51
|
Thapaliya ER, Mony L, Sanchez R, Serraz B, Paoletti P, Ellis-Davies GCR. Photochemical control of drug efficacy - a comparison of uncaging and photoswitching ifenprodil on NMDA receptors. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021; 5:445-454. [PMID: 36540756 PMCID: PMC9762817 DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Ifenprodil is an important negative allosteric modulator of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. We have synthesized caged and photoswitchable derivatives of this small molecule drug. Caged ifenprodil was biologically inert before photolysis, UV irradiation efficiently released the drug allowing selective inhibition of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors. Azobenzene-modified ifenprodil, on the other hand, is inert in both its trans and cis configurations, although in silico modeling predicted the trans form to be able to bind to the receptor. The disparity in effectiveness between the two compounds reflects, in part, the inherent ability of each method in manipulating the binding properties of drugs. With appropriate structure-activity relationship uncaging enables binary control of effector binding, whereas photoswitching using feely diffusable chromophores shifts the dose-response curve of drug-receptor interaction. Our data suggest that the efficacy of pharmacophores having a confined binding site such as ifenprodil can be controlled more easily by uncaging in comparison to photoswitching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ek Raj Thapaliya
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Laetitia Mony
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris 75005, France
- Equal contribution
| | - Roberto Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Drug Discovery Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Benjamin Serraz
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris 75005, France
| | - Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris 75005, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Abstract
Combining crosslinking strategies with electrophysiology, biochemistry, and structural in silico analysis is a powerful tool to study transient movements of ion channels during gating. This chapter describes crosslinking in living cells using cysteine and photoactive unnatural amino acids (UAAs) that we have used on glutamate receptor ion channels. Here, we share the protocol for building a perfusion tool to enable rapid chemical modification of glutamate-gated AMPA receptors, optimized for their fast activation. This system can be used to perform state-dependent crosslinking in receptors modified by cysteines or UAA incorporation on the millisecond timescale. Introducing UAAs results in receptors with lower expression levels relative to the introduction of cysteine residues. Reduced expression is principally a challenge for biochemical studies, and we share here our approach to capture the light driven oligomerization of AMPA receptors containing UAA crosslinkers. Finally, we describe strategies for computational analysis to make sense of the crosslinking results in terms of structure and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J R Plested
- Institute of Biology, Cellular Biophysics, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Leibniz Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mette H Poulsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Khanra N, Brown PMGE, Perozzo AM, Bowie D, Meyerson JR. Architecture and structural dynamics of the heteromeric GluK2/K5 kainate receptor. eLife 2021; 10:e66097. [PMID: 33724189 PMCID: PMC7997659 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kainate receptors (KARs) are L-glutamate-gated ion channels that regulate synaptic transmission and modulate neuronal circuits. KARs have strict assembly rules and primarily function as heteromeric receptors in the brain. A longstanding question is how KAR heteromer subunits organize and coordinate together to fulfill their signature physiological roles. Here we report structures of the GluK2/GluK5 heteromer in apo, antagonist-bound, and desensitized states. The receptor assembles with two copies of each subunit, ligand binding domains arranged as two heterodimers and GluK5 subunits proximal to the channel. Strikingly, during desensitization, GluK2, but not GluK5, subunits undergo major structural rearrangements to facilitate channel closure. We show how the large conformational differences between antagonist-bound and desensitized states are mediated by the linkers connecting the pore helices to the ligand binding domains. This work presents the first KAR heteromer structure, reveals how its subunits are organized, and resolves how the heteromer can accommodate functionally distinct closed channel structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nandish Khanra
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkUnited States
| | - Patricia MGE Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
| | - Amanda M Perozzo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
| | - Derek Bowie
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
| | - Joel R Meyerson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Sun JY, Zhao SJ, Wang HB, Hou YJ, Mi QJ, Yang MF, Yuan H, Ni QB, Sun BL, Zhang ZY. Ifenprodil Improves Long-Term Neurologic Deficits Through Antagonizing Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 12:1067-1080. [PMID: 33713028 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00906-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Excessive glutamate leading to excitotoxicity worsens brain damage after SAH and contributes to long-term neurological deficits. The drug ifenprodil is a non-competitive antagonist of GluN1-GluN2B N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, which mediates excitotoxic damage in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glutamate level within 48 h was significantly elevated in aSAH patients who later developed poor outcome. In rat SAH model, ifenprodil can improve long-term sensorimotor and spatial learning deficits. Ifenprodil attenuates experimental SAH-induced neuronal death of basal cortex and hippocampal CA1 area, cellular and mitochondrial Ca2+ overload of basal cortex, blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, and cerebral edema of early brain injury. Using in vitro models, ifenprodil declines the high-concentration glutamate-mediated intracellular Ca2+ increase and cell apoptosis in primary cortical neurons, reduces the high-concentration glutamate-elevated endothelial permeability in human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMEC). Altogether, our results suggest ifenprodil improves long-term neurologic deficits through antagonizing glutamate-induced excitotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Yingsheng East Road No.2, Taian, 271016, China
| | - Shi-Jun Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, 014040, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Yingsheng East Road No.2, Taian, 271016, China
| | - Ya-Jun Hou
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Yingsheng East Road No.2, Taian, 271016, China
| | - Qiong-Jie Mi
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Yingsheng East Road No.2, Taian, 271016, China
| | - Ming-Feng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Yingsheng East Road No.2, Taian, 271016, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Yingsheng East Road No.2, Taian, 271016, China
| | - Qing-Bin Ni
- Postdoctoral Workstation, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Bao-Liang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Yingsheng East Road No.2, Taian, 271016, China.
| | - Zong-Yong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Yingsheng East Road No.2, Taian, 271016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Wang HQ, Wang ZZ, Chen NH. The receptor hypothesis and the pathogenesis of depression: Genetic bases and biological correlates. Pharmacol Res 2021; 167:105542. [PMID: 33711432 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Depression has become one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by anhedonia, anxiety, pessimism, or even suicidal thoughts. Receptor theory has been pointed out to explain the pathogenesis of depression, while it is still subject to debate. Additionally, gene abnormality accounts for nearly 40-50% of depression risk, which is a significant factor contributing to the onset of depression. Accordingly, studying on receptors and their gene abnormality are critical parts of the research on internal causes of depression. This review summarizes the pathogenesis of depression from six of the most related receptors and their associated genes, including N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor, GABAA receptor α2, and dopamine receptor; and several "non-classic" receptors, such as metabotropic glutamate receptor, opioid receptor, and insulin receptor. These receptors have received considerable critical attention and are highly implicated in the onset of depression. We begin by providing the biological mechanisms of action of these receptors on the pathogenesis of depression. Then we review the historical and social context about these receptors. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the current state of knowledge and outline insights on future research directions, aiming to provide more novel targets and theoretical basis for the early prevention, accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qin Wang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Cherif LS, Cao-Lei L, Farinelle S, Muller CP, Turner JD, Schroeder H, Grova N. Assessment of 9-OH- and 7,8-diol-benzo[a]pyrene in Blood as Potent Markers of Cognitive Impairment Related to benzo[a]pyrene Exposure: An Animal Model Study. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9030050. [PMID: 33800341 PMCID: PMC7998639 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The potent neurotoxicity of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) has been suggested to be a susceptibility factor accelerating the onset of brain tumours and the emergence of neurobehavioural disturbances. B[a]P has been shown to be neurotoxic, acting directly on both the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as indirectly via peripheral organs like liver and gut. By using a realistic B[a]P exposure scenario (0.02-200 mg/kg/day, 10 days) in mice, we elucidated brain-specific B[a]P metabolism and at identified hydroxylated B[a]P metabolites in serum which could be used as markers of cognitive impairment. Repeated oral administration of B[a]P led to, at the doses of 20 and 200 mg/kg/day, significant overexpression of Cyp1a1/Cyp1b1 in 2 out of the 3 brain regions considered, thereby suggesting the ability of the brain to metabolize B[a]P itself. At the same doses, mice exhibited a reduction in anxiety in both the elevated plus maze and the hole board apparatus. Concomitantly, B[a]P triggered dose-dependent changes in Nmda subunit expression (Nr1 and Nr2a/Nr2b) in areas involved in cognition. We detected 9-OH-B[a]P and 7,8-diol-B[a]P in serum at the level for which cognitive impairment was observed. We suggest that these metabolites may, in the future be exploited as potent biomarkers of B[a]P-induced cognitive impairments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Saber Cherif
- Calbinotox, EA7488, Faculty of Science and Technology, Lorraine University, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès Nancy, France; (L.S.C.); (L.C.-L.); (H.S.)
| | - Lei Cao-Lei
- Calbinotox, EA7488, Faculty of Science and Technology, Lorraine University, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès Nancy, France; (L.S.C.); (L.C.-L.); (H.S.)
