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Bi H, Karanth SS, Ye K, Stein R, Jin S. Decellularized Tissue Matrix Enhances Self-Assembly of Islet Organoids from Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:4155-4165. [PMID: 33463310 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regenerating human islet organoids from stem cells remains a significant challenge because of our limited knowledge on cues essential for developing the endocrine organoids in vitro. In this study, we discovered that a natural material prepared from a decellularized rat pancreatic extracellular matrix (dpECM) induces the self-assembly of human islet organoids during induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) pancreatic differentiation. For the first time, we demonstrated that the iPSC-derived islet organoids formed in the presence of the dpECM are capable of glucose-responsive secretion of both insulin and glucagon, two major hormones that maintain blood glucose homeostasis. The characterization of the organoids revealed that the organoids consisted of all major endocrine cell types, including α, β, δ, and pancreatic polypeptide cells, that were assembled into a tissue architecture similar to that of human islets. The exposure of iPSCs to the dpECM during differentiation resulted in considerably elevated expression of key pancreatic transcription factors such as PDX-1, MAFA, and NKX6.1 and the production of all major hormones, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide from stem cell-derived organoids. This study highlights the importance of natural, bioactive biomaterials for building microenvironments crucial to regenerating islet organoids from stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjing Bi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Soujanya S Karanth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Kaiming Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, New York 13902, United States.,Center of Biomanufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Roland Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Sha Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, New York 13902, United States.,Center of Biomanufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
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52
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Lorberbaum DS, Docherty FM, Sussel L. Animal Models of Pancreas Development, Developmental Disorders, and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1236:65-85. [PMID: 32304069 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2389-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pancreas is a glandular organ responsible for diverse homeostatic functions, including hormone production from the endocrine islet cells to regulate blood sugar levels and enzyme secretion from the exocrine acinar cells to facilitate food digestion. These pancreatic functions are essential for life; therefore, preserving pancreatic function is of utmost importance. Pancreas dysfunction can arise either from developmental disorders or adult onset disease, both of which are caused by defects in shared molecular pathways. In this chapter, we discuss what is known about the molecular mechanisms controlling pancreas development, how disruption of these mechanisms can lead to developmental defects and disease, and how essential pancreas functions can be modeled using human pluripotent stem cells. At the core of understanding of these molecular processes are animal model studies that continue to be essential for elucidating the mechanisms underlying human pancreatic functions and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Lorberbaum
- Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Fiona M Docherty
- Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lori Sussel
- Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
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53
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Lin JY, Cheng J, Du YQ, Pan W, Zhang Z, Wang J, An J, Yang F, Xu YF, Lin H, An WT, Wang J, Yang Z, Chai RJ, Sha XY, Hu HL, Sun JP, Yu X. In vitro expansion of pancreatic islet clusters facilitated by hormones and chemicals. Cell Discov 2020; 6:20. [PMID: 32284878 PMCID: PMC7136205 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-0159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration, such as pancreatic islet tissue propagation in vitro, could serve as a promising strategy for diabetes therapy and personalised drug testing. However, such a strategy has not been realised yet. Propagation could be divided into two steps, in vitro expansion and repeated passaging. Even the first step of the in vitro islet expansion has not been achieved to date. Here, we describe a method that enables the expansion of islet clusters isolated from pregnant mice or wild-type rats by employing a combination of specific regeneration factors and chemical compounds in vitro. The expanded islet clusters expressed insulin, glucagon and somatostatin, which are markers corresponding to pancreatic β cells, α cells and δ cells, respectively. These different types of cells grouped together, were spatially organised and functioned similarly to primary islets. Further mechanistic analysis revealed that forskolin in our recipe contributed to renewal and regeneration, whereas exendin-4 was essential for preserving islet cell identity. Our results provide a novel method for the in vitro expansion of islet clusters, which is an important step forward in developing future protocols and media used for islet tissue propagation in vitro. Such method is important for future regenerative diabetes therapies and personalised medicines using large amounts of pancreatic islets derived from the same person.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yu Lin
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Ya-Qin Du
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Jie An
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Yun-Fei Xu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Hui Lin
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Wen-Tao An
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Ren-Jie Chai
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Xue-Ying Sha
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Li Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Jin-Peng Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, 100191 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
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54
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Seetharaman R, Mahmood A, Kshatriya P, Patel D, Srivastava A. An Overview on Stem Cells in Tissue Regeneration. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2086-2098. [PMID: 31298159 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190705211705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deteriorations in tissues and decline in organ functions, due to chronic diseases or with advancing age or sometimes due to infections or injuries, can severely compromise the quality of life of an individual. Regenerative medicine, a field of medical research focuses on replacing non-functional or dead cells or repairing or regenerating tissues and organs to restore normal functions of an impaired organ. Approaches used in regenerative therapy for achieving the objective employ a number of means which include soluble biomolecules, stem cell transplants, tissue engineering, gene therapy and reprogramming of cells according to target tissue types. Stem cells transplant and tissue regeneration methods for treating various diseases have rapidly grown in usage over the past decades or so. There are different types of stem cells such as mesenchymal, hematopoietic, embryonic, mammary, intestinal, endothelial, neural, olfactory, neural crest, testicular and induced pluripotent stem cells. METHODS This review covers the recent advances in tissue regeneration and highlights the application of stem cell transplants in treating many life-threatening diseases or in improving quality of life. RESULTS Remarkable progress in stem cell research has established that the cell-based therapy could be an option for treating diseases which could not be cured by conventional medical means till recent. Stem cells play major roles in regenerative medicine with its exceptional characteristics of self-renewal capacity and potential to differentiate into almost all types of cells of a body. CONCLUSION Vast number of reports on preclinical and clinical application of stem cells revealed its vital role in disease management and many pharmacological industries around the globe working to achieve effective stem cell based products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anand Srivastava
- Global Institute of Stem Cell Therapy and Research, 4660 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92122, United States
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55
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Fang J, Hsueh YY, Soto J, Sun W, Wang J, Gu Z, Khademhosseini A, Li S. Engineering Biomaterials with Micro/Nanotechnologies for Cell Reprogramming. ACS NANO 2020; 14:1296-1318. [PMID: 32011856 PMCID: PMC10067273 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell reprogramming is a revolutionized biotechnology that offers a powerful tool to engineer cell fate and function for regenerative medicine, disease modeling, drug discovery, and beyond. Leveraging advances in biomaterials and micro/nanotechnologies can enhance the reprogramming performance in vitro and in vivo through the development of delivery strategies and the control of biophysical and biochemical cues. In this review, we present an overview of the state-of-the-art technologies for cell reprogramming and highlight the recent breakthroughs in engineering biomaterials with micro/nanotechnologies to improve reprogramming efficiency and quality. Finally, we discuss future directions and challenges for reprogramming technologies and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fang
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Medicine , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Yuan-Yu Hsueh
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine , National Cheng Kung University Hospital , Tainan 70456 , Taiwan
| | - Jennifer Soto
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Medicine , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Wujin Sun
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Jinqiang Wang
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Zhen Gu
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angles , California 90095 , United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Radiology , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Medicine , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angles , California 90095 , United States
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56
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Lee M, Sim H, Ahn H, Ha J, Baek A, Jeon YJ, Son MY, Kim J. Direct Reprogramming to Human Induced Neuronal Progenitors from Fibroblasts of Familial and Sporadic Parkinson's Disease Patients. Int J Stem Cells 2019; 12:474-483. [PMID: 31474031 PMCID: PMC6881039 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc19075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD) research, human neuroblastoma and immortalized neural cell lines have been widely used as in vitro models. The advancement in the field of reprogramming technology has provided tools for generating patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) as well as human induced neuronal progenitor cells (hiNPCs). These cells have revolutionized the field of disease modeling, especially in neural diseases. Although the direct reprogramming to hiNPCs has several advantages over differentiation after hiPSC reprogramming, such as the time required and the simple procedure, relatively few studies have utilized hiNPCs. Here, we optimized the protocol for hiNPC reprogramming using pluripotency factors and Sendai virus. In addition, we generated hiNPCs of two healthy donors, a sporadic PD patient, and a familial patient with the LRRK2 G2019S mutation (L2GS). The four hiNPC cell lines are highly proliferative, expressed NPC markers, maintained the normal karyotype, and have the differentiation potential of dopaminergic neurons. Importantly, the patient hiNPCs show different apoptotic marker expression. Thus, these hiNPCs, in addition to hiPSCs, are a favorable option to study PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhyung Lee
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB, School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyuna Sim
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB, School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyunjun Ahn
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB, School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeongmin Ha
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB, School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Aruem Baek
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young-Joo Jeon
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Mi-Young Son
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB, School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Janghwan Kim
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB, School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
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57
