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Gomez-Lopez N, Galaz J, Miller D, Farias-Jofre M, Liu Z, Arenas-Hernandez M, Garcia-Flores V, Shaffer Z, Greenberg J, Theis KR, Romero R. The immunobiology of preterm labor and birth: intra-amniotic inflammation or breakdown of maternal-fetal homeostasis. Reproduction 2022; 164:R11-R45. [PMID: 35559791 PMCID: PMC9233101 DOI: 10.1530/rep-22-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In brief The syndrome of preterm labor comprises multiple established and novel etiologies. This review summarizes the distinct immune mechanisms implicated in preterm labor and birth and highlights potential strategies for its prevention. Abstract Preterm birth, the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, results from preterm labor, a syndrome that includes multiple etiologies. In this review, we have summarized the immune mechanisms implicated in intra-amniotic inflammation, the best-characterized cause of preterm labor and birth, as well as novel etiologies non-associated with intra-amniotic inflammation (i.e. formally known as idiopathic). While the intra-amniotic inflammatory responses driven by microbes (infection) or alarmins (sterile) have some overlap in the participating cellular and molecular processes, the distinct natures of these two conditions necessitate the implementation of specific approaches to prevent adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Intra-amniotic infection can be treated with the correct antibiotics, whereas sterile intra-amniotic inflammation could potentially be treated by administering a combination of anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. betamethasone, inflammasome inhibitors, etc.). Recent evidence also supports the role of fetal T-cell activation as a newly described trigger for preterm labor and birth in a subset of cases diagnosed as idiopathic. Moreover, herein we also provide evidence of two maternally-driven immune mechanisms responsible for preterm births formerly considered to be idiopathic. First, the impairment of maternal Tregs can lead to preterm birth, likely due to the loss of immunosuppressive activity resulting in unleashed effector T-cell responses. Secondly, homeostatic macrophages were shown to be essential for maintaining pregnancy and promoting fetal development, and the adoptive transfer of homeostatic M2-polarized macrophages shows great promise for preventing inflammation-induced preterm birth. Collectively, in this review, we discuss the established and novel immune mechanisms responsible for preterm birth and highlight the potential targets for novel strategies aimed at preventing the multi-etiological syndrome of preterm labor leading to preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS); Bethesda, Maryland, 20892 and Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Jose Galaz
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS); Bethesda, Maryland, 20892 and Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Derek Miller
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS); Bethesda, Maryland, 20892 and Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Marcelo Farias-Jofre
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS); Bethesda, Maryland, 20892 and Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Zhenjie Liu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS); Bethesda, Maryland, 20892 and Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Marcia Arenas-Hernandez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS); Bethesda, Maryland, 20892 and Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Valeria Garcia-Flores
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS); Bethesda, Maryland, 20892 and Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Zachary Shaffer
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS); Bethesda, Maryland, 20892 and Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Jonathan Greenberg
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS); Bethesda, Maryland, 20892 and Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Kevin R. Theis
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS); Bethesda, Maryland, 20892 and Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS); Bethesda, Maryland, 20892 and Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
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52
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Augustine T, Kumar M, Al Khodor S, van Panhuys N. Microbial Dysbiosis Tunes the Immune Response Towards Allergic Disease Outcomes. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2022:10.1007/s12016-022-08939-9. [PMID: 35648372 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-022-08939-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hygiene hypothesis has been popularized as an explanation for the rapid increase in allergic disease observed over the past 50 years. Subsequent epidemiological studies have described the protective effects that in utero and early life exposures to an environment high in microbial diversity have in conferring protective benefits against the development of allergic diseases. The rapid advancement in next generation sequencing technology has allowed for analysis of the diverse nature of microbial communities present in the barrier organs and a determination of their role in the induction of allergic disease. Here, we discuss the recent literature describing how colonization of barrier organs during early life by the microbiota influences the development of the adaptive immune system. In parallel, mechanistic studies have delivered insight into the pathogenesis of disease, by demonstrating the comparative effects of protective T regulatory (Treg) cells, with inflammatory T helper 2 (Th2) cells in the development of immune tolerance or induction of an allergic response. More recently, a significant advancement in our understanding into how interactions between the adaptive immune system and microbially derived factors play a central role in the development of allergic disease has emerged. Providing a deeper understanding of the symbiotic relationship between our microbiome and immune system, which explains key observations made by the hygiene hypothesis. By studying how perturbations that drive dysbiosis of the microbiome can cause allergic disease, we stand to benefit by delineating the protective versus pathogenic aspects of human interactions with our microbial companions, allowing us to better harness the use of microbial agents in the design of novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Augustine
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Sidra Medicine, PO BOX 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Microbiome and Host-Microbes Interactions Laboratory, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Souhaila Al Khodor
- Microbiome and Host-Microbes Interactions Laboratory, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
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Abstract
Our skin is the interface through which we mediate lifelong interactions with our surrounding environment. Initial development of the skin's epidermis, adnexal structures, and barrier function is necessary for normal cutaneous microbial colonization, immune development, and prevention of disease. Early life microbial exposures can have unique and long-lasting impacts on skin health. The identity of neonatal skin microbes and the context in which they are first encountered, i.e., through a compromised skin barrier or in conjunction with cutaneous inflammation, can have additional short- and long-term health consequences. Here, we discuss key attributes of infant skin and endogenous and exogenous factors that shape its relationship to the early life cutaneous microbiome, with a focus on their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Dwyer
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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54
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Reitermaier R, Ayub T, Staller J, Kienzl P, Fortelny N, Vieyra-Garcia PA, Worda C, Fiala C, Staud C, Eppel W, Scharrer A, Krausgruber T, Elbe-Bürger A. The molecular and phenotypic makeup of fetal human skin T lymphocytes. Development 2022; 149:dev199781. [PMID: 34604909 PMCID: PMC8601710 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The adult human skin contains a vast number of T cells that are essential for skin homeostasis and pathogen defense. T cells are first observed in the skin at the early stages of gestation; however, our understanding of their contribution to early immunity has been limited by their low abundance and lack of comprehensive methodologies for their assessment. Here, we describe a new workflow for isolating and expanding significant amounts of T cells from fetal human skin. Using multiparametric flow cytometry and in situ immunofluorescence, we found a large population with a naive phenotype and small populations with a memory and regulatory phenotype. Their molecular state was characterized using single-cell transcriptomics and TCR repertoire profiling. Importantly, culture of total fetal skin biopsies facilitated T cell expansion without a substantial impact on their phenotype, a major prerequisite for subsequent functional assays. Collectively, our experimental approaches and data advance the understanding of fetal skin immunity and potential use in future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Reitermaier
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Tanya Ayub
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Julia Staller
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Philip Kienzl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Fortelny
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | | | - Christof Worda
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Christian Fiala
- Gynmed Clinic, Vienna 1150, Austria
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Clement Staud
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Eppel
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Anke Scharrer
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Thomas Krausgruber
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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55
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Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential for HNP-1, HBD-1 and HBD-4 in Pregnant Women with COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073450. [PMID: 35408809 PMCID: PMC8998699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is characterized by significant immunological changes and a cytokine profile, as well as vitamin deficiencies that can cause problems for the correct development of a fetus. Defensins are small antimicrobial peptides that are part of the innate immune system and are involved in several biological activities. Following that, this study aims to compare the levels of various cytokines and to investigate the role of defensins between pregnant women with confirmed COVID-19 infection and pregnant women without any defined risk factor. TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-2 and IL-10, β-defensins, have been evaluated by gene expression in our population. At the same time, by ELISA assay IL-6, IL-8, defensin alpha 1, defensin beta 1 and defensin beta 4 have been measured. The data obtained show that mothers affected by COVID-19 have an increase in pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8) compared to controls; this increase could generate a sort of “protection of the fetus” from virus attacks. Contemporarily, we have an increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and an increase in AMPs, which highlights how the mother’s body is responding to the viral attack. These results allow us to hypothesize a mechanism of “trafficking” of antimicrobial peptides from the mother to the fetus that would help the fetus to protect itself from the infection in progress.
