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Xu P, Cai W. Nitrate-responsive OBP4-XTH9 regulatory module controls lateral root development in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008465. [PMID: 31626627 PMCID: PMC6821136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant root system architecture in response to nitrate availability represents a notable example to study developmental plasticity, but the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylases (XTHs) play a critical role in cell wall biosynthesis. Here we assessed the gene expression of XTH1-11 belonging to group I of XTHs in lateral root (LR) primordia and found that XTH9 was highly expressed. Correspondingly, an xth9 mutant displayed less LR, while overexpressing XTH9 presented more LR, suggesting the potential function of XTH9 in controlling LR development. XTH9 gene mutation obviously alters the properties of the cell wall. Furthermore, nitrogen signals stimulated the expression of XTH9 to promote LRs. Genetic analysis revealed that the function of XTH9 was dependent on auxin-mediated ARF7/19 and downstream AFB3 in response to nitrogen signals. In addition, we identified another transcription factor, OBP4, that was also induced by nitrogen treatment, but the induction was much slower than that of XTH9. In contrast to XTH9, overexpressing OBP4 caused fewer LRs while OBP4 knockdown with OBP4-RNAi or an artificial miRNA silenced amiOBP4 line produced more LR. We further found OBP4 bound to the promoter of XTH9 to suppress XTH9 expression. In agreement with this, both OBP4-RNAi and crossed OBP4-RNAi & 35S::XTH9 lines led to more LR, but OBP4-RNAi & xth9 produced less LR, similar to xth9. Based on these findings we propose a novel mechanism by which OBP4 antagonistically controls XTH9 expression and the OBP4-XTH9 module elaborately sustains LR development in response to nitrate treatment. Nitrate is not only a nutrient, but also a signal that controls downstream signaling genes at the whole-plant level. In plants, changes in root system architecture in response to nitrate availability represent a notable example of developmental plasticity in response to environmental stimuli. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying nitrate-associated modulation are largely unknown. Here, we identified a nitrogen-responsive signaling module that comprises both xyloglucan endotransglucosylase 9 (XTH9) and the Dof transcription factor OBP4 and controls lateral root (LR) development. We used root gravitropic bending assays to observe the gene expression of group 1 xyloglucan endotransglucosylases (XTHs) involved in LR primordia. The results showed that XTH9 expression patterns were changed and that xth9 knockout mutants displayed altered LR growth. XTH9 was expressed in the LRs and in response to nitrate treatment, and the xth9 mutants were defective in nitrate-promoted LR growth. Moreover, XTH9 overexpression increased LR length and increased tolerance to low-nitrate stress. We found that OBP4 could negatively regulate XTH9 and inhibited root growth. OBP4 and XTH9 worked downstream of ARF7/9. We conclude that OBP4 and XTH9 constitute a regulatory module which contributes to LR growth in response to different environmental nitrate concentration signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Xu
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiming Cai
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Banda J, Bellande K, von Wangenheim D, Goh T, Guyomarc'h S, Laplaze L, Bennett MJ. Lateral Root Formation in Arabidopsis: A Well-Ordered LRexit. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:826-839. [PMID: 31362861 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lateral roots (LRs) are crucial for increasing the surface area of root systems to explore heterogeneous soil environments. Major advances have recently been made in the model plant arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to elucidate the cellular basis of LR development and the underlying gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that control the morphogenesis of the new root organ. This has provided a foundation for understanding the sophisticated adaptive mechanisms that regulate how plants pattern their root branching to match the spatial availability of resources such as water and nutrients in their external environment. We review new insights into the molecular, cellular, and environmental regulation of LR development in arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Banda
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, UK
| | - Kevin Bellande
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Diversité, Adaptation, et Developpement des Plantes (DIADE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Daniel von Wangenheim
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, UK
| | - Tatsuaki Goh
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Soazig Guyomarc'h
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Diversité, Adaptation, et Developpement des Plantes (DIADE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Laplaze
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Diversité, Adaptation, et Developpement des Plantes (DIADE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, UK.
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Physiological and Transcriptomic Changes during the Early Phases of Adventitious Root Formation in Mulberry Stem Hardwood Cuttings. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153707. [PMID: 31362363 PMCID: PMC6696018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The initiation and induction of root primordia are of great importance for adventitious root (AR) formation in cutting propagation of horticultural and forestry crops. However, the underlying mechanisms orchestrating these early phases of AR formation remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the physiological and transcriptomic changes during the early AR phases in mulberry stem hardwood cuttings. The results showed that the concentrations of soluble proteins increased, whereas concentrations of soluble sugars and starch were decreased. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and zeatin had a rapid transit peak at 6 h after planting (hAP) and declined thereafter. The activities of peroxidase and catalase persistently increased and indole-3-acetic acid oxidase was maintained at a higher stable level from 0 hAP, while the activities of polyphenol oxidase fluctuated with soluble phenolics and IAA levels. The comparative transcriptome identified 4276 common genes that were differentially regulated at −6, 0 and 54 hAP. They were separated into five clusters with distinct biological functions such as defense response and photosynthesis. Considerable common genes were assigned to pathways of sugar metabolism, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and circadian rhythm. The gene co-expression network analysis revealed three major co-expressed modules involved in stress responses, hormone signaling, energy metabolism, starch metabolism, and circadian rhythm. These findings demonstrate the positive effect of auxin on AR induction, and uncovered the crucial roles of stress responses, hormone signaling and circadian rhythm in coordinating the physiological changes during the early phases of AR formation in mulberry stem hardwood cuttings.
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Kumari S, Yadav S, Patra D, Singh S, Sarkar AK, Panigrahi KCS. Uncovering the molecular signature underlying the light intensity-dependent root development in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:596. [PMID: 31325959 PMCID: PMC6642530 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5933-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Root morphology is known to be affected by light quality, quantity and direction. Light signal is perceived at the shoot, translocated to roots through vasculature and further modulates the root development. Photoreceptors are differentially expressed in both shoot and root cells. The light irradiation to the root affects shoot morphology as well as whole plant development. The current work aims to understand the white light intensity dependent changes in root patterning and correlate that with the global gene expression profile. RESULTS Different fluence of white light (WL) regulate overall root development via modulating the expression of a specific set of genes. Phytochrome A deficient Arabidopsis thaliana (phyA-211) showed shorter primary root compared to phytochrome B deficient (phyB-9) and wild type (WT) seedlings at a lower light intensity. However, at higher intensity, both mutants showed shorter primary root in comparison to WT. The lateral root number was observed to be lowest in phyA-211 at intensities of 38 and 75 μmol m - 2 s - 1. The number of adventitious roots was significantly lower in phyA-211 as compared to WT and phyB-9 under all light intensities tested. With the root phenotypic data, microarray was performed for four different intensities of WL light in WT. Here, we identified ~ 5243 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under all light intensities. Gene ontology-based analysis indicated that different intensities of WL predominantly affect a subset of genes having catalytic activity and localized to the cytoplasm and membrane. Furthermore, when root is irradiated with different intensities of WL, several key genes involved in hormone, light signaling and clock-regulated pathways are differentially expressed. CONCLUSION Using genome wide microarray-based approach, we have identified candidate genes in Arabidopsis root that responded to the changes in light intensities. Alteration in expression of genes such as PIF4, COL9, EPR1, CIP1, ARF18, ARR6, SAUR9, TOC1 etc. which are involved in light, hormone and clock pathway was validated by qRT-PCR. This indicates their potential role in light intensity mediated root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sony Kumari
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), P.O. Bhimpur- Padanpur, Via Jatni, Dist. Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Sandeep Yadav
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Debadutta Patra
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), P.O. Bhimpur- Padanpur, Via Jatni, Dist. Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Sharmila Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ananda K Sarkar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kishore C S Panigrahi
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), P.O. Bhimpur- Padanpur, Via Jatni, Dist. Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India.
