis and the cellular targets of these messengers are not fully understood. This is because, in part, plants do not possess canonical InsP6 kinases and are able to synthesize PP-InsP isomers that appear to be absent in yeast or mammalian cells. This review will shed light on recent discoveries in the biosynthesis of these enigmatic messengers and on how they regulate important physiological processes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Riemer
- Departmentof Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: Esther Riemer,
| | | | - Ranjana Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Priyanshi Rana
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Henning J. Jessen
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & CIBSS – The Center of Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marília Kamleitner
- Departmentof Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriel Schaaf
- Departmentof Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Debabrata Laha
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- Debabrata Laha,
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Ohishi N, Hoshika N, Takeda M, Shibata K, Yamane H, Yokota T, Asahina M. Involvement of Auxin Biosynthesis and Transport in the Antheridium and Prothalli Formation in Lygodium japonicum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2709. [PMID: 34961180 PMCID: PMC8706445 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The spores of Lygodium japonicum, cultured in the dark, form a filamentous structure called protonema. Earlier studies have shown that gibberellin (GA) induces protonema elongation, along with antheridium formation, on the protonema. In this study, we have performed detailed morphological analyses to investigate the roles of multiple phytohormones in antheridium formation, protonema elongation, and prothallus formation in L. japonicum. GA4 methyl ester is a potent GA that stimulates both protonema elongation and antheridium formation. We found that these effects were inhibited by simultaneous application of abscisic acid (ABA). On the other hand, IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) promoted protonema elongation but reduced antheridium formation, while these effects were partially recovered by transferring to an IAA-free medium. An auxin biosynthesis inhibitor, PPBo (4-phenoxyphenylboronic acid), and a transport inhibitor, TIBA (2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid), both inhibited protonema elongation and antheridium formation. L. japonicum prothalli are induced from germinating spores under continuous white light. Such development was negatively affected by PPBo, which induced smaller-sized prothalli, and TIBA, which induced aberrantly shaped prothalli. The evidence suggests that the crosstalk between these plant hormones might regulate protonema elongation and antheridium formation in L. japonicum. Furthermore, the possible involvement of auxin in the prothalli development of L. japonicum is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Ohishi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Tochigi, Japan; (N.O.); (H.Y.); (T.Y.)
| | - Nanami Hoshika
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Tochigi, Japan; (N.H.); (M.T.); (K.S.)
| | - Mizuho Takeda
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Tochigi, Japan; (N.H.); (M.T.); (K.S.)
| | - Kyomi Shibata
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Tochigi, Japan; (N.H.); (M.T.); (K.S.)
| | - Hisakazu Yamane
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Tochigi, Japan; (N.O.); (H.Y.); (T.Y.)
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Tochigi, Japan; (N.H.); (M.T.); (K.S.)
| | - Takao Yokota
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Tochigi, Japan; (N.O.); (H.Y.); (T.Y.)
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Tochigi, Japan; (N.H.); (M.T.); (K.S.)
| | - Masashi Asahina
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Tochigi, Japan; (N.O.); (H.Y.); (T.Y.)
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Tochigi, Japan; (N.H.); (M.T.); (K.S.)
- Advanced Instrumental Analysis Center, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Tochigi, Japan
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Shohat H, Eliaz NI, Weiss D. Gibberellin in tomato: metabolism, signaling and role in drought responses. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:15. [PMID: 37789477 PMCID: PMC10515025 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The growth-promoting hormone gibberellin (GA) regulates numerous developmental processes throughout the plant life cycle. It also affects plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses. GA metabolism and signaling in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) have been studied in the last three decades and major components of the pathways were characterized. These include major biosynthesis and catabolism enzymes and signaling components, such as the three GA receptors GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF 1 (GID1) and DELLA protein PROCERA (PRO), the central response suppressor. The role of these components in tomato plant development and response to the environment have been investigated. Cultivated tomato, similar to many other crop plants, are susceptible to water deficiency. Numerous studies on tomato response to drought have been conducted, including the possible role of GA in tomato drought resistance. Most studies showed that reduced levels or activity of GA improves drought tolerance and drought avoidance. This review aims to provide an overview on GA biosynthesis and signaling in tomato, how drought affects these pathways and how changes in GA activity affect tomato plant response to water deficiency. It also presents the potential of using the GA pathway to generate drought-tolerant tomato plants with improved performance under both irrigation and water-limited conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Shohat
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Natanella Illouz Eliaz
- Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - David Weiss
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
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Yamoune A, Cuyacot AR, Zdarska M, Hejatko J. Hormonal orchestration of root apical meristem formation and maintenance in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6768-6788. [PMID: 34343283 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones are key regulators of a number of developmental and adaptive responses in plants, integrating the control of intrinsic developmental regulatory circuits with environmental inputs. Here we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying hormonal regulation of root development. We focus on key events during both embryonic and post-embryonic development, including specification of the hypophysis as a future organizer of the root apical meristem (RAM), hypophysis asymmetric division, specification of the quiescent centre (QC) and the stem cell niche (SCN), RAM maturation and maintenance of QC/SCN activity, and RAM size. We address both well-established and newly proposed concepts, highlight potential ambiguities in recent terminology and classification criteria of longitudinal root zonation, and point to contrasting results and alternative scenarios for recent models. In the concluding remarks, we summarize the common principles of hormonal control during root development and the mechanisms potentially explaining often antagonistic outputs of hormone action, and propose possible future research directions on hormones in the root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Yamoune
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Abigail Rubiato Cuyacot
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Zdarska
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hejatko
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Zhao G, Luo C, Luo J, Li J, Gong H, Zheng X, Liu X, Guo J, Zhou L, Wu H. A mutation in LacDWARF1 results in a GA-deficient dwarf phenotype in sponge gourd (Luffa acutangula). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:3443-3457. [PMID: 34390352 PMCID: PMC8440308 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03938-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A dwarfism gene LacDWARF1 was mapped by combined BSA-Seq and comparative genomics analyses to a 65.4 kb physical genomic region on chromosome 05. Dwarf architecture is one of the most important traits utilized in Cucurbitaceae breeding because it saves labor and increases the harvest index. To our knowledge, there has been no prior research about dwarfism in the sponge gourd. This study reports the first dwarf mutant WJ209 with a decrease in cell size and internodes. A genetic analysis revealed that the mutant phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene, which is designated Lacdwarf1 (Lacd1). Combined with bulked segregate analysis and next-generation sequencing, we quickly mapped a 65.4 kb region on chromosome 5 using F2 segregation population with InDel and SNP polymorphism markers. Gene annotation revealed that Lac05g019500 encodes a gibberellin 3β-hydroxylase (GA3ox) that functions as the most likely candidate gene for Lacd1. DNA sequence analysis showed that there is an approximately 4 kb insertion in the first intron of Lac05g019500 in WJ209. Lac05g019500 is transcribed incorrectly in the dwarf mutant owing to the presence of the insertion. Moreover, the bioactive GAs decreased significantly in WJ209, and the dwarf phenotype could be restored by exogenous GA3 treatment, indicating that WJ209 is a GA-deficient mutant. All these results support the conclusion that Lac05g019500 is the Lacd1 gene. In addition, RNA-Seq revealed that many genes, including those related to plant hormones, cellular process, cell wall, membrane and response to stress, were significantly altered in WJ209 compared with the wild type. This study will aid in the use of molecular marker-assisted breeding in the dwarf sponge gourd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangjun Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Caixia Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
- College of Agriculture & Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianning Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Junxing Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Gong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoming Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinju Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingyan Zhou
- College of Agriculture & Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - Haibin Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.
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Patel R, Mehta K, Goswami D, Saraf M. An Anecdote on Prospective Protein Targets for Developing Novel Plant Growth Regulators. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 64:109-129. [PMID: 34561838 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00404-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phytohormones are the main regulatory molecules of core signalling networks associated with plant life cycle regulation. Manipulation of hormone signalling cascade enables the control over physiological traits of plant, which has major applications in field of agriculture and food sustainability. Hence, stable analogues of these hormones are long sought after and many of them are currently known, but the quest for more effective, stable and economically viable analogues is still going on. This search has been further strengthened by the identification of the components of signalling cascade such as receptors, downstream cascade members and transcription factors. Furthermore, many proteins of phytohormone cascades are available in crystallized forms. Such crystallized structures can provide the basis for identification of novel interacting compounds using in silico approach. Plenty of computational tools and bioinformatics software are now available that can aid in this process. Here, the metadata of all the major phytohormone signalling cascades are presented along with discussion on major protein-ligand interactions and protein components that may act as a potential target for manipulation of phytohormone signalling cascade. Furthermore, structural aspects of phytohormones and their known analogues are also discussed that can provide the basis for the synthesis of novel analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Patel
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Krina Mehta
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Dweipayan Goswami
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India.
| | - Meenu Saraf
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India.
