51
|
Hamawy AH, Lee LY, Crystal RG, Rosengart TK. Cardiac angiogenesis and gene therapy: a strategy for myocardial revascularization. Curr Opin Cardiol 1999; 14:515-22. [PMID: 10579070 DOI: 10.1097/00001573-199911000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the de novo formation of new vasculature, is a critical response to ischemia that provides neovascularization of ischemic tissues. In therapeutic angiogenesis, an angiogen--a mediator that induces angiogenesis--is delivered to targeted tissues, augmenting the native angiogenic process and enhancing reperfusion of ischemic tissues. Gene transfer is a novel means of providing therapeutic angiogenesis: the cDNA coding for specific angiogens, rather than the proteins themselves, is administered to the tissues in which angiogenesis is desired. This review is focused on therapeutic angiogenesis based on gene transfer strategies for the provision of myocardial revascularization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A H Hamawy
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Matthews C, Jenkins G, Hilfinger J, Davidson B. Poly-L-lysine improves gene transfer with adenovirus formulated in PLGA microspheres. Gene Ther 1999; 6:1558-64. [PMID: 10490765 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3300978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In vivo gene transfer with recombinant adenovirus vectors can be hindered by the immunogenicity of the adenovirus capsid proteins. Previous work showed that formulation of the vector with biodegradable polymers such as poly-lactic-glycolic acid (PLGA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), or lipids, may shield the virus from inhibition by neutralizing antibodies. Formulation of adenovirus in PLGA microspheres also allowed for extended release in vitro. In experiments described here, we found that the surfactant used in the formation of the primary emulsion could significantly improve the overall yield of virus released. We also tested the effects of adding poly-L-lysine to adenovirus before encapsulation with PLGA. Our results show that although PLL did not effect the yield of virus encapsulated or released from the microspheres, it significantly improved the efficiency of gene transfer after release from the polymer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Matthews
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Worgall S, Bezdicek P, Kim MK, Park JG, Singh R, Christofidou-Solomidou M, Prince A, Kovesdi I, Schreiber AD, Crystal RG. Augmentation of pulmonary host defense against Pseudomonas by FcgammaRIIA cDNA transfer to the respiratory epithelium. J Clin Invest 1999; 104:409-18. [PMID: 10449433 PMCID: PMC408520 DOI: 10.1172/jci5432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fcgamma receptors on the surface of phagocytic cells bind the Fc region of IgG and mediate binding, phagocytosis, and destruction of particulate antigens opsonized by the antigen-specific IgG molecule. The present study evaluates the feasibility of converting lung epithelial cells into phagocytic cells using adenovirus (Ad) vector-mediated gene transfer of FcgammaRIIA cDNA to induce expression of the human FcgammaRIIA receptor. Binding and phagocytosis of opsonized sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) by the A549 human lung epithelial cell line after Ad-mediated FcgammaRIIA gene transfer was demonstrated using light and fluorescence microscopy and phagocytic assays with (51)Cr-labeled SRBCs. When A549 cells were infected with an Ad vector expressing a FcgammaRIIA mutant in which 2 of 3 cytoplasmic tyrosines have been replaced with phenylalanine, only binding, but not phagocytosis, of opsonized SRBCs was observed. In vivo expression of FcgammaRIIA in the lung after intratracheal administration of the AdFcgammaRIIA enhanced clearance of opsonized Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the lung in normal rats and in mice deficient in Fcgamma receptor expression. Similar results were observed with a chimeric FcgammaRIIA construct containing the extracellular domain of FcgammaRIIIA. Together, these data demonstrate that Ad-mediated FcgammaRIIA receptor cDNA expression can mediate the binding and phagocytosis of opsonized particulate antigens by normally nonphagocytic cells, suggesting that gene-transfer strategies might be used to utilize nonphagocytic cells to clear bacteria or other opsonized particulate antigens from the respiratory tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Worgall
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Harvey BG, Hackett NR, El-Sawy T, Rosengart TK, Hirschowitz EA, Lieberman MD, Lesser ML, Crystal RG. Variability of human systemic humoral immune responses to adenovirus gene transfer vectors administered to different organs. J Virol 1999; 73:6729-42. [PMID: 10400771 PMCID: PMC112758 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.8.6729-6742.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of adenovirus (Ad) vectors to immunologically naive experimental animals almost invariably results in the induction of systemic anti-Ad neutralizing antibodies. To determine if the human systemic humoral host responses to Ad vectors follow a similar pattern, we evaluated the systemic (serum) anti-Ad serotype 5 (Ad5) neutralizing antibodies in humans after administration of first generation (E1(-) E3(-)) Ad5-based gene transfer vectors to different hosts. AdGVCFTR.10 (carrying the normal human cystic fibrosis [CF] transmembrane regulator cDNA) was sprayed (8 x 10(7) to 2 x 10(10) particle units [PU]) repetitively (every 3 months or every 2 weeks) to the airway epithelium of 15 individuals with CF. AdGVCD.10 (carrying the Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase gene) was administered (8 x 10(8) to 8 x 10(9) PU; once a week, twice) directly to liver metastasis of five individuals with colon cancer and by the intradermal route (8 x 10(7) to 8 x 10(9) PU, single administration) to six healthy individuals. AdGVVEGF121.10 (carrying the human vascular endothelial growth factor 121 cDNA) was administered (4 x 10(8) to 4 x 10(9.5) PU, single administration) directly to the myocardium of 11 individuals with ischemic heart disease. Ad vector administration to the airways of individuals with CF evoked no or minimal serum neutralizing antibodies, even with repetitive administration. In contrast, intratumor administration of an Ad vector to individuals with metastatic colon cancer resulted in a robust antibody response, with anti-Ad neutralizing antibody titers of 10(2) to >10(4). Healthy individuals responded to single intradermal Ad vector variably, from induction of no neutralizing anti-Ad antibodies to titers of 5 x 10(3). Likewise, individuals with ischemic heart disease had a variable response to single intramyocardial vector administration, ranging from minimal neutralizing antibody levels to titers of 10(4). Evaluation of the data from all trials showed no correlation between the peak serum neutralizing anti-Ad response and the dose of Ad vector administered (P > 0.1, all comparisons). In contrast, there was a striking correlation between the peak anti-Ad5 neutralizing antibody levels evoked by vector administration and the level of preexisting anti-Ad5 antibodies (P = 0.0001). Thus, unlike the case for experimental animals, administration of Ad vectors to humans does not invariably evoke a systemic anti-Ad neutralizing antibody response. In humans, the extent of the response is dictated by preexisting antibody titers and modified by route of administration but is not dose dependent. Since the extent of anti-Ad neutralizing antibodies will likely modify the efficacy of administration of Ad vectors, these observations are of fundamental importance in designing human gene therapy trials and in interpreting the efficacy of Ad vector-mediated gene transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B G Harvey
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Look DC, Brody SL. Engineering viral vectors to subvert the airway defense response. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20:1103-6. [PMID: 10340928 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.20.6.f150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D C Look
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Thorne PS, McCray PB, Howe TS, O'Neill MA. Early-onset inflammatory responses in vivo to adenoviral vectors in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20:1155-64. [PMID: 10340934 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.20.6.3632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors (Ad) have potential for use in pulmonary gene transfer for treating cystic fibrosis (CF). However, Ad may induce inflammation even in the absence of gene expression. Endotoxin from gram-negative bacteria in the airways of CF patients may also induce inflammation, and may further inhibit vector delivery and gene transfer. We used a mouse model to study the time course of Ad-induced lung inflammation and to assess additivity with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses. C3H/HeJ endotoxin-resistant (RES) mice hyporesponsive to inflammatory stimuli and normoresponsive C3HeB/FeJ endotoxin-sensitive (SEN) mice were studied to characterize inflammatory responses that follow intratracheal instillation of inactivated Ad, with or without simultaneous inhalation exposure to LPS. Instillation of 10(10) Ad particles dramatically increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 at 3 to 6 h and induced profound neutrophilia, maximal at 12 to 24 h. SEN mice had tenfold greater responses than did RES mice at 6, 12, and 24 h. Mice exposed to Ad alone, LPS alone, or Ad + LPS had significant inflammation at the 3-h time point as demonstrated by BALF neutrophils, TNF-alpha, and IL-6. With all three treatments, SEN mice had a five- to 300-fold greater response than did RES mice. Importantly, Ad + LPS yielded no greater inflammatory response than LPS without Ad. These data demonstrate that replication-deficient Ad induce early inflammation and LPS-induced inflammation is not augmented by concurrent treatment with Ad.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P S Thorne