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, LuxembourgInstitute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
| | - Sophie Farinelle
- Experimental & Molecular Immunology Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
| | - Claude P. Muller
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
- Laboratoire National de Santé, L-3583 Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Jonathan D. Turner
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, LuxembourgInstitute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
| | - Henri Schroeder
- Calbinotox, EA7488, Faculty of Science and Technology, Lorraine University, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès Nancy, France; (L.S.C.); (L.C.-L.); (H.S.)
| | - Nathalie Grova
- Calbinotox, EA7488, Faculty of Science and Technology, Lorraine University, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès Nancy, France; (L.S.C.); (L.C.-L.); (H.S.)
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, LuxembourgInstitute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +352-26-970-422
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Furukawa H, Simorowski N, Michalski K. Effective production of oligomeric membrane proteins by EarlyBac-insect cell system. Methods Enzymol 2021; 653:3-19. [PMID: 34099177 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite major advances in methodologies for membrane protein production over the last two decades, there remain challenging protein complexes that are technically difficult to yield by conventional recombinant expression methods. A large number of these proteins are multimeric membrane proteins from eukaryotic species, which are required to pass through stringent quality control mechanisms of host cells for proper folding and complex assembly. Here, we describe the development procedure to improve the production efficiency of multi-oligomeric membrane protein complexes in insect cells and recombinant baculovirus, which involves screening of promoters, enhancers, and untranslated regions for expression levels, using calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) proteins as examples. We demonstrate that our insect cell expression strategy is effective in expression of both multi-homomeric CALHM proteins and multi-heteromeric NMDARs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiro Furukawa
- WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States.
| | - Noriko Simorowski
- WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Kevin Michalski
- WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Iacobucci GJ, Wen H, Helou M, Liu B, Zheng W, Popescu GK. Cross-subunit interactions that stabilize open states mediate gating in NMDA receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2007511118. [PMID: 33384330 PMCID: PMC7812756 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007511118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors are excitatory channels with critical functions in the physiology of central synapses. Their activation reaction proceeds as a series of kinetically distinguishable, reversible steps, whose structural bases are currently under investigation. Very likely, the earliest steps include glutamate binding to glycine-bound receptors and subsequent constriction of the ligand-binding domain. Later, three short linkers transduce this movement to open the gate by mechanical pulling on transmembrane helices. Here, we used molecular and kinetic simulations and double-mutant cycle analyses to show that a direct chemical interaction between GluN1-I642 (on M3 helix) and GluN2A-L550 (on L1-M1 linker) stabilizes receptors after they have opened and thus represents one of the structural changes that occur late in the activation reaction. This native interaction extends the current decay, and its absence causes deficits in charge transfer by GluN1-I642L, a pathogenic human variant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Iacobucci
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Han Wen
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Matthew Helou
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Beiying Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Wenjun Zheng
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Gabriela K Popescu
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14203;
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Wang M, Thyagarajan B. Pain pathways and potential new targets for pain relief. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 69:110-123. [PMID: 33316085 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that affects a sizable percentage of people on a daily basis. Sensory neurons known as nociceptors built specifically to detect damaging stimuli can be found throughout the body. They transmit information about noxious stimuli from mechanical, thermal, and chemical sources to the central nervous system and higher brain centers via electrical signals. Nociceptors express various channels and receptors such as voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels, transient receptor potential channels, and opioid receptors that allow them to respond in a highly specific manner to noxious stimuli. Attenuating the pain response can be achieved by inhibiting or altering the expression of these pain targets. Achieving a deeper understanding of how these receptors can be affected at the molecular level can lead to the development of novel pain therapies. This review will discuss the mechanisms of pain, introduce the various receptors that are responsible for detecting pain, and future directions in pharmacological therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menglan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Baskaran Thyagarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Phillips MB, Nigam A, Johnson JW. Interplay between Gating and Block of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10120928. [PMID: 33271923 PMCID: PMC7760600 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs that inhibit ion channel function by binding in the channel and preventing current flow, known as channel blockers, can be used as powerful tools for analysis of channel properties. Channel blockers are used to probe both the sophisticated structure and basic biophysical properties of ion channels. Gating, the mechanism that controls the opening and closing of ion channels, can be profoundly influenced by channel blocking drugs. Channel block and gating are reciprocally connected; gating controls access of channel blockers to their binding sites, and channel-blocking drugs can have profound and diverse effects on the rates of gating transitions and on the stability of channel open and closed states. This review synthesizes knowledge of the inherent intertwining of block and gating of excitatory ligand-gated ion channels, with a focus on the utility of channel blockers as analytic probes of ionotropic glutamate receptor channel function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Phillips
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (M.B.P.); (A.N.)
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Aparna Nigam
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (M.B.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Jon W. Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (M.B.P.); (A.N.)