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PUCHI regulates very long chain fatty acid biosynthesis during lateral root and callus formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14325-14330. [PMID: 31235573 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906300116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lateral root organogenesis plays an essential role in elaborating plant root system architecture. In Arabidopsis, the AP2 family transcription factor PUCHI controls cell proliferation in lateral root primordia. To identify potential targets of PUCHI, we analyzed a time course transcriptomic dataset of lateral root formation. We report that multiple genes coding for very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) biosynthesis enzymes are induced during lateral root development in a PUCHI-dependent manner. Significantly, several mutants perturbed in VLCFA biosynthesis show similar lateral root developmental defects as puchi-1 Moreover, puchi-1 roots display the same disorganized callus formation phenotype as VLCFA biosynthesis-deficient mutants when grown on auxin-rich callus-inducing medium. Lipidomic profiling of puchi-1 roots revealed reduced VLCFA content compared with WT. We conclude that PUCHI-regulated VLCFA biosynthesis is part of a pathway controlling cell proliferation during lateral root and callus formation.
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Santos Teixeira JA, Ten Tusscher KH. The Systems Biology of Lateral Root Formation: Connecting the Dots. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:784-803. [PMID: 30953788 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The root system is a major determinant of a plant's access to water and nutrients. The architecture of the root system to a large extent depends on the repeated formation of new lateral roots. In this review, we discuss lateral root development from a systems biology perspective. We focus on studies combining experiments with computational modeling that have advanced our understanding of how the auxin-centered regulatory modules involved in different stages of lateral root development exert their specific functions. Moreover, we discuss how these regulatory networks may enable robust transitions from one developmental stage to the next, a subject that thus far has received limited attention. In addition, we analyze how environmental factors impinge on these modules, and the different manners in which these environmental signals are being integrated to enable coordinated developmental decision making. Finally, we provide some suggestions for extending current models of lateral root development to incorporate multiple processes and stages. Only through more comprehensive models we can fully elucidate the cooperative effects of multiple processes on later root formation, and how one stage drives the transition to the next.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Santos Teixeira
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - K H Ten Tusscher
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Terry MI, Pérez-Sanz F, Díaz-Galián MV, Pérez de Los Cobos F, Navarro PJ, Egea-Cortines M, Weiss J. The Petunia CHANEL Gene is a ZEITLUPE Ortholog Coordinating Growth and Scent Profiles. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040343. [PMID: 30979023 PMCID: PMC6523265 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The floral perianth, comprising sepals and petals, conceals the sexual organs and attracts pollinators. The coordination of growth and scent emission is not fully understood. We have analyzed the effect of knocking down CHANEL (PhCHL), the ZEITLUPE ortholog in petunia (PhCHL) by hairpin RNAs. Plants with low PhCHL mRNA had overall decreased size. Growth evaluation using time lapse image analysis showed that early leaf movement was not affected by RNAi:PhCHL, but flower angle movement was modified, moving earlier during the day in knockdown plants than in wild types. Despite differences in stem length, growth rate was not significantly affected by loss of PhCHL. In contrast, petal growth displayed lower growth rate in RNAi:PhCHL. Decreased levels of PhCHL caused strongly modified scent profiles, including changes in composition and timing of emission resulting in volatile profiles highly divergent from the wild type. Our results show a role of PhCHL in controlling growth and development of vegetative and reproductive organs in petunia. The different effects of PhCHL on organ development indicate an organ-specific interpretation of the down regulation of PhCHL. Through the control of both timing and quantitative volatile emissions, PhCHL appears to be a major coordinator of scent profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta I Terry
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain.
| | - Fernando Pérez-Sanz
- Biomedical Informatic and Bioinformatic Platform, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, University Clinical Hospital 'Virgen de la Arrixaca', University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain.
| | - M Victoria Díaz-Galián
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain.
| | - Felipe Pérez de Los Cobos
- Plant Breeding Department, Center of Edafology and Applied Biology of Segura-High Council for Scientific Research (CEBAS-CSIC), Espinardo University Campus, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pedro J Navarro
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Telecomunicación (DSIE), Campus Muralla del Mar, s/n., Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain.
| | - Marcos Egea-Cortines
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain.
| | - Julia Weiss
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain.
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Shukla V, Lombardi L, Iacopino S, Pencik A, Novak O, Perata P, Giuntoli B, Licausi F. Endogenous Hypoxia in Lateral Root Primordia Controls Root Architecture by Antagonizing Auxin Signaling in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:538-551. [PMID: 30641154 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As non-photosynthesizing organs, roots are dependent on diffusion of oxygen from the external environment and, in some instances, from the shoot for their aerobic metabolism. Establishment of hypoxic niches in the developing tissues of plants has been postulated as a consequence of insufficient diffusion of oxygen to satisfy the demands throughout development. Here, we report that such niches are established at specific stages of lateral root primordia development in Arabidopsis thaliana grown under aerobic conditions. Using gain- and loss-of-function mutants, we show that ERF-VII transcription factors, which mediate hypoxic responses, control root architecture by acting in cells with a high level of auxin signaling. ERF-VIIs repress the expression of the auxin-induced genes LBD16, LBD18, and PUCHI, which are essential for lateral root development, by binding to their promoters. Our results support a model in which the establishment of hypoxic niches in the developing lateral root primordia contributes to the shutting down of key auxin-induced genes and regulates the production of lateral roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Shukla
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Iacopino
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ales Pencik
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS & Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS & Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Beatrice Giuntoli
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy; Biology Department, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesco Licausi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy; Biology Department, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Torres-Martínez HH, Rodríguez-Alonso G, Shishkova S, Dubrovsky JG. Lateral Root Primordium Morphogenesis in Angiosperms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:206. [PMID: 30941149 PMCID: PMC6433717 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenetic processes are the basis of new organ formation. Lateral roots (LRs) are the building blocks of the root system. After LR initiation and before LR emergence, a new lateral root primordium (LRP) forms. During this period, the organization and functionality of the prospective LR is defined. Thus, proper LRP morphogenesis is a decisive process during root system formation. Most current studies on LRP morphogenesis have been performed in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana; little is known about this process in other angiosperms. To understand LRP morphogenesis from a wider perspective, we review both contemporary and earlier studies. The latter are largely forgotten, and we attempted to integrate them into present-day research. In particular, we consider in detail the participation of parent root tissue in LRP formation, cell proliferation and timing during LRP morphogenesis, and the hormonal and genetic regulation of LRP morphogenesis. Cell type identity acquisition and new stem cell establishement during LRP morphogenesis are also considered. Within each of these facets, unanswered or poorly understood questions are identified to help define future research in the field. Finally, we discuss emerging research avenues and new technologies that could be used to answer the remaining questions in studies of LRP morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joseph G. Dubrovsky
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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The Root Cap Cuticle: A Cell Wall Structure for Seedling Establishment and Lateral Root Formation. Cell 2019; 176:1367-1378.e8. [PMID: 30773319 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The root cap surrounding the tip of plant roots is thought to protect the delicate stem cells in the root meristem. We discovered that the first layer of root cap cells is covered by an electron-opaque cell wall modification resembling a plant cuticle. Cuticles are polyester-based protective structures considered exclusive to aerial plant organs. Mutations in cutin biosynthesis genes affect the composition and ultrastructure of this cuticular structure, confirming its cutin-like characteristics. Strikingly, targeted degradation of the root cap cuticle causes a hypersensitivity to abiotic stresses during seedling establishment. Furthermore, lateral root primordia also display a cuticle that, when defective, causes delayed outgrowth and organ deformations, suggesting that it facilitates lateral root emergence. Our results show that the previously unrecognized root cap cuticle protects the root meristem during the critical phase of seedling establishment and promotes the efficient formation of lateral roots.