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Ghahremani-Nasab M, Ghanbari E, Jahanbani Y, Mehdizadeh A, Yousefi M. Premature ovarian failure and tissue engineering. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4217-4226. [PMID: 31663142 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Premature ovarian failure (POF) usually happens former to the age of 40 and affects the female physiological state premenopausal period. In this condition, ovaries stop working long before the expected menopausal time. Of diagnostic symptoms of the disease, one can mention amenorrhea and hypoestrogenism. The cause of POF in most cases is idiopathic; however, cancer therapy may also cause POF. Commonly utilized therapies such as hormone therapy, in-vitro activation, and regenerative medicine are the most well-known treatments for POF. Hence, these therapies may be associated with some complications. The aim of the present study is to discuss the beneficial effects of tissue engineering for fertility rehabilitation in patients with POF as a newly emerging therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghahremani-Nasab
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Ghanbari
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yalda Jahanbani
- School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Mehdizadeh
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Comprehensive Health Lab, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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58
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Sneddon JB, Tang Q, Stock P, Bluestone JA, Roy S, Desai T, Hebrok M. Stem Cell Therapies for Treating Diabetes: Progress and Remaining Challenges. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 22:810-823. [PMID: 29859172 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Restoration of insulin independence and normoglycemia has been the overarching goal in diabetes research and therapy. While whole-organ and islet transplantation have become gold-standard procedures in achieving glucose control in diabetic patients, the profound lack of suitable donor tissues severely hampers the broad application of these therapies. Here, we describe current efforts aimed at generating a sustainable source of functional human stem cell-derived insulin-producing islet cells for cell transplantation and present state-of-the-art efforts to protect such cells via immune modulation and encapsulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie B Sneddon
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Qizhi Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Peter Stock
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Shuvo Roy
- UCSF-UC Berkeley Joint Ph.D. Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tejal Desai
- UCSF-UC Berkeley Joint Ph.D. Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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59
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Yang W, Lampe PD, Kensel-Hammes P, Hesson J, Ware CB, Crisa L, Cirulli V. Connexin 43 Functions as a Positive Regulator of Stem Cell Differentiation into Definitive Endoderm and Pancreatic Progenitors. iScience 2019; 19:450-460. [PMID: 31430690 PMCID: PMC6708988 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient stem cell differentiation into pancreatic islet cells is of critical importance for the development of cell replacement therapies for diabetes. Here, we identify the expression pattern of connexin 43 (Cx43), a gap junction (GJ) channel protein, in human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived definitive endoderm (DE) and primitive gut tube cells, representing early lineages for posterior foregut (PF), pancreatic progenitors (PP), pancreatic endocrine progenitors (PE), and islet cells. As the function of GJ channels is dependent on their gating status, we tested the impact of supplementing hESC-derived PP cell cultures with AAP10, a peptide that promotes Cx43 GJ channel opening. We found that this treatment promotes the expression of DE markers FoxA2 and Sox17, leads to a more efficient derivation of DE, and improves the yield of PF, PP, and PE cells. These results demonstrate a functional involvement of GJ channels in the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into pancreatic cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Yang
- Department of Medicine, UW Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, S475, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Paul D Lampe
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Patricia Kensel-Hammes
- Department of Medicine, UW Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, S475, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jennifer Hesson
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, S480, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Carol B Ware
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, S480, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Laura Crisa
- Department of Medicine, UW Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, S475, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, S480, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Vincenzo Cirulli
- Department of Medicine, UW Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, S475, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, S480, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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60
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Ge JY, Zheng YW, Liu LP, Isoda H, Oda T. Impelling force and current challenges by chemicals in somatic cell reprogramming and expansion beyond hepatocytes. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:650-665. [PMID: 31616541 PMCID: PMC6789182 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i9.650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of regenerative medicine, generating numerous transplantable functional cells in the laboratory setting on a large scale is a major challenge. However, the in vitro maintenance and expansion of terminally differentiated cells are challenging because of the lack of specific environmental and intercellular signal stimulations, markedly hindering their therapeutic application. Remarkably, the generation of stem/progenitor cells or functional cells with effective proliferative potential is markedly in demand for disease modeling, cell-based transplantation, and drug discovery. Despite the potent genetic manipulation of transcription factors, integration-free chemically defined approaches for the conversion of somatic cell fate have garnered considerable attention in recent years. This review aims to summarize the progress thus far and discuss the advantages, limitations, and challenges of the impact of full chemicals on the stepwise reprogramming of pluripotency, direct lineage conversion, and direct lineage expansion on somatic cells. Owing to the current chemical-mediated induction, reprogrammed pluripotent stem cells with reproducibility difficulties, and direct lineage converted cells with marked functional deficiency, it is imperative to generate the desired cell types directly by chemically inducing their potent proliferation ability through a lineage-committed progenitor state, while upholding the maturation and engraftment capacity posttransplantation in vivo. Together with the comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of chemical drives, as well as the elucidation of specificity and commonalities, the precise manipulation of the expansion for diverse functional cell types could broaden the available cell sources and enhance the cellular function for clinical application in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yun Ge
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yun-Wen Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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Chen F, Li T, Sun Y, Liu Q, Yang T, Chen J, Zhu H, Shi Y, Hu YP, Wang MJ. Generation of insulin-secreting cells from mouse gallbladder stem cells by small molecules in vitro. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:289. [PMID: 31547878 PMCID: PMC6757438 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stem cell-derived pancreatic β-like cells hold great promise for treating diabetes. Gallbladder belongs to the extrahepatic bile duct system and possesses stem-like cells. These stem cells could be expanded in vitro and have the potential of differentiating into hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, or pancreatic cells. As the gallbladder is highly available, gallbladder stem cells provide a new cell source of pancreatic β-like cells. In this study, we aimed to investigate an approach for the generation of pancreatic β-like cells from gallbladder stem cells (GSCs) without genetic modification. Methods A CK19CreERT;Rosa26R-GFP mouse was used to isolate CK19+ cells, which represented EpCAM+ stem cells in the gallbladder. They were cultured in the modified Kubota’s medium for expansion and further analyzed. Then, we developed a strategy to screen a combination of small molecules that can generate insulin-secreting cells from gallbladder stem cells. These cells were identified with markers of pancreatic cells. Finally, they were seeded into the cellulosic sponge and transplanted to the diabetic mice for functional examination in vivo. Results Gallbladder stem cells could be expanded for more than 15 passages. They expressed typical hepatic stem cell markers including CK19, EpCAM, Sox9, and albumin. By screening method, we found that adding Noggin, FR180204, and cyclopamine could efficiently induce gallbladder stem cells differentiating into insulin-secreting cells. These cells expressed Pdx1, Nkx6.1, and insulin but were negative for Gcg. After transplantation with the cellulosic sponge, they could ameliorate hyperglycemia in the diabetic mice. Conclusion This study provides a new approach which can generate insulin-secreting cells from the gallbladder without genetic modification. This offers an option for β cell therapy in treating type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Tuo Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qinggui Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Haiying Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yongquan Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China.
| | - Yi-Ping Hu
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Min-Jun Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Van de Velde S, Wiater E, Tran M, Hwang Y, Cole PA, Montminy M. CREB Promotes Beta Cell Gene Expression by Targeting Its Coactivators to Tissue-Specific Enhancers. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:e00200-19. [PMID: 31182641 PMCID: PMC6692124 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00200-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CREB mediates effects of cyclic AMP on cellular gene expression. Ubiquitous CREB target genes are induced following recruitment of CREB and its coactivators to promoter proximal binding sites. We found that CREB stimulates the expression of pancreatic beta cell-specific genes by targeting CBP/p300 to promoter-distal enhancer regions. Subsequent increases in histone acetylation facilitate recruitment of the coactivators CRTC2 and BRD4, leading to release of RNA polymerase II over the target gene body. Indeed, CREB-induced hyperacetylation of chromatin over superenhancers promoted beta cell-restricted gene expression, which is sensitive to inhibitors of CBP/p300 and BRD4 activity. Neurod1 appears critical in establishing nucleosome-free regions for recruitment of CREB to beta cell-specific enhancers. Deletion of a CREB-Neurod1-bound enhancer within the Lrrc10b-Syt7 superenhancer disrupted the expression of both genes and decreased beta cell function. Our results demonstrate how cross talk between signal-dependent and lineage-determining factors promotes the expression of cell-type-specific gene programs in response to extracellular cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Van de Velde
- Peptide Biology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ezra Wiater
- Peptide Biology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Melissa Tran
- Peptide Biology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yousang Hwang
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Philip A Cole
- Department of Medicine, Department of Biology, Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marc Montminy
- Peptide Biology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Peptide Biology Laboratories, La Jolla, California, USA
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63
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Xie M, Fussenegger M. Designing cell function: assembly of synthetic gene circuits for cell biology applications. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2019; 19:507-525. [PMID: 29858606 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-018-0024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology is the discipline of engineering application-driven biological functionalities that were not evolved by nature. Early breakthroughs of cell engineering, which were based on ectopic (over)expression of single sets of transgenes, have already had a revolutionary impact on the biotechnology industry, regenerative medicine and blood transfusion therapies. Now, we require larger-scale, rationally assembled genetic circuits engineered to programme and control various human cell functions with high spatiotemporal precision in order to solve more complex problems in applied life sciences, biomedicine and environmental sciences. This will open new possibilities for employing synthetic biology to advance personalized medicine by converting cells into living therapeutics to combat hitherto intractable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqi Xie
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Faculty of Science, Basel, Switzerland.