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(412)-624-4295
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Amin JB, Gochman A, He M, Certain N, Wollmuth LP. NMDA Receptors Require Multiple Pre-opening Gating Steps for Efficient Synaptic Activity. Neuron 2020; 109:488-501.e4. [PMID: 33264592 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are glutamate-gated ion channels that mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the nervous system. Applying glutamate to outside-out patches containing a single NMDAR, we find that agonist-bound receptors transition to the open state via two conformations, an "unconstrained pre-active" state that contributes to fast synaptic events and a "constrained pre-active" state that does not. To define how glutamate drives these conformations, we decoupled the ligand-binding domains from specific transmembrane segments for GluN1 and GluN2A. Displacements of the pore-forming M3 segments define the energy of fast opening. However, to enter the unconstrained conformation and contribute to fast signaling, the GluN2 pre-M1 helix must be displaced before the M3 segments move. This pre-M1 displacement is facilitated by the flexibility of the S2-M4 of GluN1 and GluN2A. Thus, outer structures-pre-M1 and S2-M4-work in concert to remove constraints and prime the channel for rapid opening, facilitating fast synaptic transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johansen B Amin
- Graduate Program in Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, USA
| | - Aaron Gochman
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, USA
| | - Miaomiao He
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry & Structural Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, USA
| | - Noele Certain
- Graduate Program in Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, USA
| | - Lonnie P Wollmuth
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, USA; Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Bhatia NK, Carrillo E, Durham RJ, Berka V, Jayaraman V. Allosteric Changes in the NMDA Receptor Associated with Calcium-Dependent Inactivation. Biophys J 2020; 119:2349-2359. [PMID: 33098865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors mediate synaptic excitatory signaling in the mammalian central nervous system by forming calcium-permeable transmembrane channels upon binding glutamate and coagonist glycine. Ca2+ influx through NMDA receptors leads to channel inactivation through a process mediated by resident calmodulin bound to the intracellular C-terminal segment of the GluN1 subunit of the receptor. Using single-molecule FRET investigations, we show that in the presence of calcium-calmodulin, the distance across the two GluN1 subunits at the entrance of the first transmembrane segment is shorter and the bilobed cleft of the glycine-binding domain in GluN1 is more closed when bound to glycine and glutamate relative to what is observed in the presence of barium-calmodulin. Consistent with these observations, the glycine deactivation rate is slower in the presence of calcium-calmodulin. Taken together, these results show that the binding of calcium-calmodulin to the C-terminus has long-range allosteric effects on the extracellular segments of the receptor that may contribute to the calcium-dependent inactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Kaur Bhatia
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Elisa Carrillo
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Ryan J Durham
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas; MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Vladimir Berka
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas; MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Seckler JM, Lewis SJ. Advances in D-Amino Acids in Neurological Research. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197325. [PMID: 33023061 PMCID: PMC7582301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
D-amino acids have been known to exist in the human brain for nearly 40 years, and they continue to be a field of active study to today. This review article aims to give a concise overview of the recent advances in D-amino acid research as they relate to the brain and neurological disorders. This work has largely been focused on modulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and its relationship to Alzheimer’s disease and Schizophrenia, but there has been a wealth of novel research which has elucidated a novel role for several D-amino acids in altering brain chemistry in a neuroprotective manner. D-amino acids which have no currently known activity in the brain but which have active derivatives will also be reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M. Seckler
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Stephen J. Lewis
- Department Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Stroebel D, Paoletti P. Architecture and function of NMDA receptors: an evolutionary perspective. J Physiol 2020; 599:2615-2638. [PMID: 32786006 DOI: 10.1113/jp279028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are a major class of ligand-gated ion channels that are widespread in the living kingdom. Their critical role in excitatory neurotransmission and brain function of arthropods and vertebrates has made them a compelling subject of interest for neurophysiologists and pharmacologists. This is particularly true for NMDA receptor (NMDARs), a subclass of iGluRs that act as central drivers of synaptic plasticity in the CNS. How and when the unique properties of NMDARs arose during evolution, and how they relate to the evolution of the nervous system, remain open questions. Recent years have witnessed a boom in both genomic and structural data, such that it is now possible to analyse the evolution of iGluR genes on an unprecedented scale and within a solid molecular framework. In this review, combining insights from phylogeny, atomic structure and physiological and mechanistic data, we discuss how evolution of NMDAR motifs and sequences shaped their architecture and functionalities. We trace differences and commonalities between NMDARs and other iGluRs, emphasizing a few distinctive properties of the former regarding ligand binding and gating, permeation, allosteric modulation and intracellular signalling. Finally, we speculate on how specific molecular properties of iGuRs arose to supply new functions to the evolving structure of the nervous system, from early metazoan to present mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Stroebel
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Institute de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Paoletti
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Institute de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Université PSL, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Chou TH, Tajima N, Romero-Hernandez A, Furukawa H. Structural Basis of Functional Transitions in Mammalian NMDA Receptors. Cell 2020; 182:357-371.e13. [PMID: 32610085 PMCID: PMC8278726 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Excitatory neurotransmission meditated by glutamate receptors including N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) is pivotal to brain development and function. NMDARs are heterotetramers composed of GluN1 and GluN2 subunits, which bind glycine and glutamate, respectively, to activate their ion channels. Despite importance in brain physiology, the precise mechanisms by which activation and inhibition occur via subunit-specific binding of agonists and antagonists remain largely unknown. Here, we show the detailed patterns of conformational changes and inter-subunit and -domain reorientation leading to agonist-gating and subunit-dependent competitive inhibition by providing multiple structures in distinct ligand states at 4 Å or better. The structures reveal that activation and competitive inhibition by both GluN1 and GluN2 antagonists occur by controlling the tension of the linker between the ligand-binding domain and the transmembrane ion channel of the GluN2 subunit. Our results provide detailed mechanistic insights into NMDAR pharmacology, activation, and inhibition, which are fundamental to the brain physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Han Chou
- WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Nami Tajima
- WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Annabel Romero-Hernandez
- WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Ladjimi MH, Barbouche R, Ben Rhouma K, Sakly M, Tebourbi O, Save E. Effects of PACAP-38 and an analog, acetyl-[Ala15, Ala20] PACAP-38-propylamide, on memory consolidation in the detection of spatial novelty task in rats. Brain Res 2020; 1739:146858. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
67
|
Perszyk RE, Myers SJ, Yuan H, Gibb AJ, Furukawa H, Sobolevsky AI, Traynelis SF. Hodgkin-Huxley-Katz Prize Lecture: Genetic and pharmacological control of glutamate receptor channel through a highly conserved gating motif. J Physiol 2020; 598:3071-3083. [PMID: 32468591 DOI: 10.1113/jp278086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptors are essential ligand-gated ion channels in the central nervous system that mediate excitatory synaptic transmission in response to the release of glutamate from presynaptic terminals. The structural and biophysical basis underlying the function of these receptors has been studied for decades by a wide range of approaches. However recent structural, pharmacological and genetic studies have provided new insight into the regions of this protein that are critical determinants of receptor function. Lack of variation in specific areas of the protein amino acid sequences in the human population has defined three regions in each receptor subunit that are under selective pressure, which has focused research efforts and driven new hypotheses. In addition, these three closely positioned elements reside near a cavity that is shown by multiple studies to be a likely site of action for allosteric modulators, one of which is currently in use as an FDA-approved anticonvulsant. These structural elements are capable of controlling gating of the pore, and appear to permit some modulators bound within the cavity to also alter permeation properties. This creates a new precedent whereby features of the channel pore can be modulated by exogenous drugs that bind outside the pore. The convergence of structural, genetic, biophysical and pharmacological approaches is a powerful means to gain insight into the complex biological processes defined by neurotransmitter receptor function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riley E Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Scott J Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Alasdair J Gibb
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Warnet XL, Bakke Krog H, Sevillano-Quispe OG, Poulsen H, Kjaergaard M. The C-terminal domains of the NMDA receptor: How intrinsically disordered tails affect signalling, plasticity and disease. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:6713-6739. [PMID: 32464691 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
NMDA receptors are part of the ionotropic glutamate receptor family, and are crucial for neurotransmission and memory. At the cellular level, the effects of activating these receptors include long-term potentiation (LTP) or depression (LTD). The NMDA receptor is a stringently gated cation channel permeable to Ca2+ , and it shares the molecular architecture of a tetrameric ligand-gated ion channel with the other family members. Its subunits, however, have uniquely long cytoplasmic C-terminal domains (CTDs). While the molecular gymnastics of the extracellular domains have been described in exquisite detail, much less is known about the structure and function of these CTDs. The CTDs vary dramatically in length and sequence between receptor subunits, but they all have a composition characteristic of intrinsically disordered proteins. The CTDs affect channel properties, trafficking and downstream signalling output from the receptor, and these functions are regulated by alternative splicing, protein-protein interactions, and post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and palmitoylation. Here, we review the roles of the CTDs in synaptic plasticity with a focus on biochemical mechanisms. In total, the CTDs play a multifaceted role as a modifier of channel function, a regulator of cellular location and abundance, and signalling scaffold control the downstream signalling output.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier L Warnet
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Danish Research Institute for Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Center for Proteins in Memory (PROMEMO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Helle Bakke Krog
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Danish Research Institute for Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Center for Proteins in Memory (PROMEMO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Oscar G Sevillano-Quispe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Danish Research Institute for Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Center for Proteins in Memory (PROMEMO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hanne Poulsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Danish Research Institute for Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Center for Proteins in Memory (PROMEMO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Magnus Kjaergaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Danish Research Institute for Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Center for Proteins in Memory (PROMEMO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Ifenprodil-like NMDA receptor modulator based on the biphenyl scaffold. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2020.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
70
|
Amin JB, Moody GR, Wollmuth LP. From bedside-to-bench: What disease-associated variants are teaching us about the NMDA receptor. J Physiol 2020; 599:397-416. [PMID: 32144935 DOI: 10.1113/jp278705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are glutamate-gated ion channels that contribute to nearly all brain processes. Not surprisingly then, genetic variations in the genes encoding NMDAR subunits can be associated with neurodevelopmental, neurological and psychiatric disorders. These disease-associated variants (DAVs) present challenges, such as defining how DAV-induced alterations in receptor function contribute to disease progression and how to treat the affected individual clinically. As a starting point to overcome these challenges, we need to refine our understanding of the complexity of NMDAR structure function. In this regard, DAVs have expanded our knowledge of NMDARs because they do not just target well-known structure-function motifs, but rather give an unbiased view of structural elements that are important to the biology of NMDARs. Indeed, established NMDAR structure-function motifs have been validated by the appearance of disorders in patients where these motifs have been altered, and DAVs have identified novel structural features in NMDARs such as gating triads and hinges in the gating machinery. Still, the majority of DAVs remain unexplored and occur at sites in the protein with unidentified function or alter receptor properties in multiple and unanticipated ways. Detailed mechanistic and structural investigations are required of both established and novel motifs to develop a highly refined pathomechanistic model that accounts for the complex machinery that regulates NMDARs. Such a model would provide a template for rational drug design and a starting point for personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johansen B Amin
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230
| | - Gabrielle R Moody
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230
| | - Lonnie P Wollmuth
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230.,Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230.,Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Short B. The pre-M1 helix controls NMDA receptor gating. J Gen Physiol 2020; 152:e202012600. [PMID: 32221542 PMCID: PMC7141594 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers identify key residue in GluN2A subunit that may regulate channel opening by organizing a network of aromatic amino acids.