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56
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Bond NG, Fahlberg MD, Yu S, Rout N, Tran D, Fitzpatrick-Schmidt T, Sprehe LM, Scheef EA, Mudd JC, Schaub R, Kaur A. Immunomodulatory potential of in vivo natural killer T (NKT) activation by NKTT320 in Mauritian-origin cynomolgus macaques. iScience 2022; 25:103889. [PMID: 35243248 PMCID: PMC8866157 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T-lymphocytes (iNKT) are unique immunomodulatory innate T cells with an invariant TCRα recognizing glycolipids presented on MHC class-I-like CD1d molecules. Activated iNKT rapidly secrete pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines, potentiate immunity, and modulate inflammation. Here, we report the effects of in vivo iNKT activation in Mauritian-origin cynomolgus macaques by a humanized monoclonal antibody, NKTT320, that binds to the invariant region of the iNKT TCR. NKTT320 led to rapid iNKT activation, increased polyfunctionality, and elevation of multiple plasma analytes within 24 hours. Flow cytometry and RNA-Seq confirmed downstream activation of multiple immune subsets, enrichment of JAK/STAT and PI3K/AKT pathway genes, and upregulation of inflammation-modulating genes. NKTT320 also increased iNKT frequency in adipose tissue and did not cause iNKT anergy. Our data indicate that NKTT320 has a sustained effect on in vivo iNKT activation, potentiation of innate and adaptive immunity, and resolution of inflammation, which supports its future use as an immunotherapeutic. NKTT320 rapidly activates iNKT in vivo, modulating downstream immune function In vivo NKTT320 treatment modulates pro- and anti-inflammatory genes NKTT320 treatment results in activation of innate and adaptive immune subsets NKTT320 has promise as an immunotherapeutic with translational potential
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57
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Toothaker JM, Olaloye O, McCourt BT, McCourt CC, Silva TN, Case RM, Liu P, Yimlamai D, Tseng G, Konnikova L. Immune landscape of human placental villi using single-cell analysis. Development 2022; 149:274057. [PMID: 35050308 PMCID: PMC8935213 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of a healthy pregnancy is reliant on a successful balance between the fetal and maternal immune systems. Although the maternal mechanisms responsible have been well studied, those used by the fetal immune system remain poorly understood. Using suspension mass cytometry and various imaging modalities, we report a complex immune system within the mid-gestation (17-23 weeks) human placental villi (PV). Consistent with recent reports in other fetal organs, T cells with memory phenotypes, although rare in abundance, were detected within the PV tissue and vasculature. Moreover, we determined that T cells isolated from PV samples may be more proliferative after T cell receptor stimulation than adult T cells at baseline. Collectively, we identified multiple subtypes of fetal immune cells within the PV and specifically highlight the enhanced proliferative capacity of fetal PV T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Toothaker
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - Blake T. McCourt
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Collin C. McCourt
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Tatiana N. Silva
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Case
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Dean Yimlamai
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - George Tseng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Liza Konnikova
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA,Program in Human and Translational Immunology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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58
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Moretti L, Stalfort J, Barker TH, Abebayehu D. The interplay of fibroblasts, the extracellular matrix, and inflammation in scar formation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101530. [PMID: 34953859 PMCID: PMC8784641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Various forms of fibrosis, comprising tissue thickening and scarring, are involved in 40% of deaths across the world. Since the discovery of scarless functional healing in fetuses prior to a certain stage of development, scientists have attempted to replicate scarless wound healing in adults with little success. While the extracellular matrix (ECM), fibroblasts, and inflammatory mediators have been historically investigated as separate branches of biology, it has become increasingly necessary to consider them as parts of a complex and tightly regulated system that becomes dysregulated in fibrosis. With this new paradigm, revisiting fetal scarless wound healing provides a unique opportunity to better understand how this highly regulated system operates mechanistically. In the following review, we navigate the four stages of wound healing (hemostasis, inflammation, repair, and remodeling) against the backdrop of adult versus fetal wound healing, while also exploring the relationships between the ECM, effector cells, and signaling molecules. We conclude by singling out recent findings that offer promising leads to alter the dynamics between the ECM, fibroblasts, and inflammation to promote scarless healing. One factor that promises to be significant is fibroblast heterogeneity and how certain fibroblast subpopulations might be predisposed to scarless healing. Altogether, reconsidering fetal wound healing by examining the interplay of the various factors contributing to fibrosis provides new research directions that will hopefully help us better understand and address fibroproliferative diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, systemic sclerosis, progressive kidney disease, and cardiovascular fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Moretti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jack Stalfort
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Thomas Harrison Barker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniel Abebayehu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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59
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Preterm Labor, a Syndrome Attributed to the Combination of External and Internal Factors. MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/fm9.0000000000000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Liang J, Li X, Dong Y, Zhao B. Modeling Human Organ Development and Diseases With Fetal Tissue-Derived Organoids. Cell Transplant 2022; 31:9636897221124481. [PMID: 36121224 PMCID: PMC9490458 DOI: 10.1177/09636897221124481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in human organoid technology have greatly facilitated the study of organ development and pathology. In most cases, these organoids are derived from either pluripotent stem cells or adult stem cells for the modeling of developmental events and tissue homeostasis. However, due to the lack of human fetal tissue references and research model, it is still challenging to capture early developmental changes and underlying mechanisms in human embryonic development. The establishment of fetal tissue–derived organoids in rigorous time points is necessary. Here we provide an overview of the strategies and applications of fetal tissue–derived organoids, mainly focusing on fetal organ development research, developmental defect disease modeling, and organ–organ interaction study. Discussion of the importance of fetal tissue research also highlights the prospects and challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yateng Dong
- bioGenous Biotechnology, Inc., Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Feyaerts D, Urbschat C, Gaudillière B, Stelzer IA. Establishment of tissue-resident immune populations in the fetus. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:747-766. [PMID: 35508672 PMCID: PMC9067556 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00931-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The immune system establishes during the prenatal period from distinct waves of stem and progenitor cells and continuously adapts to the needs and challenges of early postnatal and adult life. Fetal immune development not only lays the foundation for postnatal immunity but establishes functional populations of tissue-resident immune cells that are instrumental for fetal immune responses amidst organ growth and maturation. This review aims to discuss current knowledge about the development and function of tissue-resident immune populations during fetal life, focusing on the brain, lung, and gastrointestinal tract as sites with distinct developmental trajectories. While recent progress using system-level approaches has shed light on the fetal immune landscape, further work is required to describe precise roles of prenatal immune populations and their migration and adaptation to respective organ environments. Defining points of prenatal susceptibility to environmental challenges will support the search for potential therapeutic targets to positively impact postnatal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Feyaerts
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - Christopher Urbschat
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Division of Experimental Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Brice Gaudillière
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - Ina A. Stelzer
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA USA
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Carneiro-Sampaio M, de Jesus AA, Bando SY, Moreira-Filho CA. Inborn Errors of Immunity With Fetal or Perinatal Clinical Manifestations. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:891343. [PMID: 35601409 PMCID: PMC9121170 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.891343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we revised the literature on Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEI) keeping our focus on those diseases presenting with intrauterine or perinatal clinical manifestations. We opted to describe our findings according to the IEI categories established by the International Union of Immunological Societies, predominantly addressing the immunological features of each condition or group of diseases. The main finding is that such precocious manifestations are largely concentrated in the group of primary immune regulatory disorders (PIRDs) and not in the group of classical immunodeficiencies. The IEI categories with higher number of immunological manifestations in utero or in perinatal period are: (i) diseases of immune dysregulation (HLH, IPEX and other Tregopathies, autosomal recessive ALPS with complete lack of FAS protein expression) and (ii) autoinflammatory diseases (NOMID/CINCA, DIRA and some interferonopathies, such as Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, AGS, and USP18 deficiency). Regarding the other IEI categories, some patients with Omenn syndrome (an atypical form of SCID), and a few X-linked CGD patients present with clinical manifestations at birth associated to immune dysregulation. The most frequent clinical features were hydrops fetalis, intrauterine growth retardation leading to fetal loss, stillbirths, and prematurity, as in HLH and IPEX. Additionally, pseudo-TORCH syndrome was observed in AGS and in USP18 deficiency. The main goal of our review was to contribute to increasing the medical awareness of IEI with intrauterine and perinatal onset, which has obvious implications for diagnosis, treatment, and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Carneiro-Sampaio
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao-Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Almeida de Jesus
- Translational Autoinflammatory Disease Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Silvia Yumi Bando
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao-Paulo, Brazil
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Shanahan MA, Aagaard KM, McCullough LB, Chervenak FA, Shamshirsaz AA. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Special Statement: Beyond the scalpel: in utero fetal gene therapy and curative medicine. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 225:B9-B18. [PMID: 34537158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
With the recent advances in gene editing with systems such as CRISPR-Cas9, precise genome editing in utero is on the horizon. Sickle cell disease is an excellent candidate for in utero fetal gene therapy, because the disease is monogenic, causes irreversible harm, and has life-limiting morbidity. Gene therapy has recently been proven to be effective in an adolescent patient. Several hurdles still impede the progress for fetal gene therapy in humans, including an incomplete understanding of the fetal immune system, unclear maternal immune responses to in utero gene therapy, risks of off-target effects from gene editing, gestational age constraints, and ethical questions surrounding fetal genetic intervention. However, none of these barriers appears insurmountable, and the journey to in utero gene therapy for sickle cell disease and other conditions should be well underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Shanahan
- Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, 409 12 St. SW, Washington, DC 20024, USA.
| | - Kjersti M Aagaard
- Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, 409 12 St. SW, Washington, DC 20024, USA.
| | | | - Francis A Chervenak
- Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, 409 12 St. SW, Washington, DC 20024, USA.