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Gupta D, Sharma G, Saraswat P, Ranjan R. Synthetic Biology in Plants, a Boon for Coming Decades. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:1138-1154. [PMID: 34420149 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently an enormous expansion of knowledge is seen in various disciplines of science. This surge of information has given rise to concept of interdisciplinary fields, which has resulted in emergence of newer research domains, one of them is 'Synthetic Biology' (SynBio). It captures basics from core biology and integrates it with concepts from the other areas of study such as chemical, electrical, and computational sciences. The essence of synthetic biology is to rewire, re-program, and re-create natural biological pathways, which are carried through genetic circuits. A genetic circuit is a functional assembly of basic biological entities (DNA, RNA, proteins), created using typical design, built, and test cycles. These circuits allow scientists to engineer nearly all biological systems for various useful purposes. The development of sophisticated molecular tools, techniques, genomic programs, and ease of nucleic acid synthesis have further fueled several innovative application of synthetic biology in areas like molecular medicines, pharmaceuticals, biofuels, drug discovery, metabolomics, developing plant biosensors, utilization of prokaryotic systems for metabolite production, and CRISPR/Cas9 in the crop improvement. These applications have largely been dominated by utilization of prokaryotic systems. However, newer researches have indicated positive growth of SynBio for the eukaryotic systems as well. This paper explores advances of synthetic biology in the plant field by elaborating on its core components and potential applications. Here, we have given a comprehensive idea of designing, development, and utilization of synthetic biology in the improvement of the present research state of plant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipinte Gupta
- Plant Biotechnology Lab, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed to be University), Dayalbagh, Agra, 282005, India
| | - Gauri Sharma
- Plant Biotechnology Lab, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed to be University), Dayalbagh, Agra, 282005, India
| | - Pooja Saraswat
- Plant Biotechnology Lab, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed to be University), Dayalbagh, Agra, 282005, India
| | - Rajiv Ranjan
- Plant Biotechnology Lab, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed to be University), Dayalbagh, Agra, 282005, India.
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Zhong M, Zeng B, Tang D, Yang J, Qu L, Yan J, Wang X, Li X, Liu X, Zhao X. The blue light receptor CRY1 interacts with GID1 and DELLA proteins to repress GA signaling during photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1328-1342. [PMID: 33971366 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Light is a critical environmental cue that regulates a variety of diverse plant developmental processes. Cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) is the major photoreceptor that mediates blue light-dependent photomorphogenic responses such as the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation. Gibberellin (GA) participates in the repression of photomorphogenesis and promotes hypocotyl elongation. However, the antagonistic interaction between blue light and GA is not well understood. Here, we report that blue light represses GA-induced degradation of the DELLA proteins (DELLAs), which are key negative regulators in the GA signaling pathway, via CRY1, thereby inhibiting the GA response during hypocotyl elongation. Both in vitro and in vivo biochemical analyses demonstrated that CRY1 physically interacts with GA receptors-GA-INSENSITIVE DWARF 1 proteins (GID1s)-and DELLAs in a blue light-dependent manner. Furthermore, we showed that CRY1 inhibits the association between GID1s and DELLAs. Genetically, CRY1 antagonizes the function of GID1s to repress the expression of cell elongation-related genes and thus hypocotyl elongation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that CRY1 coordinates blue light and GA signaling for plant photomorphogenesis by stabilizing DELLAs through the binding and inactivation of GID1s, providing new insights into the mechanism by which blue light antagonizes the function of GA in photomorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhong
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Bingjie Zeng
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Dongying Tang
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Lina Qu
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jindong Yan
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xuanming Liu
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Xiaoying Zhao
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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Ranjan A, Sinha R, Lal SK, Bishi SK, Singh AK. Phytohormone signalling and cross-talk to alleviate aluminium toxicity in plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1331-1343. [PMID: 34086069 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) is one of the most abundant metals in earth crust, which becomes toxic to the plants growing in acidic soil. Phytohormones like ethylene, auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and gibberellic acid are known to play important role in regulating Al toxicity tolerance in plants. Exogenous applications of auxin, cytokinin and abscisic acid have shown significant effect on Al-induced root growth inhibition. Moreover, ethylene and cytokinin act synergistically with auxin in responding against Al toxicity. A number of studies showed that phytohormones play vital roles in controlling root responses to Al toxicity by modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) signalling, cell wall modifications, organic acid exudation from roots and expression of Al responsive genes and transcription factors. This review provides a summary of recent studies related to involvement of phytohormone signalling and cross-talk with other pathways in regulating response against Al toxicity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Ranjan
- School of Genetic Engineering, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, 834 003, India.
| | - Ragini Sinha
- School of Genetic Engineering, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, 834 003, India
| | - Shambhu Krishan Lal
- School of Genetic Engineering, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, 834 003, India
| | - Sujit Kumar Bishi
- School of Genomics and Molecular Breeding, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, 834 003, India
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- School of Genetic Engineering, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, 834 003, India.
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Yang L, You J, Li J, Wang Y, Chan Z. Melatonin promotes Arabidopsis primary root growth in an IAA-dependent manner. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5599-5611. [PMID: 34009365 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin has been characterized as a growth regulator in plants. Melatonin shares tryptophan as the precursor with the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), but the interplay between melatonin and IAA remains controversial. In this study, we aimed to dissect the relationship between melatonin and IAA in regulating Arabidopsis primary root growth. We observed that melatonin concentrations ranging from 10-9 to 10-6 M functioned as IAA mimics to promote primary root growth in Arabidopsis wild type, as well as in pin-formed (pin) single and double mutants. Transcriptome analysis showed that changes in gene expression after melatonin and IAA treatment were moderately correlated. Most of the IAA-regulated genes were co-regulated by melatonin, indicating that melatonin and IAA regulated a similar subset of genes. Melatonin partially rescued primary root growth defects in pin single and double mutant plants. However, melatonin treatment had little effect on primary root growth in the presence of high concentrations of auxin biosynthesis inhibitors, or polar transport inhibitor, and could not rescue the root length defect of the IAA biosynthesis quintuple mutant yucQ. Therefore, we propose that melatonin promotes primary root growth in an IAA-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jun You
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Jinzhu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A& F University, Yangling Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhulong Chan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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Saidi A, Hajibarat Z. Phytohormones: plant switchers in developmental and growth stages in potato. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:89. [PMID: 34142228 PMCID: PMC8211815 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potato is one of the most important food crops worldwide, contributing key nutrients to the human diet. Plant hormones act as vital switchers in the regulation of various aspects of developmental and growth stages in potato. Due to the broad impacts of hormones on many developmental processes, their role in potato growth and developmental stages has been investigated. This review presents a description of hormonal basic pathways, various interconnections between hormonal network and reciprocal relationships, and clarification of molecular events underlying potato growth. In the last decade, new findings have emerged regarding their function during sprout development, vegetative growth, tuber initiation, tuber development, and maturation in potato. Hormones can control the regulation of various aspects of growth and development in potato, either individually or in combination with other hormones. The molecular characterization of interplay between cytokinins (CKs), abscisic acid (ABA), and auxin and/or gibberellins (GAs) during tuber formation requires further undertaking. Recently, new evidences regarding the relative functions of hormones during various stages and an intricate network of several hormones controlling potato tuber formation are emerging. Although some aspects of their functions are widely covered, remarkable breaks in our knowledge and insights yet exist in the regulation of hormonal networks and their interactions during different stages of growth and various aspects of tuber formation. SHORT CONCLUSION The present review focuses on the relative roles of hormones during various developmental stages with a view to recognize their mechanisms of function in potato tuber development. For better insight, relevant evidences available on hormonal interaction during tuber development in other species are also described. We predict that the present review highlights some of the conceptual developments in the interplay of hormones and their associated downstream events influencing tuber formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Saidi
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Hajibarat