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-5000, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Kitson C, Angel B, Judd D, Rothery S, Severs NJ, Dewar A, Huang L, Wadsworth SC, Cheng SH, Geddes DM, Alton EW. The extra- and intracellular barriers to lipid and adenovirus-mediated pulmonary gene transfer in native sheep airway epithelium. Gene Ther 1999; 6:534-46. [PMID: 10476213 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3300840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gene transfer to the respiratory epithelium is currently suboptimal and may be helped by the identification of limiting biological barriers. We have, therefore, developed an ex vivo model which retains many of the characteristics of in vivo native airways including mucociliary clearance, mucus coverage and an intact cellular structure. Using this model we have demonstrated several barriers to gene transfer. Liposome-mediated gene transfer was inhibited by normal mucus, with removal of this layer increasing expression approximately 25-fold. In addition both liposome and adenovirus were inhibited by CF sputum. The apical membrane represented a significant barrier to both agents. Adenovirus-mediated expression could be significantly augmented by increasing contact time or by pre-treatment of tissues with a nominally calcium-free medium. The presence of these extracellular and plasma membrane barriers appeared to be the key parameters responsible for the approximately three log difference in gene expression found in vitro compared with our ex vivo model. Cytoskeletal elements and the cell cycle also influenced in vitro gene transfer, and represent further barriers which need to be overcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Kitson
- Ion Transport Unit, Imperial College, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Bastian A, Bewig B. Inhibition of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Gene Ther 1999; 6:637-42. [PMID: 10476223 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3300854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human and animal trials with recombinant adenovirus have been discouraging, since the level of recombinant gene expression was low. Nonspecific and specific immune response mediated by, for example, macrophages, T cells and immunoglobulins may prevent infection or cause death of infected cells. We analyzed the effect of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) on the efficiency of adenoviral infection in vitro. A total of 26 BAL samples of randomly selected patients was examined. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer was quantified using AdCMV. Null, a recombinant adenovirus, in a modified titer assay based on immunocytochemical detection of infected 293 cells. In addition, the concentration of anti-adenovirus-type 5 IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies in BAL was determined by ELISA. 53.8% of the BAL samples (14 out of 26) reduced adenoviral infectivity by at least 50% (factor of inhibition > or = 2). All BAL samples effecting, a reduction in adenoviral infectivity contained detectable amounts of anti-adenovirus-type 5-IgA antibodies. However, the correlation between the concentration of IgA antibody and the strength of inhibition was weak (r = 0.336). Even high levels of anti-adenovirus-type 5-IgM, IgG or IgA antibodies did not influence adenoviral infectivity consistently. This observation indicates that BAL contains (a) anti-adenovirus-type 5 antibodies which are not directed against adenoviral epitopes responsible for the viral adherence and uptake process; and/or (b) inhibitors of viral infectivity different from antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bastian
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Papp Z, Babiuk LA, Baca-Estrada ME. The effect of pre-existing adenovirus-specific immunity on immune responses induced by recombinant adenovirus expressing glycoprotein D of bovine herpesvirus type 1. Vaccine 1999; 17:933-43. [PMID: 10067700 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether pre-existing adenovirus-specific immunity influenced the development of immunity to a foreign antigen expressed by recombinant adenovirus. Active adenovirus-specific immunity was induced in cotton rats by i.n. administration of wild type human adenovirus type 5 (HAd5) two weeks before immunisation with a HAd5 vector expressing the glycoprotein D (gD) of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (gD-dE3 recombinant adenovirus). Active adenovirus-specific immunity inhibited gD-specific immune responses, following either i.n. or gastrointestinal immunisation with gD-dE3. An inhibitory effect was present even if infection with HAd5 and immunisation with gD-dE3 were 13 weeks apart. Passive transfer of adenovirus specific antibodies to cotton rats one day before immunisation, however, did not significantly inhibit gD-specific immune responses induced by i.n. immunisation with gD-dE3. Repeated administration of an adenovirus vector, therefore, may have a limited ability to deliver antigen, while passive immunity to adenovirus may not interfere with the success of immunisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Papp
- Veterinary Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Iwamoto HS, Trapnell BC, McConnell CJ, Daugherty C, Whitsett JA. Pulmonary inflammation associated with repeated, prenatal exposure to an E1, E3-deleted adenoviral vector in sheep. Gene Ther 1999; 6:98-106. [PMID: 10341881 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3300804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fetal gene therapy may prove useful in treating diseases that manifest in the perinatal or early postnatal period. Adenoviruses effectively transfer gene expression to a variety of tissues but also stimulate inflammatory and immune responses. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that exposure of fetal sheep to a first generation adenovirus vector encoding bacterial beta-galactosidase, Av1nBg, before the development of the immune system, is safe, minimizes inflammatory and immune responses and induces tolerance. A total of 22 fetal sheep was studied; of these, two were born with respiratory distress, seven were electively killed and 13 died in utero. The incidence of mortality was higher than the < or = 10% we have experienced with other fetal sheep studies and was not likely related to complications arising from surgical or anesthetic procedures. Inflammatory and fibrotic responses were observed in the lungs and may represent untoward long-term consequences of in utero adenoviral gene therapy. Tolerance to Av1nBg was not established, and repeated exposure to Av1nBg before birth was associated with significant pathology and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H S Iwamoto
- Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Rosenberg SA, Zhai Y, Yang JC, Schwartzentruber DJ, Hwu P, Marincola FM, Topalian SL, Restifo NP, Seipp CA, Einhorn JH, Roberts B, White DE. Immunizing patients with metastatic melanoma using recombinant adenoviruses encoding MART-1 or gp100 melanoma antigens. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90:1894-900. [PMID: 9862627 PMCID: PMC2249697 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/90.24.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characterization of the genes encoding melanoma-associated antigens MART-1 or gp100, recognized by T cells, has opened new possibilities for the development of immunization strategies for patients with metastatic melanoma. With the use of recombinant adenoviruses expressing either MART-1 or gp100 to immunize patients with metastatic melanoma, we evaluated the safety, immunologic, and potential therapeutic aspects of these immunizations. METHODS In phase I studies, 54 patients received escalating doses (between 10(7) and 10(11) plaque-forming units) of recombinant adenovirus encoding either MART-1 or gp100 melanoma antigen administered either alone or followed by the administration of interleukin 2 (IL-2). The immunologic impact of these immunizations on the development of cellular and antibody reactivity was assayed. RESULTS Recombinant adenoviruses expressing MART-1 or gp100 were safely administered. One of 16 patients with metastatic melanoma receiving the recombinant adenovirus MART-1 alone experienced a complete response. Other patients achieved objective responses, but they had received IL-2 along with an adenovirus, and their responses could be attributed to the cytokine. Immunologic assays showed no consistent immunization to the MART-1 or gp100 transgenes expressed by the recombinant adenoviruses. High levels of neutralizing antibody were found in the pretreatment sera of the patients. CONCLUSIONS High doses of recombinant adenoviruses could be safely administered to cancer patients. High levels of neutralizing antibody present in patients' sera prior to treatment may have impaired the ability of these viruses to immunize patients against melanoma antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Rosenberg