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64
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Mayer JU, Hilligan KL, Chandler JS, Eccles DA, Old SI, Domingues RG, Yang J, Webb GR, Munoz-Erazo L, Hyde EJ, Wakelin KA, Tang SC, Chappell SC, von Daake S, Brombacher F, Mackay CR, Sher A, Tussiwand R, Connor LM, Gallego-Ortega D, Jankovic D, Le Gros G, Hepworth MR, Lamiable O, Ronchese F. Homeostatic IL-13 in healthy skin directs dendritic cell differentiation to promote T H2 and inhibit T H17 cell polarization. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:1538-1550. [PMID: 34795444 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The signals driving the adaptation of type 2 dendritic cells (DC2s) to diverse peripheral environments remain mostly undefined. We show that differentiation of CD11blo migratory DC2s-a DC2 population unique to the dermis-required IL-13 signaling dependent on the transcription factors STAT6 and KLF4, whereas DC2s in lung and small intestine were STAT6-independent. Similarly, human DC2s in skin expressed an IL-4 and IL-13 gene signature that was not found in blood, spleen and lung DCs. In mice, IL-13 was secreted homeostatically by dermal innate lymphoid cells and was independent of microbiota, TSLP or IL-33. In the absence of IL-13 signaling, dermal DC2s were stable in number but remained CD11bhi and showed defective activation in response to allergens, with diminished ability to support the development of IL-4+GATA3+ helper T cells (TH), whereas antifungal IL-17+RORγt+ TH cells were increased. Therefore, homeostatic IL-13 fosters a noninflammatory skin environment that supports allergic sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes U Mayer
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Phillips University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kerry L Hilligan
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - David A Eccles
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Samuel I Old
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Rita G Domingues
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Jianping Yang
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Greta R Webb
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Evelyn J Hyde
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town component & Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roxane Tussiwand
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Immune Regulation Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa M Connor
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - David Gallego-Ortega
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Single-Cell Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Dragana Jankovic
- Immunoparasitology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Matthew R Hepworth
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
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65
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Dhariwala MO, Scharschmidt TC. Baby's skin bacteria: first impressions are long-lasting. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:1088-1099. [PMID: 34743922 PMCID: PMC9206859 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early life is a dynamic period for skin microbial colonization and immune development. We postulate that microbial exposures in this period durably alter the skin immune trajectory and later disease susceptibility. Bacteria contribute to infant skin immune imprinting via interactions with microbes as well as with cutaneous epithelial and immune cells. Excellent research is underway at the skin microbiome-immune interface, both in deciphering basic mechanisms and implementing their therapeutic applications. As emphasized herein, focusing on the unique opportunities and challenges presented by microbial immune modulation in early life will be important. In our view, only through dedicated study of skin-microbe crosstalk in this developmental window can we elucidate the molecular underpinnings of pivotal events that contribute to sustained host-microbe symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miqdad O Dhariwala
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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66
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Abstract
Prenatal gene therapy could provide a cure for many monogenic diseases. Prenatal gene therapy has multiple potential advantages over postnatal therapy, including treating before the onset of disease, the ability to induce tolerance and cross the blood-brain barrier. In this chapter, we will describe in utero gene therapy and its rationale, clinical trials of postnatal gene therapy, preclinical studies of in utero gene therapy, and potential risks to the mother and fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa E Schwab
- Center for Maternal-Fetal Precision Medicine
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Tippi C MacKenzie
- Center for Maternal-Fetal Precision Medicine
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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67
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Coons B, Peranteau WH. Prenatal Gene Therapy for Metabolic Disorders. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2021; 64:904-916. [PMID: 34652302 PMCID: PMC8713251 DOI: 10.1097/grf.0000000000000662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has traditionally involved the delivery of exogenous genetic material to a cell-most commonly to replace defective genes causing monogenic disorders. This allows cells to produce proteins that are otherwise absent in sufficient quantities, ideally for a therapeutic purpose. Since its inception over 40 years ago, the field of gene therapy has significantly expanded and now includes targeted gene editing strategies, including, but not limited to, clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Coons
- Center for Fetal Research, Division of General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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68
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Zakis DR, Paulissen E, Kornete L, Kaan AMM, Nicu EA, Zaura E. The evidence for placental microbiome and its composition in healthy pregnancies: A systematic review. J Reprod Immunol 2021; 149:103455. [PMID: 34883392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2021.103455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the available scientific evidence regarding the placental microbial composition of a healthy pregnancy, the quality of this evidence, and the potential relation between placental and oral microbiome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data sources: MEDLINE and EMBASE up to August 1, 2019. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Human subjects; healthy women; term deliveries; healthy normal birth weight; assessment of microorganisms (bacteria) in placental tissue; full research papers in English. The quality of the included studies was assessed by a modified Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies. RESULTS 57 studies passed the inclusion criteria. Of these, 33 had a high risk of quality bias (e.g., insufficient infection control, lack of negative controls, poor description of the healthy cases). The remaining 24 studies had a low (N = 12) to moderate (N = 12) risk of bias and were selected for in-depth analysis. Of these 24 studies, 22 reported microorganisms in placental tissues, where Lactobacillus (11 studies), Ureaplasma (7), Fusobacterium (7), Staphylococcus (7), Prevotella (6) and Streptococcus (6) were among the most frequently identified genera. Methylobacterium (4), Propionibacterium (3), Pseudomonas (3) and Escherichia (2), among others, although frequently reported in placental samples, were often reported as contaminants in studies that used negative controls. CONCLUSIONS The results support the existence of a low biomass placental microbiota in healthy pregnancies. Some of the microbial taxa found in the placenta might have an oral origin. The high risk of quality bias for the majority of the included studies indicates that the results of individual papers should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis R Zakis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Rīga Stradiņš University, Latvia; Department of Cariology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Paulissen
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Liga Kornete
- Faculty of Medicine, Rīga Stradiņš University, Latvia
| | - A M Marije Kaan
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elena A Nicu
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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69
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Taylor M, Pillaye J, Horsnell WGC. Inherent maternal type 2 immunity: Consequences for maternal and offspring health. Semin Immunol 2021; 53:101527. [PMID: 34838445 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An inherent elevation in type 2 immunity is a feature of maternal and offspring immune systems. This has diverse implications for maternal and offspring biology including influencing success of pregnancy, offspring immune development and maternal and offspring ability to control infection and diseases such as allergies. In this review we provide a broad insight into how this immunological feature of pregnancy and early life impacts both maternal and offspring biology. We also suggest how understanding of this axis of immune influence is and may be utilised to improve maternal and offspring health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Taylor
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Ashworth Laboratories, The Kings Buildings, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK.