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Khadka VS, Vaughn K, Xie J, Swaminathan P, Ma Q, Cramer GR, Fennell AY. Transcriptomic response is more sensitive to water deficit in shoots than roots of Vitis riparia (Michx.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:72. [PMID: 30760212 PMCID: PMC6375209 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1664-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought is an important constraint on grapevine sustainability. Vitis riparia, widely used in rootstock and scion breeding, has been studied in isolated leaf drying response studies; however, it is essential to identify key root and shoot water deficit signaling traits in intact plants. This information will aid improved scion and rootstock selection and management practices in grapevine. RNAseq data were generated from V. riparia roots and shoots under water deficit and well-watered conditions to determine root signaling and shoot responses to water deficit. RESULTS Shoot elongation, photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance were significantly reduced in water deficit (WD) treated than in well-watered grapevines. RNAseq analysis indicated greater transcriptional differences in shoots than in roots under WD, with 6925 and 1395 genes differentially expressed, respectively (q-value < 0.05). There were 50 and 25 VitisNet pathways significantly enriched in WD relative to well-watered treatments in grapevine shoots and roots, respectively. The ABA biosynthesis genes beta-carotene hydroxylase, zeaxanthin epoxidase, and 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenases were up-regulated in WD root and WD shoot. A positive enrichment of ABA biosynthesis genes and signaling pathways in WD grapevine roots indicated enhanced root signaling to the shoot. An increased frequency of differentially expressed reactive oxygen species scavenging (ROS) genes were found in the WD shoot. Analyses of hormone signaling genes indicated a strong ABA, auxin, and ethylene network and an ABA, cytokinin, and circadian rhythm network in both WD shoot and WD root. CONCLUSIONS This work supports previous findings in detached leaf studies suggesting ABA-responsive binding factor 2 (ABF2) is a central regulator in ABA signaling in the WD shoot. Likewise, ABF2 may have a key role in V. riparia WD shoot and WD root. A role for ABF3 was indicated only in WD root. WD shoot and WD root hormone expression analysis identified strong ABA, auxin, ethylene, cytokinin, and circadian rhythm signaling networks. These results present the first ABA, cytokinin, and circadian rhythm signaling network in roots under water deficit. These networks point to organ specific regulators that should be explored to further define the communication network from soil to shoot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedbar Singh Khadka
- McFadden BioStress Laboratory, Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006 USA
- JABSOM Bioinformatics Core, Department of Complementary & Integrative Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI USA
| | - Kimberley Vaughn
- McFadden BioStress Laboratory, Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006 USA
| | - Juan Xie
- McFadden BioStress Laboratory, Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006 USA
- South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006 USA
| | - Padmapriya Swaminathan
- McFadden BioStress Laboratory, Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006 USA
- South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006 USA
| | - Qin Ma
- McFadden BioStress Laboratory, Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006 USA
- South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006 USA
| | - Grant R. Cramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV USA
| | - Anne Y. Fennell
- McFadden BioStress Laboratory, Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006 USA
- South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006 USA
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Xu P, Cai W. Function of Brassica napus BnABI3 in Arabidopsis gs1, an Allele of AtABI3, in Seed Development and Stress Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:67. [PMID: 30804960 PMCID: PMC6370748 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) has been implicated in plant adaptation to various environmental stresses in addition to the regulation of seed dormancy and leaf senescence. ABI3 is a B3 domain-containing family protein and functions in the ABA signaling pathway during seed development. To date, the ABI3 orthologous have not been studied in Brassica napus. The aim of this study is to investigate the function of BnABI3 in plant development and stress response. Here, we identified an Arabidopsis line (gs1) from a population of mutagenized seeds and showed that GS1 is a new allele of AtABI3. When the Arabidopsis gs1 mutant was transformed with the BnABI3 gene, the transformed plants produced seeds that turned yellow and acquired desiccation tolerance. Moreover, BnABI3 regulates seed coat development and mucilage secretion by directly targeting the AtMUM1 and AtGATL5 genes. In addition, we showed that BnABI3 expression rescued gs1 freezing-induced green seed coloration by targeting AtSGR1/2 in transgenic Arabidopsis. BnABI3 is also involved in lateral root development and conferred a novel interaction between ABA and auxin signaling in roots. The potential role of ABI3 protein in endoplasmic reticulum homoeostasis was also tested. Altogether, our results indicated that BnABI3 mediates both plant development and the stress response.
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63
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Nadzieja M, Stougaard J, Reid D. A Toolkit for High Resolution Imaging of Cell Division and Phytohormone Signaling in Legume Roots and Root Nodules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1000. [PMID: 31428118 PMCID: PMC6688427 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Legume plants benefit from a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis in association with rhizobia hosted in specialized root nodules. Formation of root nodules is initiated by de novo organogenesis and coordinated infection of these developing lateral root organs by rhizobia. Both bacterial infection and nodule organogenesis involve cell cycle activation and regulation by auxin and cytokinin is tightly integrated in the process. To characterize the hormone dynamics and cell division patterns with cellular resolution during nodulation, sensitive and specific sensors suited for imaging of multicellular tissues are required. Here we report a modular toolkit, optimized in the model legume Lotus japonicus, for use in legume roots and root nodules. This toolkit includes synthetic transcriptional reporters for auxin and cytokinin, auxin accumulation sensors and cell cycle progression markers optimized for fluorescent and bright field microscopy. The developed vectors allow for efficient one-step assembly of multiple units using the GoldenGate cloning system. Applied together with a fluorescence-compatible clearing approach, these reporters improve imaging depth and facilitate fluorescence examination in legume roots. We additionally evaluate the utility of the dynamic gravitropic root response in altering the timing and location of auxin accumulation and nodule emergence. We show that alteration of auxin distribution in roots allows for preferential nodule emergence at the outer side of the bend corresponding to a region of high auxin signaling capacity. The presented tools and procedures open new possibilities for comparative mutant studies and for developing a more comprehensive understanding of legume-rhizobia interactions.
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64
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Singh M, Mas P. A Functional Connection between the Circadian Clock and Hormonal Timing in Arabidopsis. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E567. [PMID: 30477118 PMCID: PMC6315462 DOI: 10.3390/genes9120567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The rotation of the Earth entails changes in environmental conditions that pervasively influence an organism's physiology and metabolism. An internal cellular mechanism known as the circadian clock acts as an internal timekeeper that is able to perceive the changes in environmental cues to generate 24-h rhythms in synchronization with daily and seasonal fluctuations. In plants, the circadian clock function is particularly important and regulates nearly every aspect of plant growth and development as well as proper responses to stresses. The circadian clock does not function in isolation but rather interconnects with an intricate network of different pathways, including those of phytohormones. Here, we describe the interplay of the circadian clock with a subset of hormones in Arabidopsis. The molecular components directly connecting the circadian and hormone pathways are described, highlighting the biological significance of such connections in the control of growth, development, fitness, and survival. We focus on the overlapping as well as contrasting circadian and hormonal functions that together provide a glimpse on how the Arabidopsis circadian system regulates hormone function in response to endogenous and exogenous cues. Examples of feedback regulation from hormone signaling to the clock are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjul Singh
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Consortium CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Paloma Mas
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Consortium CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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65
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Belbin FE, Dodd AN. ABA signalling is regulated by the circadian clock component LHY. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:661-663. [PMID: 30324736 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Belbin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Antony N Dodd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
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66
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Shahzad Z, Kellermeier F, Armstrong EM, Rogers S, Lobet G, Amtmann A, Hills A. EZ-Root-VIS: A Software Pipeline for the Rapid Analysis and Visual Reconstruction of Root System Architecture. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:1368-1381. [PMID: 29895611 PMCID: PMC6084667 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
If we want to understand how the environment has shaped the appearance and behavior of living creatures, we need to compare groups of individuals that differ in genetic makeup and environment experience. For complex phenotypic features, such as body posture or facial expression in humans, comparison is not straightforward because some of the contributing factors cannot easily be quantified or averaged across individuals. Therefore, computational methods are used to reconstruct representative prototypes using a range of algorithms for filling in missing information and calculating means. The same problem applies to the root system architecture (RSA) of plants. Several computer programs are available for extracting numerical data from root images, but they usually do not offer customized data analysis or visual reconstruction of RSA. We developed Root-VIS, a free software tool that facilitates the determination of means and variance of many different RSA features across user-selected sets of root images. Furthermore, Root-VIS offers several options to generate visual reconstructions of root systems from the averaged data to enable screening and modeling. We confirmed the suitability of Root-VIS, combined with a new version of EZ-Rhizo, for the rapid characterization of genotype-environment interactions and gene discovery through genome-wide association studies in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaigham Shahzad
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Kellermeier
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Emily M Armstrong
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Rogers
- School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Lobet
- Agrosphäre (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Anna Amtmann
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Hills
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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67
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Lymperopoulos P, Msanne J, Rabara R. Phytochrome and Phytohormones: Working in Tandem for Plant Growth and Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1037. [PMID: 30100912 PMCID: PMC6072860 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Being sessile organisms, plants need to continually adapt and modulate their rate of growth and development in accordance with the changing environmental conditions, a phenomenon referred to as plasticity. Plasticity in plants is a highly complex process that involves a well-coordinated interaction between different signaling pathways, the spatiotemporal involvement of phytohormones and cues from the environment. Though research studies are being carried out over the years to understand how plants perceive the signals from changing environmental conditions and activate plasticity, such remain a mystery to be resolved. Among all environmental cues, the light seems to be the stand out factor influencing plant growth and development. During the course of evolution, plants have developed well-equipped signaling system that enables regulation of both quantitative and qualitative differences in the amount of perceived light. Light influences essential developmental switches in plants ranging from germination or transition to flowering, photomorphogenesis, as well as switches in response to shade avoidances and architectural changes occurring during phototropism. Abscisic acid (ABA) is controlling seed germination and is regulated by light. Furthermore, circadian clock adds another level of regulation to plant growth by integrating light signals with different hormonal pathways. MYB96 has been identified as a regulator of circadian gating of ABA-mediated responses in plants by binding to the TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1(TOC1) promoter. This review will present a representative regulatory model, highlight the successes achieved in employing novel strategies to dissect the levels of interaction and provide perspective for future research on phytochrome-phytohormones relationships toward facilitating plant growth, development, and function under abiotic-biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Msanne