Collapse
|
72
|
NMDARs in Cell Survival and Death: Implications in Stroke Pathogenesis and Treatment. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:533-551. [PMID: 32470382 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in developed countries. N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDARs) have important roles in stroke pathology and recovery. Depending on their subtypes and locations, these NMDARs may promote either neuronal survival or death. Recently, the functions of previously overlooked NMDAR subtypes during stroke were characterized, and NMDARs expressed at different subcellular locations were found to have synergistic rather than opposing functions. Moreover, the complexity of the neuronal survival and death signaling pathways following NMDAR activation was further elucidated. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in these areas and discuss how delineating the dual roles of NMDARs in stroke has directed the development of novel neuroprotective therapeutics for stroke.
Collapse
|
73
|
Espadinha M, Viejo L, Lopes RMRM, Herrera-Arozamena C, Molins E, Dos Santos DJVA, Gonçalves L, Rodríguez-Franco MI, Ríos CDL, Santos MMM. Identification of tetracyclic lactams as NMDA receptor antagonists with potential application in neurological disorders. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 194:112242. [PMID: 32248004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are crucial for the normal function of the central nervous system (CNS), and fundamental in memory and learning-related processes. The overactivation of these receptors is associated with numerous neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Therefore, NMDAR is considered a relevant therapeutic target for many CNS disorders. Herein, we report the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new scaffold with antagonistic activity for NMDAR. Specifically, a chemical library of eighteen 1-aminoindan-2-ol tetracyclic lactams was synthesized and screened as NMDAR antagonists. The compounds were obtained by chiral pool synthesis using enantiomerically pure 1-aminoindan-2-ols as chiral inductors, and their stereochemistry was proven by X-ray crystallographic analysis of two target compounds. Most compounds reveal NMDAR antagonism, and eleven compounds display IC50 values in a Ca2+ entry-sensitive fluo-4 assay in the same order of magnitude of memantine, a clinically approved NMDAR antagonist. Docking studies suggest that the novel compounds can act as NMDAR channel blockers since there is a compatible conformation with MK-801 co-crystallized with NMDAR channel. In addition, we show that the tetracyclic 1-aminoindan-2-ol derivatives are brain permeable and non-toxic, and we identify promising hits for further optimization as modulators of the NMDAR function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Espadinha
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lucía Viejo
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando and Departamento Farmacología y Terapéutica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/ Diego de León, 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo M R M Lopes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Elies Molins
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Daniel J V A Dos Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal; LAQV@REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lídia Gonçalves
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Cristóbal de Los Ríos
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando and Departamento Farmacología y Terapéutica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/ Diego de León, 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria M M Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Chan K, Nestor J, Huerta TS, Certain N, Moody G, Kowal C, Huerta PT, Volpe BT, Diamond B, Wollmuth LP. Lupus autoantibodies act as positive allosteric modulators at GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors and impair spatial memory. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1403. [PMID: 32179753 PMCID: PMC7075964 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15224-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) experience various peripheral and central nervous system manifestations including spatial memory impairment. A subset of autoantibodies (DNRAbs) cross-react with the GluN2A and GluN2B subunits of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR). We find that these DNRAbs act as positive allosteric modulators on NMDARs with GluN2A-containing NMDARs, even those containing a single GluN2A subunit, exhibiting a much greater sensitivity to DNRAbs than those with exclusively GluN2B. Accordingly, GluN2A-specific antagonists provide greater protection from DNRAb-mediated neuronal cell death than GluN2B antagonists. Using transgenic mice to perturb expression of either GluN2A or GluN2B in vivo, we find that DNRAb-mediated disruption of spatial memory characterized by early neuronal cell death and subsequent microglia-dependent pathologies requires GluN2A-containing NMDARs. Our results indicate that GluN2A-specific antagonists or negative allosteric modulators are strong candidates to treat SLE patients with nervous system dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Chan
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Nestor
- Donald & Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Tomás S Huerta
- Donald & Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Noele Certain
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Gabrielle Moody
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Czeslawa Kowal
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Patricio T Huerta
- Donald & Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Bruce T Volpe
- Center for Biomedical Science, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Lonnie P Wollmuth
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA.
- Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Durham RJ, Paudyal N, Carrillo E, Bhatia NK, Maclean DM, Berka V, Dolino DM, Gorfe AA, Jayaraman V. Conformational spread and dynamics in allostery of NMDA receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3839-3847. [PMID: 32015122 PMCID: PMC7035515 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910950117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Allostery can be manifested as a combination of repression and activation in multidomain proteins allowing for fine tuning of regulatory mechanisms. Here we have used single molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) and molecular dynamics simulations to study the mechanism of allostery underlying negative cooperativity between the two agonists glutamate and glycine in the NMDA receptor. These data show that binding of one agonist leads to conformational flexibility and an increase in conformational spread at the second agonist site. Mutational and cross-linking studies show that the dimer-dimer interface at the agonist-binding domain mediates the allostery underlying the negative cooperativity. smFRET on the transmembrane segments shows that they are tightly coupled in the unliganded and single agonist-bound form and only upon binding both agonists the transmembrane domain explores looser packing which would facilitate activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Durham
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Nabina Paudyal
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Elisa Carrillo
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Nidhi Kaur Bhatia
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - David M Maclean
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Vladimir Berka
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Drew M Dolino
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Alemayehu A Gorfe
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030;
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Kamalova A, Nakagawa T. AMPA receptor structure and auxiliary subunits. J Physiol 2020; 599:453-469. [PMID: 32004381 DOI: 10.1113/jp278701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian brain is largely mediated by AMPA-type ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPARs), which are activated by the neurotransmitter glutamate. In synapses, the function of AMPARs is tuned by their auxiliary subunits, a diverse set of membrane proteins associated with the core pore-forming subunits of the AMPARs. Each auxiliary subunit provides distinct functional modulation of AMPARs, ranging from regulation of trafficking to shaping ion channel gating kinetics. Understanding the molecular mechanism of the function of these complexes is key to decoding synaptic modulation and their global roles in cognitive activities, such as learning and memory. Here, we review the structural and molecular complexity of AMPAR-auxiliary subunit complexes, as well as their functional diversity in different brain regions. We suggest that the recent structural information provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic functions of AMPAR-auxiliary subunit complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aichurok Kamalova
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Terunaga Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Molecular docking utilising the OliveNet™ library reveals novel phenolic compounds which may potentially target key proteins associated with major depressive disorder. Comput Biol Chem 2020; 86:107234. [PMID: 32220809 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2020.107234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The antidepressant medications that are currently prescribed to patients suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) have limitations and as a result, there is an urgent need to increase the options that are available. A number of studies have found that natural polyphenols have neuroprotective properties and there is evidence to suggest that they modulate neurotransmitter systems. There are more than 200 phenolic compounds that have been identified in Olea europaea, many of which have not yet been investigated for their potential biological effects. In this study, in silico methods were used to screen the phenolic library from the OliveNet™ database and identify novel lead compounds for proteins implicated in the pathophysiology of MDD. The molecular docking results revealed that the monoamine oxidase enzyme isoforms (MAO-A/MAO-B) had binding specificities for certain phenolic subclasses. The lead ligands that were identified from these subclasses were positioned near the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor, interacting in a similar manner as known inhibitors. In addition to the MAO enzymes, several phenolic compounds were docked to neurotransmitter transporters and postsynaptic receptors, as well as proteins involved in neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and the endocannabinoid system. Based on the binding affinity, position, orientation and interactions of the lead phenolic compounds identified in this study, it is predicted that they may have antidepressant properties. The results should be validated further using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, as well as in vivo and in vitro techniques.