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Calderwood A, Hepworth J, Woodhouse S, Bilham L, Jones DM, Tudor E, Ali M, Dean C, Wells R, Irwin JA, Morris RJ. Comparative transcriptomics reveals desynchronisation of gene expression during the floral transition between Arabidopsis and Brassica rapa cultivars. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 2:e4. [PMID: 37077206 PMCID: PMC10095958 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2021.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Comparative transcriptomics can be used to translate an understanding of gene regulatory networks from model systems to less studied species. Here, we use RNA-Seq to determine and compare gene expression dynamics through the floral transition in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana and the closely related crop Brassica rapa. We find that different curve registration functions are required for different genes, indicating that there is no single common 'developmental time' between Arabidopsis and B. rapa. A detailed comparison between Arabidopsis and B. rapa and between two B. rapa accessions reveals different modes of regulation of the key floral integrator SOC1, and that the floral transition in the B. rapa accessions is triggered by different pathways. Our study adds to the mechanistic understanding of the regulatory network of flowering time in rapid cycling B. rapa and highlights the importance of registration methods for the comparison of developmental gene expression data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Calderwood
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Hepworth
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Shannon Woodhouse
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lorelei Bilham
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - D. Marc Jones
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
- VIB-UGent Centre for Plant Systems Biology, Gent, Belgium
| | - Eleri Tudor
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mubarak Ali
- Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Caroline Dean
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Wells
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Judith A. Irwin
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Morris
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Yao X, Liao L, Huang Y, Fan G, Yang M, Ye S. The physiological and molecular mechanisms of N transfer in Eucalyptus and Dalbergia odorifera intercropping systems using root proteomics. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:201. [PMID: 33902455 PMCID: PMC8077921 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02969-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mixing of Eucalyptus with N2-fixing trees species (NFTs) is a frequently successful and sustainable cropping practice. In this study, we evaluated nitrogen (N) transfer and conducted a proteomic analysis of the seedlings of Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis (Eucalyptus) and an NFT, Dalbergia (D.) odorifera, from intercropping and monocropping systems to elucidate the physiological effects and molecular mechanisms of N transfer in mixed Eucalyptus and D. odorifera systems. RESULTS N transfer occurred from D. odorifera to Eucalyptus at a rate of 14.61% in the intercropping system, which increased N uptake and growth in Eucalyptus but inhibited growth in D. odorifera. There were 285 and 288 differentially expressed proteins by greater than 1.5-fold in Eucalyptus and D. odorifera roots with intercropping vs monoculture, respectively. Introduction of D. odorifera increased the stress resistance ability of Eucalyptus, while D. odorifera stress resistance was increased by increasing levels of jasmonic acid (JA). Additionally, the differentially expressed proteins of N metabolism, such as glutamine synthetase nodule isozyme (GS), were upregulated to enhance N competition in Eucalyptus. Importantly, more proteins were involved in synthetic pathways than in metabolic pathways in Eucalyptus because of the benefit of N transfer, and the two groups of N compound transporters were found in Eucalyptus; however, more functional proteins were involved in metabolic degradation in D. odorifera; specifically, the molecular mechanism of the transfer of N from D. odorifera to Eucalyptus was explained by proteomics. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that N transfer occurred from D. odorifera to Eucalyptus and was affected by the variations in the differentially expressed proteins. We anticipate that these results can be verified in field experiments for the sustainable development of Eucalyptus plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyu Yao
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Liangning Liao
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Yongzhen Huang
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Ge Fan
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Mei Yang
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Shaoming Ye
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi Province, China.
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Hetherington FM, Kakkar M, Topping JF, Lindsey K. Gibberellin signaling mediates lateral root inhibition in response to K+-deprivation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1198-1215. [PMID: 33793923 PMCID: PMC8133588 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The potassium ion (K+) is vital for plant growth and development, and K+-deprivation leads to reduced crop yields. Here we describe phenotypic, transcriptomic, and mutant analyses to investigate the signaling mechanisms mediating root architectural changes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Columbia. We showed effects on root architecture are mediated through a reduction in cell division in the lateral root (LR) meristems, the rate of LR initiation is reduced but LR density is unaffected, and primary root growth is reduced only slightly. This was primarily regulated through gibberellic acid (GA) signaling, which leads to the accumulation of growth-inhibitory DELLA proteins. The short LR phenotype was rescued by exogenous application of GA but not of auxin or by the inhibition of ethylene signaling. RNA-seq analysis showed upregulation by K+-deprivation of the transcription factors JUNGBRUNNEN1 (JUB1) and the C-repeat-binding factor (CBF)/dehydration-responsive element-binding factor 1 regulon, which are known to regulate GA signaling and levels that regulate DELLAs. Transgenic overexpression of JUB1 and CBF1 enhanced responses to K+ stress. Attenuation of the reduced LR growth response occurred in mutants of the CBF1 target gene SFR6, implicating a role for JUB1, CBF1, and SFR6 in the regulation of LR growth in response to K+-deprivation via DELLAs. We propose this represents a mechanism to limit horizontal root growth in conditions where K+ is available deeper in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Medhavi Kakkar
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | | | - Keith Lindsey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Author for communication:
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Li L, He Y, Zhang Z, Shi Y, Zhang X, Xu X, Wu JL, Tang S. OsNAC109 regulates senescence, growth and development by altering the expression of senescence- and phytohormone-associated genes in rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:637-654. [PMID: 33543390 PMCID: PMC7985107 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01118-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that OsNAC109 regulates senescence, growth and development via binding to the cis-element CNTCSSNNSCAVG and altering the expression of multiple senescence- and hormone-associated genes in rice. The NAC family is one of the largest transcripton factor families in plants and plays an essential role in plant development, leaf senescence and responses to biotic/abiotic stresses through modulating the expression of numerous genes. Here, we isolated and characterized a novel yellow leaf 3 (yl3) mutant exhibiting arrested-growth, increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased level of soluble proteins, increased level of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced activities of ROS scavenging enzymes, altered expression of photosynthesis and senescence/hormone-associated genes. The yellow leaf and arrested-growth trait was controlled by a single recessive gene located to chromosome 9. A single nucleotide substitution was detected in the mutant allele leading to premature termination of its coding protein. Genetic complementation could rescue the mutant phenotype while the YL3 knockout lines displayed similar phenotype to WT. YL3 was expressed in all tissues tested and predicted to encode a transcriptional factor OsNAC109 which localizes to the nucleus. It was confirmed that OsNAC109 could directly regulate the expression of OsNAP, OsNYC3, OsEATB, OsAMTR1, OsZFP185, OsMPS and OsGA2ox3 by targeting to the highly conserved cis-element CNTCSSNNSCAVG except OsSAMS1. Our results demonstrated that OsNAC109 is essential to rice leaf senescence, growth and development through regulating the expression of senescence- and phytohormone-associated genes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yan He
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yongfeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jian-Li Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
| | - Shaoqing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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Saluja M, Zhu F, Yu H, Walia H, Sattler SE. Loss of COMT activity reduces lateral root formation and alters the response to water limitation in sorghum brown midrib (bmr) 12 mutant. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2780-2794. [PMID: 33124063 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a key target for modifying lignocellulosic biomass for efficient biofuel production. Brown midrib 12 (bmr12) encodes the sorghum caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) and is one of the key enzymes in monolignol biosynthesis. Loss of function mutations in COMT reduces syringyl (S) lignin subunits and improves biofuel conversion rate. Although lignin plays an important role in maintaining cell wall integrity of xylem vessels, physiological and molecular consequences due to loss of COMT on root growth and adaptation to water deficit remain unexplored. We addressed this gap by evaluating the root morphology, anatomy and transcriptome of bmr12 mutant. The mutant had reduced lateral root density (LRD) and altered root anatomy and response to water limitation. The wild-type exhibits similar phenotypes under water stress, suggesting that bmr12 may be in a water deficit responsive state even in well-watered conditions. bmr12 had increased transcript abundance of genes involved in (a)biotic stress response, gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis and signaling. We show that bmr12 is more sensitive to exogenous GA application and present evidence for the role of GA in regulating reduced LRD in bmr12. These findings elucidate the phenotypic and molecular consequences of COMT deficiency under optimal and water stress environments in grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manny Saluja
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Feiyu Zhu
- Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Hongfeng Yu
- Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Harkamal Walia
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Scott E Sattler
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
- Wheat, Sorghum and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
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Abstract
Phytohormones mediate plant development and responses to stresses caused by biotic agents or abiotic factors. The functions of phytohormones in responses to viral infection have been intensively studied, and the emerging picture of complex mechanisms provides insights into the roles that phytohormones play in defense regulation as a whole. These hormone signaling pathways are not simple linear or isolated cascades, but exhibit crosstalk with each other. Here, we summarized the current understanding of recent advances for the classical defense hormones salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) and also the roles of abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinins (CKs), and brassinosteroids (BRs) in modulating plant–virus interactions.