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Roel Rabara
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, United States
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68
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Gommers CMM. Save Time and Fish for the Clock. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:871-872. [PMID: 30006456 PMCID: PMC6053001 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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69
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Lee HG, Seo PJ. Dependence and independence of the root clock on the shoot clock in Arabidopsis. Genes Genomics 2018; 40:1063-1068. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-018-0710-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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70
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Gould PD, Domijan M, Greenwood M, Tokuda IT, Rees H, Kozma-Bognar L, Hall AJ, Locke JC. Coordination of robust single cell rhythms in the Arabidopsis circadian clock via spatial waves of gene expression. eLife 2018; 7:31700. [PMID: 29697372 PMCID: PMC5988422 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis circadian clock orchestrates gene regulation across the day/night cycle. Although a multiple feedback loop circuit has been shown to generate the 24-hr rhythm, it remains unclear how robust the clock is in individual cells, or how clock timing is coordinated across the plant. Here we examine clock activity at the single cell level across Arabidopsis seedlings over several days under constant environmental conditions. Our data reveal robust single cell oscillations, albeit desynchronised. In particular, we observe two waves of clock activity; one going down, and one up the root. We also find evidence of cell-to-cell coupling of the clock, especially in the root tip. A simple model shows that cell-to-cell coupling and our measured period differences between cells can generate the observed waves. Our results reveal the spatial structure of the plant clock and suggest that unlike the centralised mammalian clock, the Arabidopsis clock has multiple coordination points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Gould
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mirela Domijan
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Greenwood
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Isao T Tokuda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hannah Rees
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Laszlo Kozma-Bognar
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anthony Jw Hall
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - James Cw Locke
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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71
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Du Y, Scheres B. Lateral root formation and the multiple roles of auxin. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:155-167. [PMID: 28992266 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Root systems can display variable architectures that contribute to survival strategies of plants. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana possesses a tap root system, in which the primary root and lateral roots (LRs) are major architectural determinants. The phytohormone auxin fulfils multiple roles throughout LR development. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of four aspects of LR formation: (i) LR positioning, which determines the spatial distribution of lateral root primordia (LRP) and LRs along primary roots; (ii) LR initiation, encompassing the activation of nuclear migration in specified lateral root founder cells (LRFCs) up to the first asymmetric cell division; (iii) LR outgrowth, the 'primordium-intrinsic' patterning of de novo organ tissues and a meristem; and (iv) LR emergence, an interaction between LRP and overlaying tissues to allow passage through cell layers. We discuss how auxin signaling, embedded in a changing developmental context, plays important roles in all four phases. In addition, we discuss how rapid progress in gene network identification and analysis, modeling, and four-dimensional imaging techniques have led to an increasingly detailed understanding of the dynamic regulatory networks that control LR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Du
- Plant Developmental Biology Group, Wageningen University Research, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Scheres
- Plant Developmental Biology Group, Wageningen University Research, the Netherlands
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72
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SEKI N, TANIGAKI Y, YOSHIDA A, FUKUDA H. Spatiotemporal Analysis of Localized Circadian Arrhythmias in Plant Roots. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.2525/ecb.56.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki SEKI
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University
| | | | | | - Hirokazu FUKUDA
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology
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73
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Zhang SR, Wang H, Wang Z, Ren Y, Niu L, Liu J, Liu B. Photoperiodism dynamics during the domestication and improvement of soybean. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:1416-1427. [PMID: 28942538 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-9154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is a facultative short-day plant with a sensitive photoperiod perception and reaction system, which allows it to adjust its physiological state and gene regulatory networks to seasonal and diurnal changes in environmental conditions. In the past few decades, soybean cultivation has spread from East Asia to areas throughout the world. Biologists and breeders must now confront the challenge of understanding the molecular mechanism of soybean photoperiodism and improving agronomic traits to enable this important crop to adapt to geographical and environmental changes. In this review, we summarize the genetic regulatory network underlying photoperiodic responses in soybean. Genomic and genetic studies have revealed that the circadian clock, in conjunction with the light perception pathways, regulates photoperiodic flowering. Here, we provide an annotated list of 844 candidate flowering genes in soybean, with their putative biological functions. Many photoperiod-related genes have been intensively selected during domestication and crop improvement. Finally, we describe recent progress in engineering photoperiod-responsive genes for improving agronomic traits to enhance geographic adaptation in soybean, as well as future prospects for research on soybean photoperiodic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Rui Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yao Ren
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Lifang Niu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jun Liu
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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74
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Lee HJ, Park YJ, Ha JH, Baldwin IT, Park CM. Multiple Routes of Light Signaling during Root Photomorphogenesis. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:803-812. [PMID: 28705537 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants dynamically adjust their architecture to optimize growth and performance under fluctuating light environments, a process termed photomorphogenesis. A variety of photomorphogenic responses have been studied extensively in the shoots, where diverse photoreceptors and signaling molecules have been functionally characterized. Notably, accumulating evidence demonstrates that the underground roots also undergo photomorphogenesis, raising the question of how roots perceive and respond to aboveground light. Recent findings indicate that root photomorphogenesis is mediated by multiple signaling routes, including shoot-to-root transmission of mobile signaling molecules, direct sensing of light by the roots, and light channeling through the plant body. In this review we discuss recent advances in how light signals are transmitted to the roots to trigger photomorphogenic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Young-Joon Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jun-Ho Ha
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Chung-Mo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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75
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Ötvös K, Benková E. Spatiotemporal mechanisms of root branching. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 45:82-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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76
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Ezura K, Ji-Seong K, Mori K, Suzuki Y, Kuhara S, Ariizumi T, Ezura H. Genome-wide identification of pistil-specific genes expressed during fruit set initiation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180003. [PMID: 28683065 PMCID: PMC5500324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit set involves the developmental transition of an unfertilized quiescent ovary in the pistil into a fruit. While fruit set is known to involve the activation of signals (including various plant hormones) in the ovary, many biological aspects of this process remain elusive. To further expand our understanding of this process, we identified genes that are specifically expressed in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) pistils during fruit set through comprehensive RNA-seq-based transcriptome analysis using 17 different tissues including pistils at six different developmental stages. First, we identified 532 candidate genes that are preferentially expressed in the pistil based on their tissue-specific expression profiles. Next, we compared our RNA-seq data with publically available transcriptome data, further refining the candidate genes that are specifically expressed within the pistil. As a result, 108 pistil-specific genes were identified, including several transcription factor genes that function in reproductive development. We also identified genes encoding hormone-like peptides with a secretion signal and cysteine-rich residues that are conserved among some Solanaceae species, suggesting that peptide hormones may function as signaling molecules during fruit set initiation. This study provides important information about pistil-specific genes, which may play specific roles in regulating pistil development in relation to fruit set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ezura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kim Ji-Seong
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuki Mori
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoru Kuhara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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77
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Hunt L, Amsbury S, Baillie A, Movahedi M, Mitchell A, Afsharinafar M, Swarup K, Denyer T, Hobbs JK, Swarup R, Fleming AJ, Gray JE. Formation of the Stomatal Outer Cuticular Ledge Requires a Guard Cell Wall Proline-Rich Protein. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:689-699. [PMID: 28153922 PMCID: PMC5462008 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are formed by a pair of guard cells which have thickened, elastic cell walls to withstand the large increases in turgor pressure that have to be generated to open the pore that they surround. We have characterized FOCL1, a guard cell-expressed, secreted protein with homology to Hyp-rich cell wall proteins. FOCL1-GFP localizes to the guard cell outer cuticular ledge and plants lacking FOCL1 produce stomata without a cuticular ledge. Instead the majority of stomatal pores are entirely covered over by a continuous fusion of the cuticle, and consequently plants have decreased levels of transpiration and display drought tolerance. The focl1 guard cells are larger and less able to reduce the aperture of their stomatal pore in response to closure signals suggesting that the flexibility of guard cell walls is impaired. FOCL1 is also expressed in lateral root initials where it aids lateral root emergence. We propose that FOCL1 acts in these highly specialized cells of the stomata and root to impart cell wall strength at high turgor and/or to facilitate interactions between the cell wall and the cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hunt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (L.H., M.M., A.M., M.A., J.E.G.)