Collapse
|
78
|
Goldsmith PJ. NMDAR PAMs: Multiple Chemotypes for Multiple Binding Sites. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2239-2253. [PMID: 31660834 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191011095341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is a member of the ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) family that plays a crucial role in brain signalling and development. NMDARs are nonselective cation channels that are involved with the propagation of excitatory neurotransmission signals with important effects on synaptic plasticity. NMDARs are functionally and structurally complex receptors, they exist as a family of subtypes each with its own unique pharmacological properties. Their implication in a variety of neurological and psychiatric conditions means they have been a focus of research for many decades. Disruption of NMDAR-related signalling is known to adversely affect higherorder cognitive functions (e.g. learning and memory) and the search for molecules that can recover (or even enhance) receptor output is a current strategy for CNS drug discovery. A number of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) that specifically attempt to overcome NMDAR hypofunction have been discovered. They include various chemotypes that have been found to bind to several different binding sites within the receptor. The heterogeneity of chemotype, binding site and NMDAR subtype provide a broad landscape of ongoing opportunities to uncover new features of NMDAR pharmacology. Research on NMDARs continues to provide novel mechanistic insights into receptor activation and this review will provide a high-level overview of the research area and discuss the various chemical classes of PAMs discovered so far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Goldsmith
- Eli Lilly and Co. Ltd, Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Ifenprodil and Flavopiridol Identified by Genomewide RNA Interference Screening as Effective Drugs To Ameliorate Murine Acute Lung Injury after Influenza A H5N1 Virus Infection. mSystems 2019; 4:4/6/e00431-19. [PMID: 31822599 PMCID: PMC6906739 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00431-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing is a quick and economical strategy for developing new therapies with approved drugs. H5N1 is a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype that can cause severe acute lung injury (ALI) and a high mortality rate due to limited treatments. The use of RNA interference (RNAi) is a reliable approach to identify essential genes in diseases. In most genomewide RNAi screenings, virus replication is the readout of interference. Since H5N1 virus infection could induce significant cell death and the percentage of cell death is associated with virus lethality, we designed a genomewide RNAi screening method to identify repurposable drugs against H5N1 virus with cell death as the readout. We discovered that the neurological drug ifenprodil and the anticancer drug flavopiridol could effectively ameliorate murine ALI after influenza A H5N1 virus infection, suggesting that they might be novel remedies for H5N1 virus-induced ALI in addition to the traditional indications. Due to the limitations of effective treatments, avian influenza A H5N1 virus is the most lethal influenza virus strain that causes severe acute lung injury (ALI). To develop effective drugs ameliorating H5N1-induced ALI, we explore an RNA interference (RNAi) screening method to monitor changes in cell death induced by H5N1 infection. We performed RNAi screening on 19,424 genes in A549 lung epithelial cells and examined cell death induced by H5N1 infection. These screens identified 1,137 host genes for which knockdown altered cell viability by over 20%. DrugBank searches of these 1,137 host genes identified 146 validated druggable target genes with 372 drug candidates. We obtained 104 commercially available drugs with 65 validated target genes and examined their improvement of cell viability following H5N1 infection. We identified 28 drugs that could significantly recover cell viability following H5N1 infection and tested 10 in an H5N1-induced-ALI mouse model. The neurological drug ifenprodil and the anticancer drug flavopiridol markedly decreased leukocyte infiltration and lung injury scores in infected mouse lungs, significantly ameliorated edema in infected mouse lung tissues, and significantly improved the survival of H5N1-infected mice. Ifenprodil is an antagonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, which is linked to inflammation and lung injury. Flavopiridol is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), which is linked to leukocyte migration and lung injury. These results suggest that ifenprodil and flavopiridol represent novel remedies against potential H5N1 epidemics in addition to their proven indications. Furthermore, our strategy for identifying repurposable drugs could be a general approach for other diseases. IMPORTANCE Drug repurposing is a quick and economical strategy for developing new therapies with approved drugs. H5N1 is a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype that can cause severe acute lung injury (ALI) and a high mortality rate due to limited treatments. The use of RNA interference (RNAi) is a reliable approach to identify essential genes in diseases. In most genomewide RNAi screenings, virus replication is the readout of interference. Since H5N1 virus infection could induce significant cell death and the percentage of cell death is associated with virus lethality, we designed a genomewide RNAi screening method to identify repurposable drugs against H5N1 virus with cell death as the readout. We discovered that the neurological drug ifenprodil and the anticancer drug flavopiridol could effectively ameliorate murine ALI after influenza A H5N1 virus infection, suggesting that they might be novel remedies for H5N1 virus-induced ALI in addition to the traditional indications.
Collapse
|
80
|
Nakagawa T. Structures of the AMPA receptor in complex with its auxiliary subunit cornichon. Science 2019; 366:1259-1263. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aay2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the brain, AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) form complexes with their auxiliary subunits and mediate the majority of fast excitatory neurotransmission. Signals transduced by these complexes are critical for synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. The two major categories of AMPAR auxiliary subunits are transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs) and cornichon homologs (CNIHs); these subunits share little homology and play distinct roles in controlling ion channel gating and trafficking of AMPAR. Here, I report high-resolution cryo–electron microscopy structures of AMPAR in complex with CNIH3. Contrary to its predicted membrane topology, CNIH3 lacks an extracellular domain and instead contains four membrane-spanning helices. The protein-protein interaction interface that dictates channel modulation and the lipids surrounding the complex are revealed. These structures provide insights into the molecular mechanism for ion channel modulation and assembly of AMPAR/CNIH3 complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terunaga Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, and Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Temme L, Börgel F, Schepmann D, Robaa D, Sippl W, Daniliuc C, Wünsch B. Impact of hydroxy moieties at the benzo[7]annulene ring system of GluN2B ligands: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:115146. [PMID: 31648876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the impact of one or two hydroxy moieties at the benzo[7]annulene scaffold on the GluN2B affinity and cytoprotective activity was analyzed. The key intermediate for the synthesis of OH-substituted benzo[7]annulenamines 11-13 and 17 was the epoxyketone 8. Reductive epoxide opening of 8 resulted with high regioselectivity in the 5-hydroxyketone 9 (Pd(OAc)2, HCO2H, phosphane ligand) or the 6-hydroxyketone 10 (H2, Pd/C), whereas hydrolysis in aqueous dioxane led to the dihydroxyketone 14. Reductive amination of these ketones with primary amines and NaBH(OAc)3 afforded the benzo[7]annulenamines 11-13 and 17. In receptor binding studies 5-OH derivatives 11 and 12 showed higher GluN2B affinity than 6-OH derivatives 13, which in turn were more active than 5,6-di-OH derivative 17a. The same order was found for the cytoprotective activity of the ligands. The tertiary amine 12a with one OH moiety in 5-position represents the most promising GluN2B negative allosteric modulator with a binding affinity of Ki = 49 nM and a cytoprotective activity of IC50 = 580 nM. In the binding pocket 12a shows a crucial H-bond between the benzylic OH moiety and the backbone carbonyl O-atom of Ser132 (GluN1b). It was concluded that a 5-OH moiety is essential for the inhibition of the NMDA receptor associated ion channel, whereas a OH moiety in 6-position is detrimental for binding and inhibition. An OH or CH2OH moiety at 2-position results in binding at the ifenprodil binding site, but very weak ion channel inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Temme
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
| | - Frederik Börgel
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Schepmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dina Robaa
- Institut für Pharmazie der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Straße 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institut für Pharmazie der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Straße 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Constantin Daniliuc
- Organisch-chemisches Institut der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Schreiber JA, Schepmann D, Frehland B, Thum S, Datunashvili M, Budde T, Hollmann M, Strutz-Seebohm N, Wünsch B, Seebohm G. A common mechanism allows selective targeting of GluN2B subunit-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Commun Biol 2019; 2:420. [PMID: 31754650 PMCID: PMC6858350 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0645-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), especially GluN2B-containing NMDARs, are associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson, Alzheimer and Huntington based on their high Ca2+ conductivity. Overactivation leads to high intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and cell death rendering GluN2B-selective inhibitors as promising drug candidates. Ifenprodil represents the first highly potent prototypical, subtype-selective inhibitor of GluN2B-containing NMDARs. However, activity of ifenprodil on serotonergic, adrenergic and sigma receptors limits its therapeutic use. Structural reorganization of the ifenprodil scaffold to obtain 3-benzazepines retained inhibitory GluN2B activity but decreased the affinity at the mentioned non-NMDARs. While scaffold optimization improves the selectivity, the molecular inhibitory mechanism of these compounds is still not known. Here, we show a common inhibitory mechanism of ifenprodil and the related 3-benzazepines by mutational modifications of the receptor binding site, chemical modifications of the 3-benzazepine scaffold and subsequent in silico simulation of the inhibitory mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian A. Schreiber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Schepmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bastian Frehland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Simone Thum