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73
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Ramon U, Weiss D, Illouz-Eliaz N. Underground gibberellin activity: differential gibberellin response in tomato shoots and roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1196-1200. [PMID: 32790883 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Uria Ramon
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - David Weiss
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Natanella Illouz-Eliaz
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Zluhan-Martínez E, López-Ruíz BA, García-Gómez ML, García-Ponce B, de la Paz Sánchez M, Álvarez-Buylla ER, Garay-Arroyo A. Integrative Roles of Phytohormones on Cell Proliferation, Elongation and Differentiation in the Arabidopsis thaliana Primary Root. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:659155. [PMID: 33981325 PMCID: PMC8107238 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.659155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The growth of multicellular organisms relies on cell proliferation, elongation and differentiation that are tightly regulated throughout development by internal and external stimuli. The plasticity of a growth response largely depends on the capacity of the organism to adjust the ratio between cell proliferation and cell differentiation. The primary root of Arabidopsis thaliana offers many advantages toward understanding growth homeostasis as root cells are continuously produced and move from cell proliferation to elongation and differentiation that are processes spatially separated and could be studied along the longitudinal axis. Hormones fine tune plant growth responses and a huge amount of information has been recently generated on the role of these compounds in Arabidopsis primary root development. In this review, we summarized the participation of nine hormones in the regulation of the different zones and domains of the Arabidopsis primary root. In some cases, we found synergism between hormones that function either positively or negatively in proliferation, elongation or differentiation. Intriguingly, there are other cases where the interaction between hormones exhibits unexpected results. Future analysis on the molecular mechanisms underlying crosstalk hormone action in specific zones and domains will unravel their coordination over PR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estephania Zluhan-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Brenda Anabel López-Ruíz
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mónica L. García-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María de la Paz Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Adriana Garay-Arroyo,
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75
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Garrido-Vargas F, Godoy T, Tejos R, O’Brien JA. Overexpression of the Auxin Receptor AFB3 in Arabidopsis Results in Salt Stress Resistance and the Modulation of NAC4 and SZF1. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249528. [PMID: 33333760 PMCID: PMC7765236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil salinity is a key problem for crop production worldwide. High salt concentration in soil negatively modulates plant growth and development. In roots, salinity affects the growth and development of both primary and lateral roots. The phytohormone auxin regulates various developmental processes during the plant’s life cycle, including several aspects of root architecture. Auxin signaling involves the perception by specialized receptors which module several regulatory pathways. Despite their redundancy, previous studies have shown that their functions can also be context-specific depending on tissue, developmental or environmental cues. Here we show that the over-expression of Auxin Signaling F-Box 3 receptor results in an increased resistance to salinity in terms of root architecture and germination. We also studied possible downstream signaling components to further characterize the role of auxin in response to salt stress. We identify the transcription factor SZF1 as a key component in auxin-dependent salt stress response through the regulation of NAC4. These results give lights of an auxin-dependent mechanism that leads to the modulation of root system architecture in response to salt identifying a hormonal cascade important for stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Garrido-Vargas
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile;
| | - Tamara Godoy
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Celular, Facultad de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique 1100000, Chile; (T.G.); (R.T.)
| | - Ricardo Tejos
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Celular, Facultad de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique 1100000, Chile; (T.G.); (R.T.)
| | - José Antonio O’Brien
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile;
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Correspondence:
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76
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Jaber R, Planchon A, Mathieu-Rivet E, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Zahid A, Plasson C, Pamlard O, Beaupierre S, Trouvé JP, Guillou C, Driouich A, Follet-Gueye ML, Mollet JC. Identification of two compounds able to improve flax resistance towards Fusarium oxysporum infection. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 301:110690. [PMID: 33218648 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants are surrounded by a diverse range of microorganisms that causes serious crop losses and requires the use of pesticides. Flax is a major crop in Normandy used for its fibres and is regularly challenged by the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) f. sp. lini. To protect themselves, plants use "innate immunity" as a first line of defense level against pathogens. Activation of plant defense with elicitors could be an alternative for crop plant protection. A previous work was conducted by screening a chemical library and led to the identification of compounds able to activate defense responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Four compounds were tested for their abilities to improve resistance of two flax varieties against Fo. Two of them, one natural (holaphyllamine or HPA) and one synthetic (M4), neither affected flax nor Fo growth. HPA and M4 induced oxidative burst and callose deposition. Furthermore, HPA and M4 caused changes in the expression patterns of defense-related genes coding a glucanase and a chitinase-like. Finally, plants pre-treated with HPA or M4 exhibited a significant decrease in the disease symptoms. Together, these findings demonstrate that HPA and M4 are able to activate defense responses in flax and improve its resistance against Fo infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Jaber
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Aline Planchon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Elodie Mathieu-Rivet
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | | | - Abderrakib Zahid
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Carole Plasson
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Olivier Pamlard
- Unité de catalyse et chimie du solide, UMR CNRS 8181, Université de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
| | - Sandra Beaupierre
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR CNRS 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | | | - Catherine Guillou
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR CNRS 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Marie-Laure Follet-Gueye
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France; Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, PRIMACEN, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
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77
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Meena KK, Bitla UM, Sorty AM, Singh DP, Gupta VK, Wakchaure GC, Kumar S. Mitigation of Salinity Stress in Wheat Seedlings Due to the Application of Phytohormone-Rich Culture Filtrate Extract of Methylotrophic Actinobacterium Nocardioides sp. NIMMe6. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2091. [PMID: 33071995 PMCID: PMC7531191 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity stress is an important plant growth limiting factor influencing crop productivity negatively. Microbial interventions for salinity stress mitigation have invited significant attention due to the promising impacts of interactive associations on the intrinsic mechanisms of plants. We report the impact of microbial inoculation of a halotolerant methylotrophic actinobacterium (Nocardioides sp. NIMMe6; LC140963) and seed coating of its phytohormone-rich bacterial culture filtrate extract (BCFE) on wheat seedlings grown under saline conditions. Different plant-growth-promoting (PGP) attributes of the bacterium in terms of its growth in N-limiting media and siderophore and phytohormone [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and salicylic acid] production influenced plant growth positively. Microbial inoculation and priming with BCFE resulted in improved germination (92% in primed seeds at 10 dS m–1), growth, and biochemical accumulation (total protein 42.01 and 28.75 mg g–1 in shoot and root tissues at 10 dS m–1 in BCFE-primed seeds) and enhanced the activity level of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase) to confer stress mitigation. Biopriming with BCFE proved impactful. The BCFE application has further influenced the overexpression of defense-related genes in the seedlings grown under salinity stress condition. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry-based characterization of the biomolecules in the BCFE revealed quantification of salicylate and indole-3-acetate (Rt 4.978 min, m/z 138.1 and 6.177 min, 129.1), respectively. The high tolerance limit of the bacterium to 10% NaCl in the culture media suggested its possible survival and growth under high soil salinity condition as microbial inoculant. The production of a high quantity of IAA (45.6 μg ml–1 of culture filtrate) by the bacterium reflected its capability to not only support plant growth under salinity condition but also mitigate stress due to the impact of phytohormone as defense mitigators. The study suggested that although microbial inoculation offers stress mitigation in plants, the phytohormone-rich BCFE from Nocardioides sp. NIMMe6 has potential implications for defense against salinity stress in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh K Meena
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, India
| | - Utkarsh M Bitla
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, India
| | - Ajay M Sorty
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, India
| | - Dhananjaya P Singh
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau, India
| | - Vijai K Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - G C Wakchaure
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, India
| | - Satish Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, India
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78
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Zhang C, Li X, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Wu Z. Identifying key regulatory genes of maize root growth and development by RNA sequencing. Genomics 2020; 112:5157-5169. [PMID: 32961281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA), the spatio-temporal configuration of roots, plays vital roles in maize (Zea mays L.) development and productivity. We sequenced the maize root transcriptome of four key growth and development stages: the 6th leaf stage, the 12th leaf stage, the tasseling stage and the milk-ripe stage. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected. 81 DEGs involved in plant hormone signal transduction pathway and 26 transcription factor (TF) genes were screened. These DEGs and TFs were predicted to be potential candidate genes during maize root growth and development. Several of these genes are homologous to well-known genes regulating root architecture or development in Arabidopsis or rice, such as, Zm00001d005892 (AtERF109), Zm00001d027925 (AtERF73/HRE1), Zm00001d047017 (AtMYC2, OsMYC2), Zm00001d039245 (AtWRKY6). Identification of these key genes will provide a further understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for maize root growth and development, it will be beneficial to increase maize production and improve stress resistance by altering RSA traits in modern breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- Beijing Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xianglong Li