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64
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Wong AP, Shojaie S, Liang Q, Xia S, Di Paola M, Ahmadi S, Bilodeau C, Garner J, Post M, Duchesneau P, Waddell TK, Bear CE, Nagy A, Rossant J. Conversion of human and mouse fibroblasts into lung-like epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9027. [PMID: 31227724 PMCID: PMC6588580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45195-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell lineage conversion of fibroblasts to specialized cell types through transdifferentiation may provide a fast and alternative cell source for regenerative medicine. Here we show that transient transduction of fibroblasts with the four reprogramming factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) in addition to the early lung transcription factor Nkx2-1 (also known as Ttf1), followed by directed differentiation of the cells, can convert mouse embryonic and human adult dermal fibroblasts into induced lung-like epithelial cells (iLEC). These iLEC differentiate into multiple lung cell types in air liquid interface cultures, repopulate decellularized rat lung scaffolds, and form lung epithelia composed of Ciliated, Goblet, Basal, and Club cells after transplantation into immune-compromised mice. As proof-of-concept, differentiated human iLEC harboring the Cystic Fibrosis mutation dF508 demonstrated pharmacological rescue of CFTR function using the combination of lumacaftor and ivacaftor. Overall, this is a promising alternative approach for generation of patient-specific lung-like progenitors to study lung function, disease and future regeneration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy P Wong
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Sharareh Shojaie
- Program in Translational Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Qin Liang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sunny Xia
- Program in Molecular Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michelle Di Paola
- Program in Molecular Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Saumel Ahmadi
- Program in Molecular Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Claudia Bilodeau
- Program in Translational Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jodi Garner
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Post
- Program in Translational Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pascal Duchesneau
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, and the McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, Canada
| | - Thomas K Waddell
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, and the McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christine E Bear
- Program in Molecular Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andras Nagy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Janet Rossant
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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65
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Talkhabi M. Partial reprogramming as a therapeutic approach for heart disease: A state-of-the-art review. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:14247-14261. [PMID: 31081174 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Heart disease such as myocardial infarction is the first cause of mortality in all countries. Today, cardiac cell-based therapy using de novo produced cardiac cells is considered as a novel approach for cardiac regenerative medicine. Recently, an alchemy-like approach, known as direct reprogramming or direct conversion, has been developed to directly convert somatic cells to cardiac cells in vitro and in vivo. This cellular alchemy is a short-cut and safe strategy for generating autologous cardiac cells, and it can be accomplished through activating cardiogenesis- or pluripotency-related factors in noncardiac cells. Importantly, pluripotency factors-based direct cardiac conversion, known as partial reprogramming, is shorter and more efficient for cardiomyocyte generation in vitro. Today, this strategy is achievable for direct conversion of mouse and human somatic cells to cardiac lineage cells (cardiomyocytes and cardiac progenitor cells), using transgene free, chemical-based approaches. Although, heart-specific partial reprogramming seems to be challenging for in vivo conversion of cardiac fibroblasts to cardiac cells, but whole organism-based in vivo partial reprogramming ameliorates cellular and physiological hallmarks of aging and prolongs lifespan in mouse. Notably, cardiac cells produced using partial reprogramming strategy can be a useful platform for disease modeling, drug screening and cardiac cell-based therapy, once the safety issues are overcome. Herein, we discuss about all progresses in de novo production of cardiac cells using partial reprogramming-based direct conversion, as well as give an overview about the potential applications of this strategy in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Talkhabi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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66
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Zhou J, Sun J. A Revolution in Reprogramming: Small Molecules. Curr Mol Med 2019; 19:77-90. [DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190325113945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of reprogrammed cells from accessible sources and in vivo
reprogramming are potential therapies for regenerative medicine. During the last
decade, genetic approaches, which mostly involved transcription factors and
microRNAs, have been shown to affect cell fates. However, their potential
carcinogenicity and other unexpected effects limit their translation into clinical
applications. Recently, with the power of modern biology-oriented design and synthetic
chemistry, as well as high-throughput screening technology, small molecules have been
shown to enhance reprogramming efficiency, replace genetic factors, and help elucidate
the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular plasticity and degenerative diseases. As a
non-viral and non-integrating approach, small molecules not only show revolutionary
capacities in generating desired exogenous cell types but also have potential as drugs
that can restore tissues through repairing or reprogramming endogenous cells. Here, we
focus on the recent progress made to use small molecules in cell reprogramming along
with some related mechanisms to elucidate these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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67
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Furuyama K, Chera S, van Gurp L, Oropeza D, Ghila L, Damond N, Vethe H, Paulo JA, Joosten AM, Berney T, Bosco D, Dorrell C, Grompe M, Ræder H, Roep BO, Thorel F, Herrera PL. Diabetes relief in mice by glucose-sensing insulin-secreting human α-cells. Nature 2019; 567:43-48. [PMID: 30760930 PMCID: PMC6624841 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell identity switches, where terminally-differentiated cells convert into different cell-types when stressed, represent a widespread regenerative strategy in animals, yet they are poorly documented in mammals. In mice, some glucagon-producing pancreatic α-cells and somatostatin-producing δ-cells become insulin expressers upon ablation of insulin-secreting β-cells, promoting diabetes recovery. Whether human islets also display this plasticity, especially in diabetic conditions, remains unknown. Here we show that islet non-β-cells, namely α-cells and PPY-producing γ–cells, obtained from deceased non-diabetic or diabetic human donors, can be lineage-traced and reprogrammed by the transcription factors Pdx1 and MafA to produce and secrete insulin in response to glucose. When transplanted into diabetic mice, converted human α-cells reverse diabetes and remain producing insulin even after 6 months. Surprisingly, insulin-producing α-cells maintain α-cell markers, as seen by deep transcriptomic and proteomic characterization. These observations provide conceptual evidence and a molecular framework for a mechanistic understanding of in situ cell plasticity as a treatment for diabetes and other degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Furuyama
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Simona Chera
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Léon van Gurp
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Oropeza
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luiza Ghila
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nicolas Damond
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Heidrun Vethe
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antoinette M Joosten
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thierry Berney
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Craig Dorrell
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Helge Ræder
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bart O Roep
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Diabetes Immunology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Fabrizio Thorel
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pedro L Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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68
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Acquisition of Dynamic Function in Human Stem Cell-Derived β Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:351-365. [PMID: 30661993 PMCID: PMC6372986 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) differentiation protocols have generated insulin-producing cells resembling pancreatic β cells. While these stem cell-derived β (SC-β) cells are capable of undergoing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), insulin secretion per cell remains low compared with islets and cells lack dynamic insulin release. Herein, we report a differentiation strategy focused on modulating transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling, controlling cellular cluster size, and using an enriched serum-free media to generate SC-β cells that express β cell markers and undergo GSIS with first- and second-phase dynamic insulin secretion. Transplantation of these cells into mice greatly improves glucose tolerance. These results reveal that specific time frames for inhibiting and permitting TGF-β signaling are required during SC-β cell differentiation to achieve dynamic function. The capacity of these cells to undergo GSIS with dynamic insulin release makes them a promising cell source for diabetes cellular therapy. Development of differentiation protocol to β-like cells with enhanced function TGF-β signaling promotes acquisition of dynamic function in maturing β-like cells Transplanted cells rapidly restore glucose tolerance in mice
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69
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Aydin S, Sağraç D, Şahin F. Differentiation Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Pancreatic β-Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1247:135-156. [PMID: 32002800 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells having the capability to differentiate into other type of cells and renewing themselves, gained so much importance in recent years. Investigations in stem cells revealed that mesenchymal stem cells can successfully differentiate into other type of cells like adipocytes, hepatocytes, osteocytes, neurocytes and chondrocytes. In addition, these cells can also differentiate into insulin-producing beta cells. Insulin is a crucial hormone for glucose balance of the body. Insufficiency or unavailability of insulin is called diabetes. External insulin intake, as well as pancreas or islet transplantation, is the most basic treatment of diabetes. In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate that stem cell therapy is also used in the cure of diabetes. Differentiation process of stem cells into beta cells releasing insulin is quite complicated. There are many different reports for the differentiation of stem cells in the literature. The success of differentiation of stem cells into beta cells depends on several factors like the source of stem cells, chemicals added into the differentiation medium and the duration of differentiation protocol. Distinct studies for the differentiation of stem cells into insulin-secreting cells are available in the literature. Moreover, thanks to the superior differentiation capacity of stem cells, they are being preferred in clinical studies. Stem cells were clinically used to heal diabetic ulcer, to increase c-peptide level and insulin secretion in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Mesenchymal stem cells having high differentiation potential to insulin-secreting cells are encouraging vehicles for both in vivo and in vitro studies together with clinical trials for diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Aydin