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Maia Datunashvili
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27a, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Budde
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27a, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Hollmann
- Department of Biochemistry I - Receptor Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nathalie Strutz-Seebohm
- Cellular Electrophysiology and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 45, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- Cellular Electrophysiology and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 45, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Ahmed H, Haider A, Varisco J, Stanković M, Wallimann R, Gruber S, Iten I, Häne S, Müller Herde A, Keller C, Schibli R, Schepmann D, Mu L, Wünsch B, Ametamey SM. Structure–Affinity Relationships of 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine and 6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-5H-benzo[7]annulen-7-amine Analogues and the Discovery of a Radiofluorinated 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine Congener for Imaging GluN2B Subunit-Containing N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9450-9470. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Ahmed
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jasmine Varisco
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maja Stanković
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rahel Wallimann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Gruber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irina Iten
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Surya Häne
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrienne Müller Herde
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Keller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Schepmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Linjing Mu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Simon M. Ametamey
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Shen WW. Anticraving therapy for alcohol use disorder: A clinical review. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2019; 38:105-116. [PMID: 30175522 PMCID: PMC7292332 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim In this review, the author focused on anticraving therapy for alcohol use disorder (AUD) defined by DMS‐5. A comprehensive review was carried out on the available published papers on anticraving drugs for treating AUD patients. Methods The author described all drugs with anticraving benefits for treating AUD patients approved by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States (US FDA) and European Medicines Agency of the European Union. Then, the commonly prescribed anticraving drugs and those under development were also described. Results The US FDA‐approved anticraving drugs included acamprosate and naltrexone, and those approved by European Medicines Agency were gamma‐hydroxybutyrate and nalmefene. The author also highlighted topiramate, gabapentin, ondansetron, LY196044, ifenprodil, varenicline, ABT‐436, mifepristone, citicoline, and baclofen. The putative mechanisms of action of and the use in clinical practice of those anticraving drugs were also described. Conclusion Although slowly developing, the field of anticraving drugs is getting into shape as a promising entity of a pharmaceutical class of drugs. Then, the author addressed on the underused issues of those recommended, and suggested anticraving drugs by the practice guideline of the American Psychiatric Association. The author urges that clinicians should be more “adventurous” in prescribing those promising drugs because benefits of those anticraving drugs are far‐outweighing the possible side effects of anticraving drugs, or the harms of untreated AUD itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Winston W Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, Wan Fang Medical Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Liu J, Fan Y, Kim D, Zhong T, Yi P, Fan C, Wang A, Yang X, Lee S, Ren X, Xu Y. Neuroprotective effect of catechins derivatives isolated from Anhua dark tea on NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Fitoterapia 2019; 137:104240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
86
|
Jalali-Yazdi F, Chowdhury S, Yoshioka C, Gouaux E. Mechanisms for Zinc and Proton Inhibition of the GluN1/GluN2A NMDA Receptor. Cell 2019; 175:1520-1532.e15. [PMID: 30500536 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play essential roles in memory formation, neuronal plasticity, and brain development, with their dysfunction linked to a range of disorders from ischemia to schizophrenia. Zinc and pH are physiological allosteric modulators of NMDARs, with GluN2A-containing receptors inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of divalent zinc and by excursions to low pH. Despite the widespread importance of zinc and proton modulation of NMDARs, the molecular mechanism by which these ions modulate receptor activity has proven elusive. Here, we use cryoelectron microscopy to elucidate the structure of the GluN1/GluN2A NMDAR in a large ensemble of conformations under a range of physiologically relevant zinc and proton concentrations. We show how zinc binding to the amino terminal domain elicits structural changes that are transduced though the ligand-binding domain and result in constriction of the ion channel gate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Jalali-Yazdi
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sandipan Chowdhury
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Craig Yoshioka
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Eric Gouaux
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Wagner M, Schepmann D, Ametamey SM, Wünsch B. Modification of the 4-phenylbutyl side chain of potent 3-benzazepine-based GluN2B receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3559-3567. [PMID: 31255496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity driven by overactivation of NMDA receptors represents a major mechanism of acute and chronic neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. Negative allosteric modulators interacting with the ifenprodil binding site of the NMDA receptor are able to interrupt this ongoing neurodamaging process. Starting from the potent 3-benzazepine-1,7-diol 4a novel NMDA receptor antagonists were designed by modification of the N-(4-phenylbutyl) side chain. With respect to developing novel fluorinated PET tracers, regioisomeric fluoroethoxy derivatives 11, 12, 14, and 15 were synthesized. Analogs 19 and 20 with various heteroaryl moieties at the end of the N-side chain were prepared by Sonogashira reaction and nucleophilic substitution. The fluoroethyl triazole 37 was obtained by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. In several new ligands, the flexibility of the (hetero)arylbutyl side chain was restricted by incorporation of a triple bond. The affinity towards the ifenprodil binding site was tested in an established competition assay using [3H]ifenprodil as radioligand. Introduction of a fluoroethoxy moiety at the terminal phenyl ring, replacement of the terminal phenyl ring by a heteroaryl ring and incorporation of a triple bond into the butyl spacer led to considerable reduction of GluN2B affinity. The phenol 15 (Ki = 193 nM) bearing a p-fluoroethoxy moiety at the terminal phenyl ring represents the most promising GluN2B ligand of this series of compounds. With exception of 15 showing moderate σ2 affinity (Ki = 79 nM), the interaction of synthesized 3-benzazepines towards the PCP binding site of the NMDA receptor, σ1 and σ2 receptors was rather low (Ki > 100 nM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Wagner
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Schepmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Jalali-Yazdi F, Gouaux E. NMDA Receptors' Structural Asymmetry. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2019; 25:1218-1219. [PMID: 32025192 PMCID: PMC7001661 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927619006822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Gouaux
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
The effect of high pressure on the NMDA receptor: molecular dynamics simulations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10814. [PMID: 31346207 PMCID: PMC6658662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional divers exposed to ambient pressures above 11 bar develop the high pressure neurological syndrome (HPNS), manifesting as central nervous system (CNS) hyperexcitability, motor disturbances, sensory impairment, and cognitive deficits. The glutamate-type N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) has been implicated in the CNS hyperexcitability of HPNS. NMDARs containing different subunits exhibited varying degrees of increased/decreased current at high pressure. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. We performed 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the NMDAR structure embedded in a dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) lipid bilayer solvated in water at 1 bar, hydrostatic 25 bar, and in helium at 25 bar. MD simulations showed that in contrast to hydrostatic pressure, high pressure helium causes substantial distortion of the DOPC membrane due to its accumulation between the two monolayers: reduction of the Sn-1 and Sn-2 DOPC chains and helium-dependent dehydration of the NMDAR pore. Further analysis of important regions of the NMDAR protein such as pore surface (M2 α-helix), Mg2+ binding site, and TMD-M4 α-helix revealed significant effects of helium. In contrast with previous models, these and our earlier results suggest that high pressure helium, not hydrostatic pressure per se, alters the receptor tertiary structure via protein-lipid interactions. Helium in divers’ breathing mixtures may partially contribute to HPNS symptoms.