- Beijing Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Zuoping Wang
- Beijing Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Zhongbao Zhang
- Beijing Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Zhongyi Wu
- Beijing Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
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79
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Yao R, Wang Y. An advanced protocol for the establishment of plantlets originating from somatic embryos in Pinus massoniana. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:394. [PMID: 32850284 PMCID: PMC7431525 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes critical factors affecting germination of somatic embryos and plantlet regeneration in Pinus massoniana. Somatic embryos from the same embryogenic line 27 of P. massoniana were used as test materials. The supplementation of activated charcoal (AC) in the medium was essential for the germination of mature somatic embryos, while the addition of excessive AC to the medium was prohibitive for somatic embryo germination. The highest germination rate was found on the medium containing 10 g/l AC, and the addition of 5 g/l AC to the medium was optimal to the growth of germinating somatic embryos. Thidiazuron (TDZ) was linearly related to the number of sprouting axillary buds. However, the growth of sprouting buds was retarded when > 4 µmol/l TDZ was added into culture medium. Exogenous plant growth regulators added to the medium significantly improved the root regeneration capacity of shoots. The highest root regeneration rate was observed under the treatment of 1.2 µmol/l ɑ-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) plus 2 µmol/l paclobutrazol (PBZ), reaching 96.3%. One year after the field transfer, the growth performance of plant height, caliper, and survival rate for rooted shoots was significantly better than that of plantlets directly developed via somatic embryogenesis. The presented results provide useful instruction for the establishment of plantlets originating from somatic embryos, and would be able to make a great contribution to the clonal forestry of P. massoniana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Yao
- Tree Biotechnology Research Centre, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning, 530002 China
| | - Yin Wang
- Pines Breeding Research Centre, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning, 530002 China
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80
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Placido DF, Sandhu J, Sato SJ, Nersesian N, Quach T, Clemente TE, Staswick PE, Walia H. The LATERAL ROOT DENSITY gene regulates root growth during water stress in wheat. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1955-1968. [PMID: 32031318 PMCID: PMC7415784 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress is the major limiting factor in agriculture. Wheat, which is the most widely grown crop in the world, is predominantly cultivated in drought-prone rainfed environments. Since roots play a critical role in water uptake, root response to water limitations is an important component for enhancing wheat adaptation. In an effort to discover novel genetic sources for improving wheat adaptation, we characterized a wheat translocation line with a chromosomal segment from Agropyron elongatum, a wild relative of wheat, which unlike common wheat maintains root growth under limited-water conditions. By exploring the root transcriptome data, we found that reduced transcript level of LATERAL ROOT DENSITY (LRD) gene under limited water in the Agropyron translocation line confers it the ability to maintain root growth. The Agropyron allele of LRD is down-regulated in response to water limitation in contrast with the wheat LRD allele, which is up-regulated by water deficit stress. Suppression of LRD expression in wheat RNAi plants confers the ability to maintain root growth under water limitation. We show that exogenous gibberellic acid (GA) promotes lateral root growth and present evidence for the role of GA in mediating the differential regulation of LRD between the common wheat and the Agropyron alleles under water stress. Suppression of LRD also had a positive pleiotropic effect on grain size and number under optimal growth conditions. Collectively, our findings suggest that LRD can be potentially useful for improving wheat response to water stress and altering yield components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante F. Placido
- Department of Agronomy and HorticultureUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNEUSA
- Bioproducts Research UnitWestern Regional Research CenterAgricultural Research ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureAlbanyCAUSA
| | - Jaspreet Sandhu
- Department of Agronomy and HorticultureUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNEUSA
| | - Shirley J. Sato
- Department of Agronomy and HorticultureUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNEUSA
- Center for BiotechnologyUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNEUSA
| | - Natalya Nersesian
- Department of Agronomy and HorticultureUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNEUSA
- Center for BiotechnologyUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNEUSA
| | - Truyen Quach
- Department of Agronomy and HorticultureUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNEUSA
- Center for BiotechnologyUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNEUSA
| | - Thomas E. Clemente
- Department of Agronomy and HorticultureUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNEUSA
- Center for BiotechnologyUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNEUSA
| | - Paul E. Staswick
- Department of Agronomy and HorticultureUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNEUSA
| | - Harkamal Walia
- Department of Agronomy and HorticultureUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNEUSA
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81
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Chen J, Yan B, Tang Y, Xing Y, Li Y, Zhou D, Guo S. Symbiotic and Asymbiotic Germination of Dendrobium officinale (Orchidaceae) Respond Differently to Exogenous Gibberellins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6104. [PMID: 32854186 PMCID: PMC7503528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seeds of almost all orchids depend on mycorrhizal fungi to induce their germination in the wild. The regulation of this symbiotic germination of orchid seeds involves complex crosstalk interactions between mycorrhizal establishment and the germination process. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of gibberellins (GAs) on the symbiotic germination of Dendrobium officinale seeds and its functioning in the mutualistic interaction between orchid species and their mycobionts. To do this, we used liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer to quantify endogenous hormones across different development stages between symbiotic and asymbiotic germination of D. officinale, as well as real-time quantitative PCR to investigate gene expression levels during seed germination under the different treatment concentrations of exogenous gibberellic acids (GA3). Our results showed that the level of endogenous GA3 was not significantly different between the asymbiotic and symbiotic germination groups, but the ratio of GA3 and abscisic acids (ABA) was significantly higher during symbiotic germination than asymbiotic germination. Exogenous GA3 treatment showed that a high concentration of GA3 could inhibit fungal colonization in the embryo cell and decrease the seed germination rate, but did not significantly affect asymbiotic germination or the growth of the free-living fungal mycelium. The expression of genes involved in the common symbiotic pathway (e.g., calcium-binding protein and calcium-dependent protein kinase) responded to the changed concentrations of exogenous GA3. Taken together, our results demonstrate that GA3 is probably a key signal molecule for crosstalk between the seed germination pathway and mycorrhiza symbiosis during the orchid seed symbiotic germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (B.Y.); (Y.T.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (D.Z.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shunxing Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (B.Y.); (Y.T.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (D.Z.)
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82
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Baskin TI, Preston S, Zelinsky E, Yang X, Elmali M, Bellos D, Wells DM, Bennett MJ. Positioning the Root Elongation Zone Is Saltatory and Receives Input from the Shoot. iScience 2020; 23:101309. [PMID: 32645582 PMCID: PMC7341455 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the root, meristem and elongation zone lengths remain stable, despite growth and division of cells. To gain insight into zone stability, we imaged individual Arabidopsis thaliana roots through a horizontal microscope and used image analysis to obtain velocity profiles. For a root, velocity profiles obtained every 5 min over 3 h coincided closely, implying that zonation is regulated tightly. However, the position of the elongation zone saltated, by on average 17 μm every 5 min. Saltation was apparently driven by material elements growing faster and then slower, while moving through the growth zone. When the shoot was excised, after about 90 min, growth zone dynamics resembled those of intact roots, except that the position of the elongation zone moved, on average, rootward, by several hundred microns in 24 h. We hypothesize that mechanisms determining elongation zone position receive input from the shoot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias I Baskin
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK; Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Simon Preston
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ellen Zelinsky
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Melissa Elmali
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Dimitrios Bellos
- School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK
| | - Darren M Wells
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
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83
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Gene Regulation via the Combination of Transcription Factors in the INDETERMINATE DOMAIN and GRAS Families. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060613. [PMID: 32498388 PMCID: PMC7349898 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INDETERMINATE DOMAIN (IDD) family proteins are plant-specific transcription factors. Some Arabidopsis IDD (AtIDD) proteins regulate the expression of SCARECROW (SCR) by interacting with GRAS family transcription factors SHORT-ROOT (SHR) and SCR, which are involved in root tissue formation. Some AtIDD proteins regulate genes involved in the synthesis (GA3ox1) or signaling (SCL3) of gibberellic acid (GA) by interacting with DELLA proteins, a subfamily of the GRAS family. We analyzed the DNA binding properties and protein–protein interactions of select AtIDD proteins. We also investigated the transcriptional activity of the combination of AtIDD and GRAS proteins (AtIDD proteins combined with SHR and SCR or with REPRESSOR of ga1-3 (RGA)) on the promoters of SCR,SCL3, and GA3ox1 by conducting a transient assay using Arabidopsis culture cells. Our results showed that the SCR promoter could be activated by the IDD and RGA complexes and that the SCL3 and GA3ox1 promoters could be activated by the IDD, SHR, and SCR complexes, indicating the possibility that these complexes regulate and consequently coordinate the expression of genes involved in GA synthesis (GA3ox1), GA signaling (SCL3), and root formation (SCR).