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Graham SM. Gene therapy for cystic fibrosis: perspectives for the otolaryngologist. Clin Otolaryngol 1998; 23:481-3. [PMID: 9884799 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2273.1998.2360481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
63
|
Wersto RP, Rosenthal ER, Seth PK, Eissa NT, Donahue RE. Recombinant, replication-defective adenovirus gene transfer vectors induce cell cycle dysregulation and inappropriate expression of cyclin proteins. J Virol 1998; 72:9491-502. [PMID: 9811682 PMCID: PMC110446 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.12.9491-9502.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
First-generation adenovirus (Ad) vectors that had been rendered replication defective by removal of the E1 region of the viral genome (DeltaE1) or lacking the Ad E3 region in addition to E1 sequences (DeltaE1DeltaE3) induced G2 cell cycle arrest and inhibited traverse across G1/S in primary and immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells. Cell cycle arrest was independent of the cDNA contained in the expression cassette and was associated with the inappropriate expression and increase in cyclin A, cyclin B1, cyclin D, and cyclin-dependent kinase p34(cdc2) protein levels. In some instances, infection with DeltaE1 or DeltaE1 DeltaE3 Ad vectors produced aneuploid DNA histogram patterns and induced polyploidization as a result of successive rounds of cell division without mitosis. Cell cycle arrest was absent in cells infected with a second-generation DeltaE1Ad vector in which all of the early region E4 except the sixth open reading frame was also deleted. Consequently, E4 viral gene products present in DeltaE1 or DeltaE1 DeltaE3 Ad vectors induce G2 growth arrest, which may pose new and unintended consequences for human gene transfer and gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R P Wersto
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Otake K, Ennist DL, Harrod K, Trapnell BC. Nonspecific inflammation inhibits adenovirus-mediated pulmonary gene transfer and expression independent of specific acquired immune responses. Hum Gene Ther 1998; 9:2207-22. [PMID: 9794205 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1998.9.15-2207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication-deficient adenovirus vectors (Avs) have shown high-efficiency gene transfer in a variety of animal models, but demonstrated lower than expected efficiency in the intensely inflammatory milieu of the respiratory tract of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). Specific acquired immune responses directed at adenovirus capsid proteins are known to limit the duration of transgene expression and the effectiveness of vector readministration. In these models, however, nonspecific inflammation is also frequently noted to accompany specific immune responses. Because inflammation can occur early after Av administration, we hypothesized that inflammation may block Av-mediated gene transfer in the lung independent of specific immune responses. To evaluate this hypothesis, we measured pulmonary gene transfer and expression in the absence or presence of the potent antiinflammatory agent dexamethasone. To address and eliminate concerns over the potentially confounding effects of systemic, vector-specific acquired immune responses, evaluations were confined to a 3-day period following Av administration and were carried out, in parallel, in normal and immunodeficient (athymic) mice. Dexamethasone significantly reduced Av-associated inflammation in all animals as measured by a significant reduction of blinded, quantitative lung histopathology scores and by reduced proinflammatory cytokine release. Concomitant with reduced inflammation, gene transfer efficiency was significantly increased in both normal and immunodeficient animals as measured by transgene product activity (beta-galactosidase) in total lung homogenates 3 days after vector administration. This finding could not be explained by a direct effect of dexamethasone on transgene specific activity. To begin to understand the molecular mechanisms of Av-induced inflammatory responses, lung levels of the chemoattractive chemokines MIP-2, MIP-1alpha, and MCP-1 were quantified. All were elevated significantly in Av-exposed animals. Dexamethasone reduced levels of MCP-1 and MIP-1alpha, but not MIP-2, consistent with the observed pattern of inflammatory cell changes. Expression of several proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1beta, and IFN-gamma were also elevated in Av-exposed animals and modulated by dexamethasone. These observations demonstrate that nonspecific inflammation is an important determinant of the efficiency of in vivo pulmonary gene transfer and expression independent of specific immune responses and may have important implications for human gene therapy for diseases of the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Otake
- Pulmonary Studies Unit, Genetic Therapy, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Molnar-Kimber KL, Sterman DH, Chang M, Kang EH, ElBash M, Lanuti M, Elshami A, Gelfand K, Wilson JM, Kaiser LR, Albelda SM. Impact of preexisting and induced humoral and cellular immune responses in an adenovirus-based gene therapy phase I clinical trial for localized mesothelioma. Hum Gene Ther 1998; 9:2121-33. [PMID: 9759938 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1998.9.14-2121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the immune responses induced by recombinant adenoviral (Ad) vectors in humans. The humoral and cellular immune responses were therefore analyzed in 21 patients with localized malignancy (mesothelioma), who received intrapleurally high doses of a replication-defective Ad5 vector carrying a suicide gene. Eight of 21 patients had pretreatment titers of neutralizing antibodies (NAb) to Ad at > or =1:100. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) proliferated in response to adenoviral 5 structural proteins before treatment in 17 of 21 patients. Preexisting humoral and cellular immunity did not preclude gene transfer. Vector instillation induced high titers of nonneutralizing and neutralizing anti-Ad antibody (4- to 341-fold increase in 18 of 20 patients) in a dose-dependent manner. Three patients generated antibodies to the transgene, herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase. Ad5-specific proliferation of PBMCs increased significantly (>3-fold) after vector administration in 12 of 21 patients in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, replication-defective Ad5 administered intrapleurally induced significant humoral and cellular immune responses that induced no obvious adverse clinical sequelae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K L Molnar-Kimber
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104-6070, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Scaria A, St George JA, Jiang C, Kaplan JM, Wadsworth SC, Gregory RJ. Adenovirus-mediated persistent cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator expression in mouse airway epithelium. J Virol 1998; 72:7302-9. [PMID: 9696826 PMCID: PMC109954 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.9.7302-7309.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication-defective adenovirus (Ad) vectors have been used for gene transfer to the respiratory epithelium of experimental animals and individuals with cystic fibrosis. Studies from several laboratories have suggested that administration of first-generation Ad vectors results only in transient gene expression in the lung, due at least in part to destruction of vector-transduced cells by host cellular immune responses directed against viral proteins and/or immunogenic transgene products. We have constructed new Ad2-based, E1-deleted vectors encoding a weakly immunogenic transgene, the human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (hCFTR) under the control of the cytomegalovirus enhancer-promoter. These vectors contain wild-type E2 and E4 regions. These new Ad/CFTR vectors were instilled into the lungs of immunocompetent C57BL/6, BALB/c, and C3H mice. In vitro cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) analysis indicated the presence of Ad-specific CTLs in treated mice. However, we were not able to demonstrate a CTL response specific for hCFTR. Reverse transcriptase PCR analysis demonstrated that hCFTR mRNA expression continued in all three strains of mice for at least 70 days, the last time point analyzed. The E3 region did not play a significant role in persistence of the Ad/CFTR vectors in the mouse lung. Functional hCFTR expression was also observed in the nasal epithelia of CF mutant mice. These results suggest that long-term expression of hCFTR is possible in the airway epithelia of immunocompetent mice without radical modification of Ad vector and in spite of the presence of CTLs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Scaria