Collapse
|
90
|
Isoform-specific Inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptors by Bile Salts. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10068. [PMID: 31296930 PMCID: PMC6624251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate subfamily of ionotropic glutamate receptors (NMDARs) is well known for its important roles in the central nervous system (CNS), e.g. learning and memory formation. Besides the CNS, NMDARs are also expressed in numerous peripheral tissues including the pancreas, kidney, stomach, and blood cells, where an understanding of their physiological and pathophysiological roles is only evolving. Whereas subunit composition increases functional diversity of NMDARs, a great number of endogenous cues tune receptor signaling. Here, we characterized the effects of the steroid bile salts cholate and chenodeoxycholate (CDC) on recombinantly expressed NMDARs of defined molecular composition. CDC inhibited NMDARs in an isoform-dependent manner, preferring GluN2D and GluN3B over GluN2A and GluN2B receptors. Determined IC50 values were in the range of bile salt serum concentrations in severe cholestatic disease states, pointing at a putative pathophysiological significance of the identified receptor modulation. Both pharmacological and molecular simulation analyses indicate that CDC acts allosterically on GluN2D, whereas it competes with agonist binding on GluN3B receptors. Such differential modes of inhibition may allow isoform-specific targeted interference with the NMDAR/bile salt interaction. In summary, our study provides further molecular insight into the modulation of NMDARs by endogenous steroids and points at a putative pathophysiological role of the receptors in cholestatic disease.
Collapse
|
91
|
Iqbal F, Thompson AJ, Riaz S, Pehar M, Rice T, Syed NI. Anesthetics: from modes of action to unconsciousness and neurotoxicity. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:760-787. [PMID: 31242059 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00210.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern anesthetic compounds and advanced monitoring tools have revolutionized the field of medicine, allowing for complex surgical procedures to occur safely and effectively. Faster induction times and quicker recovery periods of current anesthetic agents have also helped reduce health care costs significantly. Moreover, extensive research has allowed for a better understanding of anesthetic modes of action, thus facilitating the development of more effective and safer compounds. Notwithstanding the realization that anesthetics are a prerequisite to all surgical procedures, evidence is emerging to support the notion that exposure of the developing brain to certain anesthetics may impact future brain development and function. Whereas the data in support of this postulate from human studies is equivocal, the vast majority of animal research strongly suggests that anesthetics are indeed cytotoxic at multiple brain structure and function levels. In this review, we first highlight various modes of anesthetic action and then debate the evidence of harm from both basic science and clinical studies perspectives. We present evidence from animal and human studies vis-à-vis the possible detrimental effects of anesthetic agents on both the young developing and the elderly aging brain while discussing potential ways to mitigate these effects. We hope that this review will, on the one hand, invoke debate vis-à-vis the evidence of anesthetic harm in young children and the elderly, and on the other hand, incentivize the search for better and less toxic anesthetic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Iqbal
- Vi Riddell Pain Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Vi Riddell Pain Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Saba Riaz
- Vi Riddell Pain Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marcus Pehar
- Vi Riddell Pain Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tiffany Rice
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Naweed I Syed
- Vi Riddell Pain Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Structural biology of glutamate receptor ion channels: towards an understanding of mechanism. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 57:185-195. [PMID: 31185364 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are tetrameric ion channels that mediate signal transmission at neuronal synapses, where they contribute centrally to the postsynaptic plasticity that underlies learning and memory. Receptor activation by l-glutamate triggers complex allosteric cascades that are transmitted through the layered and highly flexible receptor assembly culminating in opening a cation-selective pore. This process is shaped by the arrangement of the four core subunits as well as the presence of various auxiliary subunits, and is subject to regulation by an array of small molecule modulators targeting a number of sites throughout the complex. Here, we discuss recent structures of iGluR homomers and heteromers illuminating the organization and subunit arrangement of the core tetramer, co-assembled with auxiliary subunits and in complex with allosteric modulators.
Collapse
|
93
|
Ladefoged LK, Zeppelin T, Schiøtt B. Molecular modeling of neurological membrane proteins − from binding sites to synapses. Neurosci Lett 2019; 700:38-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
94
|
Silva AR, Grosso C, Delerue-Matos C, Rocha JM. Comprehensive review on the interaction between natural compounds and brain receptors: Benefits and toxicity. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 174:87-115. [PMID: 31029947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Given their therapeutic activity, natural products have been used in traditional medicines throughout the centuries. The growing interest of the scientific community in phytopharmaceuticals, and more recently in marine products, has resulted in a significant number of research efforts towards understanding their effect in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson (PD) and Huntington (HD). Several studies have shown that many of the primary and secondary metabolites of plants, marine organisms and others, have high affinities for various brain receptors and may play a crucial role in the treatment of diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) in mammalians. Actually, such compounds may act on the brain receptors either by agonism, antagonism, allosteric modulation or other type of activity aimed at enhancing a certain effect. The current manuscript comprehensively reviews the state of the art on the interactions between natural compounds and brain receptors. This information is of foremost importance when it is intended to investigate and develop cutting-edge drugs, more effective and with alternative mechanisms of action to the conventional drugs presently used for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, we reviewed the effect of 173 natural products on neurotransmitter receptors, diabetes related receptors, neurotrophic factor related receptors, immune system related receptors, oxidative stress related receptors, transcription factors regulating gene expression related receptors and blood-brain barrier receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Silva
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology (DB), University of Minho (UM), Campus Gualtar, P-4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Clara Grosso
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, P-4249-015, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, P-4249-015, Porto, Portugal
| | - João M Rocha
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology (DB), University of Minho (UM), Campus Gualtar, P-4710-057, Braga, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Grupo de investigação de Química Orgânica Aplicada (QUINOA), Laboratório de polifenóis alimentares, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica (DQB), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, P-4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Batova AS, Bugay AN, Dushanov EB. Effect of mutant NMDA receptors on the oscillations in a model of hippocampus. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2019; 17:1940003. [PMID: 30866729 DOI: 10.1142/s0219720019400031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A computation approach to identify the effect of missense mutations on the protein function is proposed. Using molecular dynamics simulation we have analyzed the gating kinetics of mutant NMDA synaptic receptors carrying mutations in their NR2 subunits. Analysis of channel geometry and Mg ion binding allowed to estimate the receptor conductivity. As a result, it was possible to identify the effect of these mutations on the generation of theta and gamma rhythms by the hippocampal neural network. Obtained results can be adapted for the analysis and evaluation of possible cognitive impairments caused by neurological diseases or consequences of radiation and other negative factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sergeevna Batova
- * Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, Dubna 141980, Moscow, Russia.,† Dubna State University, Universitetskaya St. 19, Dubna 141982, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Dissecting diverse functions of NMDA receptors by structural biology. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 54:34-42. [PMID: 30703613 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are glutamate-gated ion channels, which are critically involved in brain development, learning and memory, cognition, as well as a number of neurological diseases and disorders. Structural biology of NMDARs has been challenging due to technical difficulties associated with assembling a number of different membrane protein subunits. Here, we review historical X-ray crystallographic studies on isolated extracellular domains, which are still the most effective mean to delineate compound binding modes, as well as the most recent studies using electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM). A number of NMDAR structures accumulated over the past 15 years provide insights into the hetero-tetrameric assembly pattern, pharmacological specificities elicited by subtypes and alternative splicing, and potential patterns of conformational dynamics; however, many more important unanswered questions remain.