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84
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Semeradova H, Montesinos JC, Benkova E. All Roads Lead to Auxin: Post-translational Regulation of Auxin Transport by Multiple Hormonal Pathways. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100048. [PMID: 33367243 PMCID: PMC7747973 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a key hormonal regulator, that governs plant growth and development in concert with other hormonal pathways. The unique feature of auxin is its polar, cell-to-cell transport that leads to the formation of local auxin maxima and gradients, which coordinate initiation and patterning of plant organs. The molecular machinery mediating polar auxin transport is one of the important points of interaction with other hormones. Multiple hormonal pathways converge at the regulation of auxin transport and form a regulatory network that integrates various developmental and environmental inputs to steer plant development. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanisms that underlie regulation of polar auxin transport by multiple hormonal pathways. Specifically, we focus on the post-translational mechanisms that contribute to fine-tuning of the abundance and polarity of auxin transporters at the plasma membrane and thereby enable rapid modification of the auxin flow to coordinate plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Semeradova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Eva Benkova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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85
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Jiang H, Shui Z, Xu L, Yang Y, Li Y, Yuan X, Shang J, Asghar MA, Wu X, Yu L, Liu C, Yang W, Sun X, Du J. Gibberellins modulate shade-induced soybean hypocotyl elongation downstream of the mutual promotion of auxin and brassinosteroids. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 150:209-221. [PMID: 32155449 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants and crops are widely suffered by shade stress in the natural communities or in the agricultural fields. The three main phytohormones auxin, gibberellins (GAs) and brassinosteroids (BRs) were found essential in shade avoidance in Arabidopsis. However, their relationship have been seldom reported in plant shade avoidance control. Here, we report our investigation of the crosstalk of auxin, GAs and BRs in shade-induced hypocotyl elongation of soybean. Exogenous feeding of indol-3-acetic acid (IAA), GA3 or 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) distinctly promoted hypocotyl elongation in the white light, while the potent biosynthesis inhibitors of GA3, IAA, BRs severely diminished shade-induced hypocotyl elongation. Synergistic treatment of their biosynthesis inhibitors showed that GA3 fully, while EBL slightly, restored the hypocotyl elongation that was efficiently repressed by IAA biosynthesis inhibitor, GA3 and IAA dramatically suppressed the hypocotyl growth inhibition by BR biosynthesis inhibitor in the shade, whereas both IAA and EBL feeding cannot suppress the elongation inhibition by GA biosynthesis inhibitor. Further analyses revealed that shade remarkably upregulated expression of key genes of IAA, GA and BR biosynthesis in the soybean hypocotyls, and GA biosynthesis genes were effectively blocked by IAA, GA and BR biosynthesis inhibitors in the shade. Taken together, these results suggest that GAs modulate shade-induced hypocotyl elongation downstream of mutual promotion of auxin and BRs in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengke Jiang
- College of Agronomy/Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhaowei Shui
- College of Agronomy/Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Li Xu
- College of Agronomy/Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yinhua Yang
- College of Agronomy/Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Agronomy/Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoqin Yuan
- College of Agronomy/Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jing Shang
- College of Agronomy/Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Muhammad Ahsan Asghar
- College of Agronomy/Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- College of Agronomy/Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Liang Yu
- College of Agronomy/Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- College of Agronomy/Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy/Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Agronomy/Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Junbo Du
- College of Agronomy/Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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86
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Wu M, Goldshmidt A, Ovadya D, Larue H. I am all ears: Maximize maize doubled haploid success by promoting axillary branch elongation. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00226. [PMID: 32426692 PMCID: PMC7227119 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The maize doubled haploid (DH) technology plays an important role in accelerating breeding genetic gain. One major challenge in fully leveraging the potential of DH technology to accelerate genetic gain is obtaining a consistent seed return from haploid (DH0) plants after chromosome doubling. Here we demonstrated that DH0 seed production can be increased by increasing the number of mature axillary female inflorescences (ears) at anthesis. To determine the maximum capacity of a maize plant to develop ears, we first characterized the developmental progression of every axillary meristem. We found that all axillary meristems developed to a similar developmental stage before the reproductive transition of the shoot apical meristem (SAM). Upon reproductive transition of the SAM, all axillary meristems are released for reproductive development into ears in a developmental gradient reflective on their positions along the main stem. However, under most circumstances only the top one or two ears can generate silks at anthesis. We found that applying the GA inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) during the early reproductive transition of axillary meristems increased the number of silking ears at anthesis, leading to increased success of self-pollination and seed production. These results provide a blueprint to improve DH efficiency and demonstrate the potential of breeding innovation through understanding crops' developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Goldshmidt
- Bayer U.S. ‐ Crop ScienceChesterfieldMOUSA
- Present address:
Department of Field Crops ScienceInstitute of Plant ScienceAgricultural Research OrganizationThe Volcani CenterRishon LezionIsrael
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87
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Waidmann S, Sarkel E, Kleine-Vehn J. Same same, but different: growth responses of primary and lateral roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2397-2411. [PMID: 31956903 PMCID: PMC7178446 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The root system architecture describes the shape and spatial arrangement of roots within the soil. Its spatial distribution depends on growth and branching rates as well as directional organ growth. The embryonic primary root gives rise to lateral (secondary) roots, and the ratio of both root types changes over the life span of a plant. Most studies have focused on the growth of primary roots and the development of lateral root primordia. Comparably less is known about the growth regulation of secondary root organs. Here, we review similarities and differences between primary and lateral root organ growth, and emphasize particularly how external stimuli and internal signals differentially integrate root system growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Waidmann
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Elizabeth Sarkel
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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88
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Kim S, Nie H, Jun B, Kim J, Lee J, Kim S, Kim E, Kim S. Functional genomics by integrated analysis of transcriptome of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) during root formation. Genes Genomics 2020; 42:581-596. [PMID: 32240514 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-020-00927-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sweet potato is easily propagated by cuttings. But the molecular biological mechanism of adventitious root formation are not yet clear. OBJECTIVE To understand the molecular mechanisms of adventitious root formation from stem cuttings in sweet potato. METHODS RNA-seq analysis was performed using un-rooted stem (0 day) and rooted stem (3 days). Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, comparison with Arabidopsis transcription factors (TFs) of DEGs were conducted to investigate the characteristics of genes and TFs involved in root formation. In addition, qRT-PCR analysis using roots at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days after planting was performed to confirm RNA-seq reliability and related genes expression. RESULTS 42,459 representative transcripts and 2092 DEGs were obtained through the RNA-seq analysis. The DEGs indicated the GO terms related to the single-organism metabolic process and cell periphery, and involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in KEGG pathways. The comparison with Arabidopsis thaliana TF database showed that 3 TFs (WRKY, NAC, bHLH) involved in root formation of sweet potato. qRT-PCR analysis, which was conducted to confirm the reliability of RNA-seq analysis, indicated that some metabolisms including oxidative stress and wounding, transport, hormone may be involved in adventitious root formation. CONCLUSIONS The detected genes related to secondary metabolism, some hormone (auxin, gibberellin), transports, etc. and 3 TFs (WRKY, NAC, bHLH) may have functions in adventitious roots formation. This results provide valuable resources for future research on the adventitious root formation of sweet potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujung Kim
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Korea
| | - Hualin Nie
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Korea
| | - Byungki Jun
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Korea.,NH Seed Research Development Center, Nonghyup Agribusiness Group Incorporation, Anseong, 17558, Korea
| | - Jiseong Kim
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Korea
| | - Jeongeun Lee
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Korea
| | - Seungill Kim
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Korea
| | - Ekyune Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38430, Korea
| | - Sunhyung Kim
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Korea.