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom (S.A., A.B., A.J.F.)
- Centre for Integrative Plant Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (K.S., T.D., R.S.); and
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom (J.K.H.)
| | - Samuel Amsbury
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (L.H., M.M., A.M., M.A., J.E.G.)
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom (S.A., A.B., A.J.F.)
- Centre for Integrative Plant Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (K.S., T.D., R.S.); and
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom (J.K.H.)
| | - Alice Baillie
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (L.H., M.M., A.M., M.A., J.E.G.)
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom (S.A., A.B., A.J.F.)
- Centre for Integrative Plant Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (K.S., T.D., R.S.); and
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom (J.K.H.)
| | - Mahsa Movahedi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (L.H., M.M., A.M., M.A., J.E.G.)
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom (S.A., A.B., A.J.F.)
- Centre for Integrative Plant Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (K.S., T.D., R.S.); and
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom (J.K.H.)
| | - Alice Mitchell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (L.H., M.M., A.M., M.A., J.E.G.)
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom (S.A., A.B., A.J.F.)
- Centre for Integrative Plant Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (K.S., T.D., R.S.); and
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom (J.K.H.)
| | - Mana Afsharinafar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (L.H., M.M., A.M., M.A., J.E.G.)
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom (S.A., A.B., A.J.F.)
- Centre for Integrative Plant Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (K.S., T.D., R.S.); and
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom (J.K.H.)
| | - Kamal Swarup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (L.H., M.M., A.M., M.A., J.E.G.)
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom (S.A., A.B., A.J.F.)
- Centre for Integrative Plant Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (K.S., T.D., R.S.); and
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom (J.K.H.)
| | - Thomas Denyer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (L.H., M.M., A.M., M.A., J.E.G.)
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom (S.A., A.B., A.J.F.)
- Centre for Integrative Plant Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (K.S., T.D., R.S.); and
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom (J.K.H.)
| | - Jamie K Hobbs
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (L.H., M.M., A.M., M.A., J.E.G.)
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom (S.A., A.B., A.J.F.)
- Centre for Integrative Plant Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (K.S., T.D., R.S.); and
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom (J.K.H.)
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (L.H., M.M., A.M., M.A., J.E.G.)
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom (S.A., A.B., A.J.F.)
- Centre for Integrative Plant Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (K.S., T.D., R.S.); and
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom (J.K.H.)
| | - Andrew J Fleming
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (L.H., M.M., A.M., M.A., J.E.G.)
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom (S.A., A.B., A.J.F.)
- Centre for Integrative Plant Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (K.S., T.D., R.S.); and
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom (J.K.H.)
| | - Julie E Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (L.H., M.M., A.M., M.A., J.E.G.);
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom (S.A., A.B., A.J.F.);
- Centre for Integrative Plant Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (K.S., T.D., R.S.); and
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom (J.K.H.)
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Abstract
Nearly all programmed and plastic plant growth responses are at least partially regulated by auxins, such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Although vectorial, long distance auxin transport is essential to its regulatory function, all auxin responses are ultimately localized in individual target cells. As a consequence, cellular auxin concentrations are tightly regulated via coordinated biosynthesis, transport, conjugation, and oxidation. The primary auxin oxidative product across species is 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid (oxIAA), followed by glucose and amino acid conjugation to oxIAA. Recently, the enzymes catalyzing the oxidative reaction were characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana. DIOXYGENASE OF AUXIN OXIDATION (DAO) comprises a small subfamily of the 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II) [2-OG Fe(II)] dependent dioxygenase superfamily. Biochemical and genetic studies have revealed critical physiological functions of DAO during plant growth and development. Thus far, DAO has been identified in three species by homology. Here, we review historical and recent studies and discuss future perspectives regarding DAO and IAA oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742,USA
| | - Wendy Ann Peer
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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79
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Ponce G, Corkidi G, Eapen D, Lledías F, Cárdenas L, Cassab G. Root hydrotropism and thigmotropism in Arabidopsis thaliana are differentially controlled by redox status. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1305536. [PMID: 28318377 PMCID: PMC5437835 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1305536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Factors that affect the direction of root growth in response to environmental signals influence crop productivity. We analyzed the root tropic responses of thioredoxin (trxs), thigmotropic (wav2-1), and hydrotropic (ahr1 and nhr1) Arabidopsis thaliana mutants treated with low concentrations of paraquat (PQ), which induces mild oxidative stress, and established a new method for evaluating root waviness (root bending effort, RBE). This method estimates root bending by measuring and summing local curvature over the whole length of the root, regardless of the asymmetry of the wavy pattern under thigmostimulation. In roots of the wav2-1 mutant, but not in those of the trxs and ahr1 mutants, RBE was significantly inhibited under mild oxidative stress. Thigmotropic stimulation of wav2-1 mutant roots, with or without PQ treatment, showed high levels of reactive oxygen species fluorescence, in contrast to roots of the ahr1 mutant. Furthermore, PQ inhibited root growth in all genotypes tested, except in the wav2-1 mutant. In a hydrotropism assay of the trxs and wav2-1 mutants, root growth behavior was similar to the wild type with and without PQ, while the root growth of ahr1 and nhr1 mutants was diminished with PQ. These results indicate that hydrotropic and thigmotropic mutants respond differently to exogenous PQ, depending on the tropic stimulus perceived. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying hydrotropism and thigmotropism may differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Ponce
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
| | - Gabriel Corkidi
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
| | - Delfeena Eapen
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
| | - Fernando Lledías
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
| | - Gladys Cassab
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
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80
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Laskowski M, Ten Tusscher KH. Periodic Lateral Root Priming: What Makes It Tick? THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:432-444. [PMID: 28223442 PMCID: PMC5385950 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Conditioning small groups of root pericycle cells for future lateral root formation has a major impact on overall plant root architecture. This priming of lateral roots occurs rhythmically, involving temporal oscillations in auxin response in the root tip. During growth, this process generates a spatial pattern of prebranch sites, an early stage in lateral root formation characterized by a stably maintained high auxin response. To date, the molecular mechanism behind this rhythmicity has remained elusive. Some data implicate a cell-autonomous oscillation in gene expression, while others strongly support the importance of tissue-level modulations in auxin fluxes. Here, we summarize the experimental data on periodic lateral root priming. We present a theoretical framework that distinguishes between a priming signal and its subsequent memorization and show how major roles for auxin fluxes and gene expression naturally emerge from this framework. We then discuss three mechanisms that could potentially induce oscillations of auxin response: cell-autonomous oscillations, Turing-type patterning, and tissue-level oscillations in auxin fluxes, along with specific properties of lateral root priming that may be used to discern which type of mechanism is most likely to drive lateral root patterning. We conclude with suggestions for future experiments and modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirsten H Ten Tusscher
- Theoretical Biology Group, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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81
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Li Z, Omranian N, Neumetzler L, Wang T, Herter T, Usadel B, Demura T, Giavalisco P, Nikoloski Z, Persson S. A Transcriptional and Metabolic Framework for Secondary Wall Formation in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1334-1351. [PMID: 27566165 PMCID: PMC5047112 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are essential for plant growth and development. The cell walls are traditionally divided into primary walls, which surround growing cells, and secondary walls, which provide structural support to certain cell types and promote their functions. While much information is available about the enzymes and components that contribute to the production of these two types of walls, much less is known about the transition from primary to secondary wall synthesis. To address this question, we made use of a transcription factor system in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) in which an overexpressed master secondary wall-inducing transcription factor, VASCULAR-RELATED NAC DOMAIN PROTEIN7, can be redirected into the nucleus by the addition of dexamethasone. We established the time frame during which primary wall synthesis changed into secondary wall production in dexamethasone-treated seedlings and measured transcript and metabolite abundance at eight time points after induction. Using cluster- and network-based analyses, we integrated the data sets to explore coordination between transcripts, metabolites, and the combination of the two across the time points. We provide the raw data as well as a range of network-based analyses. These data reveal links between hormone signaling and metabolic processes during the formation of secondary walls and provide a framework toward a deeper understanding of how primary walls transition into secondary walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- School of BioSciences (Z.L., S.P.) and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls (S.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia;Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (Z.L., N.O., L.N., T.W., T.H., P.G., Z.N., S.P.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (B.U.); andGraduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan (T.D.)