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Porada CD, Tran N, Eglitis M, Moen RC, Troutman L, Flake AW, Zhao Y, Anderson WF, Zanjani ED. In utero gene therapy: transfer and long-term expression of the bacterial neo(r) gene in sheep after direct injection of retroviral vectors into preimmune fetuses. Hum Gene Ther 1998; 9:1571-85. [PMID: 9694156 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1998.9.11-1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether directly injecting retroviral vectors into preimmune fetuses could result in the transfer and long-term expression of exogenous genes. Twenty-nine preimmune sheep fetuses were injected with helper-free retroviral vector preparations. Twenty-two fetuses survived to term, 4 of which were sacrificed at birth. Of the remaining 18 animals, 3 were controls and 15 had received vector preparations. Twelve of these 15 animals demonstrated transduction of hematopoietic cells when blood and marrow were analyzed by neo(r)-specific PCR. Eight experimental sheep have been followed for 5 years, during which time we have consistently observed proviral DNA and G418-resistant hematopoetic progenitors. The G418-resistant colonies were positive when analyzed by neo(r)-specific PCR. neo(r) gene expression was also demonstrated using several immunological and biochemical methods. The transduction of hematopoietic stem cells was confirmed when lambs transplanted with bone marrow from in utero-transduced sheep exhibited neo(r) activity in marrow and blood. Vector distribution was widespread in primary animals without pathology. PCR analysis indicates that the germ line was not altered. These studies demonstrate that direct injection of an engineered retrovirus is a feasible means of safely delivering a foreign gene to a developing fetus and achieving long-term expression without modifying the germ line of the recipient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C D Porada
- Departments of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Reno, NV 89520, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Fasbender A, Lee JH, Walters RW, Moninger TO, Zabner J, Welsh MJ. Incorporation of adenovirus in calcium phosphate precipitates enhances gene transfer to airway epithelia in vitro and in vivo. J Clin Invest 1998; 102:184-93. [PMID: 9649572 PMCID: PMC509080 DOI: 10.1172/jci2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad)-mediated gene transfer to airway epithelia is inefficient because the apical membrane lacks the receptor activity to bind adenovirus fiber protein. Calcium phosphate (CaPi) precipitates have been used to deliver plasmid DNA to cultured cell lines. However, such precipitates are not effective in many primary cultures or in vivo. Here we show that incorporating recombinant adenovirus into a CaPi coprecipitate markedly enhances transgene expression in cells that are resistant to adenovirus infection. Enhancement requires that the virus be contained in the precipitate and viral proteins are required to increase expression. Ad: CaPi coprecipitates increase gene transfer by increasing fiber-independent binding of virus to cells. With differentiated cystic fibrosis (CF) airway epithelia in vitro, a 20-min application of Ad:CaPi coprecipitates that encode CF transmembrane conductance regulator produced as much CF transmembrane conductance regulator Cl- current as a 24-h application of adenovirus alone. We found that Ad:CaPi coprecipitates also increased transgene expression in mouse lung in vivo; importantly, expression was particularly prominent in airway epithelia. These results suggest a new mechanism for gene transfer that may be applicable to a number of different gene transfer applications and could be of value in gene transfer to CF airway epithelia in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Fasbender
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Internal Medicine and Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
|
70
|
Piedra PA, Poveda GA, Ramsey B, McCoy K, Hiatt PW. Incidence and prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to the common adenoviruses in children with cystic fibrosis: implication for gene therapy with adenovirus vectors. Pediatrics 1998; 101:1013-9. [PMID: 9606228 DOI: 10.1542/peds.101.6.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Defining the infection rate and prevalence of the common adenoviruses (Ads) in cystic fibrosis (CF) children may aid in formulation of strategies for gene therapy with Ad vectors. We undertook this study to determine the incidence and prevalence of infection with the common Ads in children with CF. METHODOLOGY Thirty newly diagnosed CF children mean age 1.1 years (Group 1), 48 CF children mean age 4.6 years (Group 2), and 47 mothers of CF children (Group 3) were followed for a mean of 13 months. Group 4 consisted of 33 adult volunteers seen once. Throat and stool specimens for virus culture, and blood samples were obtained every 3 months from CF children in Group 1. Blood samples from CF children (Group 2) and their mothers (Group 3) were obtained every 6 months, and once from adults in Group 4. Neutralizing antibody to Ad serotypes 1 through 7 (Ad 1 to Ad 7) was evaluated with a microneutralization assay. RESULTS Five (16.7%) CF children in Group 1 were culture-positive for an Ad; 4 of these CF children developed a fourfold or greater rise in antibody titer. Ad 3 infection occurred frequently based on serology; seronegative (< 3.5 log 2) CF children had a higher infection rate compared with seropositive CF children (7/11 vs 1/34). The prevalence of neutralizing antibodies in CF children in order of decreasing frequency was 91.1% to Ad 3, 37.5% to Ad 2, 27.1% to Ad 1, 26.1% to Ad 7, 16.7% to Ad 5, 8.5% to Ad 4, and 2.0% to Ad 6. The neutralizing antibody titers in seropositive CF children were comparable to those in adults except to Ad 3, which was significantly greater in mothers of CF children. CONCLUSIONS CF children had a normal antibody response after Ad infection, preexisting antibody may protect against reinfection and antibody prevalence was low to the common Ads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Piedra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Pascual DW, Walters N, Hillemeyer P. Repeated Intratracheal Instillations of Nonreplicating Adenovirus 2 Vector Attenuate CTL Responses and IFN-γ Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.9.4465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The proposed usage of replication-deficient adenovirus (Ad) vectors for corrective gene therapy or for mucosal immunization has been limited in part by the host reactivity to the Ad vector, thus limiting repeated Ad instillations. We have recently shown that the reactivity to the Ad vector is in large part due to increased CD4+ Th1 and Th2 responses as well as elevated IgG and mucosal IgA responses. It has been recently proposed that the diminution of transgene expression in respiratory epithelia was due to increased CTL reactivity to expressed Ad proteins. Herein, we report that repeated intratracheal delivery of a second generation Ad2 vector into mice results in no detectable CTL activity in freshly isolated lymphoid cells from lungs, lower respiratory lymph nodes, or spleens or after in vitro restimulation. In contrast, a single dose of Ad2 vector did elicit a robust CTL response. This attenuation of CTL activity was long lived and was not affected by macrophage depletion or due to a reduction in CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. Examination of cytokine production via MHC class I or class II restimulation by lymphoid cells from three intratracheally treated mice showed an attenuation in the production of IFN-γ by as much as 110-fold. This reduction in IFN-γ could not be attributed to increased IL-4 or IL-10 production. Thus, this study shows that the CTL response to Ad vectors is attenuated upon repeated administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David W. Pascual
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Nancy Walters
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Peter Hillemeyer
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Abstract
It is anticipated that gene therapies will be useful for achieving long durations of action with little temporal fluctuation in the level of the therapeutic gene product, localized effects in specific tissues or cell types, and levels of biological products that can be regulated over time by drugs or physiological events. The effective clinical application of gene therapies will require detailed consideration of the pharmacokinetics of the gene and its gene product. This requires understanding not only the apparent kinetics of the bioactive gene product, but the intrinsic kinetics of each step involved in gene delivery, gene expression and the bioavailability of the gene product. Numerical models are described for three different approaches to gene therapy: (i) those that involve permanent integration of a transgene into the target cell, (ii) those that involve transient residence of the transgene within the cell, and (iii) those that allow control over gene expression by regulatory factors or administered drugs. Experimental studies describing the dynamics and kinetics of DNA in vivo and early pharmacokinetic studies of viral and non-viral systems are reviewed.