| | - Jamie Pillaye
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - William Gordon Charles Horsnell
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
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70
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Melcher V, Kerl K. The Growing Relevance of Immunoregulation in Pediatric Brain Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5601. [PMID: 34830753 PMCID: PMC8615622 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric brain tumors are genetically heterogeneous solid neoplasms. With a prevailing poor prognosis and widespread resistance to conventional multimodal therapy, these aggressive tumors are the leading cause of childhood cancer-related deaths worldwide. Advancement in molecular research revealed their unique genetic and epigenetic characteristics and paved the way for more defined prognostication and targeted therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, uncovering the intratumoral metrics on a single-cell level placed non-malignant cell populations such as innate immune cells into the context of tumor manifestation and progression. Targeting immune cells in pediatric brain tumors entails unique challenges but promising opportunities to improve outcome. Herein, we outline the current understanding of the role of the immune regulation in pediatric brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Melcher
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kornelius Kerl
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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71
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Fonseca W, Malinczak CA, Fujimura K, Li D, McCauley K, Li J, Best SKK, Zhu D, Rasky AJ, Johnson CC, Bermick J, Zoratti EM, Ownby D, Lynch SV, Lukacs NW, Ptaschinski C. Maternal gut microbiome regulates immunity to RSV infection in offspring. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212680. [PMID: 34613328 PMCID: PMC8500238 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the immune system can be influenced by diverse extrinsic and intrinsic factors that influence the risk of disease. Severe early life respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is associated with persistent immune alterations. Previously, our group had shown that adult mice orally supplemented with Lactobacillus johnsonii exhibited decreased airway immunopathology following RSV infection. Here, we demonstrate that offspring of mice supplemented with L. johnsonii exhibit reduced airway mucus and Th2 cell–mediated response to RSV infection. Maternal supplementation resulted in a consistent gut microbiome in mothers and their offspring. Importantly, supplemented maternal plasma and breastmilk, and offspring plasma, exhibited decreased inflammatory metabolites. Cross-fostering studies showed that prenatal Lactobacillus exposure led to decreased Th2 cytokines and lung inflammation following RSV infection, while postnatal Lactobacillus exposure diminished goblet cell hypertrophy and mucus production in the lung in response to airway infection. These studies demonstrate that Lactobacillus modulation of the maternal microbiome and associated metabolic reprogramming enhance airway protection against RSV in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Fonseca
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Kei Fujimura
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Danny Li
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kathryn McCauley
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI
| | | | - Diana Zhu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Andrew J Rasky
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Jennifer Bermick
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Edward M Zoratti
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI
| | - Dennis Ownby
- Department of Pediatrics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Susan V Lynch
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Catherine Ptaschinski
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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72
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Jašarević E, Hill EM, Kane PJ, Rutt L, Gyles T, Folts L, Rock KD, Howard CD, Morrison KE, Ravel J, Bale TL. The composition of human vaginal microbiota transferred at birth affects offspring health in a mouse model. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6289. [PMID: 34725359 PMCID: PMC8560944 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborns are colonized by maternal microbiota that is essential for offspring health and development. The composition of these pioneer communities exhibits individual differences, but the importance of this early-life heterogeneity to health outcomes is not understood. Here we validate a human microbiota-associated model in which fetal mice are cesarean delivered and gavaged with defined human vaginal microbial communities. This model replicates the inoculation that occurs during vaginal birth and reveals lasting effects on offspring metabolism, immunity, and the brain in a community-specific manner. This microbial effect is amplified by prior gestation in a maternal obesogenic or vaginal dysbiotic environment where placental and fetal ileum development are altered, and an augmented immune response increases rates of offspring mortality. Collectively, we describe a translationally relevant model to examine the defined role of specific human microbial communities on offspring health outcomes, and demonstrate that the prenatal environment dramatically shapes the postnatal response to inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldin Jašarević
- Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Hill
- Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Patrick J Kane
- Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Lindsay Rutt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Trevonn Gyles
- Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Lillian Folts
- Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Kylie D Rock
- Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Christopher D Howard
- Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Kathleen E Morrison
- Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Tracy L Bale
- Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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73
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Thomas JR, Naidu P, Appios A, McGovern N. The Ontogeny and Function of Placental Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:771054. [PMID: 34745147 PMCID: PMC8566952 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.771054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta is a fetal-derived organ whose function is crucial for both maternal and fetal health. The human placenta contains a population of fetal macrophages termed Hofbauer cells. These macrophages play diverse roles, aiding in placental development, function and defence. The outer layer of the human placenta is formed by syncytiotrophoblast cells, that fuse to form the syncytium. Adhered to the syncytium at sites of damage, on the maternal side of the placenta, is a population of macrophages termed placenta associated maternal macrophages (PAMM1a). Here we discuss recent developments that have led to renewed insight into our understanding of the ontogeny, phenotype and function of placental macrophages. Finally, we discuss how the application of new technologies within placental research are helping us to further understand these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Naomi McGovern
- Department of Pathology and Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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74
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Meincke AS. One or two? A Process View of pregnancy. PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES 2021; 179:1495-1521. [PMID: 35673355 PMCID: PMC9162972 DOI: 10.1007/s11098-021-01716-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
How many individuals are present where we see a pregnant individual? Within a substance ontological framework, there are exactly two possible answers to this question. The standard answer-two individuals-is typically championed by scholars endorsing the predominant Containment View of pregnancy, according to which the foetus resides in the gestating organism like in a container. The alternative answer-one individual-has recently found support in the Parthood View, according to which the foetus is a part of the gestating organism. Here I propose a third answer: a pregnant individual is neither two individuals nor one individual but something in between one and two. This is because organisms are better understood as processes than as substances. With a special focus on the Parthood View, I explain why a Process View of pregnancy, according to which a pregnant individual is a bifurcating hypercomplex process, surpasses the substance ontological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sophie Meincke
- Department of Philosophy, University of Vienna, Neues Institutsgebäude, Room C0210, Universitätsstraße 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria
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75
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Thomas JR, Appios A, Zhao X, Dutkiewicz R, Donde M, Lee CYC, Naidu P, Lee C, Cerveira J, Liu B, Ginhoux F, Burton G, Hamilton RS, Moffett A, Sharkey A, McGovern N. Phenotypic and functional characterization of first-trimester human placental macrophages, Hofbauer cells. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211477. [PMID: 33075123 PMCID: PMC7579740 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hofbauer cells (HBCs) are a population of macrophages found in high abundance within the stroma of the first-trimester human placenta. HBCs are the only fetal immune cell population within the stroma of healthy placenta. However, the functional properties of these cells are poorly described. Aligning with their predicted origin via primitive hematopoiesis, we find that HBCs are transcriptionally similar to yolk sac macrophages. Phenotypically, HBCs can be identified as HLA-DR-FOLR2+ macrophages. We identify a number of factors that HBCs secrete (including OPN and MMP-9) that could affect placental angiogenesis and remodeling. We determine that HBCs have the capacity to play a defensive role, where they are responsive to Toll-like receptor stimulation and are microbicidal. Finally, we also identify a population of placenta-associated maternal macrophages (PAMM1a) that adhere to the placental surface and express factors, such as fibronectin, that may aid in repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake R Thomas
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna Appios
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Maria Donde
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Colin Y C Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Praveena Naidu
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joana Cerveira
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bing Liu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Graham Burton
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Russell S Hamilton
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ashley Moffett
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Sharkey
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Naomi McGovern
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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76
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Wood H, Acharjee A, Pearce H, Quraishi MN, Powell R, Rossiter A, Beggs A, Ewer A, Moss P, Toldi G. Breastfeeding promotes early neonatal regulatory T-cell expansion and immune tolerance of non-inherited maternal antigens. Allergy 2021; 76:2447-2460. [PMID: 33432577 DOI: 10.1111/all.14736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastfeeding is associated with long-term health benefits, such as a lower incidence of childhood infections, asthma, obesity and autoimmune disorders. However, little is known regarding how the maternal and neonatal immune systems interact after parturition when the neonate receives nutrition from maternal breast milk. METHODS We undertook a comparative analysis of immune repertoire and function at birth and 3 weeks of age in a cohort of 38 term neonates born by caesarean section grouped according to feeding method (breast milk versus formula). We used flow cytometry to study the immune phenotype in neonatal and maternal blood samples and mixed lymphocyte reactions to establish the proliferation response of neonatal versus maternal lymphocytes and vice versa. The microbiome of neonatal stool samples was also investigated using 16S rRNA sequencing. RESULTS We show that the proportion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) increases in this period and is nearly twofold higher in exclusively breastfed neonates compared with those who received formula milk only. Moreover, breastfed neonates show a specific and Treg-dependent reduction in proliferative T-cell responses to non-inherited maternal antigens (NIMA), associated with a reduction in inflammatory cytokine production. We also observed the enrichment of short chain fatty acid producing taxa (Veillonella and Gemella) in stool samples of exclusively breastfed neonates. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that exposure of the neonate to maternal cells through breastfeeding acts to drive the maturation of Tregs and 'tolerizes' the neonate towards NIMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wood
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Neonatology, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS FT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Animesh Acharjee
- Centre for Computational Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS FT, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS FT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hayden Pearce
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Richard Powell
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Amanda Rossiter
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew Beggs
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew Ewer
- Department of Neonatology, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS FT, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gergely Toldi
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Neonatology, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS FT, Birmingham, UK
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77
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Okala SG, Darboe MK, Sosseh F, Sonko B, Faye-Joof T, Prentice AM, Moore SE. Seasonal modulation of antibody response to diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination in infants: a cohort study in rural Gambia. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1442. [PMID: 34294074 PMCID: PMC8296693 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In rural Gambia, rates of malnutrition and infection are higher during the annual rainy/'hungry' season (June-October) in comparison to the dry/'harvest' season (November-May). The effects of this seasonal pattern on an infant's immune development and their capacity to respond to childhood vaccinations remain unclear. The aim of the current analysis was to determine whether antibody responses to diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccinations in infants differ between seasons. METHODS Infants received the DTP vaccine at 8, 12 and 16 weeks of age and antibody titres were measured in blood samples collected at 12 (n = 710) and 24 (n = 662) weeks of age. Mean DTP antibody titres, adjusted for maternal and infant confounders, were compared by t-tests and the effect sizes of the mean differences were calculated between seasons at mid-gestation (20 weeks gestation) and first vaccination (8 weeks of infant age). RESULTS A smaller number of infants received their first vaccination during the rainy/hungry season months compared to the dry/harvest season (n = 224 vs. n = 486). At 12 weeks, infants vaccinated during the rainy/hungry season had lower weight-for-length Z-scores (p = 0.01) and were more likely to be anaemic (p < 0.001). Their mothers, however, were pregnant mostly during the dry/harvest season, had higher weight gain (p < 0.001) and were less likely to be anaemic during pregnancy (p < 0.001). At 12 weeks, infants vaccinated during the rainy/hungry season had significantly higher mean diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis antibody titres; by 62.3, 16.9 and 19.7%, respectively (all, p < 0.001). However, at 24 weeks, they had lower mean anti-diphtheria titres (by 20.6%, p < 0.001) compared with infants vaccinated during the dry/harvest season, and no differences were observed in mean tetanus and pertussis antibody titres by vaccination season. CONCLUSIONS Infant antibody response to the primary dose of the DTP vaccine was influenced by both season of pregnancy and infancy, although effects were diminished following three doses. Environmental exposures, including nutrition, to both the mother and infant are hypothesised as likely drivers of these seasonal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra G Okala
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, 10th Floor North Wing, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Momodou K Darboe
- MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Fatou Sosseh
- MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Bakary Sonko
- MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Tisbeh Faye-Joof
- MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Andrew M Prentice
- MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Sophie E Moore
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, 10th Floor North Wing, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
- MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia.