| | - Nooshin Omranian
- School of BioSciences (Z.L., S.P.) and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls (S.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia;Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (Z.L., N.O., L.N., T.W., T.H., P.G., Z.N., S.P.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (B.U.); andGraduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan (T.D.)
| | - Lutz Neumetzler
- School of BioSciences (Z.L., S.P.) and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls (S.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia;Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (Z.L., N.O., L.N., T.W., T.H., P.G., Z.N., S.P.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (B.U.); andGraduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan (T.D.)
| | - Ting Wang
- School of BioSciences (Z.L., S.P.) and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls (S.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia;Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (Z.L., N.O., L.N., T.W., T.H., P.G., Z.N., S.P.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (B.U.); andGraduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan (T.D.)
| | - Thomas Herter
- School of BioSciences (Z.L., S.P.) and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls (S.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia;Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (Z.L., N.O., L.N., T.W., T.H., P.G., Z.N., S.P.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (B.U.); andGraduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan (T.D.)
| | - Bjoern Usadel
- School of BioSciences (Z.L., S.P.) and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls (S.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia;Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (Z.L., N.O., L.N., T.W., T.H., P.G., Z.N., S.P.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (B.U.); andGraduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan (T.D.)
| | - Taku Demura
- School of BioSciences (Z.L., S.P.) and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls (S.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia;Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (Z.L., N.O., L.N., T.W., T.H., P.G., Z.N., S.P.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (B.U.); andGraduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan (T.D.)
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- School of BioSciences (Z.L., S.P.) and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls (S.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia;Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (Z.L., N.O., L.N., T.W., T.H., P.G., Z.N., S.P.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (B.U.); andGraduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan (T.D.)
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- School of BioSciences (Z.L., S.P.) and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls (S.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia;Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (Z.L., N.O., L.N., T.W., T.H., P.G., Z.N., S.P.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (B.U.); andGraduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan (T.D.)
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of BioSciences (Z.L., S.P.) and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls (S.P.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia;Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (Z.L., N.O., L.N., T.W., T.H., P.G., Z.N., S.P.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (B.U.); andGraduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan (T.D.)
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82
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Mellor N, Band LR, Pěnčík A, Novák O, Rashed A, Holman T, Wilson MH, Voß U, Bishopp A, King JR, Ljung K, Bennett MJ, Owen MR. Dynamic regulation of auxin oxidase and conjugating enzymes AtDAO1 and GH3 modulates auxin homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11022-7. [PMID: 27651495 PMCID: PMC5047161 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604458113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormone auxin is a key regulator of plant growth and development, and great progress has been made understanding auxin transport and signaling. Here, we show that auxin metabolism and homeostasis are also regulated in a complex manner. The principal auxin degradation pathways in Arabidopsis include oxidation by Arabidopsis thaliana gene DIOXYGENASE FOR AUXIN OXIDATION 1/2 (AtDAO1/2) and conjugation by Gretchen Hagen3s (GH3s). Metabolic profiling of dao1-1 root tissues revealed a 50% decrease in the oxidation product 2-oxoindole-3-acetic acid (oxIAA) and increases in the conjugated forms indole-3-acetic acid aspartic acid (IAA-Asp) and indole-3-acetic acid glutamic acid (IAA-Glu) of 438- and 240-fold, respectively, whereas auxin remains close to the WT. By fitting parameter values to a mathematical model of these metabolic pathways, we show that, in addition to reduced oxidation, both auxin biosynthesis and conjugation are increased in dao1-1 Transcripts of AtDAO1 and GH3 genes increase in response to auxin over different timescales and concentration ranges. Including this regulation of AtDAO1 and GH3 in an extended model reveals that auxin oxidation is more important for auxin homoeostasis at lower hormone concentrations, whereas auxin conjugation is most significant at high auxin levels. Finally, embedding our homeostasis model in a multicellular simulation to assess the spatial effect of the dao1-1 mutant shows that auxin increases in outer root tissues in agreement with the dao1-1 mutant root hair phenotype. We conclude that auxin homeostasis is dependent on AtDAO1, acting in concert with GH3, to maintain auxin at optimal levels for plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Mellor
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Leah R Band
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Afaf Rashed
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Tara Holman
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H Wilson
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Ute Voß
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - John R King
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom;
| | - Markus R Owen
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom;
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83
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DAO1 catalyzes temporal and tissue-specific oxidative inactivation of auxin in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11010-5. [PMID: 27651492 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604769113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight homeostatic regulation of the phytohormone auxin [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)] is essential to plant growth. Auxin biosynthetic pathways and the processes that inactivate auxin by conjugation to amino acids and sugars have been thoroughly characterized. However, the enzyme that catalyzes oxidation of IAA to its primary catabolite 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid (oxIAA) remains uncharacterized. Here, we show that DIOXYGENASE FOR AUXIN OXIDATION 1 (DAO1) catalyzes formation of oxIAA in vitro and in vivo and that this mechanism regulates auxin homeostasis and plant growth. Null dao1-1 mutants contain 95% less oxIAA compared with wild type, and complementation of dao1 restores wild-type oxIAA levels, indicating that DAO1 is the primary IAA oxidase in seedlings. Furthermore, dao1 loss of function plants have altered morphology, including larger cotyledons, increased lateral root density, delayed sepal opening, elongated pistils, and reduced fertility in the primary inflorescence stem. These phenotypes are tightly correlated with DAO1 spatiotemporal expression patterns as shown by DAO1pro:β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity and DAO1pro:YFP-DAO1 signals, and transformation with DAO1pro:YFP-DAO1 complemented the mutant phenotypes. The dominant dao1-2D mutant has increased oxIAA levels and decreased stature with shorter leaves and inflorescence stems, thus supporting DAO1 IAA oxidase function in vivo. A second isoform, DAO2, is very weakly expressed in seedling root apices. Together, these data confirm that IAA oxidation by DAO1 is the principal auxin catabolic process in Arabidopsis and that localized IAA oxidation plays a role in plant morphogenesis.