Collapse
|
73
|
Abstract
The ion transport abnormalities in cystic fibrosis are becoming increasingly well defined, although how these lead to lung pathology is still speculation. Correction of these defects could theoretically be achieved either through pharmacological means or via gene therapy. Pharmacological approaches include increasing the amount of CFTR protein that reaches its correct localisation in epithelial cells. Secondly, approaches have been suggested which could increase the function of the protein already present at this correct localisation. Finally, it may be possible to identify alternative channels which could subserve the function of CFTR. Gene therapy is theoretically an attractive proposition as it should circumvent each of the identified abnormalities in cystic fibrosis. The principal difficulty at present relates to delivering sufficient copies of the normal CFTR gene into the appropriate cell population in vivo. A number of clinical trials have now been undertaken and steady and encouraging progress has been made in moving this approach from theory to practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Alton
- Ion Transport Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Emmanuel Kaye Building, Manresa Road, London SW3 6LR, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Bhaskar KR, Turner BS, Grubman SA, Jefferson DM, LaMont JT. Dysregulation of proteoglycan production by intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells bearing defective (delta-f508) cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. Hepatology 1998; 27:7-14. [PMID: 9425910 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510270103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic dysfunction in cystic fibrosis (CF) has been attributed to accumulation of viscous mucoid secretions in intrahepatic bile ducts. The purpose of our study was to compare glycoconjugate secretion by intrahepatic biliary epithelial (IBE) cells derived from normal livers and livers of CF patients with the delta F508 mutation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Confluent cells were incubated with 3H-glucosamine (GlcN) for 16 hours, and radiolabeled macromolecules were analyzed for the amount and type of glycoconjugates. Incorporation of 3H-GlcN into macromolecular glycoconjugates was two- to threefold higher in CF cells versus normals, as was uptake of 3H-Glcn into the cytoplasm of CF cells. Gel exclusion chromatography on Sepharose Cl 4B revealed that the secreted glycoconjugates from CF cells eluted entirely in the excluded fraction (molecular weight > 2 x 10(6)), while, in the normal cells, 60% of the glycoconjugates eluted as lower-molecular-weight species. The high-molecular-weight glycoconjugates in both CF and normal cells were identified as chondroitin sulfates, as evidenced by susceptibility to beta elimination, chondroitinase digestion, and amino acid composition. Western blotting of IBE cell secretions with a polyclonal antibody to chondroitin sulfate revealed proteoglycan bands at 100 and 210 kd. Our results indicate that secretion of chondroitin sulfate is markedly increased in CF biliary epithelium in vitro compared with non-CF cells. Increased uptake of precursor 3H-GlcN may contribute to enhanced glycosylation of chondroitin sulfate in CF cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K R Bhaskar
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Gene Therapy Biology and Techniques. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(98)70159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
76
|
Lipid Gene Transfer and Clinical Gene Therapy. Gene Ther 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-72160-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
77
|
Fassati A, Murphy S, Dickson G. Gene therapy of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 1997; 35:117-53. [PMID: 9348647 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60449-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Fassati
- School of Biological Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, Royal Holloway College, University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Hauge JG. From molecular genetics to diagnosis and gene therapy. ADVANCES IN VETERINARY MEDICINE 1997; 40:1-49. [PMID: 9395728 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3519(97)80003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J G Hauge
- Department of Biochemistry, Physiology, and Nutrition, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Ogawa N, Fujiwara T, Kagawa S, Nishizaki M, Morimoto Y, Tanida T, Hizuta A, Yasuda T, Roth JA, Tanaka N. Novel combination therapy for human colon cancer with adenovirus-mediated wild-type p53 gene transfer and DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agent. Int J Cancer 1997; 73:367-70. [PMID: 9359484 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19971104)73:3<367::aid-ijc11>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alteration of the wild-type (wt) p53 gene by mutation, deletion or re-arrangement is a major factor in the development of human colon cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated that p53 might be an essential component of the apoptotic pathway triggered by DNA-damaging stimuli such as chemotherapeutic agents and ionizing radiation. We examined the anti-tumor effects of adenovirus-mediated wt-p53 gene transfer in combination with a chemotherapeutic drug on the human colon cancer cell line WiDr, which is homozygous for a mutation in the p53 gene. Treatment with the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin following infection with a replication-deficient, recombinant adenoviral vector expressing wt-p53 (termed AdCMVp53) significantly suppressed the growth of WiDr cells compared to single treatments alone. To evaluate the in vivo efficacy of AdCMVp53 and cisplatin given sequentially, WiDr cells were inoculated s.c. in nu/nu mice. After 3 days, AdCMVp53 was injected s.c. into the area where tumor cells were implanted, followed by i.p. administration of cisplatin. Analysis of initial growth inhibition at 21 days demonstrated a profound therapeutic cooperativity, though administration of either AdCMVp53 or cisplatin alone was followed only by a slowing of growth. Our results suggest that gene therapy using wt-p53-expressing adenovirus in combination with a chemotherapeutic DNA-damaging drug could be a useful strategy for treating human colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Ogawa
- First Department of Surgery, Okayama University Medical School, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Thibault V, Terlain B, Graham FL, Gauldie J. Construction and Characterization of a Replication-Deficient Adenovirus Expressing Rat-Soluble Interleukin-6 Receptor. Mol Med 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03401698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
|
81
|
Abstract
Fetal gene therapy offers the promise of cure for certain genetic diseases, like cystic fibrosis and surfactant protein B deficiency. The authors hypothesized that a fetoscopic approach could attain a high level of organ-specific gene transfer to the fetal lung late in gestation. To test this hypothesis the authors examined the efficacy, specificity, and toxicity of recombinant adenovirus-mediated transfer of the beta-galactosidase marker gene to the lung of late gestation fetal sheep using a fetoscopic technique. Twelve fetal sheep of 125 to 135 days' gestation (term, 145 days) underwent fetoscopic bronchoscopy and intratracheal administration of a replication-deficient adenoviral vector that transduces the beta-galactosidase marker gene. Escape of administered virus was prevented by the fetoscopic deployment of a detachable silicone balloon in the fetal trachea. All fetuses survived until being killed at 2 days after vector delivery for the histopathologic assessment of vector efficacy and specificity. Optimal beta-galactosidase transgene expression was observed at a viral titer of 2 x 10(12) particles per milliliter of administered volume. Expression was greatest in the distal pulmonary parenchyma, particularly in type II pneumocytes, and extended out to the pleura. There was no evidence of gene transfer in either the large conducting airways or in any other fetal organ. The authors have developed a minimally invasive technique for the specific pulmonary delivery of gene therapy vectors to the fetus with no associated acute toxicity. Gene transfer to the late gestation fetus for the treatment of congenital pulmonary disease may be feasible through fetoscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K G Sylvester