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78
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Marichannegowda MH, Mengual M, Kumar A, Giorgi EE, Tu JJ, Martinez DR, Romero-Severson EO, Li X, Feng L, Permar SR, Gao F. Different evolutionary pathways of HIV-1 between fetus and mother perinatal transmission pairs indicate unique immune selection in fetuses. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100315. [PMID: 34337555 PMCID: PMC8324465 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Study of evolution and selection pressure on HIV-1 in fetuses will lead to a better understanding of the role of immune responses in shaping virus evolution and vertical transmission. Detailed genetic analyses of HIV-1 env gene from 12 in utero transmission pairs show that most infections (67%) occur within 2 months of childbirth. In addition, the env sequences from long-term-infected fetuses are highly divergent and form separate phylogenetic lineages from their cognate maternal viruses. Host-selection sites unique to neonate viruses are identified in regions frequently targeted by neutralizing antibodies and T cell immune responses. Identification of unique selection sites in the env gene of fetal viruses indicates that the immune system in fetuses is capable of exerting selection pressure on viral evolution. Studying selection and evolution of HIV-1 or other viruses in fetuses can be an alternative approach to investigate adaptive immunity in fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Mengual
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Elena E. Giorgi
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Joshua J. Tu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David R. Martinez
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Xiaojun Li
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Liping Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
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79
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Martí I Líndez AA, Reith W. Arginine-dependent immune responses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5303-5324. [PMID: 34037806 PMCID: PMC8257534 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03828-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that, over the course of evolution of the immune system, arginine has been selected as a node for the regulation of immune responses. An appropriate supply of arginine has long been associated with the improvement of immune responses. In addition to being a building block for protein synthesis, arginine serves as a substrate for distinct metabolic pathways that profoundly affect immune cell biology; especially macrophage, dendritic cell and T cell immunobiology. Arginine availability, synthesis, and catabolism are highly interrelated aspects of immune responses and their fine-tuning can dictate divergent pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory immune outcomes. Here, we review the organismal pathways of arginine metabolism in humans and rodents, as essential modulators of the availability of this semi-essential amino acid for immune cells. We subsequently review well-established and novel findings on the functional impact of arginine biosynthetic and catabolic pathways on the main immune cell lineages. Finally, as arginine has emerged as a molecule impacting on a plethora of immune functions, we integrate key notions on how the disruption or perversion of arginine metabolism is implicated in pathologies ranging from infectious diseases to autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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80
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Rahman Qazi K, Jensen GB, van der Heiden M, Björkander S, Marchini G, Jenmalm MC, Abrahamsson T, Sverremark-Ekström E. Extreme prematurity and sepsis strongly influence frequencies and functional characteristics of circulating γδ T and natural killer cells. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1294. [PMID: 34136218 PMCID: PMC8192243 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Extremely low gestational age neonates with extremely low birthweight (ELGAN/ELBW) are highly susceptible to infection. This is linked to their relatively immature immune system which is not yet fully compatible with an extra‐uterine environment. Here, we performed a longitudinal characterisation of unconventional T and natural killer (NK) cells in ELGAN/ELBW during their first months of life. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from 97 ELGAN/ELBW at 14 and 28 days of life and at a time point corresponding to postmenstrual week 36 + 0. γδ T‐cell, NKT‐cell, mucosa‐associated invariant T‐cell and NK cell frequencies and characteristics were analysed by flow cytometry. As control, cells from 14‐day‐old full‐term (FT) infants were included. Results Extreme prematurity had significant bearing on γδ T‐cell and NK cell frequencies and characteristics. ELGAN/ELBW had significantly higher proportions of γδ T cells that were skewed towards effector and effector memory phenotypes, characteristics that were maintained throughout the study period. Expression of the gut homing receptor CCR9 was also more common in γδ T cells from ELGAN/ELBW. Conversely, NK cell frequencies were markedly lower and skewed towards a cytotoxic phenotype in the ELGAN/ELBW group at 14 days of age. Culture‐proven sepsis with an onset during the first 14 days after birth further manifested these differences in the γδ T‐ and NK cell populations at 14 days of age. Conclusion Prematurity strongly influences the levels of γδ T and NK cells, in particular in cases where sepsis debuts during the first 2 weeks of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaleda Rahman Qazi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences The Wenner-Gren Institute Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Georg B Jensen
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden.,Department of Paediatrics Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Marieke van der Heiden
- Department of Molecular Biosciences The Wenner-Gren Institute Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Sophia Björkander
- Department of Molecular Biosciences The Wenner-Gren Institute Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Giovanna Marchini
- Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Maria C Jenmalm
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Thomas Abrahamsson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden.,Department of Paediatrics Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Eva Sverremark-Ekström
- Department of Molecular Biosciences The Wenner-Gren Institute Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
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81
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Jaini R, Wolf MR, Yu Q, King AT, Frazier TW, Eng C. Maternal genetics influences fetal neurodevelopment and postnatal autism spectrum disorder-like phenotype by modulating in-utero immunosuppression. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:348. [PMID: 34091589 PMCID: PMC8179926 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies in ASD have mostly focused on the proband, with no clear understanding of parental genetic contributions to fetal neurodevelopment. Among parental etiological factors, perinatal maternal inflammation secondary to autoimmunity, infections, and toxins is associated with ASD. However, the inherent impact of maternal genetics on in-utero inflammation and fetal neurodevelopment in the absence of strong external inflammatory exposures is not known. We used the PtenWT/m3m4 mouse model for ASD to demonstrate the impact of maternal genetics on the penetrance of ASD-like phenotypes in the offspring. PtenWT/m3m4 (Momm3m4) or PtenWT/WT (MomWT) females, their offspring, and placental interface were analyzed for inflammatory markers, gene expression, and cellular phenotypes at E17.5. Postnatal behavior was tested by comparing pups from Momm3m4 vs. MomWT. Mothers of the PtenWT/m3m4 genotype (Momm3m4) showed inadequate induction of IL-10 mediated immunosuppression during pregnancy. Low IL-10 in the mother was directly correlated with decreased complement expression in the fetal liver. Fetuses from Momm3m4 had increased breakdown of the blood-brain-barrier, neuronal loss, and lack of glial cell maturation during in-utero stages. This impact of maternal genotype translated to a postnatal increase in the risk of newborn mortality, visible macrocephaly and ASD-like repetitive and social behaviors. Depending on maternal genotype, non-predisposed (wildtype) offspring showed ASD-like phenotypes, and phenotypic penetrance was decreased in predisposed pups from MomWT. Our study introduces the concept that maternal genetics alone, without any added external inflammatory insults, can modulate fetal neurodevelopment and ASD-related phenotypes in the offspring via alteration of IL-10 mediated materno-fetal immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Jaini
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Matthew R Wolf
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Qi Yu
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Alexander T King
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Thomas W Frazier
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Psychology, John Carroll University, University Heights, Cleveland, OH, 44118, USA
- Autism Speaks, Cleveland, OH, 44131, USA
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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82
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Wang Y, Xie Y, Luo J, Guo M, Hu X, Chen X, Chen Z, Lu X, Mao L, Zhang K, Wei L, Ma Y, Wang R, Zhou J, He C, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Chen S, Shen L, Chen Y, Qiu N, Liu Y, Cui Y, Liao G, Liu Y, Chen C. Engineering a self-navigated MnARK nanovaccine for inducing potent protective immunity against novel coronavirus. NANO TODAY 2021; 38:101139. [PMID: 33758593 PMCID: PMC7972805 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Effective vaccines are vital to fight against the COVID-19 global pandemic. As a critical component of a subunit vaccine, the adjuvant is responsible for strengthening the antigen-induced immune responses. Here, we present a new nanovaccine that comprising the Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) of spike protein and the manganese nanoadjuvant (MnARK), which induces humoral and cellular responses. Notably, even at a 5-fold lower antigen dose and with fewer injections, the MnARK vaccine immunized mice showed stronger neutralizing abilities against the infection of the pseudovirus (~270-fold) and live coronavirus (>8-fold) in vitro than that of Alum-adsorbed RBD vaccine (Alu-RBD). Furthermore, we found that the effective co-delivery of RBD antigen and MnARK to lymph nodes (LNs) elicited an increased cellular internalization and the activation of immune cells, including DCs, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Our findings highlight the importance of MnARK adjuvant in the design of novel coronavirus vaccines and provide a rationale strategy to design protective vaccines through promoting cellular internalization and the activation of immune-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangdong 510700, China
| | - Yuping Xie
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, China
| | - Mengyu Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuhao Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinyi Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lichun Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liangnian Wei
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, China
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Yunfei Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, China