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84
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Dioxygenase-encoding AtDAO1 gene controls IAA oxidation and homeostasis in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11016-21. [PMID: 27651491 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604375113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin represents a key signal in plants, regulating almost every aspect of their growth and development. Major breakthroughs have been made dissecting the molecular basis of auxin transport, perception, and response. In contrast, how plants control the metabolism and homeostasis of the major form of auxin in plants, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), remains unclear. In this paper, we initially describe the function of the Arabidopsis thaliana gene DIOXYGENASE FOR AUXIN OXIDATION 1 (AtDAO1). Transcriptional and translational reporter lines revealed that AtDAO1 encodes a highly root-expressed, cytoplasmically localized IAA oxidase. Stable isotope-labeled IAA feeding studies of loss and gain of function AtDAO1 lines showed that this oxidase represents the major regulator of auxin degradation to 2-oxoindole-3-acetic acid (oxIAA) in Arabidopsis Surprisingly, AtDAO1 loss and gain of function lines exhibited relatively subtle auxin-related phenotypes, such as altered root hair length. Metabolite profiling of mutant lines revealed that disrupting AtDAO1 regulation resulted in major changes in steady-state levels of oxIAA and IAA conjugates but not IAA. Hence, IAA conjugation and catabolism seem to regulate auxin levels in Arabidopsis in a highly redundant manner. We observed that transcripts of AtDOA1 IAA oxidase and GH3 IAA-conjugating enzymes are auxin-inducible, providing a molecular basis for their observed functional redundancy. We conclude that the AtDAO1 gene plays a key role regulating auxin homeostasis in Arabidopsis, acting in concert with GH3 genes, to maintain auxin concentration at optimal levels for plant growth and development.
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85
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Porco S, Larrieu A, Du Y, Gaudinier A, Goh T, Swarup K, Swarup R, Kuempers B, Bishopp A, Lavenus J, Casimiro I, Hill K, Benkova E, Fukaki H, Brady SM, Scheres B, Péret B, Bennett MJ. Lateral root emergence in Arabidopsis is dependent on transcription factor LBD29 regulation of auxin influx carrier LAX3. Development 2016; 143:3340-9. [PMID: 27578783 DOI: 10.1242/dev.136283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lateral root primordia (LRP) originate from pericycle stem cells located deep within parental root tissues. LRP emerge through overlying root tissues by inducing auxin-dependent cell separation and hydraulic changes in adjacent cells. The auxin-inducible auxin influx carrier LAX3 plays a key role concentrating this signal in cells overlying LRP. Delimiting LAX3 expression to two adjacent cell files overlying new LRP is crucial to ensure that auxin-regulated cell separation occurs solely along their shared walls. Multiscale modeling has predicted that this highly focused pattern of expression requires auxin to sequentially induce auxin efflux and influx carriers PIN3 and LAX3, respectively. Consistent with model predictions, we report that auxin-inducible LAX3 expression is regulated indirectly by AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 7 (ARF7). Yeast one-hybrid screens revealed that the LAX3 promoter is bound by the transcription factor LBD29, which is a direct target for regulation by ARF7. Disrupting auxin-inducible LBD29 expression or expressing an LBD29-SRDX transcriptional repressor phenocopied the lax3 mutant, resulting in delayed lateral root emergence. We conclude that sequential LBD29 and LAX3 induction by auxin is required to coordinate cell separation and organ emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Porco
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Antoine Larrieu
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Yujuan Du
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Allison Gaudinier
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tatsuaki Goh
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kamal Swarup
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Britta Kuempers
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Julien Lavenus
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK Institute of Plant Sciences, 21 Altenbergrain, Bern 3006, Switzerland
| | - Ilda Casimiro
- Departamento Anatomia, Biologia Celular Y Zoologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06006, Spain
| | - Kristine Hill
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Eva Benkova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Hidehiro Fukaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Siobhan M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ben Scheres
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Péret
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Montpellier SupAgro, 2 Place Pierre Viala, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
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86
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Goh T, Toyokura K, Wells DM, Swarup K, Yamamoto M, Mimura T, Weijers D, Fukaki H, Laplaze L, Bennett MJ, Guyomarc'h S. Quiescent center initiation in the Arabidopsis lateral root primordia is dependent on the SCARECROW transcription factor. Development 2016; 143:3363-71. [PMID: 27510971 DOI: 10.1242/dev.135319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lateral root formation is an important determinant of root system architecture. In Arabidopsis, lateral roots originate from pericycle cells, which undergo a program of morphogenesis to generate a new lateral root meristem. Despite its importance for root meristem organization, the onset of quiescent center (QC) formation during lateral root morphogenesis remains unclear. Here, we used live 3D confocal imaging to monitor cell organization and identity acquisition during lateral root development. Our dynamic observations revealed an early morphogenesis phase and a late meristem formation phase as proposed in the bi-phasic growth model. Establishment of lateral root QCs coincided with this developmental phase transition. QC precursor cells originated from the outer layer of stage II lateral root primordia, within which the SCARECROW (SCR) transcription factor was specifically expressed. Disrupting SCR function abolished periclinal divisions in this lateral root primordia cell layer and perturbed the formation of QC precursor cells. We conclude that de novo QC establishment in lateral root primordia operates via SCR-mediated formative cell division and coincides with the developmental phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuaki Goh
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Koichi Toyokura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Darren M Wells
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Kamal Swarup
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Mayuko Yamamoto
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Mimura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hidehiro Fukaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Laurent Laplaze
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (DIADE), Montpellier 34394 Cedex 5, France
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Soazig Guyomarc'h
- Université de Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (DIADE), Montpellier 34394 Cedex 5, France
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87
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Abstract
One of the central goals in biology is to understand how and how much of the phenotype of an organism is encoded in its genome. Although many genes that are crucial for organismal processes have been identified, much less is known about the genetic bases underlying quantitative phenotypic differences in natural populations. We discuss the fundamental gap between the large body of knowledge generated over the past decades by experimental genetics in the laboratory and what is needed to understand the genotype-to-phenotype problem on a broader scale. We argue that systems genetics, a combination of systems biology and the study of natural variation using quantitative genetics, will help to address this problem. We present major advances in these two mostly disconnected areas that have increased our understanding of the developmental processes of flowering time control and root growth. We conclude by illustrating and discussing the efforts that have been made toward systems genetics specifically in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Ogura
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria;
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88
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Murphy E, Vu LD, Van den Broeck L, Lin Z, Ramakrishna P, van de Cotte B, Gaudinier A, Goh T, Slane D, Beeckman T, Inzé D, Brady SM, Fukaki H, De Smet I. RALFL34 regulates formative cell divisions in Arabidopsis pericycle during lateral root initiation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4863-75. [PMID: 27521602 PMCID: PMC4983113 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, many signalling molecules, such as phytohormones, miRNAs, transcription factors, and small signalling peptides, drive growth and development. However, very few small signalling peptides have been shown to be necessary for lateral root development. Here, we describe the role of the peptide RALFL34 during early events in lateral root development, and demonstrate its specific importance in orchestrating formative cell divisions in the pericycle. Our results further suggest that this small signalling peptide acts on the transcriptional cascade leading to a new lateral root upstream of GATA23, an important player in lateral root formation. In addition, we describe a role for ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTORs (ERFs) in regulating RALFL34 expression. Taken together, we put forward RALFL34 as a new, important player in lateral root initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Murphy
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Lam Dai Vu
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lisa Van den Broeck
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zhefeng Lin
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Priya Ramakrishna
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Brigitte van de Cotte
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Allison Gaudinier
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tatsuaki Goh
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Daniel Slane
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, D- 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siobhan M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hidehiro Fukaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ive De Smet
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
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89
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Bouché F, D’Aloia M, Tocquin P, Lobet G, Detry N, Périlleux C. Integrating roots into a whole plant network of flowering time genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29042. [PMID: 27352932 PMCID: PMC4926122 DOI: 10.1038/srep29042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular data concerning the involvement of roots in the genetic pathways regulating floral transition are lacking. In this study, we performed global analyses of the root transcriptome in Arabidopsis in order to identify flowering time genes that are expressed in the roots and genes that are differentially expressed in the roots during the induction of flowering. Data mining of public microarray experiments uncovered that about 200 genes whose mutations are reported to alter flowering time are expressed in the roots (i.e. were detected in more than 50% of the microarrays). However, only a few flowering integrator genes passed the analysis cutoff. Comparison of root transcriptome in short days and during synchronized induction of flowering by a single 22-h long day revealed that 595 genes were differentially expressed. Enrichment analyses of differentially expressed genes in root tissues, gene ontology categories, and cis-regulatory elements converged towards sugar signaling. We concluded that roots are integrated in systemic signaling, whereby carbon supply coordinates growth at the whole plant level during the induction of flowering. This coordination could involve the root circadian clock and cytokinin biosynthesis as a feed forward loop towards the shoot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Bouché