Collapse
|
97
|
Regan MC, Zhu Z, Yuan H, Myers SJ, Menaldino DS, Tahirovic YA, Liotta DC, Traynelis SF, Furukawa H. Structural elements of a pH-sensitive inhibitor binding site in NMDA receptors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:321. [PMID: 30659174 PMCID: PMC6338780 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Context-dependent inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors has important therapeutic implications for the treatment of neurological diseases that are associated with altered neuronal firing and signaling. This is especially true in stroke, where the proton concentration in the afflicted area can increase by an order of magnitude. A class of allosteric inhibitors, the 93-series, shows greater potency against GluN1-GluN2B NMDA receptors in such low pH environments, allowing targeted therapy only within the ischemic region. Here we map the 93-series compound binding site in the GluN1-GluN2B NMDA receptor amino terminal domain and show that the interaction of the N-alkyl group with a hydrophobic cage of the binding site is critical for pH-dependent inhibition. Mutation of residues in the hydrophobic cage alters pH-dependent potency, and remarkably, can convert inhibitors into potentiators. Our study provides a foundation for the development of highly specific neuroprotective compounds for the treatment of neurological diseases. Context-dependent inhibition of NMDA receptors has important therapeutic implications for treatment of neurological diseases. Here, the authors use structural biology and biophysics to describe the basis for pH-dependent inhibition for a class of allosteric NMDAR inhibitors, called the 93-series.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Regan
- WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Zongjian Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Neonatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Scott J Myers
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Dave S Menaldino
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Dennis C Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Burnell ES, Irvine M, Fang G, Sapkota K, Jane DE, Monaghan DT. Positive and Negative Allosteric Modulators of N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) Receptors: Structure-Activity Relationships and Mechanisms of Action. J Med Chem 2019; 62:3-23. [PMID: 29446949 PMCID: PMC6368479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Excitatory activity in the CNS is predominately mediated by l-glutamate through several families of l-glutamate neurotransmitter receptors. Of these, the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) family has many critical roles in CNS function and in various neuropathological and psychiatric conditions. Until recently, the types of compounds available to regulate NMDAR function have been quite limited in terms of mechanism of action, subtype selectivity, and biological effect. However, several new classes of NMDAR agents have now been identified that are positive or negative allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs, respectively) with various patterns of NMDAR subtype selectivity. These new agents act at several newly recognized binding sites on the NMDAR complex and offer significantly greater pharmacological control over NMDAR activity than previously available agents. The purpose of this review is to summarize the structure-activity relationships for these new NMDAR modulator drug classes and to describe the current understanding of their mechanisms of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica S. Burnell
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology,
Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway,
Galway H91TK33, Irelands
| | - Mark Irvine
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology,
Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
| | - Guangyu Fang
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology,
Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
| | - Kiran Sapkota
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience,
University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - David E. Jane
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology,
Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
| | - Daniel T. Monaghan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience,
University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Wei X, Nishi T, Kondou S, Kimura H, Mody I. Preferential enhancement of GluN2B-containing native NMDA receptors by the endogenous modulator 24S-hydroxycholesterol in hippocampal neurons. Neuropharmacology 2018; 148:11-20. [PMID: 30594698 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
24S-hydroxycholesterol (24HC) is the major metabolic breakdown product of cholesterol in the brain. Among its other effects on neurons, 24HC modulates N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA or GluN) receptors, but our understanding of this mechanism is poor. We used whole-cell patch clamp recordings and various pharmacological approaches in mouse brain slices to record isolated NMDAR-mediated (INMDA) tonic and evoked synaptic currents. 24HC (1 μΜ) significantly enhanced tonic, but not evoked, INMDA of dentate gyrus granule cells. The INMDA had both GluN2A and GluN2B-mediated components. Preincubation of the slices with PEAQX (a GluN2A antagonist) or Ro25-6981 (a GluN2B antagonist) dramatically changed the INMDA modulatory potential of 24HC. Ro25-6981 blocked the enhancing effect of 24HC on tonic INMDA, while preincubation with PEAQX had no effect. In cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46A1) knockout mice, in sharp contrast to WT, 24HC slightly decreased the tonic INMDA of granule cells. Furthermore, 24HC had no effect on tonic INMDA of dentate gyrus parvalbumin interneurons (PV-INs), known to express different GluN subunits than granule cells. Taken together, our results revealed a specific enhancement of GluN2B-containing NMDARs by 24HC, indicating a novel endogenous pathway to influence a subclass of NMDARs critically involved in cortical plasticity and in numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wei
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Toshiya Nishi
- Department of Physiology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Shinichi Kondou
- Department of Physiology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Haruhide Kimura
- Department of Physiology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Istvan Mody
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Baranovic J, Plested AJ. Auxiliary subunits keep AMPA receptors compact during activation and desensitization. eLife 2018; 7:40548. [PMID: 30520730 PMCID: PMC6324883 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction at vertebrate excitatory synapses involves the rapid activation of AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate) receptors, glutamate-gated ion channels whose four subunits assemble as a dimer-of-dimers. Technical advances in cryo-electron microscopy brought a slew of full-length structures of AMPA receptors, on their own and in combination with auxiliary subunits. These structures indicate that dimers might undergo substantial lateral motions during gating, opening up the extracellular layer along the central twofold symmetry axis. We used bifunctional methanethiosulfonate cross-linkers to calibrate the conformations found in functional AMPA receptors in the presence and absence of the auxiliary subunit Stargazin. Our data indicate that extracellular layer of AMPA receptors can get trapped in stable, opened-up conformations, especially upon long exposures to glutamate. In contrast, Stargazin limits this conformational flexibility. Thus, under synaptic conditions, where brief glutamate exposures and the presence of auxiliary proteins dominate, extracellular domains of AMPA receptors likely stay compact during gating. The nearly 100 billion neurons in our brain create a complex and intricate network that can relay information in a fraction of a second. Two neurons can communicate with each other by forming a synapse, a specialised structure where the two cells come into close contact. There, the signalling neuron releases chemicals that the receiving cell captures through dedicated receptors embedded in its membrane. For example, the AMPA receptor is a complex assemblage of different subunits that quickly transmits information by opening and closing to let ions move into the receiving cell. These receptors are some of the fastest to react to the released chemicals, allowing information to be encoded swiftly. In fact, it is increasingly clear that epilepsy and deficits in mental processes can be associated with AMPA receptors having a faulty activity. Yet, it is still unknown how exactly these proteins work. In particular, previous studies have shown that an AMPA receptor can go through dramatic changes in its structure, with the different subunits being able to spread apart widely. However, these experiments had to be conducted when the proteins were isolated from membranes and held in a cocktail of activating or deactivating molecules for hours. It is still unclear whether the results hold when AMPA receptors sit at the membrane while assembled with their partner proteins, like they normally do in the brain. Baranovic and Plested went on to investigate this question by using ‘molecular rulers’. These tiny molecules have different lengths, and they act as yardsticks: their sticky ends can attach to specific areas in the protein, helping to measure how these regions move relative to each other when the receptors are on or off. A method called patch clamp electrophysiology was used to determine how much the normal activity of the AMPA receptors was hindered by being bound by the molecular rulers. The results showed that AMPA receptors can undergo large structural changes but these movements require time and are much reduced by partner proteins. In the brain, AMPA receptors in synapses probably lack the freedom and opportunity to move so dramatically when neurons are communicating with each other. Ultimately, knowing how these receptors work and move may help grasp the changes in their activity that cause connections between neurons to become defective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Baranovic
- Institute of Biology, Cellular Biophysics, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew Jr Plested
- Institute of Biology, Cellular Biophysics, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|