| | - Ruixin Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Chunyan He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, China
| | - Yufang Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, China
| | - Sisi Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, China
| | - Lijuan Shen
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Nasha Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yanyan Cui
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optoelectronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guoyang Liao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangdong 510700, China
- Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
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83
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Mishra A, Lai GC, Yao LJ, Aung TT, Shental N, Rotter-Maskowitz A, Shepherdson E, Singh GSN, Pai R, Shanti A, Wong RMM, Lee A, Khyriem C, Dutertre CA, Chakarov S, Srinivasan KG, Shadan NB, Zhang XM, Khalilnezhad S, Cottier F, Tan ASM, Low G, Chen P, Fan Y, Hor PX, Lee AKM, Choolani M, Vermijlen D, Sharma A, Fuks G, Straussman R, Pavelka N, Malleret B, McGovern N, Albani S, Chan JKY, Ginhoux F. Microbial exposure during early human development primes fetal immune cells. Cell 2021; 184:3394-3409.e20. [PMID: 34077752 PMCID: PMC8240556 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human fetal immune system begins to develop early during gestation; however, factors responsible for fetal immune-priming remain elusive. We explored potential exposure to microbial agents in utero and their contribution toward activation of memory T cells in fetal tissues. We profiled microbes across fetal organs using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and detected low but consistent microbial signal in fetal gut, skin, placenta, and lungs in the 2nd trimester of gestation. We identified several live bacterial strains including Staphylococcus and Lactobacillus in fetal tissues, which induced in vitro activation of memory T cells in fetal mesenteric lymph node, supporting the role of microbial exposure in fetal immune-priming. Finally, using SEM and RNA-ISH, we visualized discrete localization of bacteria-like structures and eubacterial-RNA within 14th weeks fetal gut lumen. These findings indicate selective presence of live microbes in fetal organs during the 2nd trimester of gestation and have broader implications toward the establishment of immune competency and priming before birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archita Mishra
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Ghee Chuan Lai
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Leong Jing Yao
- Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 8, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Thet Tun Aung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Noam Shental
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Open University of Israel, Ra'anana 4353701, Israel
| | - Aviva Rotter-Maskowitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Edwin Shepherdson
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Gurmit Singh Naranjan Singh
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Rhea Pai
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A(∗)STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Adhika Shanti
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Regina Men Men Wong
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A(∗)STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Andrea Lee
- Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 8, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Costerwell Khyriem
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Charles Antoine Dutertre
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 8, Singapore 169856, Singapore; Program in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Svetoslav Chakarov
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - K G Srinivasan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Nurhidaya Binte Shadan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Xiao-Meng Zhang
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Shabnam Khalilnezhad
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Fabien Cottier
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Alrina Shin Min Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Gillian Low
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Phyllis Chen
- Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 8, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore; Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Pei Xiang Hor
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Avery Khoo May Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Mahesh Choolani
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singpore
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Institute for Medical Immunology, ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A(∗)STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre and Centre for Medical Research, the University of Western Australia, PO Box 7214, 6 Verdun Street, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Garold Fuks
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ravid Straussman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Norman Pavelka
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Naomi McGovern
- Department of Pathology and Centre for Trophoblast Research, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Salvatore Albani
- Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 8, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
| | - Jerry Kok Yen Chan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore; Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; OBGYN-Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 119077, Singapore.
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 8, Singapore 169856, Singapore; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
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84
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Allergic Food Sensitization and Disease Manifestation in the Fetus and Infant: A Perspective. ALLERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/allergies1020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though allergic disease is identified in the first year of life, it is often in a less forward fashion, with elements of a wait and see approach. If the infant does not have an anaphylactic food reaction, other less dramatic allergic phenomenon is often under-emphasized, waiting for additional concerns. We approached this with a conception to first conduct birthday surveys, attempting to link intrauterine and peri-birth circumstances to affect better allergy recognition in young infants.
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85
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Abstract
The immune system has coevolved with extensive microbial communities living on barrier sites that are collectively known as the microbiota. It is increasingly clear that microbial antigens and metabolites engage in a constant dialogue with the immune system, leading to microbiota-specific immune responses that occur in the absence of inflammation. This form of homeostatic immunity encompasses many arms of immunity, including B cell responses, innate-like T cells, and conventional T helper and T regulatory responses. In this review we summarize known examples of innate-like T cell and adaptive immunity to the microbiota, focusing on fundamental aspects of commensal immune recognition across different barrier sites. Furthermore, we explore how this cross talk is established during development, emphasizing critical temporal windows that establish long-term immune function. Finally, we highlight how dysregulation of immunity to the microbiota can lead to inflammation and disease, and we pinpoint outstanding questions and controversies regarding immune system-microbiota interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Ansaldo
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA;
| | - Taylor K Farley
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA; .,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA; .,Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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86
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Miah M, Goh I, Haniffa M. Prenatal Development and Function of Human Mononuclear Phagocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:649937. [PMID: 33898444 PMCID: PMC8060508 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.649937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human mononuclear phagocyte (MP) system, which includes dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages, is a critical regulator of innate and adaptive immune responses. During embryonic development, MPs derive sequentially in yolk sac progenitors, fetal liver, and bone marrow haematopoietic stem cells. MPs maintain tissue homeostasis and confer protective immunity in post-natal life. Recent evidence - primarily in animal models - highlight their critical role in coordinating the remodeling, maturation, and repair of target organs during embryonic and fetal development. However, the molecular regulation governing chemotaxis, homeostasis, and functional diversification of resident MP cells in their respective organ systems during development remains elusive. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the development and functional contribution of tissue MPs during human organ development and morphogenesis and its relevance to regenerative medicine. We outline how single-cell multi-omic approaches and next-generation ex-vivo organ-on-chip models provide new experimental platforms to study the role of human MPs during development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohi Miah
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Issac Goh
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
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87
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Reitermaier R, Krausgruber T, Fortelny N, Ayub T, Vieyra-Garcia PA, Kienzl P, Wolf P, Scharrer A, Fiala C, Kölz M, Hiess M, Vierhapper M, Schuster C, Spittler A, Worda C, Weninger W, Bock C, Eppel W, Elbe-Bürger A. αβγδ T cells play a vital role in fetal human skin development and immunity. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20201189. [PMID: 33561194 PMCID: PMC7876551 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells in human skin play an important role in the immune defense against pathogens and tumors. T cells are present already in fetal skin, where little is known about their cellular phenotype and biological function. Using single-cell analyses, we identified a naive T cell population expressing αβ and γδ T cell receptors (TCRs) that was enriched in fetal skin and intestine but not detected in other fetal organs and peripheral blood. TCR sequencing data revealed that double-positive (DP) αβγδ T cells displayed little overlap of CDR3 sequences with single-positive αβ T cells. Gene signatures, cytokine profiles and in silico receptor-ligand interaction studies indicate their contribution to early skin development. DP αβγδ T cells were phosphoantigen responsive, suggesting their participation in the protection of the fetus against pathogens in intrauterine infections. Together, our analyses unveil a unique cutaneous T cell type within the native skin microenvironment and point to fundamental differences in the immune surveillance between fetal and adult human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Reitermaier
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Krausgruber
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Fortelny
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanya Ayub