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Cannizzo SJ, Frey BM, Raffi S, Moore MA, Eaton D, Suzuki M, Singh R, Mack CA, Crystal RG. Augmentation of blood platelet levels by intratracheal administration of an adenovirus vector encoding human thrombopoietin cDNA. Nat Biotechnol 1997; 15:570-3. [PMID: 9181581 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0697-570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the hypothesis that administration of a replication-deficient, recombinant adenovirus vector to the epithelial surface of the respiratory tract can be used to deliver a recombinant protein to the systemic circulation in sufficient quantities to evoke a systemic response appropriate to the recombinant protein. We administered AdCMV.TPO-an adenovirus vector containing an expression cassette coding for the human thrombopoietin (TPO) cDNA-to the respiratory epithelium of immunocompetent Balb/c mice. Over the following week, serum human TPO levels were elevated, platelet levels increased more than sixfold, and megakaryocytosis was evident in bone marrow. This strategy may be a useful approach to the nonparenteral administration of a variety of therapeutic recombinant proteins, such as those relevant to clotting, endocrine function, and bone-marrow function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Cannizzo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Smith JG, Raper SE, Wheeldon EB, Hackney D, Judy K, Wilson JM, Eck SL. Intracranial administration of adenovirus expressing HSV-TK in combination with ganciclovir produces a dose-dependent, self-limiting inflammatory response. Hum Gene Ther 1997; 8:943-54. [PMID: 9195217 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1997.8.8-943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication-defective adenovirus expressing the herpes simplex thymidine kinase gene (H5.010RSVtk) may be useful in treating human gliomas. To determine the toxicity of this therapeutic strategy, we injected H5.010RSVtk stereotactically into the normal brain of Wistar rats, cotton rats, and rhesus monkeys in conjunction with systemic ganciclovir (GCV) at 10 mg/kg per day. In the Wistar rat, 5.7 x 10(9) pfu resulted in histopathologic injury consisting of localized necrosis, mild gliosis, marked malacia, and focal astrocytosis; however, 1.0 x 10(8) pfu resulted in only mild gliosis and trace meningitis and approximates a "no toxic effect" dose. A dose of 1.0 x 10(9) pfu in both adenoviral immune and adenoviral naive cotton rats resulted in similar findings. In the rhesus monkey, doses ranging from 1.4 x 10(8) pfu to 1.5 x 10(11) pfu resulted in localized gliosis, necrosis, perivascular cuffing, meningitis, and roughly correlated in severity with increasing dose. No histologic evidence of toxicity was found in non-central nervous system (CNS) tissues, and no virus could be cultured from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, urine, and stool samples. All animals survived to prescribed end points without signs of general toxicity or neurologic symptoms, except for 2 of the rhesus monkeys, one of which became febrile and the other of which developed a grand mal seizure (both subsequently resolved). These toxicology studies define the parameters for developing a phase I clinical trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J G Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Lu B, Federoff HJ, Wang Y, Goldsmith LA, Scott G. Topical application of viral vectors for epidermal gene transfer. J Invest Dermatol 1997; 108:803-8. [PMID: 9129236 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12292254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Efficient gene transfer with extended gene expression is essential for successful treatment of skin diseases using gene therapy. Previously we evaluated a physical gene transfer method (gene gun delivery) for its ability to transfect the epidermis in vivo. In this study, we tested two viral vectors for their ability to transduce murine epidermis through topical application. Both an adenoviral vector and a herpes simplex virus (HSV) amplicon vector transduced murine epidermis with high efficiency after topical application. Differences in amount and duration of transgene expression were compared between these two vectors. Quantitative analysis of reporter lacZ gene expression showed that the viral vector-mediated gene transfers were superior to gene-gun delivery of plasmid DNA. Significant necrosis and cytotoxicity, however, were observed in the HSV-treated skin. In addition, we show that murine epidermis developed hyperkeratosis and acanthosis 4 d after an adenoviral vector containing a human TGF-alpha expression unit was applied topically. Finally we demonstrate the feasibility of transduction of fetal skin in utero by intraamniotic injection of an adenovirus vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Lu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York 14642, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Peptide delivery via the pulmonary route: a valid approach for local and systemic delivery. J Control Release 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(96)01579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
86
|
Jiang C, Akita GY, Colledge WH, Ratcliff RA, Evans MJ, Hehir KM, St George JA, Wadsworth SC, Cheng SH. Increased contact time improves adenovirus-mediated CFTR gene transfer to nasal epithelium of CF mice. Hum Gene Ther 1997; 8:671-80. [PMID: 9113507 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1997.8.6-671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple dosing with recombinant adenoviral vectors containing the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) cDNA to the nasal mucosa of cystic fibrosis (CF) transgenic mice reportedly results in only partial correction of the CF defect in chloride (Cl-) secretion without normalizing sodium (Na+) hyperabsorption, perhaps indicating inefficient gene transfer into the nasal airway epithelium in vivo. In this study, we have examined whether optimizing vector administration such as contact time could improve gene transfer efficiency. Changes in basal nasal potential difference (PD), and in PD (delta PD) following addition of amiloride and subsequent removal of Cl- from the luminal perfusate were assayed. As reported previously, the basal nasal PD was significantly more negative in CF mice (-24.9 +/- 2.1 mV) than in normal mice (-6.3 +/- 1.2 mV). Normal mouse nasal mucosa exhibited a large hyperpolarization in response to low Cl- substitution (delta PD of 8.5 +/- 1.9 mV), whereas the nasal mucosa of the CF mouse depolarized in response to this treatment. No correction of either the Cl- or Na+ transport defects were observed when 5 x 10(9) IU of Ad2/CFTR-5 were administered to the nasal passage of CF mice over a period of 5-20 min. However, when CF mice were perfused over a period of 60 min with the same dose of vector, a significant response (delta PD of 5.9 +/- 1.1 mV) to low Cl- substitution was detected 2 days later. In these mice, the basal nasal PD (-10.5 +/- 1.4 mV) and the response to amiloride were also reduced, indicating a partial correction of the Na+ transport defect. Expression of functional CFTR activity was transient with no measurable delta PD signals observed by day 7 post-treatment. These results suggest that prolonging the contact between an adenoviral vector and the respiratory epithelium enhances the efficiency of gene transfer and can result in improved correction of the CF Na+ and Cl- ion transport defects. Therefore, strategies that improve internalization of viral vectors and that prolong their contact time with target cells may result in the improved clinical efficacy of such vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Jiang
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, MA 01701-9322, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Sparer TE, Wynn SG, Clark DJ, Kaplan JM, Cardoza LM, Wadsworth SC, Smith AE, Gooding LR. Generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against immunorecessive epitopes after multiple immunizations with adenovirus vectors is dependent on haplotype. J Virol 1997; 71:2277-84. [PMID: 9032363 PMCID: PMC191336 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.3.2277-2284.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, adenovirus (Ad) is being considered as a vector for the treatment of cystic fibrosis as well as other diseases. However, the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to Ad could limit the effectiveness of such approaches. Since the CTL response to virus infection is often focused on one or a few immunodominant epitopes, one approach to circumvent this response is to create vectors that lack these immunodominant epitopes. The effectiveness of this approach was tested by immunizing mice with human group C adenoviruses. Three mouse strains (C57BL/10SnJ [H-2b], C3HeB/FeJ [H-2k], and BALB/cByJ [H-2d]) were immunized with wild-type Ad or Ad vectors lacking the immunodominant antigen(s), and the CTL responses were measured. In C57BL/10 (B10) mice, a single inoculation intraperitoneally (i.p.) led to the recognition of an immunodominant antigen in E1A. When B10 mice were inoculated multiple times either i.p. or intranasally with wild-type Ad or an Ad vector lacking most of the E1 region, subdominant epitopes outside this region were recognized. In contrast, C3H mice inoculated with wild-type Ad recognized an epitope mapping within E1B. When inoculated twice with Ad vectors lacking both E1A and E1B, no immunorecessive epitopes were recognized. The immune response to Ad in BALB/c mice was more complex. CTLs from BALB/c mice inoculated i.p. with wild-type Ad recognized E1B in the context of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I Dd allele and a region outside E1 associated with the Kd allele. When BALB/c mice were inoculated with E1-deleted Ad vectors, only the immunodominant Kd-restricted epitope was recognized, and Dd-restricted CTLs did not develop. This report indicates that the emergence of CTLs against immunorecessive epitopes following multiple administrations of Ad vectors lacking immunodominant antigens is dependent on haplotype and could present an obstacle to gene therapy in an MHC-diverse human population.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenovirus E1A Proteins/genetics
- Adenovirus E1A Proteins/immunology
- Adenovirus E1B Proteins/genetics
- Adenovirus E1B Proteins/immunology
- Adenovirus E3 Proteins/immunology
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/immunology
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/genetics
- Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Haplotypes
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D
- Humans
- Immunization
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T E Sparer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