- InBioS, PhytoSYSTEMS, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 1 Sart Tilman Campus, Chemin de la Vallée no. 4, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Maria D’Aloia
- InBioS, PhytoSYSTEMS, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 1 Sart Tilman Campus, Chemin de la Vallée no. 4, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Tocquin
- InBioS, PhytoSYSTEMS, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 1 Sart Tilman Campus, Chemin de la Vallée no. 4, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Lobet
- InBioS, PhytoSYSTEMS, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 1 Sart Tilman Campus, Chemin de la Vallée no. 4, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Detry
- InBioS, PhytoSYSTEMS, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 1 Sart Tilman Campus, Chemin de la Vallée no. 4, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Claire Périlleux
- InBioS, PhytoSYSTEMS, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 1 Sart Tilman Campus, Chemin de la Vallée no. 4, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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90
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Millar AJ. The Intracellular Dynamics of Circadian Clocks Reach for the Light of Ecology and Evolution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:595-618. [PMID: 26653934 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-115619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge for biology is to extend our understanding of molecular regulation from the simplified conditions of the laboratory to ecologically relevant environments. Tractable examples are essential to make these connections for complex, pleiotropic regulators and, to go further, to link relevant genome sequences to field traits. Here, I review the case for the biological clock in higher plants. The gene network of the circadian clock drives pervasive, 24-hour rhythms in metabolism, behavior, and physiology across the eukaryotes and in some prokaryotes. In plants, the scope of chronobiology is now extending from the most tractable, intracellular readouts to the clock's many effects at the whole-organism level and across the life cycle, including biomass and flowering. I discuss five research areas where recent progress might be integrated in the future, to understand not only circadian functions in natural conditions but also the evolution of the clock's molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Millar
- SynthSys and School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, United Kingdom;
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91
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Moriyuki S, Fukuda H. High-Throughput Growth Prediction for Lactuca sativa L. Seedlings Using Chlorophyll Fluorescence in a Plant Factory with Artificial Lighting. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:394. [PMID: 27242805 PMCID: PMC4876363 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Poorly grown plants that result from differences in individuals lead to large profit losses for plant factories that use large electric power sources for cultivation. Thus, identifying and culling the low-grade plants at an early stage, using so-called seedlings diagnosis technology, plays an important role in avoiding large losses in plant factories. In this study, we developed a high-throughput diagnosis system using the measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) in a commercial large-scale plant factory, which produces about 5000 lettuce plants every day. At an early stage (6 days after sowing), a CF image of 7200 seedlings was captured every 4 h on the final greening day by a high-sensitivity CCD camera and an automatic transferring machine, and biological indices were extracted. Using machine learning, plant growth can be predicted with a high degree of accuracy based on biological indices including leaf size, amount of CF, and circadian rhythms in CF. Growth prediction was improved by addition of temporal information on CF. The present data also provide new insights into the relationships between growth and temporal information regulated by the inherent biological clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Moriyuki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Fukuda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture UniversityOsaka, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTOSaitama, Japan
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92
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von Wangenheim D, Fangerau J, Schmitz A, Smith RS, Leitte H, Stelzer EHK, Maizel A. Rules and Self-Organizing Properties of Post-embryonic Plant Organ Cell Division Patterns. Curr Biol 2016; 26:439-49. [PMID: 26832441 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plants form new organs with patterned tissue organization throughout their lifespan. It is unknown whether this robust post-embryonic organ formation results from stereotypic dynamic processes, in which the arrangement of cells follows rigid rules. Here, we combine modeling with empirical observations of whole-organ development to identify the principles governing lateral root formation in Arabidopsis. Lateral roots derive from a small pool of founder cells in which some take a dominant role as seen by lineage tracing. The first division of the founders is asymmetric, tightly regulated, and determines the formation of a layered structure. Whereas the pattern of subsequent cell divisions is not stereotypic between different samples, it is characterized by a regular switch in division plane orientation. This switch is also necessary for the appearance of patterned layers as a result of the apical growth of the primordium. Our data suggest that lateral root morphogenesis is based on a limited set of rules. They determine cell growth and division orientation. The organ-level coupling of the cell behavior ensures the emergence of the lateral root's characteristic features. We propose that self-organizing, non-deterministic modes of development account for the robustness of plant organ morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel von Wangenheim
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jens Fangerau
- Center for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schmitz
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Heike Leitte
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ernst H K Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Alexis Maizel
- Center for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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93
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Slovak R, Ogura T, Satbhai SB, Ristova D, Busch W. Genetic control of root growth: from genes to networks. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:9-24. [PMID: 26558398 PMCID: PMC4701154 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Roots are essential organs for higher plants. They provide the plant with nutrients and water, anchor the plant in the soil, and can serve as energy storage organs. One remarkable feature of roots is that they are able to adjust their growth to changing environments. This adjustment is possible through mechanisms that modulate a diverse set of root traits such as growth rate, diameter, growth direction and lateral root formation. The basis of these traits and their modulation are at the cellular level, where a multitude of genes and gene networks precisely regulate development in time and space and tune it to environmental conditions. SCOPE This review first describes the root system and then presents fundamental work that has shed light on the basic regulatory principles of root growth and development. It then considers emerging complexities and how they have been addressed using systems-biology approaches, and then describes and argues for a systems-genetics approach. For reasons of simplicity and conciseness, this review is mostly limited to work from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, in which much of the research in root growth regulation at the molecular level has been conducted. CONCLUSIONS While forward genetic approaches have identified key regulators and genetic pathways, systems-biology approaches have been successful in shedding light on complex biological processes, for instance molecular mechanisms involving the quantitative interaction of several molecular components, or the interaction of large numbers of genes. However, there are significant limitations in many of these methods for capturing dynamic processes, as well as relating these processes to genotypic and phenotypic variation. The emerging field of systems genetics promises to overcome some of these limitations by linking genotypes to complex phenotypic and molecular data using approaches from different fields, such as genetics, genomics, systems biology and phenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Slovak
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Takehiko Ogura
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Santosh B Satbhai
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Ristova
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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94
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Lavenus J, Goh T, Guyomarc'h S, Hill K, Lucas M, Voß U, Kenobi K, Wilson MH, Farcot E, Hagen G, Guilfoyle TJ, Fukaki H, Laplaze L, Bennett MJ. Inference of the Arabidopsis lateral root gene regulatory network suggests a bifurcation mechanism that defines primordia flanking and central zones. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:1368-88. [PMID: 25944102 PMCID: PMC4456640 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.132993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A large number of genes involved in lateral root (LR) organogenesis have been identified over the last decade using forward and reverse genetic approaches in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nevertheless, how these genes interact to form a LR regulatory network largely remains to be elucidated. In this study, we developed a time-delay correlation algorithm (TDCor) to infer the gene regulatory network (GRN) controlling LR primordium initiation and patterning in Arabidopsis from a time-series transcriptomic data set. The predicted network topology links the very early-activated genes involved in LR initiation to later expressed cell identity markers through a multistep genetic cascade exhibiting both positive and negative feedback loops. The predictions were tested for the key transcriptional regulator AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR7 node, and over 70% of its targets were validated experimentally. Intriguingly, the predicted GRN revealed a mutual inhibition between the ARF7 and ARF5 modules that would control an early bifurcation between two cell fates. Analyses of the expression pattern of ARF7 and ARF5 targets suggest that this patterning mechanism controls flanking and central zone specification in Arabidopsis LR primordia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lavenus
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR DIADE, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Tatsuaki Goh
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Soazig Guyomarc'h
- Université de Montpellier, UMR DIADE, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Kristine Hill
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Mikael Lucas
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR DIADE, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Ute Voß
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Kenobi
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H Wilson
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Etienne Farcot
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom Inria, Virtual Plants Team, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | | | | | - Hidehiro Fukaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Laurent Laplaze
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR DIADE, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
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