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Derya Sağraç
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Şahin
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, Turkey
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70
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Baeyens L, Lemper M, Staels W, De Groef S, De Leu N, Heremans Y, German MS, Heimberg H. (Re)generating Human Beta Cells: Status, Pitfalls, and Perspectives. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1143-1167. [PMID: 29717931 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus results from disturbed glucose homeostasis due to an absolute (type 1) or relative (type 2) deficiency of insulin, a peptide hormone almost exclusively produced by the beta cells of the endocrine pancreas in a tightly regulated manner. Current therapy only delays disease progression through insulin injection and/or oral medications that increase insulin secretion or sensitivity, decrease hepatic glucose production, or promote glucosuria. These drugs have turned diabetes into a chronic disease as they do not solve the underlying beta cell defects or entirely prevent the long-term complications of hyperglycemia. Beta cell replacement through islet transplantation is a more physiological therapeutic alternative but is severely hampered by donor shortage and immune rejection. A curative strategy should combine newer approaches to immunomodulation with beta cell replacement. Success of this approach depends on the development of practical methods for generating beta cells, either in vitro or in situ through beta cell replication or beta cell differentiation. This review provides an overview of human beta cell generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Baeyens
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Marie Lemper
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Willem Staels
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Groef
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Michael S German
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
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71
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Matsuda H, Mullapudi ST, Yang YHC, Masaki H, Hesselson D, Stainier DYR. Whole-Organism Chemical Screening Identifies Modulators of Pancreatic β-Cell Function. Diabetes 2018; 67:2268-2279. [PMID: 30115653 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
β-Cell loss and dysfunction play a critical role in the progression of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Identifying new molecules and/or molecular pathways that improve β-cell function and/or increase β-cell mass should significantly contribute to the development of new therapies for diabetes. Using the zebrafish model, we screened 4,640 small molecules to identify modulators of β-cell function. This in vivo strategy identified 84 stimulators of insulin expression, which simultaneously reduced glucose levels. The insulin promoter activation kinetics for 32 of these stimulators were consistent with a direct mode of action. A subset of insulin stimulators, including the antidiabetic drug pioglitazone, induced the coordinated upregulation of gluconeogenic pck1 expression, suggesting functional response to increased insulin action in peripheral tissues. Notably, Kv1.3 inhibitors increased β-cell mass in larval zebrafish and stimulated β-cell function in adult zebrafish and in the streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic mouse model. In addition, our data indicate that cytoplasmic Kv1.3 regulates β-cell function. Thus, using whole-organism screening, we have identified new small-molecule modulators of β-cell function and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Matsuda
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Sri Teja Mullapudi
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Yu Hsuan Carol Yang
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Hideki Masaki
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel Hesselson
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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72
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Sambathkumar R, Migliorini A, Nostro MC. Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Pancreatic Progenitors and β-Like Cells for Type 1 Diabetes Treatment. Physiology (Bethesda) 2018; 33:394-402. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00026.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the processes guiding human pancreas development and provide an update on methods to efficiently generate pancreatic progenitors (PPs) and β-like cells in vitro from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Furthermore, we assess the strengths and weaknesses of using PPs and β-like cell for cell replacement therapy for the treatment of Type 1 diabetes with respect to cell manufacturing, engrafting, functionality, and safety. Finally, we discuss the identification and use of specific cell surface markers to generate safer populations of PPs for clinical translation and to study the development of PPs in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangarajan Sambathkumar
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adriana Migliorini
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Cristina Nostro
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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73
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Pellegrini S, Manenti F, Chimienti R, Nano R, Ottoboni L, Ruffini F, Martino G, Ravassard P, Piemonti L, Sordi V. Differentiation of Sendai Virus-Reprogrammed iPSC into β Cells, Compared with Human Pancreatic Islets and Immortalized β Cell Line. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:1548-1560. [PMID: 30251567 PMCID: PMC6180725 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718798564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: New sources of insulin-secreting cells are strongly in demand for treatment
of diabetes. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the potential to
generate insulin-producing cells (iβ). However, the gene expression profile
and secretory function of iβ still need to be validated in comparison with
native β cells. Methods: Two clones of human iPSCs, reprogrammed from adult fibroblasts through
integration-free Sendai virus, were differentiated into iβ and compared with
donor pancreatic islets and EndoC-βH1, an immortalized human β cell
line. Results: Both clones of iPSCs differentiated into insulin+ cells with high
efficiency (up to 20%). iβ were negative for pluripotency markers (Oct4,
Sox2, Ssea4) and positive for Pdx1, Nkx6.1, Chromogranin A, PC1/3, insulin,
glucagon and somatostatin. iβ basally secreted C-peptide, glucagon and
ghrelin and released insulin in response either to increasing concentration
of glucose or a depolarizing stimulus. The comparison revealed that iβ are
remarkably similar to donor derived islets in terms of gene and protein
expression profile and similar level of heterogeneity. The ability of iβ to
respond to glucose instead was more related to that of EndoC-βH1. Discussion: We demonstrated that insulin-producing cells generated from iPSCs
recapitulate fundamental gene expression profiles and secretory function of
native human β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pellegrini
- 1 Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Manenti
- 1 Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Raniero Chimienti
- 1 Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Nano
- 1 Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Ottoboni
- 2 Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ruffini
- 2 Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvito Martino
- 2 Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,3 Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Philippe Ravassard
- 4 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Biotechnology & Biotherapy Team, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- 1 Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,3 Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Sordi
- 1 Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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74
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Mertens J, Reid D, Lau S, Kim Y, Gage FH. Aging in a Dish: iPSC-Derived and Directly Induced Neurons for Studying Brain Aging and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Annu Rev Genet 2018; 52:271-293. [PMID: 30208291 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120417-031534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated neurological diseases represent a profound challenge in biomedical research as we are still struggling to understand the interface between the aging process and the manifestation of disease. Various pathologies in the elderly do not directly result from genetic mutations, toxins, or infectious agents but are primarily driven by the many manifestations of biological aging. Therefore, the generation of appropriate model systems to study human aging in the nervous system demands new concepts that lie beyond transgenic and drug-induced models. Although access to viable human brain specimens is limited and induced pluripotent stem cell models face limitations due to reprogramming-associated cellular rejuvenation, the direct conversion of somatic cells into induced neurons allows for the generation of human neurons that capture many aspects of aging. Here, we review advances in exploring age-associated neurodegenerative diseases using human cell reprogramming models, and we discuss general concepts, promises, and limitations of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Mertens
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA; .,Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dylan Reid
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - Shong Lau
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - Yongsung Kim
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
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75
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Specific Cell (Re-)Programming: Approaches and Perspectives. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 163:71-115. [PMID: 29071403 DOI: 10.1007/10_2017_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many disorders are manifested by dysfunction of key cell types or their disturbed integration in complex organs. Thereby, adult organ systems often bear restricted self-renewal potential and are incapable of achieving functional regeneration. This underlies the need for novel strategies in the field of cell (re-)programming-based regenerative medicine as well as for drug development in vitro. The regenerative field has been hampered by restricted availability of adult stem cells and the potentially hazardous features of pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Moreover, ethical concerns and legal restrictions regarding the generation and use of ESCs still exist. The establishment of direct reprogramming protocols for various therapeutically valuable somatic cell types has overcome some of these limitations. Meanwhile, new perspectives for safe and efficient generation of different specified somatic cell types have emerged from numerous approaches relying on exogenous expression of lineage-specific transcription factors, coding and noncoding RNAs, and chemical compounds.It should be of highest priority to develop protocols for the production of mature and physiologically functional cells with properties ideally matching those of their endogenous counterparts. Their availability can bring together basic research, drug screening, safety testing, and ultimately clinical trials. Here, we highlight the remarkable successes in cellular (re-)programming, which have greatly advanced the field of regenerative medicine in recent years. In particular, we review recent progress on the generation of cardiomyocyte subtypes, with a focus on cardiac pacemaker cells. Graphical Abstract.