McDonald RJ, Lukason MJ, Raabe OG, Canfield DR, Burr EA, Kaplan JM, Wadsworth SC, St George JA. Safety of airway gene transfer with Ad2/CFTR2: aerosol administration in the nonhuman primate. Hum Gene Ther 1997; 8:411-22. [PMID: 9054516 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1997.8.4-411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the safety and efficacy of aerosol delivery to non-human primates of an adenoviral vector encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR) were evaluated. The technique of concurrent flow spirometry was used to determine the deposited dose of Ad2/CFTR-2, which ranged from 3 to 8 x 10(10) I.U. Transgene DNA was detected by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in lung tissue from all treated animals, and human CFTR mRNA was detected on days 3, 7, and 21 post-exposure. The treatment was well tolerated, with no evidence of respiratory distress. Histologic changes in the lungs from Ad2/CFTR-2-treated animals were mild and, overall, indistinguishable from animals exposed to aerosolized vehicle. One vector-treated animal demonstrated an increase in lavage lymphocyte numbers 3 days after treatment and another had an abnormal chest radiograph 14 days after treatment. A third vector-treated animal had histologic evidence of a bronchointerstitial pneumonia 7 days after aerosol treatment that resolved by day 21. This study demonstrated that Ad2/CFTR-2 can effectively be delivered to the lungs of nonhuman primates and result in minimal adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J McDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, California Regional Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento 95817, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Russi TJ, Hirschowitz EA, Crystal RG. Delayed-type hypersensitivity response to high doses of adenoviral vectors. Hum Gene Ther 1997; 8:323-30. [PMID: 9048199 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1997.8.3-323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluates the hypothesis that delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) contributes to the inflammatory reaction observed when high-dose adenoviral (Ad) vectors are administered to a previously immunized animal. Immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice immunized intraperitoneally with 10(9) pfu AdCMV.Null [an E1-, E3- Ad vector with a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter but no transgene] and challenged intradermally to the footpad with the same vector demonstrated significant footpad swelling 24 hr after challenge with 10(9) pfu, but not with a lower dose. Footpad histology revealed a mononuclear-granulocytic cellular infiltrate typical of that seen in DTH. Evaluation of the same doses of vector in immunodeficient mice nu/nu and RAG-2- on the C57BL/6 background, and nu/nu and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) on the BALB/c background demonstrated suppression of footpad swelling. However, the footpad response remained intact in beta 2-microglobulin deficient (beta 2-m-) mice, suggesting minimal or no role of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-mediated mechanisms for the region of localized inflammation. Challenge with an Ad expressing the interleukin-2 cDNA to immunized C57BL/6 mice demonstrated augmented footpad swelling response. Finally, pretreatment with cyclosporin resulted in a 69% inhibition of the response compared to controls, whereas other immunosuppressants (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and hydrocortisone) had no inhibitory effect. These findings provide further insight into the dynamic interplay of immune processes ultimately leading to inflammation when high-dose Ad vectors are administered to a target organ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Russi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York 10021, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Coutelle C, Williamson R. Liposomes and viruses for gene therapy of cystic fibrosis. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL MEDICINE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR AEROSOLS IN MEDICINE 1997; 9:79-88. [PMID: 10160212 DOI: 10.1089/jam.1996.9.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a common, life-threatening autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene. It affects the function of the lung, gut, and liver. Present strategies for CF aim to correct the defect by introducing a normal copy of the CFTR gene into affected epithelial cells. Two vector systems have been proposed for gene therapy trials, replication defective adenovirus and cationic liposome/DNA complexes. Adenoviral vectors have been used in Phase I trials and in most cases give transient molecular and/or electrophysiological restitution of the ion transport cellular defects of CF. However, a dose of 10(9) pfu/ml applied to the lung led, in one patient, to a transient inflammatory reaction. New adenoviral vectors are presently being developed to solve this problem. Our studies using liposome/DNA complexes to deliver CFTR cDNA to the nasal epithelium were carried out in the double blind trial and showed no treatment-related local or general adverse reactions and significant small but transient correction of the ion transport defect. The results for both current approaches demonstrate the need for substantial improvement of the efficiency and duration of transgene expression to reach therapeutically relevant levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Coutelle
- Department of Biochemistry adn Molecular Genetics, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School/Imperial College, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Heike Y, Takahashi M, Kanegae Y, Sato Y, Saito I, Saijo N. Interleukin-2 gene transduction into freshly isolated lung adenocarcinoma cells with adenoviral vectors. Hum Gene Ther 1997; 8:1-14. [PMID: 8989990 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1997.8.1-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the efficiency of gene transduction and of gene expression by adenoviral vectors in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Freshly isolated cancer cells were collected from pleural effusions in adenocarcinoma patients by centrifugation with a Percoll gradient. Adenoviral vectors resulted in effective gene transduction into human lung cancer cell lines and into freshly isolated lung adenocarcinoma cells. In an experiment using the beta-galactosidase (LacZ) gene, the Adex1CA vector with a regulatory sequence of chicken beta-actin as promoter and an enhancer derived from cytomegalovirus produced a higher transduction ratio and greater expression levels than adenoviral vectors with other promoter systems. Transduction with Adex1CA vectors containing the human interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene (Adex1CAhIL-2) resulted in enhanced secretion of IL-2 from gene-modified lung cancer cells. Treatment with normal human serum inhibited gene transduction by Adex1CAhIL-2 but did not inhibit gene expression after transduction by Adex1CAhIL-2. The secretion of IL-2 from the gene-modified cells, which were irradiated at 100 Gy before transduction, continued for 8 days. In a mouse model, the intrapleural injection of IL-2 gene-modified 3LL cells transduced by Adex1CAhIL-2 could cure the pre-existing lung tumours with malignant pleural effusions to induce tumor-specific immunity. But these therapies did not show any therapeutic benefit on the pre-existing tumor in subcutaneous region. These data suggest a potentially useful but limited clinical role of Adex1CAhIL-2 in gene therapy for lung cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Heike
- Pharmacology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Wolff G, Worgall S, van Rooijen N, Song WR, Harvey BG, Crystal RG. Enhancement of in vivo adenovirus-mediated gene transfer and expression by prior depletion of tissue macrophages in the target organ. J Virol 1997; 71:624-9. [PMID: 8985392 PMCID: PMC191093 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.1.624-629.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the hypothesis that tissue macrophages present an obstacle for adenovirus (Ad) vector-mediated gene transfer to internal organs, this study evaluated the consequences of transient depletion of Kupffer cells on subsequent transfer of the Ad vector genome and Ad vector-directed gene expression in the livers of experimental animals. Depletion of Kupffer cells in mice by intravenous administration of multilamellar liposomes containing dichloromethylene-bisphosphonate permitted subsequent intravenous administration of an Ad vector to provide a higher input of recombinant adenoviral DNA to the liver, an absolute increase in transgene expression, and a delayed clearance of the vector DNA and transgene expression. These observations suggest that the tissue macrophages pose a significant hurdle to Ad vector-mediated gene transfer and that strategies to transiently suppress macrophage defenses might be useful in enhancing the efficiency of this in vivo gene transfer system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Wolff
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Hitt MM, Addison CL, Graham FL. Human adenovirus vectors for gene transfer into mammalian cells. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1997; 40:137-206. [PMID: 9217926 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M M Hitt
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Worgall S, Wolff G, Falck-Pedersen E, Crystal RG. Innate immune mechanisms dominate elimination of adenoviral vectors following in vivo administration. Hum Gene Ther 1997; 8:37-44. [PMID: 8989993 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1997.8.1-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the contribution of the innate immune component of host defense in clearing the genome of adenovirus (Ad) vectors following in vivo administration, the Ad vectors AdCMV.beta gal (expressing beta-galactosidase) or AdCMV.Null (expressing no gene) were administered intravenously to immunocompetent or immunodeficient mice, and the amount of vector genome was quantified in the liver. Strikingly, 90% of vector DNA was eliminated within 24 hr. There was no increase in vector DNA in other tissues over this period, suggesting that rapid clearance of vector genome resulted from local degradation. After 24 hr, vector elimination was slow, with only 9% of the initial amount of vector genome cleared over the subsequent 3 weeks. Importantly, early phase (0-24 hr) elimination of vector DNA was independent of the transgene and similar in immunocompetent and nude animals. These observations suggest two phases of Ad vector elimination: a previously recognized late, immune-related elimination, and the early, innate immune elimination described in the present study. The early phase of vector loss is, by far, the dominant mechanism, an observation that has implications in developing strategies to maintain persistent expression of the newly transferred gene following in vivo gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Worgall