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89
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Zhang QQ, Wang JG, Wang LY, Wang JF, Wang Q, Yu P, Bai MY, Fan M. Gibberellin repression of axillary bud formation in Arabidopsis by modulation of DELLA-SPL9 complex activity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:421-432. [PMID: 31001922 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The formation of lateral branches has an important and fundamental contribution to the remarkable developmental plasticity of plants, which allows plants to alter their architecture to adapt to the challenging environment conditions. The Gibberellin (GA) phytohormones have been known to regulate the outgrowth of axillary meristems (AMs), but the specific molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that DELLA proteins regulate axillary bud formation by interacting and regulating the DNA-binding ability of SQUAMOSA-PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN LIKE 9 (SPL9), a microRNA156-targeted squamosa promoter binding protein-like transcription factor. SPL9 participates in the initial regulation of axillary buds by repressing the expression of LATERAL SUPPRESSOR (LAS), a key regulator in the initiation of AMs, and LAS contributes to the specific expression pattern of the GA deactivation enzyme GA2ox4, which is specifically expressed in the axils of leaves to form a low-GA cell niche in this anatomical region. Nevertheless, increasing GA levels in leaf axils by ectopically expressing the GA-biosynthesis enzyme GA20ox2 significantly impaired axillary meristem initiation. Our study demonstrates that DELLA-SPL9-LAS-GA2ox4 defines a core feedback regulatory module that spatially pattern GA content in the leaf axil and precisely control the axillary bud formation in different spatial and temporal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jia-Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Ling-Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jun-Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Ming-Yi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Min Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
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90
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Rapid Detection of Hormonal Involvement in Light Responses. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 31317415 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9612-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Many aspects of light-controlled metabolism and development of plants depend on hormonal pathways. Here, a method is described to identify such hormonal dependence in light-regulated processes. A number of compounds-hormones and chemicals which interfere with hormonal pathways-are listed because of their usefulness in pharmacological treatment experiments. As an example for practical use of such compounds, elongation growth is discussed. An experimental setup is described in which plants are grown so that their structures develop predominantly in a two-dimensional plane. Time-lapse imaging is used to follow the plants in time, and image analysis reveals changes in plant morphology.
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91
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Local and Systemic Effects of Brassinosteroid Perception in Developing Phloem. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1626-1638.e3. [PMID: 32220322 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The plant vasculature is an essential adaptation to terrestrial growth. Its phloem component permits efficient transfer of photosynthates between source and sink organs but also transports signals that systemically coordinate physiology and development. Here, we provide evidence that developing phloem orchestrates cellular behavior of adjacent tissues in the growth apices of plants, the meristems. Arabidopsis thaliana plants that lack the three receptor kinases BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1), BRI1-LIKE 1 (BRL1), and BRL3 ("bri3" mutants) can no longer sense brassinosteroid phytohormones and display severe dwarfism as well as patterning and differentiation defects, including disturbed phloem development. We found that, despite the ubiquitous expression of brassinosteroid receptors in growing plant tissues, exclusive expression of the BRI1 receptor in developing phloem is sufficient to systemically correct cellular growth and patterning defects that underlie the bri3 phenotype. Although this effect is brassinosteroid-dependent, it cannot be reproduced with dominant versions of known downstream effectors of BRI1 signaling and therefore possibly involves a non-canonical signaling output. Interestingly, the rescue of bri3 by phloem-specific BRI1 expression is associated with antagonism toward phloem-specific CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED 45 (CLE45) peptide signaling in roots. Hyperactive CLE45 signaling causes phloem sieve element differentiation defects, and consistently, knockout of CLE45 perception in bri3 background restores proper phloem development. However, bri3 dwarfism is retained in such lines. Our results thus reveal local and systemic effects of brassinosteroid perception in the phloem: whereas it locally antagonizes CLE45 signaling to permit phloem differentiation, it systemically instructs plant organ formation via a phloem-derived, non-cell-autonomous signal.
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92
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Bhaskarla V, Zinta G, Ford R, Jain M, Varshney RK, Mantri N. Comparative Root Transcriptomics Provide Insights into Drought Adaptation Strategies in Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1781. [PMID: 32150870 PMCID: PMC7084756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought adversely affects crop production across the globe. The root system immensely contributes to water management and the adaptability of plants to drought stress. In this study, drought-induced phenotypic and transcriptomic responses of two contrasting chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes were compared at the vegetative, reproductive transition, and reproductive stages. At the vegetative stage, drought-tolerant genotype maintained higher root biomass, length, and surface area under drought stress as compared to sensitive genotype. However, at the reproductive stage, root length and surface area of tolerant genotype was lower but displayed higher root diameter than sensitive genotype. The shoot biomass of tolerant genotype was overall higher than the sensitive genotype under drought stress. RNA-seq analysis identified genotype- and developmental-stage specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to drought stress. At the vegetative stage, a total of 2161 and 1873 DEGs, and at reproductive stage 4109 and 3772 DEGs, were identified in the tolerant and sensitive genotypes, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed enrichment of biological categories related to cellular process, metabolic process, response to stimulus, response to abiotic stress, and response to hormones. Interestingly, the expression of stress-responsive transcription factors, kinases, ROS signaling and scavenging, transporters, root nodulation, and oxylipin biosynthesis genes were robustly upregulated in the tolerant genotype, possibly contributing to drought adaptation. Furthermore, activation/repression of hormone signaling and biosynthesis genes was observed. Overall, this study sheds new insights on drought tolerance mechanisms operating in roots with broader implications for chickpea improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Bhaskarla
- The Pangenomics Group, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne 3083, Australia;
| | - Gaurav Zinta
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Rebecca Ford
- School of Natural Sciences, Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia;
| | - Mukesh Jain
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India;
| | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad 502324, India
| | - Nitin Mantri
- The Pangenomics Group, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne 3083, Australia;
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93
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Xie Q, Essemine J, Pang X, Chen H, Cai W. Exogenous application of abscisic acid to shoots promotes primary root cell division and elongation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 292:110385. [PMID: 32005390 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Root-derived abscisic acid (ABA) is known to regulate shoot physiology, such as stomata closure. Conversely, the basipetal regulatory effect of shoot-derived ABA is poorly understood. Herein, we report that simulation of shoot-ABA accumulation by exogenous application of ABA to shoots basipetally stimulates primary root (PR) growth. ABA applied to shoots accelerates root cell division, as evidenced by the increase in meristem size and cell number and the intensity of CYCB1;1::GFP (a mitosis marker). Root ABA content was not changed following shoot ABA application, although the ABA reporter line RAB18::GFP showed an increase in ABA in the cotyledons. Shoot-ABA application increases basipetal auxin transport by 114 %. Shoot-ABA-promoted PR growth can be abolished by attenuating basipetal auxin flux using 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA, an auxin transport inhibitor), demonstrating that ABA promotes PR growth by increasing basipetal auxin transport. Root cell elongation, evaluated by the total length of the first 7 cells in the elongation zone (EZ), was increased by 56 % following shoot-ABA application. The cell walls of the root EZ were alkalinized by ABA, as exhibited by 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt staining. Higher pH promotes both PR growth and cell elongation. Thus, shoot-ABA promotes cell elongation by alkalinizing the cell wall. In light of our results, we provide a representative detailed model of the basipetal regulatory effect of ABA on PR growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Xie
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jemaa Essemine
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochen Pang
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiying Chen
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiming Cai
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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94
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Dang X, Chen B, Liu F, Ren H, Liu X, Zhou J, Qin Y, Lin D. Auxin Signaling-Mediated Apoplastic pH Modification Functions in Petal Conical Cell Shaping. Cell Rep 2020; 30:3904-3916.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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95
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Xuan L, Yan T, Lu L, Zhao X, Wu D, Hua S, Jiang L. Genome-wide association study reveals new genes involved in leaf trichome formation in polyploid oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:675-691. [PMID: 31889328 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaf trichomes protect against various biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. However, there is little knowledge about this trait in oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Here, we demonstrated that hairy leaves were less attractive to Plutella xylostella larvae than glabrous leaves. We established a core germplasm collection with 290 accessions for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of the leaf trichome trait in oilseed rape. We compared the transcriptomes of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) between hairy- and glabrous-leaf genotypes to narrow down the candidate genes identified by GWAS. The single nucleotide polymorphisms and the different transcript levels of BnaA.GL1.a, BnaC.SWEET4.a, BnaC.WAT1.a and BnaC.WAT1.b corresponded to the divergence of the hairy- and glabrous-leaf phenotypes, indicating the role of sugar and/or auxin signalling in leaf trichome initiation. The hairy-leaf SAMs had lower glucose and sucrose contents but higher expression of putative auxin responsive factors than the glabrous-leaf SAMs. Spraying of exogenous auxin (8 μm) increased leaf trichome number in certain genotypes, whereas spraying of sucrose (1%) plus glucose (6%) slightly repressed leaf trichome initiation. These data contribute to the existing knowledge about the genetic control of leaf trichomes and would assist breeding towards the desired leaf surface type in oilseed rape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Xuan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingzhi Lu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinze Zhao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dezhi Wu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuijin Hua
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lixi Jiang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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96
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Molecular and functional characterization of two DELLA protein-coding genes in litchi. Gene 2020; 738:144455. [PMID: 32061763 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
DELLA proteins are members of the plant-specific GRAS family, acting as negative regulators of plant growth. In this study, we identified two DELLA protein-coding genes in litchi, denoted as LcGAI and LcRGL1. Motif analysis showed that LcGAI and LcRGL1 proteins both contain a conserved DELLA and TVHYNP motif at the N-terminus as well as LHR1, VHIID, LHR2, PFYRE, and SAW motifs at the C terminus. The fused proteins of LcGAI-GFP and LcRGL1-GFP were both localized in the nucleus. Overexpression of LcGAI and LcRGL1 in Arabidopsis substantially inhibits leaf growth. Expression analysis showed that HLH factors, PRE1 and PRE5, were restrained, whereas gibberellin (GA) receptors GID1a and LcGID1b were enhanced in LcGAI and LcRGL1 overexpression lines. Results of the yeast two-hybrid assay showed that LcGAI and LcRGL1 interact with LcGID1b/LcGID1c in a GA dose-dependent manner, whereas LcGAI and LcRGL1 had a greater binding capacity to LcGID1b than LcGID1c. These observations suggested that LcGAI and LcRGL1 proteins are nuclear growth repressors.