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76
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Karakose E, Ackeifi C, Wang P, Stewart AF. Advances in drug discovery for human beta cell regeneration. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1693-1699. [PMID: 29770834 PMCID: PMC6239977 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The numbers of insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells are reduced in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Driving beta cell regeneration in the pancreases of people with diabetes would be an attractive approach to reversing diabetes. While adult human beta cells have long been believed to be terminally differentiated and, therefore, irreversibly quiescent, it has become clear over recent years that this is not true. More specifically, both candidate and unbiased high-throughput screen approaches have revealed several classes of molecules that are clearly able to induce human beta cell proliferation. Here, we review recent approaches and accomplishments in human beta cell regenerative drug discovery. We also list the challenges that this rapidly moving field must confront to translate beta cell regenerative therapy from the laboratory to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Karakose
- The Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran 5, Box 1152, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Courtney Ackeifi
- The Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran 5, Box 1152, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- The Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran 5, Box 1152, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Andrew F Stewart
- The Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran 5, Box 1152, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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77
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Sambathkumar R, Akkerman R, Dastidar S, Roelandt P, Kumar M, Bajaj M, Mestre Rosa AR, Helsen N, Vanslembrouck V, Kalo E, Khurana S, Laureys J, Gysemans C, Faas MM, de Vos P, Verfaillie CM. Generation of hepatocyte- and endocrine pancreatic-like cells from human induced endodermal progenitor cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197046. [PMID: 29750821 PMCID: PMC5947914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells (MAPCs) are one potential stem cell source to generate functional hepatocytes or β-cells. However, human MAPCs have less plasticity than pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), as their ability to generate endodermal cells is not robust. Here we studied the role of 14 transcription factors (TFs) in reprogramming MAPCs to induced endodermal progenitor cells (iENDO cells), defined as cells that can be long-term expanded and differentiated to both hepatocyte- and endocrine pancreatic-like cells. We demonstrated that 14 TF-iENDO cells can be expanded for at least 20 passages, differentiate spontaneously to hepatocyte-, endocrine pancreatic-, gut tube-like cells as well as endodermal tumor formation when grafted in immunodeficient mice. Furthermore, iENDO cells can be differentiated in vitro into hepatocyte- and endocrine pancreatic-like cells. However, the pluripotency TF OCT4, which is not silenced in iENDO cells, may contribute to the incomplete differentiation to mature cells in vitro and to endodermal tumor formation in vivo. Nevertheless, the studies presented here provide evidence that reprogramming of adult stem cells to an endodermal intermediate progenitor, which can be expanded and differentiate to multiple endodermal cell types, might be a valid alternative for the use of PSCs for creation of endodermal cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangarajan Sambathkumar
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail: (CMV); (RS)
| | - Renate Akkerman
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Medical Biology, Section Immunoendocrinology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sumitava Dastidar
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip Roelandt
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manoj Kumar
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manmohan Bajaj
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Rita Mestre Rosa
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicky Helsen
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Vanslembrouck
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Kalo
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Satish Khurana
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Jos Laureys
- KU Leuven, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology unit, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Conny Gysemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology unit, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijke M. Faas
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Medical Biology, Section Immunoendocrinology, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Medical Biology, Section Immunoendocrinology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine M. Verfaillie
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail: (CMV); (RS)
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78
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Chemical compound-based direct reprogramming for future clinical applications. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171650. [PMID: 29739872 PMCID: PMC5938430 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that a combination of chemical compounds enables direct reprogramming from one somatic cell type into another without the use of transgenes by regulating cellular signaling pathways and epigenetic modifications. The generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells generally requires virus vector-mediated expression of multiple transcription factors, which might disrupt genomic integrity and proper cell functions. The direct reprogramming is a promising alternative to rapidly prepare different cell types by bypassing the pluripotent state. Because the strategy also depends on forced expression of exogenous lineage-specific transcription factors, the direct reprogramming in a chemical compound-based manner is an ideal approach to further reduce the risk for tumorigenesis. So far, a number of reported research efforts have revealed that combinations of chemical compounds and cell-type specific medium transdifferentiate somatic cells into desired cell types including neuronal cells, glial cells, neural stem cells, brown adipocytes, cardiomyocytes, somatic progenitor cells, and pluripotent stem cells. These desired cells rapidly converted from patient-derived autologous fibroblasts can be applied for their own transplantation therapy to avoid immune rejection. However, complete chemical compound-induced conversions remain challenging particularly in adult human-derived fibroblasts compared with mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). This review summarizes up-to-date progress in each specific cell type and discusses prospects for future clinical application toward cell transplantation therapy.
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79
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Nakashima Y, Miyagi-Shiohira C, Kobayashi N, Saitoh I, Watanabe M, Noguchi H. Adhesion characteristics of porcine pancreatic islets and exocrine tissue to coating materials. Islets 2018; 10:e1460294. [PMID: 29757700 PMCID: PMC5989899 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2018.1460294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the report of the Edmonton protocol in 2000, islet transplantation has been implemented worldwide, and xenotransplantation using porcine islets has also been reported. In addition, many basic experiments using pancreatic islets and exocrine tissue after isolation have been reported. Recently, exocrine cells have been found to be essential for inducing the differentiation of pancreatic islets. Therefore, the importance of the culture conditions for pancreatic tissue when conducting experiments using pancreatic tissue is also increasing. In this study, we focused on the coat material and examined the adhesive properties of porcine pancreatic islets and exocrine tissue after isolation. Porcine islet isolation was performed, and isolated islets (purity ≥95%) and exocrine tissue (purity ≥99%) were used to achieve adhesion to several extracellular matrixes, fibronectin, collagen type I, collagen type IV, laminin I, fibrinogen, and bovine serum albumin (BSA). DMEM with 0.5% FBS was used as the assay medium. For exocrine tissue, the adhesion was promoted in fibronectin, collagen type I, laminin I, and fibrinogen. The adhesive ability to fibronectin was more than twice that to BSA, while the adhesive ability to collagen type I, laminin I, and fibrinogen was less than twice that to BSA. For islets, the adhesive ability to fibronectin was weaker than that of exocrine tissue. Furthermore, the adhesion effect in fibronectin was obtained within 30 minutes and in medium containing little serum for both islets and exocrine tissues. These data suggest that fibronectin may be useful for the adhesion of pancreatic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Nakashima
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Chika Miyagi-Shiohira
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Naoya Kobayashi
- Department of Surgery, Okayama Saidaiji Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Issei Saitoh
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masami Watanabe
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Noguchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
- CONTACT Hirofumi Noguchi, MD, PhD Department of Regenerative Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
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80
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Li P, Kreft I, Jackson GP. Top-Down Charge Transfer Dissociation (CTD) of Gas-Phase Insulin: Evidence of a One-Step, Two-Electron Oxidation Mechanism. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:284-296. [PMID: 28786096 PMCID: PMC5803485 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1700-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Top-down analyses of protonated insulin cations of charge states of 4+, 5+, or 6+ were performed by exposing the isolated precursor ions to a beam of helium cations with kinetic energy of more than 6 keV, in a technique termed charge transfer dissociation (CTD). The ~100 ms charge transfer reaction resulted in approximately 20% conversion efficiency to other intact charge exchange products (CTnoD), and a range of low abundance fragment ions. To increase backbone and sulfide cleavages, and to provide better structural information than straightforward MS2 CTD, the CTnoD oxidized products were isolated and subjected to collisional activation at the MS3 level. The MS3 CTD/CID reaction effectively broke the disulfide linkages, separated the two chains, and yielded more structurally informative fragment ions within the inter-chain cyclic region. CTD also provided doubly oxidized intact product ions at the MS2 level, and resonance ejection of the singly oxidized product ion revealed that the doubly oxidized product originates directly from the isolated precursor ion and not from consecutive CTD reactions of a singly oxidized intermediate. MS4 experiments were employed to help identify potential radical cations and diradical cations, but the results were negative or inconclusive. Nonetheless, the two-electron oxidation process is a demonstration of the very large potential energy (>20 eV) available through CTD, and is a notable capability for a 3D ion trap platform. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Iris Kreft
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6121, USA
| | - Glen P Jackson
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6121, USA.