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, NY, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Kaplitt MG, Makimura H. Defective viral vectors as agents for gene transfer in the nervous system. J Neurosci Methods 1997; 71:125-32. [PMID: 9125381 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0270(96)00132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Viral vectors have attracted great interest as vehicles for gene therapy. Due to concerns regarding continued viral gene expression in several systems, new approaches have been sought for gene transfer in the nervous system. This article reviews the general concepts and basic biology of defective viral vectors. These are vectors which can package into a viral coat but contain no viral genes, thereby allowing efficient gene transfer in the absence of viral gene expression in target cells. The defective herpes simplex virus (HSV) vector has been applied to numerous interesting questions in neurobiology. The inability to completely eliminate helper viruses has raised concern regarding the application of this vector to human disease. The adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector has recently been introduced into the nervous system. This vector harbors no viral genes, however helper viruses can also be completely eliminated from the system. Although the smaller size may limit the range of applications for this vector, it has received great interest as a potential agent for gene therapy in the nervous system. Potential future directions are discussed as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G Kaplitt
- Department of Surgery, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, The Rockefeller University, NY 10021, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a common genetic disorder characterized by defective epithelial chloride transport and progressive lung disease. Although great strides have been made in the treatment of CF, it remains lethal, often by early adulthood. CF is one of the most extensively researched genetic diseases as a target for gene therapy development. It may also serve as an important model for gene therapy of other diseases. Preclinical and clinical research has lead to the rapid development of a variety of vectors designed to correct the basic defect in CF, including adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, and liposomes. Clinical studies have identified the host immune response and low vector efficiency as key impediments to effective CF gene therapy. Further research promises to refine vector technology and bring CF gene therapy to the bedside.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Wagner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, California 94305-5332, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Kucharczuk JC, Raper S, Elshami AA, Amin KM, Sterman DH, Wheeldon EB, Wilson JM, Litzky LA, Kaiser LR, Albelda SM. Safety of intrapleurally administered recombinant adenovirus carrying herpes simplex thymidine kinase DNA followed by ganciclovir therapy in nonhuman primates. Hum Gene Ther 1996; 7:2225-33. [PMID: 8953313 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1996.7.18-2225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical safety and toxicity studies of intrapleural administration of recombinant adenovirus carrying the herpes simplex thymidine kinase gene (H5.010RSVtk) were performed. Previously reported experimental evidence has demonstrated the efficacy of this approach in animal models of a localized thoracic cancer, malignant mesothelioma. H5.010RSVtk was delivered at high dose (10(12) pfu) into the pleural cavity of three non-human primates followed by systemic administration of ganciclovir. No clinical toxicity was noted. Although an inflammatory reaction observable by microscopy was noted in the serosal spaces of the chest cavity, these changes were reversible and were not associated with radiographic sequelae. Extrathoracic viral dissemination was minimal and detectable only by sensitive polymerase chain reaction techniques. This low level of viral dissemination was not associated with detectable clinical, biochemical, or pathologic abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Kucharczuk
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Hehir KM, Armentano D, Cardoza LM, Choquette TL, Berthelette PB, White GA, Couture LA, Everton MB, Keegan J, Martin JM, Pratt DA, Smith MP, Smith AE, Wadsworth SC. Molecular characterization of replication-competent variants of adenovirus vectors and genome modifications to prevent their occurrence. J Virol 1996; 70:8459-67. [PMID: 8970968 PMCID: PMC190936 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.12.8459-8467.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) vectors for gene therapy are made replication defective by deletion of E1 region genes. For isolation, propagation, and large-scale production of such vectors, E1 functions are supplied in trans from a stable cell line. Virtually all Ad vectors used for clinical studies are produced in the 293 cell, a human embryonic kidney cell line expressing E1 functions from an integrated segment of the left end of the Ad type 5 (Ad5) genome. Replication-competent vector variants that have regained E1 sequences have been observed within populations of Ad vectors grown on 293 cells. These replication-competent variants presumably result from recombination between vector and 293 cell Ad5 sequences. We have developed Ad2-based vectors and have characterized at the molecular level examples of replication-competent variants. All such variants analyzed are Ad2-Ad5 chimeras in which the 293 cell Ad5 E1 sequences have become incorporated into the viral genome by legitimate recombination events. A map of Ad5 sequences within the 293 cell genome developed in parallel is consistent with the proposed recombination events. To provide a convenient vector production system that circumvents the generation of replication-competent variants, we have modified the Ad2 vector backbone by deleting or rearranging the protein IX coding region normally present downstream from the E1 region such that the frequency of recombination between vector and 293 cell Ad5 sequences is greatly reduced. Twelve serial passages of an Ad2 vector lacking the protein IX gene were carried out without generating replication-competent variants. In the course of producing and testing more than 30 large-scale preparations of vectors lacking the protein IX gene or having a rearranged protein IX gene, only three examples of replication-competent variants were observed. Use of these genome modifications allows use of conventional 293 cells for production of large-scale preparations of Ad-based vectors lacking replication-competent variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Hehir
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701-9322, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Kagami H, O'Connell BC, Baum BJ. Evidence for the systemic delivery of a transgene product from salivary glands. Hum Gene Ther 1996; 7:2177-84. [PMID: 8934231 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1996.7.17-2177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of using gene transfer to salivary glands to direct the systemic delivery of therapeutic proteins in vivo. We used a replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus vector (Ad alpha 1AT) that encodes human alpha 1-antitrypsin (h alpha 1-AT), which we used as a marker protein. Ad alpha 1AT (5 x 10(9) pfu) was administered by retrograde ductal instillation to the submandibular glands of male rats. The amount of h alpha 1-AT found in the salivary glands, saliva, serum, and other tissues was analyzed by a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Maximal levels of the marker protein were detected at 24-48 hr post-virus administration for glands (274 ng/mg protein), saliva (approximately 313 ng/ml), and serum (approximately 5 ng/ml). Serum levels remained elevated for 96 hr, whereas the measured half-life for the marker protein was approximately 2 hr. Generally little to no h alpha 1-AT was detectable in most other organs. However, we were able to measure low levels of marker protein in tissues immediately surrounding infected glands. In all animals studied, levels of h alpha 1-AT were higher in the glandular venous effluent than in arterial blood. Similar results were found with parotid glands. The aggregate data demonstrate that salivary glands may be a target for the nonsurgical, systemic delivery of transgene-encoded therapeutic proteins for diseases that require relatively low circulating protein levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kagami
- Clinical Investigations and Patient Care Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Abstract
The pharmaceutical approach to somatic gene therapy is based on consideration of a gene as a chemical entity with specific physical, chemical and colloidal properties. The genes that are required for gene therapy are large molecules (> 1 x 10(6) Daltons, > 100 nm diameter) with a net negative charge that prevents diffusion through biological barriers such as an intact endothelium, the plasma membrane or the nuclear membrane. New methods for gene therapy are based on increasing knowledge of the pathways by which DNA may be internalized into cells and traffic to the nucleus, pharmaceutical experience with particulate drug delivery systems, and the ability to control gene expression with recombined genetic elements. This article reviews two themes in the development of gene therapies: first, the current approaches involving the administration of cells, viruses and plasmid DNA; second, the emerging pharmaceutical approach to gene therapy based on the pharmaceutical characteristics of DNA itself and methods for advanced drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F D Ledley
- GENEMEDICINE, INC., Woodlands, Texas 77381, USA
| |
Collapse
|