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Philip Kienzl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anke Scharrer
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Fiala
- Gynmed Clinic, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marita Kölz
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Hiess
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Vierhapper
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Andreas Spittler
- Core Facilities, Flow Cytometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christof Worda
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Eppel
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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88
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Stephenson E, Webb S, Haniffa M. Multiomics uncovers developing immunological lineages in human. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:764-772. [PMID: 33569778 PMCID: PMC8600952 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The development of the human immune system during embryonic and fetal life has historically been difficult to research due to limited access to human tissue. Experimental animal models have been widely used to study development but cellular and molecular programmes may not be conserved across species. The advent of multiomic single-cell technologies and an increase in human developmental tissue biobank resources have facilitated single-cell multiomic studies focused on human immune development. A critical question in the near future is "How do we best reconcile scientific findings across multiple omic modalities, developmental time, and organismic space?" In this review, we discuss the application of single-cell multiomic technologies to unravel the major cellular lineages in the prenatal human immune system. We also identify key areas where the combined power of multiomics technologies can be leveraged to address specific immunological gaps in our current knowledge and explore new research horizons in human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Stephenson
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle Upon TyneNE2 4HHUK
| | - Simone Webb
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle Upon TyneNE2 4HHUK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle Upon TyneNE2 4HHUK
- Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research CentreNewcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustNewcastle Upon TyneUK
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89
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Briceno Noriega D, Savelkoul HFJ. Vitamin D and Allergy Susceptibility during Gestation and Early Life. Nutrients 2021; 13:1015. [PMID: 33801051 PMCID: PMC8003945 DOI: 10.3390/nu13031015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, the prevalence of allergies in young children, but also vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and in newborns is rising. Vitamin D modulates the development and activity of the immune system and a low vitamin D status during pregnancy and in early life might be associated with an increased risk to develop an allergy during early childhood. This review studies the effects of vitamin D during gestation and early life, on allergy susceptibility in infants. The bioactive form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D, inhibits maturation and results in immature dendritic cells that cause a decreased differentiation of naive T cells into effector T cells. Nevertheless, the development of regulatory T cells and the production of interleukin-10 was increased. Consequently, a more tolerogenic immune response developed against antigens. Secondly, binding of 1,25(OH)2D to epithelial cells induces the expression of tight junction proteins resulting in enhanced epithelial barrier function. Thirdly, 1,25(OH)2D increased the expression of anti-microbial peptides by epithelial cells that also promoted the defense mechanism against pathogens, by preventing an invasive penetration of pathogens. Immune intervention by vitamin D supplementation can mitigate the disease burden from asthma and allergy. In conclusion, our review indicates that a sufficient vitamin D status during gestation and early life can lower the susceptibility to develop an allergy in infants although there remains a need for more causal evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huub F. J. Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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90
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Kyei JM, Manu A, Kotoh AM, Adjei CA, Ankomah A. Beliefs about children and the psychosocial implications of infertility on individuals seeking assisted fertilization in Ghana. REPRODUCTIVE BIOMEDICINE & SOCIETY ONLINE 2021; 12:88-95. [PMID: 33898794 PMCID: PMC8053779 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbms.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Infertility presents challenges to individuals and couples, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to document beliefs about childbearing/children and the psychosocial implications of infertility in individuals seeking assisted fertilization in the Ghanaian context. The study had an exploratory descriptive qualitative design. Six males and 12 females were recruited purposefully from five private fertility centres in the Greater Accra Region. Face-to-face interviews were performed. In Ghanaian society, couples and individuals with infertility who are seeking assisted fertilization consider having biological children to be important. The quest to have children was broadly centred on the associated benefits of being a parent, including societal recognition, the role of family inheritance, and support. The inability of participants to have biological children was found to have a negative effect on their psychological and social well-being. Anxiety, worry, hopelessness, stigma and suicidal ideations were some of the effects identified. It is recommended that those seeking assisted fertilization should be supported through counselling to minimize the potential negative effects of childlessness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adom Manu
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Agnes M. Kotoh
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Augustine Ankomah
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Population Council, Accra, Ghana
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91
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Callaway PC, Farrington LA, Feeney ME. Malaria and Early Life Immunity: Competence in Context. Front Immunol 2021; 12:634749. [PMID: 33679787 PMCID: PMC7933008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood vaccines have been the cornerstone tool of public health over the past century. A major barrier to neonatal vaccination is the “immaturity” of the infant immune system and the inefficiency of conventional vaccine approaches at inducing immunity at birth. While much of the literature on fetal and neonatal immunity has focused on the early life propensity toward immune tolerance, recent studies indicate that the fetus is more immunologically capable than previously thought, and can, in some circumstances, mount adaptive B and T cell responses to perinatal pathogens in utero. Although significant hurdles remain before these findings can be translated into vaccines and other protective strategies, they should lend optimism to the prospect that neonatal and even fetal vaccination is achievable. Next steps toward this goal should include efforts to define the conditions for optimal stimulation of infant immune responses, including antigen timing, dose, and route of delivery, as well as antigen presentation pathways and co-stimulatory requirements. A better understanding of these factors will enable optimal deployment of vaccines against malaria and other pathogens to protect infants during their period of greatest vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perri C Callaway
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lila A Farrington
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Margaret E Feeney
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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92
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Abstract
Significant advances in the safety and efficacy of gene therapy have sparked a new frontier in therapeutics for genetic diseases as evidenced by the greater than 700 active gene therapy investigational new drug applications reported by the NIH and the US Food and Drug Association. Although postnatal gene therapy trials are encouraging, limitations to effective therapy including an immune barrier and initiation of treatment after disease onset can exist. Advances in prenatal diagnostics provide hope that many genetic abnormalities will be able to be diagnosed before birth. Prenatal gene therapy has the potential to take advantage of normal developmental properties of the fetus and overcome some of the current limitations to efficient postnatal gene therapy. The rationale for prenatal gene therapy includes the small fetal size, the tolerogenic fetal immune system, the presence of highly proliferative and accessible stem/progenitor cells of multiple organs, and, ultimately, the ability to treat diseases in which irreversible pathology begins prior to birth. This rationale is based on and supported by a number of published animal studies. Unique ethical considerations exist in the context of prenatal gene therapy, including the importance of rigorous evaluation of the effect of the therapy on fetal germ cells and developing organs as well as the mother. To date, animal studies have not demonstrated any significant germline or maternal effect of prenatal gene therapy. Finally, practical considerations of future clinical prenatal gene therapy will include, but not be limited to, determining the initial target disease characteristics and the importance of non-directive prenatal counseling of families carrying a fetus with a genetic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Peranteau
- Division of Pediatric General, Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, The Center for Fetal Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, ARC 1116E, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Alan W Flake
- Division of Pediatric General, Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, The Center for Fetal Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, ARC 1116E, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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93
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Environmental signals rather than layered ontogeny imprint the function of type 2 conventional dendritic cells in young and adult mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:464. [PMID: 33469015 PMCID: PMC7815729 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDC) are key activators of naive T cells, and can be targeted in adults to induce adaptive immunity, but in early life are considered under-developed or functionally immature. Here we show that, in early life, when the immune system develops, cDC2 exhibit a dual hematopoietic origin and, like other myeloid and lymphoid cells, develop in waves. Developmentally distinct cDC2 in early life, despite being distinguishable by fate mapping, are transcriptionally and functionally similar. cDC2 in early and adult life, however, are exposed to distinct cytokine environments that shape their transcriptional profile and alter their ability to sense pathogens, secrete cytokines and polarize T cells. We further show that cDC2 in early life, despite being distinct from cDC2 in adult life, are functionally competent and can induce T cell responses. Our results thus highlight the potential of harnessing cDC2 for boosting immunity in early life.