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81
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Trott J, Tan EK, Ong S, Titmarsh DM, Denil SLIJ, Giam M, Wong CK, Wang J, Shboul M, Eio M, Cooper-White J, Cool SM, Rancati G, Stanton LW, Reversade B, Dunn NR. Long-Term Culture of Self-renewing Pancreatic Progenitors Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 8:1675-1688. [PMID: 28591650 PMCID: PMC5470345 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells have been proposed as an unlimited source of pancreatic β cells for studying and treating diabetes. However, the long, multi-step differentiation protocols used to generate functional β cells inevitably exhibit considerable variability, particularly when applied to pluripotent cells from diverse genetic backgrounds. We have developed culture conditions that support long-term self-renewal of human multipotent pancreatic progenitors, which are developmentally more proximal to the specialized cells of the adult pancreas. These cultured pancreatic progenitor (cPP) cells express key pancreatic transcription factors, including PDX1 and SOX9, and exhibit transcriptomes closely related to their in vivo counterparts. Upon exposure to differentiation cues, cPP cells give rise to pancreatic endocrine, acinar, and ductal lineages, indicating multilineage potency. Furthermore, cPP cells generate insulin+ β-like cells in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that they offer a convenient alternative to pluripotent cells as a source of adult cell types for modeling pancreatic development and diabetes. Culture on 3T3 cells enables long-term self-renewal of human pancreatic progenitors Proliferation requires EGF, FGF10, retinoic acid, and inhibition of Notch and TGF-β Cultured progenitors upregulate genes required for mitosis and telomere maintenance Pancreatic duct and β-like cells are generated in vitro and in vivo
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Trott
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8a Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
| | - Ee Kim Tan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8a Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Sheena Ong
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8a Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Drew M Titmarsh
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8a Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Simon L I J Denil
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8a Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Maybelline Giam
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8a Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Cheng Kit Wong
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8a Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Jiaxu Wang
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Mohammad Shboul
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8a Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Michelle Eio
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8a Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Justin Cooper-White
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Simon M Cool
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8a Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Giulia Rancati
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8a Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Lawrence W Stanton
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8a Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - N Ray Dunn
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8a Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in the Curative Treatment of Diabetes and Potential Impediments Ahead. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1144:25-35. [PMID: 30569414 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The successful landmark discovery of mouse and human inducible pluripotential stem cells (iPSC's) by Takahashi and Yamanaka in 2006 and 2007 has triggered a revolution in the potential generation of self-compatible cells for regenerative medicine, and further opened up a new avenue for "disease in dish" drug screening of self-target cells (Neofytou et al. 2015). The introduction of four 'Yamanaka' transcription factors through viral or other transfection of mature cells can induce pluripotency and acquired plasticity. These factors include transduction with octamer-binding transcription factor-4 (Oct-4), nanog homeobox (Nanog), sex-determining region Y-box-2 (Sox-2) and MYC protooncogene (cMyc). Such cells become iPSC's (Takahashi and Yamanaka 2006). These reprogrammed cells exhibit increased telomerase activity and have a hypomethylated gene promotor region similar to embryonic stem cells (ESC's). These milestone discoveries have generated immense hope that diseases such as diabetes could be treated and effectively cured by transplantation of self-compatible, personalized autologous stem cell transplantation of β-cells that release physiological insulin under glycemic control (Maehr et al. 2009; Park et al. 2008) (Fig. 1). Diabetes is a profligate disease of disordered glucose metabolism resulting from an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin, the consequences of which lead to immense socio-economic societal burden. While there are many different types of diabetes, the two major types (type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are caused respectively by immune-mediated destruction (T1DM) or malfunctioning (T2DM) insulin-producing β-cells within the endocrine pancreas, the islets of Langerhans (Atkinson et al. 2011; Holman et al. 2015; You and Henneberg 2016). Almost 425 million people are affected by the global burden of diabetes, and this is predicted to increase by 48% (629 million) by 2045 (International Diabetes Federation Atlas 8th Ed 2018). Whole pancreas or islet cell transplantation offer an effective alternative to injected insulin, but both require lifelong potent immunosuppression to control both allo-and autoimmunity. Whole pancreas transplantation involves invasive complex surgery and is associated with greater morbidity and occasional mortality, while islet transplantation involves a minimally invasive intraportal hepatic infusion. Generally, whole pancreas transplantation provides greater metabolic reserve, but this may be matched by cumulative multiple islet infusions to achieve insulin independence. An additional challenge of islet transplantation is progressive loss of complete insulin independence over time, which may be multifactorial, the dominant factor however being ineffective control of autoimmunity. Both whole pancreas and islet transplantation are restricted to patients at risk of severe hypoglycemia that cannot be stabilized by alternate means, or in recipients that are already immunosuppressed in order to sustain a kidney or other solid organ transplant. The risks of chronic immunosuppression and the scarcity of human organ donors mean that both of these transplantation therapies cannot presently be extended to the broader diabetic population (Shapiro 2011; Shapiro et al. 2006). Recent progress in xenotransplantation of multiple knock-out 'humanized' pig islets could offer one potential solution, perhaps aided by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated-9 (CRISPR/Cas-9) gene editing approaches, but this remains to be proven in practice. Human stem cell derived new β-cell products could effectively address the global supply challenge for broad application across all forms of diabetes, but recurrent autoimmunity may still remain an insurmountable challenge. Considerable progress in the generation of human stem cell derived SC-β cells from ESC, iPS and other adult cell sources such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offer huge hope that a personalized, 'syngeneic' cell could be transplanted without risk of alloimmunity, thereby securing sufficient supply to meet future global demand (Cito et al. 2018).
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Ameri J, Borup R, Prawiro C, Ramond C, Schachter KA, Scharfmann R, Semb H. Efficient Generation of Glucose-Responsive Beta Cells from Isolated GP2 + Human Pancreatic Progenitors. Cell Rep 2017; 19:36-49. [PMID: 28380361 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy for type 1 diabetes would benefit from implementation of a cell purification step at the pancreatic endoderm stage. This would increase the safety of the final cell product, allow the establishment of an intermediate-stage stem cell bank, and provide a means for upscaling β cell manufacturing. Comparative gene expression analysis revealed glycoprotein 2 (GP2) as a specific cell surface marker for isolating pancreatic endoderm cells (PECs) from differentiated hESCs and human fetal pancreas. Isolated GP2+ PECs efficiently differentiated into glucose responsive insulin-producing cells in vitro. We found that in vitro PEC proliferation declines due to enhanced expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors CDKN1A and CDKN2A. However, we identified a time window when reducing CDKN1A or CDKN2A expression increased proliferation and yield of GP2+ PECs. Altogether, our results contribute tools and concepts toward the isolation and use of PECs as a source for the safe production of hPSC-derived β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ameri
- The Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, BMC, B10, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rehannah Borup
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christy Prawiro
- The Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Cyrille Ramond
- INSERM U1016, University Paris-Descartes, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Karen A Schachter
- The Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Raphael Scharfmann
- INSERM U1016, University Paris-Descartes, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Henrik Semb
- The Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, BMC, B10, 22184 Lund, Sweden.
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84
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Qin H, Zhao A, Fu X. Small molecules for reprogramming and transdifferentiation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3553-3575. [PMID: 28698932 PMCID: PMC11107793 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotency reprogramming and transdifferentiation induced by transcription factors can generate induced pluripotent stem cells, adult stem cells or specialized cells. However, the induction efficiency and the reintroduction of exogenous genes limit their translation into clinical applications. Small molecules that target signaling pathways, epigenetic modifications, or metabolic processes can regulate cell development, cell fate, and function. In the recent decade, small molecules have been widely used in reprogramming and transdifferentiation fields, which can promote the induction efficiency, replace exogenous genes, or even induce cell fate conversion alone. Small molecules are expected as novel approaches to generate new cells from somatic cells in vitro and in vivo. Here, we will discuss the recent progress, new insights, and future challenges about the use of small molecules in cell fate conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Qin
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Andong Zhao
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regeneration of PLA, The First Hospital Affiliated to the PLA General Hospital, 51 Fu Cheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China.
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85
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86
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87
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Abstract
The pancreas is a complex organ with exocrine and endocrine components. Many pathologies impair exocrine function, including chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Conversely, when the endocrine pancreas fails to secrete sufficient insulin, patients develop diabetes mellitus. Pathology in either the endocrine or exocrine pancreas results in devastating economic and personal consequences. The current standard therapy for treating patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus is daily exogenous insulin injections, but cell sources of insulin provide superior glycaemic regulation and research is now focused on the goal of regenerating or replacing β cells. Stem-cell-based models might be useful to study exocrine pancreatic disorders, and mesenchymal stem cells or secreted factors might delay disease progression. Although the standards that bioengineered cells must meet before being considered as a viable therapy are not yet established, any potential therapy must be acceptably safe and functionally superior to current therapies. Here, we describe progress and challenges in cell-based methods to restore pancreatic function, with a focus on optimizing the site for cell delivery and decreasing requirements for immunosuppression through encapsulation. We also discuss the tools and strategies being used to generate exocrine pancreas and insulin-producing β-cell surrogates in situ and highlight obstacles to clinical application.