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Guo J, Zhou X, Wang T, Wang G, Cao F. Regulation of flavonoid metabolism in ginkgo leaves in response to different day-night temperature combinations. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 147:133-140. [PMID: 31862579 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are the most important secondary metabolites in ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) leaves that determine its medicinal quality. Studies have suggested that secondary metabolism is strongly affected by temperature in other plant species, but little is known about ginkgo. In this study, we investigated the effects of different day-night temperature combinations (15/10, 25/20, and 35/30 °C (day/night)) on key enzyme activity, growth regulator concentrations, and flavonoid accumulation in ginkgo leaves. We found that phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity was enhanced and inhibited at 15/10 and 35/30 °C, respectively. Cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) activity was relatively stable under the three temperature conditions, and the p-coumarate CoA ligase (4CL) activity showed different trends under the three temperature conditions. The concentrations of flavonoid constituents (quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin) were decreased and increased under the 35/30 and 15/10 °C conditions, respectively. Low temperature promoted soluble sugar accumulation, while temperature had a limited impact on the accumulation of soluble protein. The pattern of change in the total flavonoid concentration was not always in agreement with PAL activity due to its complex pathway. Indoleacetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin (GA) changes shared similar patterns and had limited effects on flavonoid accumulation, while abscisic acid (ABA) acted as a promotor of flavonoid accumulation under high-temperature conditions. The total flavonoids achieved the highest content under the 15/10 °C treatment on the 40th day. Therefore, the lower temperature (15/10 °C) is more favorable for flavonoid accumulation and will provide a theoretical basis for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Nanjing Forestry University, Co-Innovation Centre for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China; Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Zhou
- Nanjing Forestry University, Co-Innovation Centre for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Tongli Wang
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Guibin Wang
- Nanjing Forestry University, Co-Innovation Centre for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Fuliang Cao
- Nanjing Forestry University, Co-Innovation Centre for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
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98
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Yang YY, Ren YR, Zheng PF, Qu FJ, Song LQ, You CX, Wang XF, Hao YJ. Functional identification of apple MdMYB2 gene in phosphate-starvation response. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 244:153089. [PMID: 31812904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) starvation severely affects the normal growth and development of plants. Here, a Pi-responsive gene, named MdMYB2 (MDP0000823458), was cloned and functionally identified in apple. Overexpression of MdMYB2 regulated the expression of Pi starvation-induced (PSI) genes and then promoted phosphate assimilation and utilization. The ectopic expression of MdMYB2 in Arabidopsis influenced plant growth and flowering, which was partially rescued by application of exogenous gibberellin (GA). These results indicated that MdMYB2 may be an essential regulator in phosphate utilization and GA-regulated plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production With High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China; Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yan-Tai, 2655599, Shandong, China
| | - Yi-Ran Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production With High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Peng-Fei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production With High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Feng-Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production With High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Lai-Qing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production With High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production With High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production With High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China; Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yan-Tai, 2655599, Shandong, China.
| | - Yu-Jin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production With High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China.
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Hauvermale AL, Steber CM. GA signaling is essential for the embryo-to-seedling transition during Arabidopsis seed germination, a ghost story. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1705028. [PMID: 31960739 PMCID: PMC7012099 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1705028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone gibberellin (GA) stimulates developmental transitions including seed germination, flowering, and the transition from juvenile to adult growth stage. This study provided evidence that GA and the GA receptor GID1 (GA-INSENSITIVE DWARF1) are also needed for the embryo-to-seedling transition in Arabidopsis. The ga1-3 GA biosynthesis mutant fails to germinate unless GA is applied, whereas the gid1abc triple mutant fails to germinate because it cannot perceive endogenous or applied GA. Overexpression of the GID1a, GID1b, and GID1c GA receptors rescued the germination of a small percentage of ga1-3 seeds without GA application, and this rescue was improved by dormancy-breaking treatments, after-ripening and cold stratification. While GID1 overexpression stimulated ga1-3 seed germination, this germination was aberrant suggesting incomplete rescue of the germination process. Cotyledons emerged before the radicle, and the resulting "ghost" seedlings failed to develop a primary root, lost green coloration, and eventually died. The development of ga1-3 seedlings overexpressing GID1 was rescued by pre-germinative but not post-germinative GA application. Since the gid1abc mutant also exhibited a ghost phenotype after germination was rescued by cutting the seed coat, we concluded that both GA and GID1 are needed for the embryo-to-seedling transition prior to emergence from the seed coat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L. Hauvermale
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and the Molecular Plant Sciences program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Camille M. Steber
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and the Molecular Plant Sciences program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Wheat Health, Quality and Genetics Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA, USA
- CONTACT Camille M. Steber USDA-ARS, Washington State University, 209 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA, USA
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100
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Ma X, Liang X, Lv S, Guan T, Jiang T, Cheng Y. Histone deacetylase gene PtHDT902 modifies adventitious root formation and negatively regulates salt stress tolerance in poplar. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 290:110301. [PMID: 31779889 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) regulate gene transcription, and play a critical role in plant growth, development and stress responses. HD2 proteins are plant specific histone deacetylases. In woody plants, functions of HD2s are not known. In this study, we cloned an HD2 gene PtHDT902 from Populus trichocarpa and investigated its sequence, expression, subcellular localization, and functions in root development and salt stress responses. Our findings indicated that PtHDT902 was a nuclear protein and its expression was regulated by abiotic stresses. The over-expression of PtHDT902 in both Arabidopsis and poplar increased the expression levels of gibberellin (GA) biosynthetic genes. The expression of PtHDT902 in Arabidopsis enhanced primary root growth, and its over-expression in poplar inhibited adventitious root formation. These phenotypes resulted from over-expression of PtHDT902 were consistent with the GA-overproduction phenotypes. In addition, the poplar plants over-expressing PtHDT902 exhibited lower tolerance to salt than non-transgenic plants. These findings indicated that PtHDT902 worked as an important regulator in adventitious root formation and salt stress tolerance in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Xueying Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shibo Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Tao Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Tingbo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yuxiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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