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94
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Thorsen SU, Collier F, Pezic A, O'Hely M, Clarke M, Tang MLK, Burgner D, Vuillermin P, Ponsonby AL. Maternal and Cord Blood 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 Are Associated with Increased Cord Blood and Naive and Activated Regulatory T Cells: The Barwon Infant Study. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:874-882. [PMID: 33431661 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D has shown immune-modulatory effects but mostly in in vitro and animal studies. Regulatory T cells (Treg) are important for a balanced immune system. The relationship between vitamin D on the number of circulating neonatal Treg is unclear. We sought to investigate the association between maternal and neonatal vitamin D metabolites and cord blood (CB) Treg subsets. In a cohort of Australian infants (n = 1074), recruited using an unselected antenatal sampling frame, 158 mother-infant pairs had data on the following: 1) 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) measures in both maternal peripheral blood (28- to 32-wk gestation) and infant CB; 2) proportions (percentage of CD4+ T cells) of CB Treg subsets (CD4+CD45RA+ FOXP3low naive Treg, and CD4+CD45RA- FOXP3high activated Treg [aTreg]); and 3) possible confounders, including maternal personal UV radiation. Multiple regression analyses were used. The median 25(OH)D3 was 85.4 and 50.7 nmol/l for maternal and CB samples, respectively. Higher maternal 25(OH)D3 levels were associated with increased CB naive Treg (relative adjusted mean difference [AMD] per 25 nmol/l increase: 5%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1-9%), and aTreg (AMD per 25 nmol/l increase: 17%; 95% CI: 6-28%). Furthermore, a positive association between CB 25(OH)D3 levels and CB aTreg (AMD per 25 nmol/l increase: 29%; 95% CI: 13-48%) was also evident. These results persisted after adjustment for other factors such as maternal personal UV radiation and season of birth. 25(OH)D3, may play a role in the adaptive neonatal immune system via induction of FOXP3+ Tregs. Further studies of immune priming actions of antenatal 25(OH)D3 are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen U Thorsen
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Fiona Collier
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Geelong Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory, University Hospital, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.,Child Research Unit, University Hospital, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.,School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Angela Pezic
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Martin O'Hely
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Michael Clarke
- Biological and Molecular Mass Spectrometry Facility, Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; and
| | - Mimi L K Tang
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David Burgner
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Peter Vuillermin
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Child Research Unit, University Hospital, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.,School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Anne-Louise Ponsonby
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; .,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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95
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Gałecka M, Bliźniewska-Kowalska K, Maes M, Su KP, Gałecki P. Update on the neurodevelopmental theory of depression: is there any 'unconscious code'? Pharmacol Rep 2020; 73:346-356. [PMID: 33385173 PMCID: PMC7994228 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Depression is currently one of the most common psychiatric disorders and the number of patients receiving antidepressant treatment is increasing every year. Therefore, it is essential to understand the underlying mechanisms that are associated with higher prevalence of depression. The main component leading to the change in functioning, in the form of apathy, anhedonia, lack of motivation and sleep disturbances, is stress. This is the factor that in recent decades—due to the civilization speed, dynamic technological development as well as competitiveness and competition in relationships—significantly affects the psychophysical condition, which results in an increase in the prevalence of civilization diseases, including depression. To understand the mechanism of susceptibility to this disease, one should consider the significant role of the interaction between immune and nervous systems. Their joint development from the moment of conception is a matrix of later predispositions, both associated with the mobilization of the proinflammatory pathways (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6) and associated with psychological coping with stress. Such an early development period is associated with epigenetic processes that are strongly marked in prenatal development up to 1 year of age and determinate the characteristic phenotype for various forms of pathology, including depression. Regarding the inflammatory hypothesis of depression, interleukin 17 (IL-17), among other proinflammatory cytokines, might play an important role in the development of depressive disorders. It is secreted by Th17 cells, crossed the placental barrier and acts on the brain structures of the fetus by increasing IL-17 receptor levels and affecting the intensity of its signaling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Gałecka
- Department of Psychotherapy, Medical University of Lodz, Aleksandrowska 159, 91-229, Lodz, Poland.
| | | | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Piotr Gałecki
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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96
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Jain N. The early life education of the immune system: Moms, microbes and (missed) opportunities. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1824564. [PMID: 33043833 PMCID: PMC7781677 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1824564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The early life immune system is characterized by unique developmental milestones. Functionally diverse immune cells arise from distinct waves of hematopoietic stem cells, a phenomenon referred to as 'layered' immunity. This stratified development of immune cells extends to lineages of both innate and adaptive cells. The defined time window for the development of these immune cells lends itself to the influence of specific exposures typical of the early life period. The perinatal immune system develops in a relatively sterile fetal environment but emerges into one filled with a multitude of antigenic encounters. A major burden of this comes in the form of the microbiota that is being newly established at mucosal surfaces of the newborn. Accumulating evidence suggests that early life microbial exposures, including those arising in utero, can imprint long-lasting changes in the offspring's immune system and determine disease risk throughout life. In this review, I highlight unique features of early life immunity and explore the role of intestinal bacteria in educating the developing immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Jain
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Charlestown, MA, USA
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97
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Dhariwala MO, Karthikeyan D, Vasquez KS, Farhat S, Weckel A, Taravati K, Leitner EG, Clancy S, Pauli M, Piper ML, Cohen JN, Ashouri JF, Lowe MM, Rosenblum MD, Scharschmidt TC. Developing Human Skin Contains Lymphocytes Demonstrating a Memory Signature. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2020; 1:100132. [PMID: 33294857 PMCID: PMC7691438 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes in barrier tissues play critical roles in host defense and homeostasis. These cells take up residence in tissues during defined developmental windows, when they may demonstrate distinct phenotypes and functions. Here, we utilized mass and flow cytometry to elucidate early features of human skin immunity. Although most conventional αβ T (Tconv) cells in fetal skin have a naive, proliferative phenotype, a subset of CD4+ Tconv and CD8+ cells demonstrate memory-like features and a propensity for interferon (IFN)γ production. Skin regulatory T cells dynamically accumulate over the second trimester in temporal and regional association with hair follicle development. These fetal skin regulatory T cells (Tregs) demonstrate an effector memory phenotype while differing from their adult counterparts in expression of key effector molecules. Thus, we identify features of prenatal skin lymphocytes that may have key implications for understanding antigen and allergen encounters in utero and in infancy. CyTOF reveals a complex lymphocyte landscape in developing human skin Developing skin contains CD45RO+ conventional T cells with propensity to produce IFNγ Regulatory T cells (Tregs) in skin before birth display effector memory properties Skin Tregs increase in conjunction with initial hair follicle morphogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Miqdad O Dhariwala
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dhuvarakesh Karthikeyan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kimberly S Vasquez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sepideh Farhat
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Antonin Weckel
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Keyon Taravati
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Leitner
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sean Clancy
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mariela Pauli
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Merisa L Piper
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jarish N Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Judith F Ashouri
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Margaret M Lowe
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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98
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Tieppo P, Papadopoulou M, Gatti D, McGovern N, Chan JKY, Gosselin F, Goetgeluk G, Weening K, Ma L, Dauby N, Cogan A, Donner C, Ginhoux F, Vandekerckhove B, Vermijlen D. The human fetal thymus generates invariant effector γδ T cells. J Exp Med 2020; 217:132616. [PMID: 31816633 PMCID: PMC7062527 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tieppo et al. show that the human fetal thymus generates invariant γδ T cells with programmed effector functions. This is due to an intrinsic property of fetal HSPCs caused by high expression of the RNA-binding protein Lin28b. In the mouse thymus, invariant γδ T cells are generated at well-defined times during development and acquire effector functions before exiting the thymus. However, whether such thymic programming and age-dependent generation of invariant γδ T cells occur in humans is not known. Here we found that, unlike postnatal γδ thymocytes, human fetal γδ thymocytes were functionally programmed (e.g., IFNγ, granzymes) and expressed low levels of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). This low level of TdT resulted in a low number of N nucleotide insertions in the complementarity-determining region-3 (CDR3) of their TCR repertoire, allowing the usage of short homology repeats within the germline-encoded VDJ segments to generate invariant/public cytomegalovirus-reactive CDR3 sequences (TRGV8-TRJP1-CATWDTTGWFKIF, TRDV2-TRDD3-CACDTGGY, and TRDV1-TRDD3-CALGELGD). Furthermore, both the generation of invariant TCRs and the intrathymic acquisition of effector functions were due to an intrinsic property of fetal hematopoietic stem and precursor cells (HSPCs) caused by high expression of the RNA-binding protein Lin28b. In conclusion, our data indicate that the human fetal thymus generates, in an HSPC/Lin28b-dependent manner, invariant γδ T cells with programmed effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Tieppo
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Maria Papadopoulou
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Deborah Gatti
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Naomi McGovern
- Department of Pathology and Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jerry K Y Chan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,OBGYN-Academic Clinical Program, Duke-National University of Singapore, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Françoise Gosselin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Glenn Goetgeluk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karin Weening
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Dauby
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Cogan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Catherine Donner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Bart Vandekerckhove
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
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99
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Sharma A, Seow JJW, Dutertre CA, Pai R, Blériot C, Mishra A, Wong RMM, Singh GSN, Sudhagar S, Khalilnezhad S, Erdal S, Teo HM, Khalilnezhad A, Chakarov S, Lim TKH, Fui ACY, Chieh AKW, Chung CP, Bonney GK, Goh BKP, Chan JK, Chow PK, Ginhoux F, DasGupta R. Onco-fetal Reprogramming of Endothelial Cells Drives Immunosuppressive Macrophages in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cell 2020; 183:377-394.e21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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100
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Oschwald A, Petry P, Kierdorf K, Erny D. CNS Macrophages and Infant Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2123. [PMID: 33072074 PMCID: PMC7531029 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) harbors its own immune system composed of microglia in the parenchyma and CNS-associated macrophages (CAMs) in the perivascular space, leptomeninges, dura mater, and choroid plexus. Recent advances in understanding the CNS resident immune cells gave new insights into development, maturation and function of its immune guard. Microglia and CAMs undergo essential steps of differentiation and maturation triggered by environmental factors as well as intrinsic transcriptional programs throughout embryonic and postnatal development. These shaping steps allow the macrophages to adapt to their specific physiological function as first line of defense of the CNS and its interfaces. During infancy, the CNS might be targeted by a plethora of different pathogens which can cause severe tissue damage with potentially long reaching defects. Therefore, an efficient immune response of infant CNS macrophages is required even at these early stages to clear the infections but may also lead to detrimental consequences for the developing CNS. Here, we highlight the recent knowledge of the infant CNS immune system during embryonic and postnatal infections and the consequences for the developing CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Oschwald
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Petry
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Kierdorf
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,CIBBS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Erny
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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