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88
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Jacobson EF, Tzanakakis ES. Human pluripotent stem cell differentiation to functional pancreatic cells for diabetes therapies: Innovations, challenges and future directions. J Biol Eng 2017; 11:21. [PMID: 28680477 PMCID: PMC5494890 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-017-0066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the expansion and directed pancreatogenic differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have intensified efforts to generate functional pancreatic islet cells, especially insulin-secreting β-cells, for cell therapies against diabetes. However, the consistent generation of glucose-responsive insulin-releasing cells remains challenging. In this article, we first present basic concepts of pancreatic organogenesis, which frequently serves as a basis for engineering differentiation regimens. Next, past and current efforts are critically discussed for the conversion of hPSCs along pancreatic cell lineages, including endocrine β-cells and α-cells, as well as exocrine cells with emphasis placed on the later stages of commitment. Finally, major challenges and future directions are examined, such as the identification of factors for in vivo maturation, large-scale culture and post processing systems, cell loss during differentiation, culture economics, efficiency, and efficacy and exosomes and miRNAs in pancreatic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F Jacobson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Room 276A, Medford, MA 02155 USA
| | - Emmanuel S Tzanakakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Room 276A, Medford, MA 02155 USA.,Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111 USA
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89
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Gut P, Reischauer S, Stainier DYR, Arnaout R. LITTLE FISH, BIG DATA: ZEBRAFISH AS A MODEL FOR CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASE. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:889-938. [PMID: 28468832 PMCID: PMC5817164 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The burden of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases worldwide is staggering. The emergence of systems approaches in biology promises new therapies, faster and cheaper diagnostics, and personalized medicine. However, a profound understanding of pathogenic mechanisms at the cellular and molecular levels remains a fundamental requirement for discovery and therapeutics. Animal models of human disease are cornerstones of drug discovery as they allow identification of novel pharmacological targets by linking gene function with pathogenesis. The zebrafish model has been used for decades to study development and pathophysiology. More than ever, the specific strengths of the zebrafish model make it a prime partner in an age of discovery transformed by big-data approaches to genomics and disease. Zebrafish share a largely conserved physiology and anatomy with mammals. They allow a wide range of genetic manipulations, including the latest genome engineering approaches. They can be bred and studied with remarkable speed, enabling a range of large-scale phenotypic screens. Finally, zebrafish demonstrate an impressive regenerative capacity scientists hope to unlock in humans. Here, we provide a comprehensive guide on applications of zebrafish to investigate cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. We delineate advantages and limitations of zebrafish models of human disease and summarize their most significant contributions to understanding disease progression to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Gut
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sven Reischauer
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rima Arnaout
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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90
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Xie M, Tang S, Li K, Ding S. Pharmacological Reprogramming of Somatic Cells for Regenerative Medicine. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:1202-1211. [PMID: 28453285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lost or damaged cells in tissues and organs can be replaced by transplanting therapeutically competent cells. This approach requires methods that effectively manipulate cellular identities and properties to generate sufficient numbers of desired cell types for transplantation. These cells can be generated by reprogramming readily available somatic cells, such as fibroblasts, into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which can replicate indefinitely and give rise to any somatic cell type. This reprogramming can be achieved with genetic methods, such as forced expression of pluripotency-inducing transcription factors (TFs), which can be further improved, or even avoided, with pharmacological agents. We screened chemical libraries for such agents and identified small molecules that enhance TF-mediated pluripotency induction in somatic cells. We also developed cocktails of small molecules that can functionally replace combinations of TFs required to induce pluripotency in mouse and human somatic cells. Importantly, we devised and established a general strategy to develop effective pharmacological cocktails for specific cellular reprogramming processes. In the search for useful small molecules, we also discovered and characterized previously unknown mechanisms pertinent to cellular reprogramming. A more direct method to access scarce cells for cell transplantation is transdifferentiation, which uses combinations of cell-type specific TFs to reprogram fibroblasts into the target somatic cell types across lineage boundaries. We created an alternative strategy for cellular transdifferentiation that epigenetically activates somatic cells by pairing temporal treatment with reprogramming molecules and tissue-specific signaling molecules to generate cells of multiple lineages. Using this cell-activation and signaling-directed (CASD) transdifferentiation paradigm, we converted fibroblasts into a variety of somatic cells found in major organs, such as the heart, brain, pancreas, and liver. Specifically, we induced, isolated, and expanded (long-term) lineage-specific progenitor cells that can give rise to a defined range of cell types relevant to specific tissues or organs. Transplanting these progenitor cells or their progeny was therapeutically beneficial in animal models of diseases and organ damage. Importantly, we developed chemically defined conditions, without any genetic factors, that convert fibroblasts into cells of the cardiac and neural lineages, further extending the realm of pharmacological reprogramming of cells. Continuously advancing technologies in pharmacological reprogramming of cells may benefit and advance regenerative medicine. The established pharmacological tools have already been applied to enhance the processes of cellular reprogramming and improve the quality of cells for their clinical applications. The rapidly increasing number of readily available bioactive chemical tools will fuel our efforts to reprogram cells for transplantation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- Gladstone Institutes, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Shibing Tang
- Gladstone Institutes, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Ke Li
- Gladstone Institutes, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Sheng Ding
- Gladstone Institutes, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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91
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Millman JR, Pagliuca FW. Autologous Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived β-Like Cells for Diabetes Cellular Therapy. Diabetes 2017; 66:1111-1120. [PMID: 28507211 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of stem cell technologies for cell replacement therapy has progressed rapidly in recent years. Diabetes has long been seen as one of the first applications for stem cell-derived cells because of the loss of only a single cell type-the insulin-producing β-cell. Recent reports have detailed strategies that overcome prior hurdles to generate functional β-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells in vitro, including from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Even with this accomplishment, addressing immunological barriers to transplantation remains a major challenge for the field. The development of clinically relevant hiPSC derivation methods from patients and demonstration that these cells can be differentiated into β-like cells presents a new opportunity to treat diabetes without immunosuppression or immunoprotective encapsulation or with only targeted protection from autoimmunity. This review focuses on the current status in generating and transplanting autologous β-cells for diabetes cell therapy, highlighting the unique advantages and challenges of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Millman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
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92
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Mitutsova V, Yeo WWY, Davaze R, Franckhauser C, Hani EH, Abdullah S, Mollard P, Schaeffer M, Fernandez A, Lamb NJC. Adult muscle-derived stem cells engraft and differentiate into insulin-expressing cells in pancreatic islets of diabetic mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:86. [PMID: 28420418 PMCID: PMC5395782 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0539-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic beta cells are unique effectors in the control of glucose homeostasis and their deficiency results in impaired insulin production leading to severe diabetic diseases. Here, we investigated the potential of a population of nonadherent muscle-derived stem cells (MDSC) from adult mouse muscle to differentiate in vitro into beta cells when transplanted as undifferentiated stem cells in vivo to compensate for beta-cell deficiency. Results In vitro, cultured MDSC spontaneously differentiated into insulin-expressing islet-like cell clusters as revealed using MDSC from transgenic mice expressing GFP or mCherry under the control of an insulin promoter. Differentiated clusters of beta-like cells co-expressed insulin with the transcription factors Pdx1, Nkx2.2, Nkx6.1, and MafA, and secreted significant levels of insulin in response to glucose challenges. In vivo, undifferentiated MDSC injected into streptozotocin (STZ)-treated mice engrafted within 48 h specifically to damaged pancreatic islets and were shown to differentiate and express insulin 10–12 days after injection. In addition, injection of MDSC into hyperglycemic diabetic mice reduced their blood glucose levels for 2–4 weeks. Conclusion These data show that MDSC are capable of differentiating into mature pancreatic beta islet-like cells, not only upon culture in vitro, but also in vivo after systemic injection in STZ-induced diabetic mouse models. Being nonteratogenic, MDSC can be used directly by systemic injection, and this potential reveals a promising alternative avenue in stem cell-based treatment of beta-cell deficiencies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0539-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Mitutsova
- Mammalian Cell Biology group, IGH CNRS, UM, UMR 9002, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Wendy Wai Yeng Yeo
- Mammalian Cell Biology group, IGH CNRS, UM, UMR 9002, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier cedex 05, France.,Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Romain Davaze
- Mammalian Cell Biology group, IGH CNRS, UM, UMR 9002, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Celine Franckhauser
- Mammalian Cell Biology group, IGH CNRS, UM, UMR 9002, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - El-Habib Hani
- Mammalian Cell Biology group, IGH CNRS, UM, UMR 9002, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Syahril Abdullah
- Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Patrice Mollard
- Networks and Rhythms in Endocrine Glands, IGF, CNRS UMR-5203, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Schaeffer
- Networks and Rhythms in Endocrine Glands, IGF, CNRS UMR-5203, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Fernandez
- Mammalian Cell Biology group, IGH CNRS, UM, UMR 9002, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier cedex 05, France.
| | - Ned J C Lamb
- Mammalian Cell Biology group, IGH CNRS, UM, UMR 9002, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier cedex 05, France.
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93
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Ma X, Zhu S. Chemical strategies for pancreatic β cell differentiation, reprogramming, and regeneration. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:289-301. [PMID: 28338772 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of unlimited functional pancreatic β cells is critical for the study of pancreatic biology and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Recent advances have suggested several promising directions, including directed differentiation of pancreatic β cells from pluripotent stem cells, reprogramming of pancreatic β cells from other types of somatic cells, and stimulated proliferation and enhanced functions of existing pancreatic β cells. Small molecules are useful in generating unlimited numbers of functional pancreatic cells in vitro and could be further developed as drugs to stimulate endogenous pancreatic regeneration. Here, we provide an updated summary of recent major achievements in pancreatic β cell differentiation, reprogramming, proliferation, and function. These studies will eventually lead to significant advances in the field of pancreatic biology and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Ma
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Saiyong Zhu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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94
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Abstract
Reprogramming cell fates towards pluripotent stem cells and other cell types has revolutionized our understanding of cellular plasticity. During the last decade, transcription factors and microRNAs have become powerful reprogramming factors for modulating cell fates. Recently, many efforts are focused on reprogramming cell fates by non-viral and non-integrating chemical approaches. Small molecules not only are useful in generating desired cell types in vitro for various applications, such as disease modeling and cell-based transplantation, but also hold great promise to be further developed as drugs to stimulate patients’ endogenous cells to repair and regenerate in vivo. Here we will focus on chemical approaches for generating induced pluripotent stem cells, neurons, cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes and pancreatic β cells. Significantly, the rapid and exciting advances in cellular reprogramming by small molecules will help us to achieve the long-term goal of curing devastating diseases, injuries, cancers and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Ma
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Linghao Kong
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Saiyong Zhu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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95
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Engineering an endocrine Neo-Pancreas by repopulation of a decellularized rat pancreas with islets of Langerhans. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41777. [PMID: 28150744 PMCID: PMC5288794 DOI: 10.1038/srep41777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Decellularization of pancreata and repopulation of these non-immunogenic matrices with islets and endothelial cells could provide transplantable, endocrine Neo- Pancreata. In this study, rat pancreata were perfusion decellularized and repopulated with intact islets, comparing three perfusion routes (Artery, Portal Vein, Pancreatic Duct). Decellularization effectively removed all cellular components but conserved the pancreas specific extracellular matrix. Digital subtraction angiography of the matrices showed a conserved integrity of the decellularized vascular system but a contrast emersion into the parenchyma via the decellularized pancreatic duct. Islets infused via the pancreatic duct leaked from the ductular system into the peri-ductular decellularized space despite their magnitude. TUNEL staining and Glucose stimulated insulin secretion revealed that islets were viable and functional after the process. We present the first available protocol for perfusion decellularization of rat pancreata via three different perfusion routes. Furthermore, we provide first proof-of-concept for the repopulation of the decellularized rat pancreata with functional islets of Langerhans. The presented technique can serve as a bioengineering platform to generate implantable and functional endocrine Neo-Pancreata.
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96
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Macklin BL, Gerecht S. Bridging the gap: induced pluripotent stem cell derived endothelial cells for 3D vascular assembly. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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97
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Sommese L, Zullo A, Mancini FP, Fabbricini R, Soricelli A, Napoli C. Clinical relevance of epigenetics in the onset and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Epigenetics 2017; 12:401-415. [PMID: 28059593 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1278097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is involved in the altered expression of gene networks that underlie insulin resistance and insufficiency. Major genes controlling β-cell differentiation and function, such as PAX4, PDX1, and GLP1 receptor, are epigenetically controlled. Epigenetics can cause insulin resistance through immunomediated pro-inflammatory actions related to several factors, such as NF-kB, osteopontin, and Toll-like receptors. Hereafter, we provide a critical and comprehensive summary on this topic with a particular emphasis on translational and clinical aspects. We discuss the effect of epigenetics on β-cell regeneration for cell replacement therapy, the emerging bioinformatics approaches for analyzing the epigenetic contribution to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the epigenetic core of the transgenerational inheritance hypothesis in T2DM, and the epigenetic clinical trials on T2DM. Therefore, prevention or reversion of the epigenetic changes occurring during T2DM development may reduce the individual and societal burden of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sommese
- a U.O.C. Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology, Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology , Department of Internal and Specialty Medicine , Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU), Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli ," Italy.,b Department of Experimental Medicine , Second University of Naples , Italy
| | - Alberto Zullo
- c Department of Sciences and Technologies , University of Sannio , Benevento , Italy.,d CEINGE-Advanced Biotechnologies , Naples , Italy
| | | | - Rossella Fabbricini
- a U.O.C. Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology, Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology , Department of Internal and Specialty Medicine , Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU), Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli ," Italy
| | - Andrea Soricelli
- e IRCCS Research Institute SDN , Naples , Italy.,f Department of Studies of Institutions and Territorial Systems , University of Naples Parthenope , Naples , Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- a U.O.C. Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology, Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology , Department of Internal and Specialty Medicine , Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU), Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli ," Italy.,e IRCCS Research Institute SDN , Naples , Italy.,g Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Geriatric Sciences , Second University of Naples , Italy
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98
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Wallet MA, Santostefano KE, Terada N, Brusko TM. Isogenic Cellular Systems Model the Impact of Genetic Risk Variants in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:276. [PMID: 29093700 PMCID: PMC5651267 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
At least 57 independent loci within the human genome confer varying degrees of risk for the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The majority of these variants are thought to contribute to overall genetic risk by modulating host innate and adaptive immune responses, ultimately resulting in a loss of immunological tolerance to β cell antigens. Early efforts to link specific risk variants with functional alterations in host immune responses have employed animal models or genotype-selected individuals from clinical bioresource banks. While some notable genotype:phenotype associations have been described, there remains an urgent need to accelerate the discovery of causal variants and elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which susceptible alleles alter immune functions. One significant limitation has been the inability to study human T1D risk loci on an isogenic background. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and genome-editing technologies have made it possible to address a number of these outstanding questions. Specifically, the ability to drive multiple cell fates from iPSC under isogenic conditions now facilitates the analysis of causal variants in multiple cellular lineages. Bioinformatic analyses have revealed that T1D risk genes cluster within a limited number of immune signaling pathways, yet the relevant immune cell subsets and cellular activation states in which candidate risk genes impact cellular activities remain largely unknown. In this review, we summarize the functional impact of several candidate risk variants on host immunity in T1D and present an isogenic disease-in-a-dish model system for interrogating risk variants, with the goal of expediting precision therapeutics in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Wallet
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Katherine E. Santostefano
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Naohiro Terada
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Todd M. Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Todd M. Brusko,
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99
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Srivastava D, DeWitt N. In Vivo Cellular Reprogramming: The Next Generation. Cell 2016; 166:1386-1396. [PMID: 27610565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellular reprogramming technology has created new opportunities in understanding human disease, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. While a combinatorial code was initially found to reprogram somatic cells to pluripotency, a "second generation" of cellular reprogramming involves lineage-restricted transcription factors and microRNAs that directly reprogram one somatic cell to another. This technology was enabled by gene networks active during development, which induce global shifts in the epigenetic landscape driving cell fate decisions. A major utility of direct reprogramming is the potential of harnessing resident support cells within damaged organs to regenerate lost tissue by converting them into the desired cell type in situ. Here, we review the progress in direct cellular reprogramming, with a focus on the paradigm of in vivo reprogramming for regenerative medicine, while pointing to hurdles that must be overcome to translate this technology into future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Stem Cell Center at Gladstone, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Natalie DeWitt
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Usman S, Khan I, Naeem N, Iqbal H, Ali A, Usman S, Salim A. Conditioned media trans-differentiate mature fibroblasts into pancreatic beta-like cells. Life Sci 2016; 164:52-59. [PMID: 27593573 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM The study was carried out to evaluate the role of preconditioning strategies on the trans-differentiation of mature fibroblasts (NIH3T3 cells) into insulin producing β-cells. METHODS The NIH3T3 cells were treated with dexamethasone (5μM) and pancreatic extract (0.05 and 0.4mg/mL) separately or in combination. The treated cells were analyzed for the morphological changes, and expression of pancreatic genes and proteins by phase contrast microscopy, RT-PCR and flow cytometry/immunocytochemistry, respectively. RESULTS Treatment of mature fibroblasts with different combinations of dexamethasone and pancreatic extract in the form of conditioned media resulted in comparable morphological changes and expression of certain pancreatic genes and proteins; however, their expression varied with each treatment. Most prominent effect was observed in case of combined treatment which resulted in significant increase (p<0.001) in gene expression levels of insulin, MafA, and Ngn3. Variable pattern was observed in insulin, MafA, Ngn3 and Sca1 expressions at the protein level. CONCLUSION It is concluded from this study that preconditioning of NIH3T3 cells with conditioned media containing different combinations of dexamethasone and pancreatic extract can induce trans-differentiation of these cells into pancreatic β-like cells. The conditioned media however, need to be optimized. The study may offer the possibility of improved regeneration of mature cell type that could serve as a future therapeutic option for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Usman
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Khan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Naeem
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan; Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus, Gulzar-e-Hijri,Suparco Road, KDA Scheme-33, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hana'a Iqbal
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Anwar Ali
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan; Department of Physiology, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Usman
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Asmat Salim
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.
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